STANDARDS DOCUMENT

MCS 012 ISSUE 3.0

The Solar Mounting Standard

(Product)

This Microgeneration Product Standard is the property of the MCS Charitable Foundation, Violet 3, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick
Lane, Cheshire WA4 4AB. Registered Charity No. 1165752

COPYRIGHT © The MCS Charitable Foundation 2023

This Standard was prepared by the MCS Working Group 10 ‘Roofing Issues’.

It is published by The MCS Service Company Ltd on behalf of the MCS Charitable Foundation.

Whilst all reasonable care has been taken in the preparation of this document it is provided on
an “as is” basis without any guarantee of completeness or accuracy. The MCS Service Company
Ltd and The MCS Charitable Foundation (and any related parties) do not accept liability for any
errors or omissions in the document nor for the use or application of the information, standards
or requirements contained in the document by any third party.

The MCS Service Company Ltd welcomes comments of a technical or editorial nature and these
should be sent to [email protected]

COPYRIGHT © The MCS Charitable Foundation 2023

This Standard is freely available for personal use. Commercial use by those not holding a valid
licence to use the MCS mark is prohibited. In the context of this document commercial use is
defined as:

• A manufacturer claiming that any of its products are certified in accordance with this
document;
• An installation or maintenance contractor claiming that its design, installation or
maintenance services are either certified in accordance with, or compliant with, this
document;
• An organisation offering certification or verification services in accordance with this
document.

Any unauthorised reproduction, use or transmission of all or part of this document without
permission is strictly prohibited.

The MCS Service Company Ltd

Violet 3,
Sci-Tech Daresbury,
Keckwick Lane,
Cheshire WA4 4AB

www.mcscertified.com
[email protected]
0333 103 8130

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ABOUT MCS

Giving you confidence in home-grown energy

With energy costs constantly rising and climate change affecting us all, low-carbon technology
has a bigger and bigger role to play in the future of UK energy.

We’re here to ensure it’s a positive one.

Working with industry we define, maintain and improve quality – certifying products and
installers so people can have confidence in the low-carbon technology they invest in. From solar
and wind, to heat pumps, biomass and battery storage, we want to inspire a new generation of
home-grown energy, fit for the needs of every UK home and community.

About

The Microgeneration Certification Scheme Service Company Ltd (MCSSCo Ltd) trades as MCS
and is wholly owned by the non-profit MCS Charitable Foundation. Since 2007, MCS has
become the recognised Standard for UK products and their installation in the small-scale
renewables sector.

We create and maintain standards that allow for the certification of products, installers and their
installations. Associated with these standards is the certification scheme, run on behalf of MCS
by Certification Bodies who hold UKAS accreditation to ISO 17065.

MCS certifies low-carbon products and installations used to produce electricity and heat from
renewable sources. It is a mark of quality. Membership of MCS demonstrates adherence to
these recognised industry s tandards; highlighting quality, competency and compliance.

Vision

To see MCS certified products and installations in every UK home and community.

Mission

To give people confidence in low-carbon energy technology by defining, maintaining and

improving quality.

Values

1. We are expert – ensuring quality through robust technical knowledge

2. We are inspiring – helping to reshape energy in UK homes and communities
3. We are collaborative – working with industry and government to create positive change
4. We are principled – operating in a way that’s clear, open and fair
5. We are determined – supporting the UK’s drive towards a clean energy future
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 CHANGES TO STANDARDS

When MCS Standards are revised, the issue number is also revised to indicate the nature
of the changes. This can either be a whole new issue or an amendment to the current
issue. Details will be posted on the website at www.mcscertified.com

Technical or other significant changes which affect the requirements for the approval or
certification of the product or service will result in a new issue. Minor or administrative
changes (e.g. corrections of spelling and typographical errors, changes to address and
copyright details, the addition of notes for clarification etc.) may be made as
amendments.

The issue number is given on the left of the decimal point, and the amendment number
on the right. For example, issue 3.2 indicates that it is the third significant version of the
document which has had two sets of minor amendments.

Users of this Standard should ensure that they are using the latest issue.

Issue No. Amendment Details Date

1.0 First Publication 16/03/2012

A5.1.1 Alternative
2.0 02/11/2015
Methods for fire testing
Significant Update to
improve clarity, new
3.0 10/05/2023
format and other
changes.

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FOREWORD
This document contains references to other documents which may be either normative or
informative. At the time of publication any editions of those documents, where indicated, were
valid. However, as all documents are subject to revision, any users of this document should apply
the most recent editions of those referenced documents (unless a dated version is specified).

This issue 3.0 is a significant update to issue 2.4. It is available for reference from the date of
publication 10/05/2023. Manufacturers or importers of microgeneration systems who have
certificated products, or wish to have products certificated, in accordance with MCS 012 may
start working in accordance with this update from the date of publication. Compliance with this
update is mandatory for products to be certified in accordance with MCS 012 from the date of
implementation 10/05/2025.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
About MCS ................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Table of contents ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1 Introduction & Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 7
2 Definitions ........................................................................................................................................................................... 7
3 Applications to join the scheme ............................................................................................................................. 8
4 Management systems certification ...................................................................................................................... 8
5 Certification and approval.......................................................................................................................................... 8
6 Technical documentation .......................................................................................................................................... 9
7 Performance and testing criteria..........................................................................................................................10
7.5 Resistance to Wind Uplift ....................................................................................................................................11
7.6 Fire Performance ......................................................................................................................................................11
7.7 Weathertightness................................................................................................................................................... 12
7.8 Installation Instructions ....................................................................................................................................... 13
8 Maintenance of certification and listing ........................................................................................................... 13
8.1 Factory Audits .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
8.2 Product Audits ......................................................................................................................................................... 13
9 Certification mark and labelling ............................................................................................................................ 13
Appendix A – Test procedures ......................................................................................................................................... 15
A1. Resistance To Wind Uplift................................................................................................................................... 15
A2. Fire Performance ..................................................................................................................................................... 21
A3. Weathertightness ................................................................................................................................................... 23
Appendix B – Performance Data Template ............................................................................................................. 32
Appendix C - References ................................................................................................................................................... 35

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1 INTRODUCTION & SCOPE
This Scheme document identifies the evaluation and assessment practices for the purposes of
certification and listing of systems and individual components for the mounting of Solar PV
modules and Solar Collectors to the roofs of buildings. Certification and listing of products is
based on evidence acceptable to the Certification Body:

• that the product meets the appropriate requirements listed below;

• that the manufacturer has staff, processes, and systems in place to ensure that the
product delivered meets the standard.

