Cambridge IGCSE™

HISTORY 0470/43
Paper 4 Alternative to Coursework May/June 2023
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 40

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2023 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and some
Cambridge O Level components.

This document consists of 13 printed pages.

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Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

 the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
 the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
 the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

 marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
 marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
 marks are not deducted for errors
 marks are not deducted for omissions
 answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

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Question Answer Marks

Assessment Objectives 1 and 2

Level 5 [33–40]
Candidates:
 Produce well balanced and well developed explanations that directly assess
importance/significance to reach substantial judgements and conclusions.
 Select, organise and deploy effectively and relevantly a wide range of in-depth contextual
knowledge to support explanations and conclusions.
 Demonstrate a strong understanding of the key features, reasons, results and changes of
societies, events, people and situations relevant to the question.
 Produce well developed, well reasoned and well supported judgements/conclusions.
 Write with precision and succinctness, showing explicit structure and focus.

Level 4 [25–32]
Candidates:
 Produce well balanced and partially developed explanations that assess
importance/significance, although some of these may be implicit, to reach partially
substantiated judgements and conclusions.
 Select, organise and deploy effectively and relevantly contextual knowledge to support
explanations and conclusions that will demonstrate some range and depth.
 Demonstrate a sound understanding of the significance of the key features, reasons, results
and changes of societies, events, people and situations relevant to the question.
 Produce partially developed and partially supported judgements/conclusions.
 Write with precision and succinctness, showing structure and focus.

Level 3 [17–24]
Candidates:
 Produce balanced and developed descriptions that explicitly address the question OR produce
one-sided, well developed explanations that assess importance/significance.
 Select, organise and deploy relevantly appropriate contextual knowledge to support
descriptions/explanations and that will demonstrate some range and/or depth.
 Demonstrate some understanding of the key features, reasons, results and changes of
societies, events, people and situations relevant to the question.
 Produce unsupported judgements/conclusions.
 Write with some precision and succinctness and focus.

Level 2 [9–16]
Candidates:
 Produce balanced but limited descriptions that lack scope/focus/supporting material OR
produce one-sided descriptions that address the question. Responses may be narrative in
style.
 Select and organise limited contextual knowledge to support descriptions. This is only deployed
relevantly on a few occasions and will demonstrate limited range and depth.
 Demonstrate a limited understanding of the key features, reasons, results and changes of the
societies, events, people and situations relevant to the question.
 Attempt generalised conclusions but these are often asserted or undeveloped.
 Present work that lacks precision, succinctness and focus.

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Question Answer Marks

Level 1 [1–8]
Candidates:
 Produce balanced but limited descriptions that fail to properly address the question OR
produce responses in which the material cited is largely inaccurate or irrelevant. Responses
may be overly short.
 Demonstrate limited contextual knowledge that lacks range or depth or is only linked to the
general topic relating to the question.
 List a few key features, reasons, results, and changes of societies, events, people and
situations. The work contains some relevant material but this is not deployed appropriately.
 Attempt generalised conclusions but these are asserted, undeveloped and unsupported.
 Present work that shows little understanding or focus on the question.

Level 0 [0]

Candidates:
Submit no evidence or do not address the question.

Question Answer Marks

Information Suggestions
The information listed below attempts to indicate some of the detail and issues that candidates may
wish to address in their answers. This list does not claim to be exclusive or exhaustive. Marks should
be awarded on the quality of detail used and quality of argument deployed as defined in the generic
mark scheme.

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Question Answer Marks

1 How important were the changes made by Moltke to the Schlieffen Plan 40
as a reason for its failure in 1914?

Yes
Von Moltke changed the Schlieffen Plan believing that Russia would be slow
to mobilise in the East after the defeat of Russia against Japan and he
believed the French army had increased its strength sixfold since 1870 and
would require a larger proportion of the German army; Moltke also believed
that the French had an invasion plan of Germany; he reduced the number of
divisions to the East and increased numbers on the border of Alsace-Lorraine;
he decided against going through the Netherlands and that Belgium would
remain neutral; he ordered the capture of the fortress at Liège and the
railways; these changes to the plan resulted in a slower than expected
advance when Belgium put up a fierce resistance; BEF entry into the war
and the subsequent Battle of Mons slowed the advance and spent valuable
resources and supplies; supply lines were stretched; relied on conscripts as
opposed to professional soldiers; Russian mobilisation took only 10 days,
etc.

