Oraetn of Parcttal Oibromem fas . £quattong DDD ROR SQ NOFICD LP DE)* An equation RAFAL 70 aitpercontsay conicinnng oNe or MOE PAH dorGvodtvey oF On unknown FUNCHON oF Jwo Of More Wdependosryt yarmbes & knewo as parcial oibbescertias equates, eg. anys xt ey Kruy a) 2 Civax)24 Shays = 226 8%) (2) = (ar) t Yy = % 8) BYax + Yay + OUez= TSX a) Szjoy2 = (it b%Hy) Sw 3) uf (ax)? +(P6y) f= =(73Sy) a, cde ob a Rachel dptatertes epuetion The oredert oF a parctial ditfercontial eqn. te debined as the onder eb the bighest parctral derivative otiurcing Ththe P-D-E- €-9. [235476 arte of [at order, 5 Ker and ortclere ond 2% ob rect oredorc. » Resgen eta parctiay dstorrental pqvedton The dog ttee or QparcHal dittereeniial equatton isthe degree ob brgbart order dortivative whreh Oceures Mabktecthe equatton has been rasrenalfzed 3°@ made bree. bro ‘redicals and HeneiTone |.” Bge 112,324 are oF lat dtoreny 5 and 6 arce oF 2Qod degree. Liogare and non-tinease parctfal sprersotval ext A parctia} oibrertontial equation se tasd to be.ee ble ANA 514 | “Loar TH tho copendent degree ana not matt REIT Ta ET dibbortenttal equatton PUG Z, pq) 20 fe knwwn as QUAST — LNT AQuation, TrTFM gtnear tn Pand Y DS yarda ¢ only i nh ne PAMHial atordvayiver Occ lire she ead ¥ qplted + | AT orca] rnoarc 7 called not 19a GqQruadIon which oot 4 parctiat Abb ercontial oquatioo- Notastons : Db Kard Yare que Fodepende and xh the dependardent vars OotatTons arce. — 62 parcial alfbbo AZ p= Oy 1q=9 Yay? re =F Ayu? o> nt varciahles Gable ° she bo) low reo orial 9440 2. yay : 2; t= ° aye Olascsbrcatton of fireet oredere parcial Aibrercentta eae . ow NINOS ONT | i % Aineare equation: A bret oredest equat foo 0% 4%) Pd) = 0 Te KNOWN ast Ienearc TTF Re £606 TO Pr aNd Ly that oes 7h given equatton ie ob th Form POX.) p FROWYG =ROGYIZ +#8C%Y) CY YP bay? g = XY RHVYE and PHY KM Sante EAM 29 CHET OGUOHOD: A piteet orccte.r parctiat Aikrarcem7al equator -FC%sY> Peat) =0 me Kn oton af A LemireiMear equettoo, THT grMearc*D Pandal Ct andthe -coebbferents, ob Pand Glare bunctfoAL oF xand Bree . y only de. Th the given equation & ob the borer PLUMP TRWY)g = ROGUYYR) ey XtEp PA ni \ ‘ tp P74 1 ='x2y%2 “and gpreq= WR» Quast — LNeasc Ton + 3 QUCsT — tear aguatiON : A bres} oredore parctiadjand cm yt.p 7 (yr TL) U ch . th) Ew Gost ys) for Tbtho qrven equation If eb the borere poxrindp BONY, TIA = ROMS ay wephyr een, A Zz ry c equotion; A btrut order pardial Wor, 1100s Ir Meee ica ae ch bborcomal oqparton PO Gi See) a0 eae Aoernrd come wodorc above thrioe Typos 47% known as Non-sineare equiatTon. OYy pA V=al » PART» Wprayigi= TA » i Lolvo los eA ORS Foren parctial, dipborcontia) egpattons b , arcbvlarcey consiants aand b treom the wpllowsing Meladtor Ca) T= axtayfth th) T= exfa) Cyr) Griven Z = anta%y>-b — ei Drbtorromtfarmy ean-td partially wet Lard a, We_get» Cu aX ny = & oo S2/ay= 2ary ; — ey) ) Peutttng , 29+ C25, MOG (3) > weget, Be/ay ~ 24 C¥ax)* whieh fe-The roguticed partttal Aibbarcentfal aqM- Given z=Cxrt+Q)y cytb) a) Ditrenondfacting 29M. cy parctiany Wrest WANdyY , y dimninasirg BAe Ny 3 rela) Ses (3) Paring 24 CQ) and CB) eqnrtiy, t= (%ay) ( Ay) whFeh fe the reequirced pardral gaprerentral“ Exerceige. Me 1AM) wane 1 Bleminate dhe arcbitarcey toned an’ GO breackel? breom the bellowing equotions o n” parclfal arFercentte) rey at 1.0 anal te borin corcreegpondi ote Ac" sinpre Cp and A) Given z= Ae PE genpn —o Aibroromifading eqn UW) parretanty wren we get By, = apoMeorpe Psy aneMainpr —(2) ce _ Ag@in disveronitating ©qn-(2) and&) passangy wormet Kand i) ree: mes Pty Pee ~Ap'ePt stop endl & ie Ape cu) , Prom eqn. ty) and 65), we cleare-that, M05)" “xn eee Voge hy ar