And on:

• periodic audits of the manufacturer, including testing as appropriate;

• compliance with the contract with the Certification Body for listing and approval
including agreement to rectify faults as appropriate.

The scope of this Standard includes:

• Products which enable above roof installations of solar panels;

• Products which enable roof integrated installations of solar panels;
• Active solar products which become part of the roof covering in roof integrated
installations. This includes PV tiles and other products where PV elements are bonded
to roof coverings such as standing seam roof sheets. Such products would also require
certification in accordance with MCS 005.

The scope of this Standard excludes:

• Products whose sole purpose is to flash around brackets and hooks in above roof
installations;
• Products relying solely on site applied sealants to provide a weathertight seal.

2 DEFINITIONS
Solar panel - this document uses the term solar panels as a collective term for solar thermal
collectors and PV modules.

Roof mounting system - a collection of parts or components designed to mount solar panels
on the roof of a building. The system comprises all parts required to provide a structurally stable
fixing and ensure the weathertightness, and fire performance of the roof meets the
requirements of the building regulations.

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Roof integrated installations - an installation where the solar panels or roof mounting system
(or an individual component of a roof mounting system) replaces some or all of the roof
covering.

Above roof installations - an installation where the solar panel is mounted above the roof
covering and the installation system does not replace or significantly alter the roof covering
beneath it.

Individual Component – a uniquely identifiable, individual part or sub-assembly which, when

used in combination with other components, forms a mounting system for the attachment of
solar panels to the roof of a building. Examples of individual components are:

• Roof brackets/hooks
• Rails/profiles
• Joiners
• Clamps
• Clips
• Rafter bolts (sometimes referred to as “hanger” bolts)

Complete system – all components necessary to mount a solar panel to a roof to achieve wind
uplift, weathertightness and fire performance.

Mechanically attached systems – those that are screwed, bolted, clamped or bonded/welded to
the roof structure or covering.

Non-mechanically attached system – those that rely on ballast and/or aerodynamic effects to
remain in place.

3 APPLICATIONS TO JOIN THE SCHEME

Applications should be made to an Accredited Certification Body operating this Scheme, who
will provide the appropriate application form and details of the applicable fees.

4 MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS CERTIFICATION

Manufacturers shall operate a documented manufacturing quality control system, certified in
accordance with the requirements of MCS 010 – Generic Factory Production Control
Requirements.

5 CERTIFICATION AND APPROVAL

5.1 Certification and approval is based on the following:

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 a) An assessment of the reports recording the results of the relevant tests as set out in
Clause 7.

Note: see MCS 011 - Testing Acceptance Criteria.

b) Verification of the manufacturing company’s quality management system in

accordance with the requirements of MCS 010.

c) Review of the technical documentation relating to the material or product.

5.2 Applications for a range of common products (product families) will be dealt with on a
case-by-case basis.

Note: for example, where one or more characteristics are the same for products with
similar design, construction and functionality then the results of tests for these
characteristics on one product may be applied to other similar products, as agreed
between the manufacturer/supplier and the Certification Body.

5.3 A certificate is awarded following demonstration of satisfactory compliance with this

Standard, taking into account any limitations imposed, other appropriate guidelines and
satisfactory verification/assessment of the manufacturer’s Factory Production Control
(FPC) and technical documentation.

5.4 Certificates shall contain the name and address of the manufacturer, model and reference
number of the product, a unique certificate reference number, and the issue number and
date.

5.5 Certificates shall also include performance data established using the tests in this
Standard and based upon the template given in Appendix B.

5.6 Certificates are valid from the date of issue and are maintained and held in force subject
to satisfactory completion of the requirements for maintenance of certification (see
clause 8) but remain the property of the issuing Certification Body.

5.7 Certain performance data contained in the certificate will be required to be uploaded to
the MCS Installation Database (MID) by the Certification Body.

6 TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
6.1 A Technical file of documentation for the product must be submitted for review. This
documentation shall be presented in English and shall be such that it can be assured that
the products submitted for test are equivalent to those that are to be manufactured for
normal production. The documentation must consist of the following as a minimum:

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 a) Details of intended use, application, classifications (if any), and restrictions (e.g.,
minimum roof pitch);
b) Manufacturing drawings and/or specifications including tolerances, issue and revision
numbers;
c) The revision number of the product;
d) Raw material and components specifications;
e) Details of the quality plan applied during manufacture to ensure ongoing compliance;
f) Where pre-existing test data derived using different methodologies to those
described in this Standard is requested to be considered for the application, the full
test report and details of any existing approvals.

Note: each request to consider pre-existing test data will be dealt with on a case-by-
case basis provided it is compliant with MCS 011.

g) Installation, use and maintenance instructions.

6.2 When individual components are to be offered for incorporation into a wide range of
systems then they should be described as universally compatible with other
manufacturers’ components in the Technical file and the uses clearly described in the
installation or user instructions.

7 PERFORMANCE AND TESTING CRITERIA

7.1 Performance shall be determined and declared for either whole systems tested or for
individual components.

7.2 The objectives behind the tests are:

a) to establish the wind-uplift resistance of mounting systems or individual

components intended for fixing solar panels to the roofs of buildings so that the
mounting arrangements can be designed for individual installations and;
b) the fire performance classification of the roof can be known with the mounting
systems or individual components in situ and;
c) to ensure those mounting systems and individual components do not degrade the
ability of a roof to provide long-term weathertightness protection of the building
interior.