No
Unlikely that the original SP would have been successful as the nature of
warfare had changed much by 1914; reduced forces on the Western Front
would not have been adequate to defend against French Plan XVII; more
important – Belgian resistance and BEF entry into the war slowed the
advance forcing the Germans to change course; Russian mobilisation forced
Germany to move divisions to the East; new weapons resulted in higher
casualties than originally expected; Battle of the Marne resulted in Germany
digging in when it was forced to retreat across the River Aisne; ‘race to the
sea’ resulted in a network of trenches and static warfare; First Battle of
Ypres saw Allies keep control of English Channel supply routes and resulted
in a stalemate by the end of 1914, etc.

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Question Answer Marks

2 How significant were women to the contribution made by the Home 40

Front to the British war effort? Explain your answer.

Yes
Suffragettes used to increase recruitment in early stages of war before
conscription in 1916; Order of the White Feather used to coerce men who
had not volunteered; Suffragettes campaigned for increased women's war
work; promoted patriotic stance to the war; women's war work opportunities
increased – took over men's jobs to allow country to function; public
services, auxiliary forces and especially working in munitions factories; more
than 37% of the total workforce were women by 1918; women encouraged
to increase amount of arable land used – Women's Land Army saw 23 000
recruited in 1915, etc.

No
More significant – recruitment campaign saw over 3 million volunteers for
Kitchener's Army by 1916; young men, some underage, were recruited to
bolster British Army after BEF losses in 1914; conscription introduced in 1916
when volunteers ran out – included all men between ages of 18-41 except
those in protected occupations; use of DORA to increase government power
– censorship of the press ensured the worst horrors of war did not easily
reach the public to boost morale; British Summer Time increased daylight
hours for work; reduced licensing hours ensured sober workforce; rationing
introduced to ensure Britain was not starved out of the war by unrestricted
submarine warfare; government control of key industries such as coal and
rail; US trade and war loans vital from 1915; US entry into the war in 1917;
convoy system to protect merchant shipping, etc.

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Question Answer Marks

3 How important were Stresemann’s foreign policy achievements in 40

creating stability in Germany between 1924 and 1929? Explain your
answer.

Yes
Stresemann had improved relations with France by calling off passive
resistance in the Ruhr and resuming reparation payments; Dawes Plan with
USA lowered reparation payments and secured 800 million marks in loans;
improved Germany's international relations and status in Europe through the
Locarno Treaties which guaranteed western borders; admitted into the
League of Nations in 1926; further recognition of Germany's status with Young
Plan, etc.

No
More important – Stresemann's economic policies (allow Dawes Plan and
Young Plan); creation of Rentenmark and replacement with Reichsmark
ended hyperinflation and stabilised currency; allowed German trade and
production to increase to exceed pre-war levels by 1928; investment in
public works schemes provided some jobs and better standards of living; led
to decrease in support for extremist parties in elections; election of
Hindenburg – nationalist hero of war – appeased some on the right; German
cultural life flourished, especially in the cities such as Berlin – film, art,
architecture and literature, etc.

Question Answer Marks

4 How significant was the outbreak of war in 1939 in changing life in 40

Germany? Explain your answer.

Yes
Increased availability of foreign goods and luxuries from occupied countries;
rationing of some goods in 1939; led to the destruction of 3.6 million homes;
approximately 3 million casualties due to bombing campaign; homelessness
and 2.5 million children evacuated to rural areas; cities like Berlin, Cologne
and Dresden hit particularly hard; 150 000 killed in Dresden in two days of
intensive bombing in February 1945; lowered German morale and
decreased support for Nazi regime; led to harsher punishments and Nazi
control; propaganda campaign increased – Total War policy; increased
women’s war work; destruction of factories led to shortages for military and
civilians; increasing number of resistance movements – White Rose,
Edelweiss Pirates and July Bomb Plot, etc.