SWS Z 7 pte eo Ea rohfoh te the: reaguetreed pare asbberti re yee 1 > “y= hen od 'g S & 5 “vos'pxe Cp and A) i. Gee Ke He" ome wWegoP, 3 24 hip = Ape? oe = Apty Pe aise ——¢ Again bi » TE Sty on orien tfagirg an, t2) eal pa sae : - WR gotyy nr anPy = = oapre RP berspx, —— SD Frtom og nts) and cy» we clear that, BEA =P Or? “yohreh ge pho. cogurreod se parcttal ‘arrvorce tial quiet Ton, . za axtrby® 3C@b) Given) z= ‘ars thy? a fy? Dibrertensfacttng 29.9-t) Reet LS FAE! Kandy wegot, fro Bp BAA 39 | jane ee = aby? et aby POR. el 8z, : spa ea (Bx) © By? (Py), » Subatttreehing: thew Geers ora and bon eqn.) wegot, a zak 8% AVIA ee SKS x Bax) 3(? oy) bonreb Fe the. reg perrcadl | ed aterereent ral FAUAPTON Coripo cuighs d eh 4z= [axr(8e) + )%, Cob), rT Gaven Ye= Laxrta) tb] ® — Aabercontfating °- sei) ‘paretally wir x and ds welgor, | 12. C93 ba) paittey ria io adh. CD y 4% po afanr(¥a) +e)ra bay pats 18%, ~2Pantba) peace eee 02-62% ANS), 0 Gohs 2 OZ Bag = 4 Cxrerrany A P4EET Me) “er IC uy 2 = lath dytabx Ty + Hs SG ot buy * gaben, ean)athe 6. xta,ax3 + by? Fab »Carb) & Gthen 22s ax3 thy? tab ——%) Dirrercerttate eg PASATAlley GOT Land y eweget, M32 (% eee 22( Foy) = aby? ; as az ) Blam 2 (%x) FP Se 2 (%y) Wbreh os dhe. required pariral aserercental, equation. , : Rs arte buy tty? CQrb Oo) Given Re axttoyrtcy> ow | eee eo.) eee wed x,and eget, 1 a ie gareby ass a) puditing the value cb Q and b i egn.cn), weget, vl at (=) 22 (3): yer = (3 irs dy is) xo [psn Seyrewy s)he Go 5 5/7 parrpza 6xsg hy) 16H (Hy) FUSE Wobieh ax the requoread parctfal Avast enti eqeadton. © Bay = bat|ecy Again citrereniare cqn-(2) paretTay Weg noe gets S j a f : 74 fe a a2 yb +b cab) xBy ( Again ditterrentate gn. (2) and (3) parctfalig Grven ove Cera ‘aiteg Paes wee Land gs we get, 2. 23 { ay. = 20 7 A(FF/ae) =O Artrorantiafe “eqnet) parctratty wert Land y Sogwe gehe 6 3 Me /aya = 20 =F 4 (Boys) =e [eo ieee Coro Ta = Te, Supstrqeeting The value ob asband c. 7D eqn), i te fers) 5% i ee eh CSCO GM adiaaine) ay gages € 3y Pa ieccorgf 9" II a P axa? Pe) wy (555) *! ye pBoselic-cras 22) same ant i 4 ite oyys ba rls BF, ‘hich oe Ee required paretial aithorce NOntiaien. se:ae = oe -F eT a i a cmt oe a oY 2. find the dittercenttal equaston obthe b ob Aphorcor Ob readiue 4 wrih contrcer ©0 oY plang Ahreee- akon of any sphere & Jonrmerirey oF & freom the coordinate dimenstons. the © Fderus 4, having Chk »0) Fothe Xy~plane ze given bys Ca—by2 H0y-k)? +(Z-0)4 Sy? a Ome by 40> KPA FS WOheree. hard Marte arcbitarcy eoratants . Disbercontiate ogni) parctialty wit Fardy, we god, Blx-b) Harel, —oy Od) = 1H). 3 R LYK) PEE Yay Op th) = -2(5E Ey Putting eq nla) and (5) sn egn-Li) wegat, 2% 2 Fe %x)) + (Hex =16 F 22%) +2 (2%) tea 16 7 Cr x)*+ (My Pre =" =16 — «tyAirparcanating Sr sa" Pees we Bay = Picxtos Ide at cxtayy 7S, 3 72 op [une ogc3i] - vibtoh cethe steguirsd parssas dittorenttay y 2apati on * Exarcesec- 116) NO ‘ Etirosnare the arbHary rnctTont and henee, “dhe. parca aitbertential equations : +a We ae oF etry, Sven 2 =e Oex4y) y) rererfazing O) portally werd 7, wege7, B- ZS AYs PC TYY Gsven 22 %y Fenty Bitrercontiating ear) parctaliy wit XW eget, wy Wh, _ = i P45, = mele tzayyt eh gleety) Sy P= m2 + er olay) — Q). cuutrg 1) ry Oa .4+ plete. amy | Pitterentbitng uy poscttally wed 4-we gs ay PH YH AKER TIA) , oe f Ortrenenttoting egn-<) paruialy w ct 2, p= cl ehrery Yes * we ges, yy = = Ket Hee Ag 7 y= we 2yPlex4ty)——S) + Multiplying. pby cgn.ca)and gn-t8) by Jandy ee =e™oe! tury) @ | Dress 0402) ard fz), we get, rex 4 2m ee) "| respertively, Wegory > Ps mite Race PY = yr yp Buy Pl Cr ty) | talnae oy ary flcxtey2) = PY- 4? —— cy | ae eee rand ax tory