7.3 The relevant tests which should be carried out are as set out in the following Table 1.

Note: this table is a guide only. For precise details of what should or should not be tested
refer to the relevant appendix for each test.

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 Table 1

7.4 Solar panels may be required to facilitate testing of mounting systems or individual
components.

7.5 RESISTANCE TO WIND UPLIFT

A Maximum Design Wind Uplift Resistance shall be determined and declared when assessed in
accordance with Appendix A1. The value is declared in Kilopascals (kPa) for mounting systems,
or Kilonewtons (kN) for individual components.

7.6 FIRE PERFORMANCE

A fire classification shall be determined and declared in accordance with Appendix A2.

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7.7 WEATHERTIGHTNESS

7.7.1 The mounting of the solar panels on or in the roof shall not decrease the weather
performance of the declared roof types when tested in accordance with Appendix A3.

7.7.2 Any roof brackets/hooks intended for use on frangible roof coverings (e.g., slate, clay or
concrete tiles) shall meet one of the following criteria:

a) be designed to not transfer any load to the roof covering or;

b) be designed to transfer an evenly distributed load (see Note (i)) to the roof
covering that does not cause damage.

If b) then this shall be demonstrated through a positive (snow/downward) load test using
a load value no less than 1.0kN/m2 (See Note (ii)) for a mounting system. Where testing
an individual roof bracket/hook then the load value shall be no less than 0.25kN.

Notes:

(i) the load being considered is the combined static weight/load of the solar
mounting system, solar panels, and snow. Manufacturers of brackets/hooks designed to
evenly distribute such a load must make it clear in their installation instructions that the
bracket/hook must not be climbed on or used as a means of support by installers.

(ii) the test load of 1.0kN/m2 is derived using the calculations prescribed in BS EN
1991-1-3 and rounded up from the maximum calculated value for every snow zone in the
UK at a site altitude above mean sea level of 200m.

7.7.3 Where the product relies upon seals (with or without additional site-applied sealant)
then the means of providing a weathertight seal shall be durable for the lifetime of a
typical solar installation.

Notes:

(i) products relying solely on site applied sealants to provide a weathertight seal (i.e.,
where the product does not incorporate a factory seal or gasket) are not eligible for
certification under this Standard.

(ii) where some site-applied sealant is used to achieve a weathertight seal (in
conjunction with a factory seal or gasket), the installation instructions shall specify the
sealant by brand and/or its exact properties along with specific instructions regarding its
application.

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7.8 INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS

Guidance shall be given on compatible solar panels and roof mounting systems. The information
provided to the installer should clearly indicate how the product is installed with different solar
panels and roof types including the type and number of fixings and maximum recommended
spacing of brackets/rails.

In particular, the following information shall be clearly and prominently shown in the product
installation instructions:

• The Maximum Design Wind Uplift Resistance the system achieved (in Pascals or
Newtons as applicable) when assessed according to this document, using the standard
procedure and fixing details as described in the manufacturer’s instructions;
• For products that can be used with a variety of different solar panels these instructions
should clearly describe the array design constraints (e.g., maximum panel size, maximum
panel area, fixings per m² etc) that need to be met in order to achieve the stated wind
load result.

8 MAINTENANCE OF CERTIFICATION AND LISTING

Certificates and listing are maintained and held in force subject to satisfactory completion of
the following requirements for maintenance of certification:

8.1 FACTORY AUDITS

Certification is maintained through on-going FPC quality system audits in accordance with
MCS 010 as appropriate, during which time a detailed check will be made that the product being
manufactured is the same as the specification tested.

8.2 PRODUCT AUDITS

Product audits will be conducted as follows:

• Review of the product technical data files including materials.

• Review of end of line tests in accordance with the manufacturer’s quality plan.
• Repeat testing of elements from the product standard as appropriate to confirm that
the product continues to meet the requirements for certification and listing.

9 CERTIFICATION MARK AND LABELLING

All approved products listed under this Scheme shall be traceable to identify that they have
been tested and certificated in accordance with the requirements of the test standard. See
below for details.

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The supplier shall use the Certification Mark(s) only in accordance with their Certification Body’s
instructions.

The Certification Mark(s) to be used for newly certified products under the scheme is as follows:

Certificate Number MCS "XXX"

“Description of the Technology certificated”

Where ‘XXX’ is the certificate number, and the logo of the Certification Body issuing the
certification would sit on the right-hand side of the logo.

Companies shall only use the Mark whilst certification is maintained.

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APPENDIX A – TEST PROCEDURES
Important note: all products shall be accompanied by manufacturer’s installation instructions,
and these shall be followed when preparing for all tests.

A1. RESISTANCE TO WIND UPLIFT

PRINCIPLES

A1.1 The test method shall follow the principles and, where appropriate, the details of BS EN
14437 (Determination of the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles for
roofing — Roof system test method).

Note: a trial test, as specified in BS EN 14437: 2022, is not always necessary – this should
be decided by the test laboratory, depending on the system. Figures A1 and A2
illustrate typical PV systems under test.

Figure A1: Schematic of pitched roof PV System undergoing a wind uplift test according to the principles of
BS EN 14437: 2004

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 Figure A2: Schematic of ballasted flat roof PV System undergoing a wind uplift test

A1.2 The test preparation and procedures are given for complete systems and components
in paragraphs A1.7 to A1.20 as appropriate.

A1.3 Individual components used for attachment to the roof covering or sub-structure (e.g.,
roof hooks) to be tested by themselves should be prepared in a manner determined
appropriate by the Certification Body and tested as given in paragraphs A1.15 to A1.18.

A1.4 Individual components used for connecting to the attachment (e.g., clamps, rails etc)
should be assembled into a complete system with other compatible components then
prepared and tested as given in paragraphs A1.7 to A1.18.

A1.5 The preparation and procedures for the testing of complete systems mechanically
attached to either the roof covering, or sub-structure, to resist wind uplift are given in
paragraphs A1.7 to A1.18.