No
Very little changed before the campaign against Russia; more significant –
Nazi policies towards the Jews before 1939; Nazi youth policies; Nazi
economic policies – New Plan and Four-Year Plan; Nazi policies towards
the family and women; allow candidates to assess importance of other
factors in the Nazi period that changed life in Germany, e.g. creation of
police state (SS/Gestapo, etc.); propaganda/censorship; education policies,
etc.

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Question Answer Marks

5 How important was the Russo-Japanese War as a cause of opposition 40

to the Tsarist system of government up to 1914? Explain your answer.

Yes
Russo-Japanese War led to humiliating defeats against Japan; large
Russian casualties (approximately 50 000 killed and over 100 000 casualties)
in the army and navy; capture of Port Arthur, defeat at Mukden and
destruction of Baltic Fleet led to low morale and damaged the prestige of
Tsarist power in Russia at home and internationally; mutiny on the Potemkin
demonstrated disloyalty in the navy; poor pay and conditions in the armed
forces led some to join radical groups such as the SRs; economic strain at
home led to shortages of fuel and food which caused inflation in the cities;
poor harvests due to shortage of peasant labour due to conscription;
increased calls for reform from liberals and socialists, etc.

No
More important – Bloody Sunday saw Tsarist imperial guards shoot at
protestors leading to widespread instability – at least 200 killed; sparked
1905 Revolution leading to strikes in the cities and riots in the countryside;
lack of an army meant the Tsar was unable to regain control until the war
ended with Japan; socialists set up St Petersburg Soviet; demands from
liberals for a constitutional monarchy and representation (State Duma);
October Manifesto appeased only conservatives and right-wing liberals
(Octobrists); Kadets and radicals continued to oppose autocracy; Stolypin’s
reforms did not improve living and working conditions for workers or poorer
peasants; strikes increased after 1911, e.g. Lena Goldfields in 1912, etc.

Question Answer Marks

6 How significant was the Red Army in the consolidation of Bolshevik 40

rule between 1917 and 1921? Explain your answer.

Yes
Red Army used to defeat Whites in Civil War; well organised and supplied by
Trotsky and Lenin; well disciplined and indoctrinated with communist ideas
by Trotsky; Trotsky able to increase size rapidly; Lenin mobilised workforce
to focus on feeding and supplying Red Army; use of imperial officers to lead
troops; use of political commissars to ensure loyalty and minimalise desertion;
Red Army used to crush Kronstadt sailors at naval base in 1921, etc.

No
More significant – Lenin closed down Constituent Assembly; Lenin’s
Decrees; Russia’s peace treaty and leaving WWI (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in
1918); Lenin and War Communism nationalised industries and banks;
focused on war effort and feeding workers and soldiers; grain requisitioning
squads in the countryside; effective use of anti-White propaganda; won
support of much of the poorer peasants who did not want to see a return to
Tsarism; use of Cheka and Red Terror; established a dictatorship; role of
Trotsky; introduction of NEP in 1921 (may reference Kronstadt Uprising)
increased production and allowed limited capitalism; allowed private trade
and some international trade, etc.

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Question Answer Marks

7 How important was the impact of the Ku Klux Klan on the USA in the 40
1920s? Explain your answer.

Yes
KKK had nearly 5 million members by 1924; appealed to WASPs; Birth of a
Nation helped spread false history of KKK; terrorised black Americans,
lynching, beatings; anti-Semitic, anti-Catholic and anti-communist; formed
links with the Protestant churches in the South and Mid-West; supported
campaign for national Prohibition; infiltrated local and state authorities and
legal system with members, etc.

No
KKK impact limited by scandals; D C Stephenson affair saw KKK see
membership drop rapidly; more important – Prohibition led to bootlegging
and rum-running; speakeasies; moonshine; gang violence; bribery and
corruption; Red Scare led to immigration laws; Palmer Raids; Jim Crow laws
segregated black Americans in the South; impact of motor car; aspects of the
Roaring Twenties – entertainment industry (radio, jazz music, nightlife), etc.