EH) |” { Whron os equated pasctfal dibbercomfal ec y Wey Mex yd) = qx-xX2 Comparing 99M Cu) and ¢5) ;wWo ger, s 2. z= FCatay) ' 4 Guven & S¥Ortay) a Rirterertiating €3n UW) Parssatly worc-t x, We o%, = Flextay) PYy- y? = qx-x2 > Pa-aus ghar wohceh s the required Partial aibberentrar eouatren, ' ay p> Fl(Rtay) ea)Dishomoniqasing O10 (2) parctiaily weret Y, we got, Sty $reg) (Pye AY) (AH) x fen 2 Extyt pox eee | Dib erreniteding oqntt) parctyatly worrtd Rs Max oe Slt peng) | ay! pls ie yplcx \p | Bibtertensiading egnu) parcifally We ge Pag? = Hz) A W)% —e pevsaing ‘aan 2) and (5) }wa gers pet plOMD) P89 ' ae PURE) (eayye SP PU DY > FECRTPIOY SPAR PEM = WU PRY Lp PRA worn ad Py gto io Fy PAY RP 4 Lahroh m8 the reagertad pascital aiercentas “equation, b gerexeyy P| GrVEN TE HERA) Ley fo | Rikbercantradmg ogo: ® parcataliey wrt Xs we gets Oty, =O yyy P= Fm) — ay iy 7 woreet iy WOON Piya Lae eR) | van 74 _ ep RRP RyI—— BD! fas pocynaabs b we Gane 71 RQ pre xpxy Prey) = PX-% ery eleny)—— CsA spa and qy = yp xyhlCXg) I teed 9 meypieey) pe (50 Comparcing 09 C4) ancl Ley wegen’ Pee A IHS ‘ PRAY EM yi lobreby fF the requires pastttal ctpberronival) ply Ditvercenttating ean-t) parcttatiy wt yweger, by FAYE) =F an MAY (3), | z aie fusing ena) Tn ants), Wwe get, Be r= 8 (Ux) ae i p -Glven Ta 9 le472) w ng £6" Fite Hid whteb & the mequimed See aSbterenstay F equation . yoat 7 L=(ryd Ocxttysy ce, VEN, T= CUHGID C242) Pn =a eH) ty FoR, ee af Pt = FCB) ey (a) | S m9Me + nash cant!) parcasa BL ae Vey bore a = Ok gp corey Murtip! yy onthe above oq Pas bey gong?) 24g 4 gexig?) 4 —~ & WT WE Gi ax + OCA Loe POC HY) a50p, wegek | priterrcentartng ance) paratally Biya = Cre 4) Mey 24 + POMPICY © q = Ory olomey2 ay — bew4y) 4 TH the above equacten, wager mae , y ax = (x-g db r4gyy) ay — POCIY?): % feuberreacting eafa) and equ (3), We get, ‘a — nit Py-qx = Cpe te?) 2g +oemtty4)-Je ~ bxcgpleet gy: Taxy +O L497) 100 ay Roy Aegean = Zoey ee al freee ‘§ 3 pysag = XY Pa eg = ry) py — x-yyng = 2CL1H) Whreh se 4he meguared paste dshveerotyiol B r= Hewtays) | : GiVEN z= Pra®242y4) —cy Pittorenntfadting ©9nty) parctiatly w wre j oy Ma = Fleetay®) ax 2x4! 2245y2) «gy erty, WERE wot yywegap, Dilvorerttaarng 2g) parct$ BU yy 7 HCCI II: Mafia? : sage ay fowedagys reosposttyeny ubsplytog eqtavandes) by J and x, we ges, ‘ py = BRYyA{CA RID —— cay and qx= any prea agy) 3g = 2 dey OOTY) = aca 2 PY‘ Grsing egn.cey] JY ve spy=o yb ad * wobreb fe jibe Meguirced parctral oki brerrensta) leak Ks #eo1gep ytd v2 Given WHO T9CH) wy 4 Dibborcentiading, gen parettalty wiretiz , wegat, UF = plezy app ie Again idivtenentiate above, equarien pascttallys _ weetst UT 7We get, Op = pler) dB qi Pit MH, -#lex ' a Seaartiokiied coe ee FW tug 7 cys Tela) 9 PPR Poy Orr t erantiaseng 2qn19 parctrally eoceot "yseset o= Fc ay + g'egy Davorcentade ¢ Above agn. parcdially Lede, ‘ 2, w eget, o= #12) 9 Tox oy + PM 2%; anew ae, %yo elas Pa Crmparcing ©9302) and(a),we gets TD) ~ oF Paws we a Via ee. | =] ps- Gro | tehieh o¢ the maquired parctial ditrorents | equadion, IO. ZL SFY HON + IC Yytbx), AFD Any GVO L=Ply toy) rgLYtby) —WH Aitronentasing capt) parctfatly wee pa on =O Cy Tax +bgi Cyne) ~i M4) Agazo aftrerentating | P r= ze = Oo tyson tb9" LYThE prtrenontfasing eqn) parerfasty wre + go —— WW) a= My = icgtany Fellatbn) Agasn vanranersient pascal ' -2 = eleysaxy 19" taney ‘3 OrirerentFate Pp parctiony wet ys az 2> = he a” 4 Sx8g,7 FE tyIax) 1 ba” (utbxs ye MoM eqns) » om atl cytax) gat cy pbx = re a ~D romegn (5); gl Cgtbuy= tr Ff cytans ay) Preom 04 (6), ; — anny tax : qucyipy,> 4 at te ay Comparcing 04 (DB and&), re-a%F" (erp ax) Tues, > re ar Eytan) = b?E — 67 FY LY TAK) J be