A1.6 The preparation and procedures for the testing of complete systems not mechanically
attached to resist wind uplift are given in paragraphs A1.19 and A1.20.

PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS (MECHANICALLY ATTACHED COMPLETE SYSTEM TEST)

A1.7 The components to be tested shall be arranged with others to support a minimum of
one solar panel.

Note: above roof mounting systems must include all components identified in the
manufacturer’s installation instructions as being required to mount one panel.
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A1.8 Where the mounting system comprises components designed to attach more than
one panel then the specimens shall be arranged to support a minimum of two solar
panels.

Note: this would allow for the test to include components such as mid-clamps.

A1.9 Where any flashing or sealing products are designed to provide uplift resistance then
these shall be included in the test.

PREPARATION OF APPARATUS (MECHANICALLY ATTACHED COMPLETE SYSTEM TEST)

A1.10 The detailed construction of the test rig in terms of the batten sizes, rafter spacing, and
all fixings shall satisfy the minimum specification (worst case) of the
manufacturer/supplier of the solar panel and all materials shall be of a quality typical of
real construction. The minimum requirements of relevant standards should be satisfied
(e.g., BS 5534: 2014+A1:2018 - Slating and tiling for pitched roofs and vertical cladding.
Code of Practice).

A1.11 The test roof should include all components of typical construction, including the
adjacent covering (e.g., tiles). Alternatively, technical justification shall be provided as
to why these are omitted.

A1.12 The roof pitch shall be 45° (+/- 2°) or the maximum pitch declared by the manufacturer.

A1.13 The uplift load shall be applied using cables or equivalent methods to provide uniform
loads. These may be fixed to the solar panel(s) by using suction cup devices attached
to the upper surface, as shown in Figure A1 above. The uplift shall be applied
perpendicular to the panels.

A1.14 Where there is a choice of fixing positions, the most onerous (weakest) shall be tested.

Note: for example, where the sole plate of a bracket or roof hook has a range of fixing
holes then the outermost holes should be used where the load applies most leverage.

PROCEDURE – GENERAL TEST METHOD

A1.15 All tests shall be undertaken a minimum of three times.

A1.16 Determine the Characteristic Value Uplift Resistance from the measured failure loads
as defined in Annex D of BS EN 14437: 2022 for a 95% confidence limit being attained.

A1.17 As written, the failure criteria specified in BS EN 14437: 2022 are not appropriate to solar
systems so, for the purposes of this Standard, the failure criteria shall be taken as:

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 Ultimate Limit State (Failure)
a) Deformation of the system resulting in solar panel(s) coming free
b) Breakage of a mechanical component between the panel and the roof structure
c) Pulling out or breakage of the connection of the mechanical fixing to the roof
d) Breakage of elements of the solar panel

Note: if elements of the solar panel break before either of the failure states a), b) or c)
occur then options are to either re-test using a stronger solar panel to attempt to
achieve failure states a), b) or c), or accept the result as failure of the system or
components under test.

Serviceability Limit State (Failure)

e) If the maximum displacement of any part of the roofing or solar systems exposes
the under-roof OR exceeds 75 millimetres (mm)
f) After releasing the force to zero the remaining displacement of any roofing
element exceeds 5mm. (When the 5mm limit is achieved, the test should be
continued until the applied load is at least 1.5 times the load measured at the 5mm
limit or until ultimate failure occurs. This is to ensure that the design resistance
derived does not exceed the ultimate resistance divided by the appropriate partial
factor)
g) Solar panel(s) becoming insecure (loose)

A1.18 Determine the Maximum Design Wind Uplift Resistance by dividing the
Characteristic Value Uplift Resistance by the appropriate Partial Safety Factor given
in table 2:

Partial
Failure Mode Safety
Factor
Ultimate Limit State
Deformation resulting in panels coming free 1.1
Failure in a metal component 1.1
Failure in a plastic component 1.25
Pull out from a metal component (e.g., self-tapping screw or rivet) 1.25
Failure in a timber component or pull out from a timber
1.44
component
Serviceability Limit State
1.0
(No ultimate failure but the system is no longer fit for purpose)
Table 2

Note: The IEC Code of Practice for Grid Connected Solar PV systems, Section 11.3.2,
gives guidance on how to derive the wind load for a given site and location on a
building, including the requirement to scale with wind load by a partial factor for the
wind load of 1.35. The calculated wind load must not exceed the declared Maximum
Design Wind Uplift Resistance for any system or component installed at that location.

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PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS AND APARATUS FOR OTHER MOUNTING TYPES (NOT
MECHANICALLY ATTACHED)

A1.19 Ballasted (including no or low ballast) systems should be tested to establish 3

characteristics (1 mandatory and 2 optional):

A1.19.1 Maximum Design Wind Uplift Resistance of the system attaching the solar panel
to the ballast:

• The system should be restrained using ballast;

• Apply the uplift load until either a component breaks or the restraining force
of the ballast is overcome (by the system sliding or overturning);
• Then either:
o Determine the Maximum Design Wind Uplift Resistance as described in
A1.16 to A1.18 above or
o Increase the ballast and repeat the test (until the ballast cannot be
reasonably increased any further).

A1.19.2 Resistance to sliding (Coefficient of Friction) by either:

• Declaring that the system shall always be mechanically restrained (e.g., by

tethering or kerb)
• Declaring a default Coefficient of Friction of 0.3.
• Optional testing to determine the Coefficient of Friction on a range of
substrate materials (see MIS 3002 Appendix D for test methodology).

Note: MIS 3002 allows Certified Contractors to do a bespoke test on a project-

by-project basis. Some manufacturers may wish to provide contractors with a
range of common scenarios (substrates and slip layers) where a coefficient of
friction of greater than 0.3 can be used.