Question Answer Marks

8 How significant was the Republican Party in opposing the New Deal? 40
Explain your answer.

Yes
Republicans opposed the interventionist policies of the New Deal reforms;
opposition to increased taxation to pay for New Deal reforms and run
agencies; argued that New Deal went against traditional American value of
individualism; NRA and TVA were compared to Stalinist economic planning;
Roosevelt was accused of acting like a dictator when trying to pack the
Supreme Court with more justices; Republicans believed in laissez-faire and
self-help, etc.

No
Republicans failed to provide an effective opposition to the New Deal and
failed to win presidency back until after WWII; more significant – Liberty
League and states' rights campaigners said New Deal gave Federal
Government too much power and destroyed free enterprise; radical critics
such as Dr Townsend and Father Coughlin argued the New Deal did not go far
enough to help the poorest in American society; Huey Long and his ‘share our
wealth’ scheme wanted greater redistribution of wealth in the USA; Supreme
Court declared NIRA and AAA unconstitutional, etc.

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Question Answer Marks

9 How important were the military tactics of the Communists in their 40

victory over the Nationalists in the Chinese Civil War? Explain your
answer.

Yes
During the Second World War, the CCP gained the support of the peasants
to fight against the Japanese invaders; used peasant villages to store
weapons and supplies as well as captured weapons; use of guerilla warfare
tactics including ambushing the enemy and setting traps; avoided open
conflict with the enemy; replicated these tactics in the Civil War against the
KMT to great effect; calculated attacks against strategic points helped them
gain the advantage over the KMT; caused supply issues and increased peasant
support; capture of Shanghai in 1949 forced the KMT to flee to Taiwan, etc.

No
More important – CCP gained peasant support on Long March; redistributed
land; used Yenan Settlement to promote Maoist and Marxist ideas; Long
March used as great propaganda tool against KMT atrocities and
extermination campaign; international coverage of Yenan Settlement
provoked interest in CCP; KMT corruption and wasting of foreign funds;
Chiang Kai-Shek focused on attacking CCP rather than Japanese during WWII
which brought greater support for Mao; Mao's leadership crucial; promoted
CCP as patriotic party; withdrawal of foreign aid to Nationalist government,
etc.

Question Answer Marks

10 How significant were changes made in agriculture to China’s 40

development after 1976? Explain your answer.

Yes
Deng focused on rapid economic growth after Mao's death; this included
decollectivising farms and allowing private ownership again; prices paid for
farm products rose rapidly in 1979 and this increased investment in the
agricultural sector; peasants given greater choice over what they grew to cater
to demand in the cities; some abandoned farming and set up small-scale
industry in the countryside, transportation companies, mining, etc.

No
More significant – industrial development with new Ten Year Plan in 1978;
focused on rapid economic growth and increased foreign capital; moves
towards a Western-style economic model away from state planning and
command economics; foreign trade resumed and increased loans from
foreign investors; foreign companies allowed to set up businesses in cities
like Beijing and Shanghai; political change, previous excesses were
denounced by Deng; 1000s of political prisoners were released from labour
camps; laws on criticising the CCP were made less harsh; security police
powers were reduced, etc.

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Question Answer Marks

11 How important were changes made to the Pass Laws after 1948 in 40
strengthening the system of apartheid in South Africa? Explain your
answer.

Yes
Pass Laws were amended in 1952; it strengthened the system with new
passes, 96 page booklet for male black Africans which included photo ID,
fingerprints, address, marital status, employment records, residence and tax
details; 1956 – the pass system was extended to include black African
women; criminal offence to not produce pass book on request by police or
authorities; carried jail sentence; over 100 000 arrests per year, etc.

No
More important – Group Areas Act segregated living areas for white people
and non-white people; racial areas were created; mixed marriages were
banned, as were sexual relations between white people and non-white
people; Registration Act forced all South Africans to be classified by race:
‘white’, ‘black’ or ‘coloured’; Native Laws Act restricted freedom of
movement for black people into white areas; Representation of Voters Act
removed all voting rights for black people in all of South Africa; Bantu
Education Act segregated schools with different curriculums; Bantu Self-
Government Act created 8 Bantustans as reserve homelands for black
South Africans, etc.