F@™= UP! tYI0x) Sprtyjgay = abe at br Comparing e4>:(8).and tqy; a to tytaxs —un HE eM ytax) = So of tyrax) b Foe raed al eyrax) ay DEAS boar gtax) Plcytan = S-bt ab com SMP RENG, 2819 Lo) a0d ci we ged, eRebTe Sy genet ; pa A bY, Qn-b F @-n)re~ ave rE = Pals senate FB 27 Ob) re caters 4abt— apt =0 = la-b)(rm-catb)2 tabif{=0 § f 3 re- Lath) s fapt =o wntebsetne rani Te eys seee ‘spate = fr flee, Fraremsntng eaiy pardialiy W rot eg Dutergy Oy e (5), we ors PANGuty42) (14% 5y)= 19%, TIE Sreore oqn z Ca alee y?) = epage Frey tfougizy = AEPIETL Pry tat ase) ee I+F 1P comparing ogni and (5), weget, —tertgy U-foegy “Prtenkyy Ga F0reg ; Sor RTT . a »-4(ees (vie) ie Wr watt : =F a eh ray a aay ee a GHENT He 2H ’ a ao Sitrererdating eqnt partfaily wird Flentysz) Ot By )= Byt XE Sel eyagay) = AYUAKT — VM FAT IF rE Comparing ean (2) and <3), we ged, paar et axy + xe VP 3; cat) = 2X - zy Way sys tpaxy Tye = pate salto aera hh aksnens =F PLY PRL AIT — Aj" yg gz | & 1 SPP yr qese : Py KYW pH YIZ OY EET) 7” breh 7 the wtequrreecl pourtet arracentsal hich Fe the required pasta! Aistor e : equatton. Oot TON - ae ae 2 ge La (ey EO Gg?) Uy : j promooneeg PAP CY parermany: With wd ged, 2 Dmercentfating 91) paretaty wired X50 my Sty EG OK FEE GY Loa Dirreremrrasing 09.1) porcally wire gw oy = Bey lOO Pray 7 aaa ICOM 04h (9), eget, ne pat gy 4 4). #O*W eaeZR KY +9 0%y) —— O19 crromifate eg ntl) Wired XParceany jue gos -,. E yrlonyy re VCP) — 9 oreontfate agne) wre J Parttaliyy ,We got, yee Wry 2) 50 oY aE Gen, pexyre ty 2) = and v axtig? 2? y Salers we xtYy4T [6 then cry beeomas fiery) =e at ‘re we 90 Bibt OF avatly wiret % voronrTating (3) parctall’d ‘ Bry, =a PICKY) 429%) zh BE (BE + Re) + av (Ber Z)-e. 4g 3 , y ou Ep Pg oT RIOD 5 Pep WOK) cs super ee Bae prenenie® 2gl2)/Witrt % parctTatly We get, zi, We » Be aw Teh og 70 a2z ‘ ax 7 az! az va BEE greens) + Iye "Cy ) ob) Freon Cy) ard 5), joepe9 pritercentrate- eats) wiry parcrrally, wegot, wz = een Yt gue ; % oy: we 13) Fey) Ra'aytadya (BF /suDCrps +2(o¥av — uP /iTP- 2 =e fou + a 2, 9! CXy) ot 2%, a"(%)—(5) 3 PVauyit/av) = Bi Weer y pocarally y 1), OB ADSI, Mand C513 Again, dmrrenerrtiating © = wo gory af ea cee, so by lS > iat 7th, sonst ae = GAL Cay yah My a! (My) — er elynW fig? Oo = &), 3 (C*/au) f v= IY tay) nhl eles Evinanasing -? breom (4) and (7) 5 we ekizan, iG Yg'9!(%) = cy sana PoP ape PEW Usg) | E Bad aeg70 Cry + ign 9" (%) a) i px gz it ie t ce ay Pays = PRC) Fa aye al) i orate qy = CY A ZIC UTP) ubslactIng 294 (6) and-C7),0 1% Fi Sig) mt an pee Pye A Yo ea. : ee ay °F 9(%) ug Rye PUT PZ AX— Ve Br ee ‘7 00th Maa tees and oy, 28% et Bue Fy pee eat a) 9, | ay X= (442) P OD PCYAD PH OFODVEKY whieh tx the required partial ATyseron @quastton. aegrees am eid) and uv) we gers ero 2) qn Uel) ~ LANES) s r RRL, 9d axe r = Pye = aN aid) oe _ 02 (2% 1-BE) ehen-n) 3 Pe (= On rs ‘ee ay a re: aie ah By a Ya gt qa 1% oo ay ax = #lex-2) | Sy 2x09 8% ( 92402 | era) ay 2 )- x Ox Oy oS %4) ( 1 O%/ay 1% sy PY 5q27 8 axoy ) C1), veh Fs megturted parcHal aivercenttal ¢quoatony Wee epee zm) Fg) — OY, Dittercenimade eqn wirot x arctan BY nq S4KHL) (1 8%) HQICKID) OE WE JOd, Dikbercopifate eqncs) Ww wt ne ds Dibbertendrocte oat!) wired parcial 4 pug get DYy HT1) My Haldtiy) wy Oiktercenttate, eqn cl) wwerest parctraliy, we gets Mea PM TIO) ™ p1et2) Tuy 9 ae Oisrorcontare® eqn tay winery pareatally 6209 4 : Bray = = Hem R) (1 BE (9%aqs—Par09) ak. a oxo , az ez ax ate lage 2dxdg 19x dy* 15x dxdg ~ Sy ox + 09 (3) ~ 24N 15), ‘ 5, 2 i 2x ax _ ar ay a (ae aes 1 (BEY (1 Ber) ee) « 3Y" oxa” OY “Oxay " dxdy,” Sx axay Oyr Ox ox ate _ ae ‘ 1 4g: an) gtx ee CL RIOR eee ; 5x 3qt = te a a! ' 5 0% (oz £(e% eae Set y Crtelex-zy] fe -53,)=6 1) OS RT 8%” Bg) andy ~ (is3 g2)R ~0 axt oxay “whieh ot the rebated parctra) attrorential +» iether — (r?%x) (tl equadton, Nh al = aM ex—x) | 7 a Bere By ’ ai a Do (BY oq2 Panay ) si efaL! Hy 2% Saleen at + stab peerty +YAIN & bot) ‘Ditberentfate eqn oy weed % parctfally We ged uy Ps a =als (& BL