A1.19.3 Pressure coefficients (for use in wind uplift calculations) by either:

• Declaring the default pressure coefficients given in BRE Digest 489 apply to
the system
• Optional wind tunnel testing or computation, in accordance with BS EN
1991-1-4 and the UK national annex, accounting for the edge and corner
effects when the system is mounted on a building.

Note: where manufacturers believe that their product is designed in such a way
that lower negative pressure coefficients should apply than the default values
given in the BRE Digest 489 because of, for example, aerodynamic effects, this
needs to be evidenced with appropriate testing in a wind tunnel (or

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 computation). Such testing should account for the turbulent airflow around
buildings particularly at the edges and corners of a building.

ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT METHODS

A1.20 Where it can be demonstrated that alternative methods provide equivalent or

conservative (safe) values for the resistance to wind uplift then these may be used.
Alternative methods may be appropriate when testing individual components.

Depending upon the failure mode and the method of mounting other acceptable
methods may include:

i) BS5534:2014+A2:2018 Slating and tiling for pitched roofs and vertical cladding. Code
of practice;

Note: this test method may be appropriate for some designs of roof integrated
systems. It is not suitable for above roof mounting systems.

ii) Validation by calculation alone.

Note: in some simple cases it may be possible to validate the system against wind loads
by calculation only. However, this is often not possible because, for instance, a) the
failure modes are not wholly predictable, b) tabulated fastener withdrawal loads from
standards are often not applicable due to the fastener diameter/timber thickness ratio.

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A2. FIRE PERFORMANCE

PRINCIPLES

A2.1 All roof integrated systems shall be tested.

A2.1.1 Where the panel forms part of the fire barrier for the fire test, the fire classification
applies only to panels from the same product family to which the tested panel belongs
(as determined by the certification against MCS 005). Systems that are intended for
use with multiple product families must test and declare a fire classification for each
product family it can be used with.

A2.1.2 Changes to the construction file for a PV module product family shall not invalidate the
test provided those changes are permitted as given in Table 3.

Characteristic Permitted Changes

Panel Area No more than +/- 10%
Frame Manufacturer
Manufacturer, thickness no more than
Coversheet
+/- 5%
Cell Power, size, manufacturer, crystal format
Bus bars Number, width, colour
Manufacturer, thickness no more than
Encapsulant
+/- 5%
Colour (lighter only), thickness no more
Backsheet
than +/- 20%, manufacturer
Frame sealant Manufacturer
Any meeting requirements of IEC
Junction box
61140:2016
Table 3

A2.2 Components or systems for mounting solar panels above roofs shall be tested where
any of the following apply:

a) they increase the gaps in a discontinuous roof covering more than would be the
case without the mounting system or;
b) they are made from an organic material and inserted through gaps in a
discontinuous roof covering or;
c) they are made from an organic material and replace any part of the roof covering.

Any such testing needs to demonstrate the effect of the component(s) on the fire
rating of the roof and may not necessarily require a full mounting system including the
solar panels to be included in the test.

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 Notes:

(i) in the case of b) and c) above, components made from organic material are exempt
from testing if they have a gross calorific value of ≤4MJ/m2 or a mass of ≤200g/m2
when set out on the roof. This can be determined when a sufficient number of
those components are used to fix a single typical 1.6m2 solar panel. In the case of
integrated brackets where 4 brackets would be required for a single solar panel
and each bracket has a mass of, say, 100g then the total mass would be 250g/m2
(4 x 100 /1.6) and so would not be exempt and fire testing would be required.
(ii) Generally organic materials are defined as those containing carbon and therefore
combustible such as wood and plastics. Metals, concrete, clay and slate are
inorganic and therefore non-combustible.

A2.3 Research is ongoing to identify or develop appropriate test methodologies which can
determine how the installation of solar panels above a wide range of roof types impacts
the fire performance of those roofs. Once those methodologies become available then
this section will be expanded as necessary to cover more installation scenarios.

PROCEDURE

A2.4 Testing shall be in accordance with BS 476-3: 2004 or CEN TS 1187:2012 Test 4, and the
rating declared.

Notes:

(i) applying this test to solar systems is not without its problems and guidance is
provided in Annex C (normative) of BS 476-3: 2004.
(ii) experience suggests that the flashings around and between solar panels often
pose the greatest risk due to unprotected gaps.
(iii) for large systems it may be necessary to test more than one section to ensure
the most vulnerable areas are all tested.

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A3. WEATHERTIGHTNESS

PRINCIPLES

A3.1 Products intended for use on membrane roofs of a pitch ≤10° which penetrate the
waterproofing layer shall be tested using method A given in BS EN 1928.

A3.2 Products bonded to the surface of membrane roofs of a pitch ≤10° which DO NOT
penetrate the waterproofing layer need not be tested for weathertightness.

A3.3 For products for use on roofs of a pitch >10°, the wind driven rain test methods for roofs
PD CEN/TR 15601:2012 shall be used to determine wind driven rain performance as set
out in the following clauses A3.4 to A3.34 inclusive.

A3.4 PD CEN/TR 15601 specifies 4 different wind-rain sub-tests (A – D), covering a range of
severe UK coastal conditions (referred to as N. European coastal). Only sub-tests B and
D are required for this Standard.

A3.5 All roof integrated systems shall be tested.

A3.6 Products for mounting solar panels above roofs requiring the penetration of
continuous roof coverings shall be tested.

A3.7 Products for mounting solar panels above roofs requiring insertion between the gaps
of discontinuous roof coverings shall be tested.

A3.8 The manufacturer/supplier shall declare which generic classes of roof covering their
system can be used with i.e.:

• Single lapped Pantiles or Plain tiles

• Double lapped Plain tiles
• Double lapped slates (natural or synthetic)
• Profiled, corrugated or standing seam metal sheet
• Any other generic roof covering type

A3.9 Where a single flashing system is specified for use with more than one generic class of
roof covering, then the class representing the worst case shall be tested. If the worst
class is not clear, then all classes that could be the worst shall be tested.