Question Answer Marks

12 How significant was de Klerk in ending white minority rule in South 40

Africa? Explain your answer.

Yes
De Klerk was National Party leader and President after Botha; acknowledged
that apartheid was not working and the system needed to change; accepted
the need for non-race based democratic system in South Africa which was
needed to avoid civil war and continued civil unrest; flexible and put country
first; steered country away from white supremacy and worked with Mandela
to dismantle apartheid and white minority rule, etc.

No
De Klerk still upheld the position of the white community; more significant –
role of Mandela and ANC; role of Tutu, Buthelezi, Tambo and Slovo;
international condemnation from UN and trade sanctions from USA and
Europe; increased civil unrest and violence; economic issues after the Cold
War; Botha's ‘petty apartheid’ reforms and new Constitution increased
demands from black South Africans for equality; trade union movement;
Soweto Riots; Biko and Black Consciousness movement; SASO, etc.

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Question Answer Marks

13 How important was foreign help to Israel’s military successes in the 40

wars against its neighbours from 1956 to 1973? Explain your answer.

Yes
1956 Britain and France allied with Israel secretly to launch attack on Egypt;
use of air superiority and parachute regiments to defeat Egyptian forces;
they had both been arming Israel since 1949; 1967 war rearmament helped
by funds from the USA, aircraft from France and tanks from Britain; allowed
the Israeli Defence Force to gain quick air superiority, destroying ground
forces of Arab opponents; 1973 war, US tanks arrived to help Israelis, Nixon
refused to broker a ceasefire until Israel regained lost territory in the Sinai
and Golan Heights; threatened a nuclear exchange with USSR if they got
involved directly in the conflict; USA negotiated ceasefire via Kissinger
(must reference all three wars), etc.

No
USA actively intervened and helped broker peace deals using the UN; more
important – role of the IDF and determination to remove Arab influence on
Israeli borders; strong leadership of Moshe Dayan; air superiority and better
technology compared to other Arab states; lack of coordination between
Arab nations, different agendas and aims, etc.

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Question Answer Marks

14 How significant were Hezbollah and Hamas in the increased tensions 40

between Israelis and Palestinians? Explain your answer.

Yes
Hezbollah formed in 1982 to help drive Israeli forces out of Lebanon – cross
border attacks; fought against the IDF in the South Lebanon Conflict 1985,
2000 and the 2006 Lebanon War; Hezbollah has actively participated in
Lebanese politics since 1990 by joining political alliances and was part of
2008 national unity government promoting anti-Zionist policies; Hamas
formed in 1987 to remove Israel from occupied territories in Gaza and West
Bank soon after First Intifada; aims to establish a Palestinian Islamic state in
Israel, West Bank and Gaza; Hamas’s military wing have launched attacks
against Israeli civilian population and military installations including suicide
bombers and rocket attacks; 2006 Hamas won Palestinian parliamentary
elections but refused international recognition which demanded a non-
violent clause which led to economic sanctions; Israel imposed economic
blockade of Gaza after 2007 Battle of Gaza saw Hamas take control of
Gaza, etc.

No
More significant – Israeli settlements and actions in Gaza and West Bank;
IDF attacks and reprisals on Palestinians; Al-Fatah and PLO led by Arafat;
demanded the right to self-rule and refused to acknowledge Israel’s right to
exist; border raids and skirmishes into Israel; PFLP hijacked five airliners in
1970 and blew three of them up; Black September murdered Jordan’s PM in
1971 and kidnapped nine Israeli athletes during the Munich Olympics in
1972; PLO recruited fighters from refugee camps; promoted Palestinian
nationalism; failure to reach agreements on West Bank and the status of
Hebron after Oslo Agreements; role of Rabin; Likud and desire for Greater
Israel; failure of UN peacekeeping missions; continued existence of
Palestinian refugee camps after 1949 and 1967 wars; occupation of Sinai
and Golan Heights after 1967 war; Cold War context role of USA and USSR
in the region; oil weapon, etc.

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