rolled parcditiuasc fntegcat. aoletTOo .¢ 1 ‘and 6) a+b) oven -wWayrrexie)* ed “Hey Rp t Thrercamtiatting the aqtuaron () with resort to +. A eqpodton: fs oF che Form FCG IVIEO involves an arbitarcy tunetion fob su and yg partfally, giver ns, Cxsg xy and Wa VOU 2 RUHR CZrey exe ae re bo eyo PD KO pHO Heeeya_k ga solution or a Ist orederc pas yt UE. 0. Foye Be ah ore general smiegral ob INI es Pica 245 Cer Sap 8 pets ae et (@) anal al solution of a tet oredere PDE es ee oF ad 4 ea ey To py aK yp ax=o cpmoved) ple-23 Show-+that ae OF ¢ phertos Ox) 74 4H byt tS , Latteite: the init orden care » Parctiat 7000 tn Pe Aitrorcentfal s4uat700. 3 2° pA ZC pita’ hackTheemorn 32 T6.8* Fleer and Wo irs OOOPE OF carver vanvertora oF Feyard 7 ard CG AI=O, hare, feanorbiasy tupfios er & aed “V, then jaotteltts 0 tat Ordert, (rH! Akt omen ie men - atten, ~ Oy Uh ATE He p 21) 4 iow AD Sig x Biman” OC bY Fistetens rg the two arbitory cf ef Bip | AAS B Hid ne Our sega Goreatal astverrenctad “1 Where sr wo | 1 ty : ag ag)” | a Yy (py pei ieccoh : wie afeverterdiate Fl GV) 20 WAIK (respced ee (G eyed) ar “Ho 7 ond y respectively 4g obtasn the. following: tater ob reveuaions w0ah 4 equation: Beets gf ‘ yenerereny 204 bly dhe O , 28, BY Ytg 1s @ | reaviasthe “4 J a 3 des Poy Vee retry) -=-— a) ap (aq ost }tel ot) 2 tu pig ieee oi reply ‘ean be boure orstcfonit oF ther biherte. 9 of ambidarery taneatoo, winsting say? tho detoremtnant Ob the co. yortong varfizhed sthat Tf» Gate, Yat hds Litvorcontiate Can Us wrrcd *90d S Porcaqalny, We god, vo Ok & sepluy and 94 & aytlru) on ag Ps angi tu) and 4. = at hi) Zatuye £ ana teu & MN Atk 23 A * 7 _ Expanding hit determinant gives the. tress “3% ay Briere » quai? -tfowse eA uatton, a Typrax og thvd « Clinsearing the arbinary bun stu 2 BYP ya hero resatng » we bfnd She equator [ Me 2. he HF Up- 420PY a“ 2 .. Fie AMEREMON bTetd Ca,b.c) weonerrerea Ore pat paw Meieyie, COrcVe ; Mt : on reametrere equartrons oF tho chagaste- bh ge yrey;“a=atey wy Then ae tae veestore--t0 thre, curve se ae ae 91) whieh must be. equal to (arb) 0). be The gen ob rot Asthercert7a) equastion, a i —is) There are talled fhe charcasforcist7e ea Oo} ibe quasi: = pineare equatton:. « To bait, -thesco arca> ontey 4wo'Todepo nclast orcalinare Cibtareria) eqhatén: 9 'the aystomte):There boro, fi2\solutTons consist ofa two parameton bannty oF Ves .,0 7 4 y4)> ¢pare: oa Min The preojextion on U=0 OP a’chartaltarciee / ve oh 4Ro! Cx t)- pe’ plabe: cated! ehascartarcr osonte a p ax) apse 2 SBS bux ge > surtbace ofthe cane AH anes porn) tho gradion) vote vortorc, Ve = Che ty, fad = (edge) 5S Horeraal tothe soluction germbate. wlo can eortFie ean tt) as)! i Quix bug -¢ =(asb@)- (axsuys9=0 Thr clearly shows thot the vecstore ca,! must bo a dangont vetorc oF Totogreal Aurtbace Ae base. Curve-.ore ssmnply ‘charca chesciefe. | Ot; point) UY, wand hente, 7 dotoremines a, t Biusvalanty she chartattorciatie equator io) } Bone es Fanos Sal chrrco.c3HI00 the non bai: Ren, ‘arte @ : V4 #0 as zhoton fr . a iad oe Re » bguere. Emarck: Tho gaometccieal antercprescteston, 1 mprte Tho.casa, oF non ssncase parctial asbrescential . . A curve 7 (KY t) Spare, whoee tangossr at every POW con coincidesite Hrabgedt iplatios no £009 ere qoteresee! alo “The solution cureves AeMoad by OCx 4), attra Bine But Tstond” ee Curved