Note: based on experience the biggest risks of water entry are as follows:

Roof integrated systems:

(i) the risk of water entry over the flashing system which is around, between and, in
some cases, under the panels. This water entry can be, for instance, at the

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 interface with the roof covering, at the interface with the panels, or through joints
in the flashings;

(ii) water entry through the roof covering related to increased gapping of the roofing
elements due to the presence of the solar panel system, including its fixing
system.

Above roof mounting systems:

(iii) water entry via the penetrations through the outer roof covering;

(iv) spray entry through any gaps in the outer-roof covering created by the mounting
arrangement.

Both types of system:

(v) Penetrations through the underlay can also pose a risk. Such penetrations must
not jeopardise the role of the underlay, as specified in BS 5534:2014 + A2:2018
(Sections 4.9 and 6.2) and should therefore be sealed in an appropriate and
durable manner, preferably with a purpose designed product.

A3.10 A specimen solar system is fitted into the appropriate test apparatus, the external
surface of the specimen is exposed to wind and continuously sprayed with water and
run-off water is continuously applied at the top of the specimen. At the same time an
air pressure difference between the upper and lower sides of the test specimen is
increased or decreased in specific steps. Water leakage through the test specimen
which may occur at certain air pressure differences is observed and measured.

PREPARATION – SPECIMENS

A3.11 Samples for the test specimen shall comply with the product specifications and be
representative of normal production.

A3.12 The dimensions of the test specimen shall be as large as necessary to be representative
of the intended use. The test specimen shall include at least one of every type of joint
between it and the surrounding roof surface (where appropriate). In some cases, with
large solar systems, it might not be possible to test all of the joints simultaneously in the
same test. In such cases the testing shall be repeated to ensure that each joint is fully
tested. The minimum number of tests shall be one. The test specimen shall include all
representative joints, where this is not possible then additional tests will be required to
test each joint separately.

A3.13 Construct the test specimen according to the manufacturer/supplier’s specification

representative of its intended use (such as roof pitch, fixing systems, etc). The test
specimen may be built in a surrounding frame to facilitate transport and fitting to the

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 opening of the driving rain test apparatus. The joint between test specimen and
surrounding frame shall be sealed to prevent water leakage during the test, without
disturbance to the normal occurring gaps in the specimen. If a frame is used, it shall be
able to resist the pressures applied during the test without deflecting to an extent to
influence the test results. The surround shall be prepared and installed so that any
water penetration through the test specimen is readily detectable.

Note (applicable to A3.12 and A3.13): due to the complexity and size of solar systems, it
can be difficult to get a whole panel or panels onto the test rig for test. It is often
necessary to make up special samples which ensure the most vulnerable parts of the
solar array are tested. It is necessary to ensure that all joints and other vulnerable parts
of the test sample are representative of normal production. Alternatively, more than
one configuration should be tested in order to ensure that one of each joint and
interface type is tested.

A3.14 The test shall be carried out at the minimum pitch of the roof covering/solar panel
combination.

PREPARATION - APPARATUS

A3.15 In order to test under sub-tests B and D, the test apparatus shall consist of:

• a pressure chamber sealed to the underside of the test specimen and connected
to a pressure generator, as specified in A3.16;
• a fan system to create wind on the outside of the test specimen, as specified in
A3.17;
• a facility for generating rain, as specified in A3.20;
• provisions for creating run-off water as specified in A3.22; and
• a facility for observation and measurement of leakage as specified in A3.23.

Notes:

(i) apparatus of different design may produce different wind driven rain test results
but can produce consistent comparisons of performance between different roof
covering products.

(ii) where only sub-test D is to be undertaken (see A3.29 and A3.32) then neither the
pressure chamber, suction device nor fan system are required.

A3.16 The pressure generator connected to the pressure chamber shall be capable of
creating a stable negative or positive pressure difference, maintained for five minutes
±10 seconds, across the test specimen. The pressure difference shall be measured to a
maximum inaccuracy of 1% or 2.5Pa, whichever is greater. The volume of the pressure
chamber shall be sufficient to ensure uniform pressure conditions. A water collector

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 shall be provided connected to the pressure chamber capable of recording the
amount of leakage water during any pressure step in the test to a maximum inaccuracy
of 2% or 1 gram, whichever is greater. The surfaces of the pressure chamber shall allow
leakage water to flow freely into the water collector.

A3.17 The fan system shall be capable of generating wind directed parallel to the longitudinal
axis of the test specimen. The wind flow may be horizontal or parallel to the surface of
the test specimen. The spatial variation of the wind speed shall be not more than 10%
over the test specimen. Calibrate the fan system for spatial variation of the wind speed,
by taking measurements at not less than 9 positions uniformly distributed at a height
of 200 ±10mm over a flat boarded area which replaces the test specimen, at the
relevant roof pitch. The calibration wind speed shall be 10 ±0.5 metre per second (m/s)
at the centre of the test specimen.

A3.18 The wind speed (Vi) shall be measured to a maximum inaccuracy of 0.5m/s.

A3.19 The turbulence intensity (t) in the oncoming wind shall be less than 10%.

Note: the turbulence intensity t (%) is expressed as t = 100u/U, where u and U are the
RMS and mean wind speeds respectively, measured over a duration of not less than 5
minutes for this purpose.
n

∑ (V
2
i
−U )
RMS (root mean square) wind speed u = i =1

n −1
n

∑V i
Mean wind speed U = i =1
n
Where:
Vi is the individual wind speed;
n is the number of measurements

A3.20 The rain generation facility shall be capable of supplying a stable rain rate. The spatial
variation shall be not more than ±35% over the area of the test specimen during a time
period of 5 min ±10s. During the same time period of 5min ±10s the rainfall rate shall
vary by not more than ±2%. The rain droplet size shall be representative of natural rain,
predominantly in the range of 0.6mm to 2.5mm diameter.