Surcbace knew ‘as ps charcactertialf S Peron: Linco, oy 4) =Cr d¢> dxda + bycy + bude ~o “thas. #¢ equivalent 10 the equatton Ada t bby Hedy = 0 Whorte a=du, b= ay some Binge, Giby 2c Mt agar aa’ eo ih dp = Yxdx+ Py ad t Pudu cp Tort £8 equsvalentty the éabatton \) = > Fob b My #6 HD Soy PS golving eqn: €c) and 2 dicen, is By Tore grtaiog tis equa Ton, We, gosh The | oy Rue ce chartactercistre: which Fopraenta ona~parta. se ou) 26,08 called the. charcartorctatte Fore a quasksrneare eat ghe lat ttwe equatfons 70 (B ane detercmined by” {| worth there slopes | dy boog w) —m AX aimyu) a Y 1 epanaento OF cy andthe Chareactorth sites orsedg arte plane eurtves with Stopes ay lb ) te 7 1 ¢@ fake wate bx ¥g= ty, a 4 BRfagt iy eb eurtve 7 4 H pTHQ yo 7 famiy ¢! Va 1D (at) plane: H eweverc. a bd ey ba Ox pl ee oa oy arte constant »¢he charta,ttorcrep tes O- eee by | wy vg Ru yu wry | are-ate etrearghteyne. +4 3 Moth F Charta. porchet Tee and, Care) , = a = eS ins : BURY 6' 5 Beg) 69 RRR ROI POUT. pBGY) 4 Therrtemcy: The genotal, sotuaTon ob lator quast-Lineare os astrorcentiot eqsratTon F 2d IP OY og Sdwd 2 CI Eee Beat Sasa ace 3 eee 5 fe LAO P) TL a Loluction of eq p: a a iberce pac op) aty su)Je-22 pbtarn the gonora? solution, ot +he tye Pina the genera! \ ee one z aibvercentfal Heat ondore. tinéeirt paretral a aut 4ly = & Solutions Guven RUATI US = sth eharrcacterchstTe Cust or dhe 04 Cuter, oqtiat7n aunt 9Uy > uw) Bae coven "a Fy ne _ay ae =H =< NOM ax ay mH y Dorregecetng ee 9% ie - tog x= #Ogy T109C* eo e 3 10g.01 = 409 Yq “3 Ven tngz? ; Now, cre a anregrang oe. gets Lage = 409% 4209 Co 2 7 tog = ene if =F bog C2 = hog Vy 7o=Ywn# =P 09 Ue LOG EM Ht 109 63 y © and t are arebtiarcy constants > Yen eg WP 4 +. The gonortal soleeton ob given equadior ie +Lb) y) FO " parte) t : alg ab) Sho wherce fi a arcbiiarcy FUNCATON wp Ww es) Heo Mais Peo 9 A . (40% )s0 ed 1 nerce fp mx an aecbstarcyy eaten, LT The genorcal zotutien can alee oe woresiten atl te, y : Dean alto be Written ay V4 y= BUA) aie + Loe yD" angle): oy atin ,F Exariple-8 i Rm the genercal 4e'd2D or + Show thak the general Lolutton oF hw . equation ata 2 ly RUN: Gifven Uz HyPly =! “athe chartacte rise equatient arce » ody ode a gh cere ho aincare. equcdton, ty rxUx Tle Uy FOX) Ls o WY, X) = AULT TA AIGA, horce f TP an ascbriarcy Function. Dun! Geen (Y-DUxt (Z- VUg t e-Y)uz-0 Now, dx _ay eo gt Doregronding » Oe get, Sys s [pes a aytu ey pre du=0 » dxtaytdz=03 MAK + yay Tedz=0 nteqradton abr there, aquod ile wy. i preaet eve ways I TN uae, ogre en parpyrt= |, New, Ax-dy _ au 7x8 * ohene cc2 and ty areanbrrary conctants. ~ eoxtgye F 4 pa t j ue, fbegenerta) sctudTon can be wrerHten 7m by aa Bécbriarcy: Funesion #7 the Foren K ii} sy AD _ du pi eg ce Pmrjogreading, we go, ! 409 tx-yj a Log tog ey 7 109(*Gt ) = tg ce tee ES ted Bhi yea pean tenes 9 = AEE 2 52 dy cae £HY od A) TORE “Ok Xoty and Zor ij SLY TE PP Vary, PizytA cig # < Where) iT anarbrrary, eombinaxwn ok yan x é x AO oval fee: arcbrary coneta The genera} solution ® giren by — +(e) Spun! } wait Tea 8 4uoy) = meg 5 (EL)? ert uluy) >= (XZ wbx g) = xy ata) \ ows pom cay thats where fq 2 an 42H saz , ardour § u ay tay toy Pd, 22 TIS t py,Congagpramtley, + t 4 [Ces-a]] 20 and abe sorfegrastion eb these eyeariont. 3 ty-du? a0, VT Te (2 gw | =o. ike ss ee ais BE = ; @} Fonows breomitha Meet and Thored reeset 7 = +1 ab dijoree bere 5 02» yet ok if yey BF. Bae gueey 27 feursey | Y= B rg per neg wee sp | where and Cy arte constanse. Honea Clearety 7 pollo by, subinaeting has p genera! 20tro7 OT Segha suey, xe 95) we 4 ¢ of ( aia am meed ee < Laberce F1.a arcbMtarey bot 7On. uamg Canady alata, 2=9'0n Yyeens err SUT 5 Cz 23K?” VP Se ior BOre Ula Fea) rane) alana) ‘using tbe vaiuer yore B oe sn Gn egn.c we obfairy t ‘ (7-4) Bhs Cr spew URS, vig lee ey Bra yeh yr) bry 3 ‘pbtaIH dhe olutIn oF the sMNeuc eS saaeas ad CUeety) x T ute) ug = ery Wrth: the Casahiy cate’ UG 0) = HE worth dhe Caushy dada u=0 0 ga 8210s Gover i trusty =o GIP: Guvery eLererey) Ee PERSP ye | baa charauterectre eayarions ice y i se a stho chartawtoscsatte ee are i a “ 7a — 5 ol > earings udg by am nay and aghgevete dene da Boregreattng those equbdTone » we get,wothe generat rolurton sz REEIGAY, POT TE Wry sur) =o ay Ch yryer= gortyqas ij % using Caneby defo’, u=o on 4 =) AYPHOE = 02 FY Cr SRY?! CUP Wt YC? pa neg Us za Bi grec: = Oo TUG le Rian et became yrrprayy : Thus ste Ente geod Aurchae fr des ercibedt by Bary rept, Be RUPE A sy By ety pany + AUX tauy = finders a x Moet we . 7 Cag © et PaAhE gencmal Sotedsen NNN e : ‘ wee = FUCTY) ua gtntg) 7% Ysng catteniy gata, UTE) = OO (2, | | Fe OE EE PG CO) BEG the genargal 2elustion , BL) FATS) OM = Catg ty) TK > amy) cagiy. Hy pe | The chanacteriatrs oUty = C1 aredecomy below brgeerce “The vatce oF ce meet Y. bo. given at one pommt on gach charcactarctetre whith mMrercicete he Line y= only atone port Example -7: Obtain the soluttpn of the @que yest xg ONAN : - tyra) Unt (Ur Uy ee ROG Ge yt) x WE the, condtTon a= 0.ON. XY FR) Solero: orran cy- asx +lu-x Uy = * “The charcactarhsife) equasttons arce Vi golve dhe sMneart equoatton yey Polety se Cauchy data! Utx0)=%3 and wtory)=y? ake dy A echetip tle YQ OK keg ra Alls Given Yyexr Key > oe © % ‘ = KART Yoly + tteler Theaharcacterchirtte. egtatfons ase’ Conteguentty , O14 Fe oes dy — au Y dextyrese and af2cergaray) = onan, dxxdly s ateibdy oI ye E g-% My tegmatting beth equations, wegef £ wg And Le 5 XEYIZ=C) and WAYPAa? ey, Dnregrading tat and And-equadion; au dex-y) whi sy ? — — OXY) rhege, s a { ee 7 tog4 hog CX Y)STING. NTO QMELY STIs NS, E Kaien 1 Detercrnine. T 409 cet ety Ux - gee) uy alr g hu Fay See ata xty=o. ond ual : aS iar to 4 Is y ; - Ons 7 nd See Z | Integrating SHS aod Seed equattre ied a bietatey= =ety a \ : : a ata + Lega = tog (xt) PEO Ca AX 7 aE ae ay | os no Rp I MACHT 7 OEP F409 zag 7 OTM Pease Hata GE agape 1 2? Cornariny, 1 and eas ) tuc got} one aCe exdy ay ~ 7 tara Lys ¢ = constant [st the generat selutitn becomes) i ee oe a? (oe egy) 20% wf ht. nis ag ave tS, Fulry) =tery)9 cb yy * VEMG Cauchy data” utxe) =xgeed FF Barger gc» “by, 3900 = ove The general solution sjecneyertyy 0S y » arty) ty xy pu! atog adgIeo) yd ays) ygry= 7 ieee ao the aMencata , we ebtaan) , S MyUs w ER =e : te “tg ex = Vppeael 2 (erg axy- asta y a Vyraa = (0 Mikes at)eae P SRLS she THteprant score Exampte -1t Solve the fnAvap - veetere " ey gy Ug Sey RANE Ae prcodlean, AN Ley hele KH 2 EEG OD EOD, m1 and Cb) FCX=EK where Coin! Theebarcacterctste equoctien: arce = aePa guge “uri ae : . fe Carfex) Examrig—to; obram the Sens) or the a wane pcan Fyely = Keep ew “db paddy Sui acura) 9! 5 GoraPe) Cig RTH 9 gris yD sda PntegrcatTOn gVEC + 2 } Ge 493 SAT 58 Sos oo » 409 ( AE) at with the dara use on y= X?. GED, Lex FAY =H expire) cthe charcacteristte equations Hee ax _ ay _ au ic a Kexpry y dot Lai§ic Tnsegrating 134 and and equectn) | Logan Hogi= £099 ) ae spay] = tog y—L0G% We 1%. URIe oa 29, oe Toregmcating 147 and Seta oguofiony pod 5 : we GVA CL LXH OP SREY) 0 ore = : ? ; ere 3 ER, Tey sn oetyt0e)- und £2: pore 3 %a)t% Pom core tay : Co i oF) = | f, } , 14 a h byt Couchy data, we obsam gtr)=! | del en tendon ie yh coin ee opsen ” yeenyaan 7 y= Ataea) Seeob \et-oredere sMearc! NN Panonital forme Ca IY Gieneral® Mrest order £106 Canonical Torco Ug +0 (Fe = BGP