A3.21 The variation of rainfall over the specimen can be measured using rain collectors with
an area of 0.10 square metre (m2) to 0.20 m2 in area and arranged so that they do not
collect any run-off water during calibration. To calibrate the rain falling directly on the
test specimen, replace the test specimen with a flat board which incorporates the rain
collectors in its upper surface. The calibration should be carried out for each wind-rain

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 combination used. The rain shall be measured to a maximum inaccuracy of 3% or 0.2
mm/h, whichever is larger.

Notes:

(iii) water droplets introduced into a high velocity air stream tend to break up over
distance. Accordingly, it is recommended that the droplets are introduced far enough
above the test specimen for this process to be completed and for the droplets to
achieve the required velocity prior to impact with the test specimen.

(iv) a variation of ±35% in wind driven rain distribution when combined with run-off
water results in a combined variation of not more than 10%.

A3.22 Run-off water shall be evenly distributed across the top of the test specimen. The run-
off rate shall not vary by more than 10% over the width of the test specimen. The
quantity of run-off water shall be measured to a maximum inaccuracy of 3%.

The run-off rate Rro shall be calculated by the formula:

Rro = Rtest W L / 60

Where:
Rro is the run-off rate, in litres per minute (l/m);
Rtest is the rainfall on the roof surface in mm/h;
W is the effective width of the test specimen, in m;
L is the simulated additional rafter length above the test specimen, in m. Unless
otherwise specified, L shall be not less than 5 m.

A3.23 The pressure chamber shall be provided with:

a) a transparent under-surface for clear visual observation of the nature and position of
leakages which may appear on the underside of the test specimen during the test.

b) an apparatus to continuously collect and measure the amount (by weight or by

volume) of leakage water which may fall from the test specimen into the pressure
chamber during the test.

A3.24 To minimise surface tension, absorption and retention of water on the internal surfaces
of the pressure chamber, the surfaces shall be smooth, non-absorbent and inclined at
a vertical angle of not less than 15° from the horizontal towards the lower collecting
apparatus during testing.

A3.25 Carry out the test in an environment with a temperature of between 5 degrees Celsius
(°C) to 35°C with the test specimen installed in the apparatus at the specified roof
pitch. Seal the edges of the test specimen as appropriate to prevent leakage of water

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 or air into or out of the pressure chamber. The test specimen shall be surface dry before
each test.

PROCEDURE - GENERAL

A3.26 Select and continuously apply the relevant wind speed, rain-fall rate, and amount of
run-off water for each wind-rain combination as specified in table 4.

Climate
Wind-rain sub-test Test conditions*
zone

Approach Wind Rainfall on

speed horizontal
Vr (m/s) Rh (mm/h)
Northern A Not used in this Standard
Europe B 13 60
Coastal C Not used in this Standard
D 0 225
* See PD CEN/TR 15601:2012 for the methodology to determine the wind and rain
over the roof surface, as a function of roof pitch.
Table 4

In summary these sub-tests are:

Sub-test B: High wind speed with high rainfall rate
Sub-test D: Maximum rainfall rate with no wind (deluge)

A3.27 In sub-test B, measure initially the pressure difference with the pressure box closed and
adopt this pressure difference as the reference zero for subsequent pressure changes
during the test. Then reduce the pressure in the box in steps of not less than 5 Pa and
maintain each pressure step for 5 minutes ±10 seconds, until leakage is observed.
Measure the amount of leakage water at each pressure step, or continuously, up to the
reference leakage rate (10grams per square metre per 5 minutes period) and note the
suction pressure.

Notes:

(i) each sub-test may be continued at greater pressure differences to observe more
leakage.

(ii) fine spray may leak through the joints in certain types of solar systems. Its
occurrence should be recorded. Such fine spray may or may not be regarded as
leakage depending on the leakage criterion adopted.

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A3.28 In the deluge test, sub-test D, apply the rainfall and run-off without wind and with the
pressure box open to the atmosphere, for 2 minutes ±10 seconds. Observe any leakage
and measure the amount of leakage water.

PROCEDURE – ROOF INTEGRATED SYSTEMS

Figure A3: Roof Integrated PV system ready for weather tightness test

A3.29 Where the mounting and installation arrangement does not create unprotected gaps
greater than those pre-existing in the roof covering before the installation of the solar
panels, and there is no reason to believe the gapping will increase due to wind, conduct
test under sub-test D.

Note: in this scenario tests according to sub-test B is optional.

A3.30 Where the mounting and installation arrangement does create unprotected gaps
greater than those pre-existing in the roof covering, then conduct tests under sub-
tests B and D.

A3.31 The quantity of water running onto the top of the solar panel (‘run-off water’) shall be
adjusted to simulate the worst case (widest panel and longest rafter length of roof). The
minimum simulated additional rafter length above the solar panel shall be 5 metres (m).

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PROCEDURE – ABOVE ROOF MOUNTING SYSTEMS OR COMPONENTS

Figure A4: Above roof PV system ready for weather tightness test

A3.32 Where the mounting and installation arrangement does not create unprotected gaps
greater than those pre-existing in the roof covering before the installation of the solar
panels, conduct test under sub-test D using at least two fixing penetrations and
without a solar panel in place.

Note: in this scenario tests according to sub-test B is optional.

A3.33 Where the mounting and installation arrangement does create unprotected gaps
greater than those pre-existing in the roof covering before the installation of the solar
panels, conduct test under sub-tests B & D with a solar panel (and as many fixing
penetrations as necessary to hold the solar panel in place).

Note applying to both A3.32 and A3.33: for some designs of penetration a simpler
‘impermeability test’ can be considered as equivalent and sufficient. This simple test
should follow the principles of the water impermeability test in one of the following
standards, or other test standard as appropriate: BS EN 490: 2011 or BS EN 491: 2011,
European concrete tile standard and associated test methods, BS ISO 10904:2011,
Fibre-cement corrugated sheets and fittings for roofing and cladding, BS EN 539-
1:2005, Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying – Determination of physical
characteristics - Part 1 Impermeability test, BS EN 1928, Flexible sheets for
waterproofing - Bitumen, plastic and rubber sheets for roof waterproofing -
Determination of watertightness. In some cases, it might be necessary to design a
bespoke test enclosure to apply these tests.
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PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

A3.34 The following performance criteria applies:

a) The performance of the surrounding roof covering elements which are unaffected
by the presence of the solar panels shall be taken as a benchmark against which to
judge the performance of the solar panels.
b) The system under test shall have a level of performance at least equal to that of the
unaffected roofing elements, or equal to that of any other roofing element of
known acceptable performance.

Note: if necessary, a reference test shall be carried out with the test roof constructed
wholly of roofing elements. The reference test must be carried out at the same
laboratory as the test on the solar panel system.

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APPENDIX B – PERFORMANCE DATA TEMPLATE
The following data shall be incorporated or appended to the product certificate in accordance
with clause 5.5.:

Manufacturer & Product Model or Type

Name Reference No.

Select one...

Above roof: System/Component

Roof Integrated: System/Component

If a system, list all

components included in
the certification and their
part numbers.
Select one...
• For attachment to roof covering (penetrating)
If an individual • For attachment to roof covering (non-penetrating)

component, and not a • For attachment to substructure (penetrating)

• For attachment to substructure (inserted between gaps in discontinuous
complete mounting
roof covering)
system, is it? • For attachment to substructure (forming part of the roof covering)
• Connecting to the attachment (frameworks)
• Connecting to the attachment (frames)

System/Component Example text:

Profiled universal and adjustable roof hook made from steel and for use with
description
discontinuous roof coverings such as concrete roof tiles. Sole plate with
(free text box to describe the
multiple holes to accept screw fixings to timber roof joists.
system or component, its
purpose, the material(s) it is
made from etc)

Select all that apply...

• Continuous:
o Sheet or profiled metal
o Bitumen/GRP
Compatible roof o Other (describe)
coverings • Discontinuous
o Profile concrete/clay tile
o Plain concrete/clay tile
o Slate (natural or synthetic)
o Other (describe)
Tests undertaken (see Section 7 for required tests)
Resistance to wind uplift Yes/No
Fire performance Yes/No
Weather tightness Yes/No
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Test details and results
Resistance to Wind Uplift
Timber
Compatible substructures Steel
Other (describe)
2 Solar PV modules mounted… (full description of test rig set up
so that the installer knows under what conditions the maximum
Test preparation design wind uplift resistance was achieved and can use this to
assist with onsite calculations)

Maximum Design Wind

Uplift Resistance
(given in kPa for full XXXXX Partial Safety Factor used X.X
systems or kN for
components)

Failure Mode

Where attachment to timber substructure, state

minimum permitted timber dimensions
(width & depth in mm).

Weathertightness
Reference roof covering
(Type, pitch and head-lap)
Maximum unprotected gap in reference roof covering
(+/- 1mm)
Maximum unprotected gap with mounting
system/component (+/- 1mm)
Minimum permissible roof pitch (°)
Test Result
Test Test pitch (°)
(System)
Applied suction (kilopascal (kPa)) at leakage
B
rate 10g/m2/5min

D Leakage observed after 2 min

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 Fire Performance
Where this is not determined then use the following default text:
The fire performance of this above roof mounting system is not
Fire classification (where determined) currently required for MCS 012. Research is ongoing into any
influence above roof solar panels could have on the fire
classification of the roof mounting system.

Where relevant, state the solar panel

family name(s) used to achieve this
classification.

Notes:

(i) where the same system achieves different classifications with different solar panel families
then duplicate the above table for each classification.

(ii) work is ongoing to define the module characteristics that would conserve the fire rating
when substituting one type of module for another.

(iii) an alternative means for an installer to achieve a fire rating is to use a substrate with an
independent fire rating (for example a barrier material with AA rating) beneath a roofing
system/module combination that does not have a declared fire rating. It is important to be
able to verify that the system achieves a sufficient rating as a whole.

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APPENDIX C - REFERENCES
• BS EN 1928: 2000 Flexible sheets for waterproofing. Bitumen, plastic and rubber sheets
for roof waterproofing. Determination of watertightness.

• BS EN 14437: 2004 Determination of the uplift resistance of installed concrete or clay

tiles for roofing-roofing system test method.

• BS 5534:2014 + A2:2018 Slating and tiling for pitched roofs and vertical cladding – Code
of practice.

• BS 476-3: 2004 Fire tests on building materials and structures — Classification and
method of test for external fire exposure to roofs.

• BS EN 13501-1: 2018 Fire classification of construction products and building elements

— Classification using test data from reaction to fire tests.

• BS EN 13501-5: 2016 Fire classification of construction products and building elements

— Classification using data from external fire exposure to roofs tests.

• PD CEN/TR 15601:2012 Hygrothermal performance of buildings — Resistance to wind-

driven rain of roof coverings with discontinuously laid small elements — Test Method.

• BS EN 490: 2011 Concrete roofing tiles and fittings for roof covering and wall cladding —
Product specifications.

• BS EN 491: 2011 Concrete roofing tiles and fittings for roof covering and wall cladding —
Test methods.

• BS ISO 10904:2011, Fibre-cement corrugated sheets and fittings for roofing and
cladding.

• BS EN 539-1:2005, Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying – Determination of physical

characteristics - Part 1 Impermeability test.

• BS EN 1928, Flexible sheets for waterproofing - Bitumen, plastic and rubber sheets for
roof waterproofing - Determination of watertightness.

• DD CEN TS15087: 2005 Determination of the uplift resistance of installed clay and
concrete interlocking tiles for roofing — Test method for mechanical fasteners.

• BS EN ISO 9806:2013 Solar Energy. Solar Thermal collectors. Test methods.

• DD CEN/TS 1187: 2012 Test methods for external fire exposure to roofs.

• BS EN 1991-1-4: 2005 Eurocode 1. Actions on Structures. General actions. Wind loads.

• BRE Digest 489 Wind loads on roof-based photovoltaic systems.

• IEC Code of Practice for Grid Connected Solar PV systems.

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