gcten =r and are parctial Alba equating sebeneptly HeCmypU =A Y acuyons ec eharcacter Ete Ob Ibn equodDn ayer 9% me ine now! drransperatfon by = § 0g) a= 71 hed peer Ll) Where Gem and once Comvinuosly ar Jacobmaot Tis = | Fx a at ee ig “ft suo Ww YyUx tay =X — +12)’ erent 201%. Tong) = §ely~ by mp and ©b7A7N the gen a % and Yy dotercmsine cana breom the 24% aca4d=0 oF a ® = (Ey $e o 30%Y) ee = Meh, TS, Uy = igh y Hy My Subcavete there pa 2 (4s Sx + Uy) +5 (Ug 8 FY Ug Gy st bUg Gy Fatty My They 2 (AGH. FbGy) Ug Terma Hb My) Moy FOF Put A= aGythGy {8 j RAANASG B= any r by 7 Aug + Buy rceu=d —(B Freer eg Cy) =O % Sta sown 1 -ordere equation Ar, +64 =0 + Loy © i 1 and Ce are conerant. pis tx = Ug EY RONTR Uy ugg panies =uamsy fede fay cAnod ry due 4 p= fon FY tpacgn -osanf(§) woherce $(§) Na ambrdarcy co snte(g say ta G) =~ 4, cn [tH DP oan or | 7 oo [se Og 1) = OCH) Mh ef SD uegsa) se Secx7d) agncy ) yaxtug=%, aaa beh the ee eqmarion, ay ditt % y as The Anfegral guntace fax oSeyary Fre ett | Fae %9% ; Sly = xH9%2 Hy emg) HYRle A Consequecttyy Ux = Ue and Uy = Sug ty Putting these varues Tr ean (3 YAR) HE t= 7 ty =x 7 oy > Fargas! ncetoor. esq Ys. ert 79 poy ees Bivet the genermals af ke ; saBfevneiancan Bee Sgdn 1a 6 es 1 ACE) 'T gy de Eat py vows 4 weg) HgTe hcg pe anarbrtarcy ruoetTan! «| 2 ‘the genera} acter Beh ae F meng = at ewig ys #5 +) Fag wate Ot Me) Pr, POE YA) - wimg), = Aba VON) FO ” res eS Row vey 4 wo Uy miaevigan “temps er elegy ™ QHCOS = VED 6 tag 94) finee the Lett+-hand arae ob: the equation @ Q bunction oF % only and, the raght. hand cede, Ow seer ue, panediies ob y OMly .H Foltovas dhat ‘ean be Ae “beth sicies arte egal to The Zare epnedand val) Behron ty Zaned an arbrarey &eppcaasnn, Comte oe ROY y’% : == B- yr af ‘Herts = 46 and hencestbe get = wi the banal £otut7oO ot 2x” yep Ucn 9) = Bexp {41% 734) A. Dhgives TwWe oredinarty ‘artrertenttel 4 _Bxorople 2: govethe equorToN | Ste Qaxey = 0.9 Yleys Fay cy = 6 , pur? + guy oexgus? Integrasing those. gaat ions 12924. | REAL [AY afore, axe) 9 9\ fad 1 F820 ay fae F Logxle Sy xo $e 4 and -rx=-25dA=2Q and «tx0) = sexp( A). ot eit 2 : + kot assume a Lepastation Soltutjon Uy = KOOYNE) Om pr peg d LabsdTete mtheaguatton we get, g2C x00 Yay} Hpac f xc Cy) a gem Yeah > xx) 72 1 Ce 2 2 af | gee) : k Rey Piytag 7%” : xe | mei ae _ conctamt, Thut,, y= Qan'ren” were and t olyep_f. | ag ee yaks F ¢ aves) 295 Fa aaa Say Fy 20g 14H) = RAY ACA | at > yoy = or 2 Mee Spey, . stalherte Aland B arce architany THT Eg Cadi gy, Sa nape Ab siyethr Salk WE ne ORE Pape gonna Weg) LaeM™ Bory = a, (aan -x 2 a DAB eS a ay ' 7) eWay Sarde and avy WTR dy UCL, = 2 CLP CRAXT AY) 4 wn ra OD * : peer FHhese egnatrons We get, © Colxex) AVS) 2 a). 2 Koo =Jaxax ana f yey) ahs rain 2 ¥ iy FF L0gX(x)= A rqand 209 YH) = xe =he renenine arta, y SICK Wroste PP $a a tepasrasie asetaTe eget, MTS 7 4 Atty MW ss zd. op de P81 Bed dary; > Ce jay tenegrtotiig Was CALOFOMEh use 404, Jaunefrsy ana fogeys > [Wirrjdy SHS Ro4e, ad Wy) AT RBy 7, urngy2 Uae) & erp (Pe ) et cong (M4) = 807) oa “Whore 4 and “2 966 orb ory eonttorp: , % The'genéral Lo'ustonze ‘ He%1,4) = FAIA SLI 144, 21209 7 PUtr y= putes tI) Y eee 7 hing =an ia )y +e where css oF anbitasry. Constant, Exomple~4s' Use Uersy) = PCLI44 uy) t0 Lolve the On Uy? +Uyt%%=0 Obviously eaters 0 ; NaN a AR VOD, the 2opamation er Varqables Utesyy = Flay Tgty) 5 xe bltayy 2 uy = 9t9) . The binal 2e1uSI00 Fe LA, xy UIT gy = B07 py HGP) |? 2 Utrig) = 2erp [E(vrrel tar da Exowple ~ 2% Vee. the Zoposcadion oe} voscte nO, ee get 19147 40 4olve the equation, <= td My? >t ‘ olution: GiroH the zoportadqon ob vartaby uring) = 0494) ; ae + PeUye len), uy V4)