IVC Course Code : 319

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

SECOND YEAR

Intermediate Vocational Course

Paper III : DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND

COMPUTER NETWORKS EM

NAME:_________________________________________

ROLL No.______________________________________
 COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Paper – III

Data Communications And Computer Networks

INDEX

Unit-I Data Communication 1-15

Unit-II Network Types and Topologies 6-26

Unit-III LAN Components 27-40

Unit-IV Computer Networks 40-50

Unit-V Internet Connectivity And Services 51-63

QUESTION BANK 64-70

 UNIT -I
DATA COMMUNICATION
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is data communication? List types of data communication.
A. Data communication: Data communication is the transmission of
electronic data over some media. The media may be cables micro
waves or fiber optics. Types of data communications are:
 Point to point communication
 Point to multipoint communication (Or)
There are three types of data communication
 processor to processor
 personal computer to host computer
 personal computer to personal computer
2. Write various modes of data transmission.
A. There are three modes of data transmission.
1. Simplex mode
2. Half-duplex mode
3. Full-duplex mode
3. Define bandwidth.
A. Bandwidth: Bandwidth means the amount of data that can be
transformed from one point to another in a given time period (usually
a second). Bandwidth is usually expressed in bits per second bps or
bytes per second (Bps).

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4. List various communication channels.
A. List various communication channels :
1. Coaxial cable
2. Twisted pair cable
3. Microwaves
4. Fiber optics
5. Write various methods of data transmission.
A. There are Three various methods of data transmission
1. Synchronous Transmission
2. Asynchronous Data Transmission
3. Isochronous Data Transmission
6. Write various forms of data Transmission?
A. There are two forms of data transmission
1. Analog form
2. Digital form
7. What is asynchronous data transmission?
A. Asynchronous data transmission:
Bites in an Asynchronous data stream can be transferred at random
interval and the data rate of the stream is not required to be constant.
asynchronous system use a start bit to signal the beginning of a data
transmission. A stop bit is used to signal the end of a data transmission.
Asynchronous data transfer system usually have an error detection
mechanism. If an error is detected the data can be resent.

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8. What is parallel and serial interface?
A. Parallel Interface : A parallel interface refers to a multiline channel,
each line capable of transmitting several bits of data simultaneously.

Serial I nterface : A serial interface uses a serial port, a single line

capable of only transmitting one bit of data at a time; a computer
mouse connection is a good example.

9. What is multiplexing ? Write various types of multiplexing?

A. Multiplexing: Multiplexing is the simultanious tramission of multiple
signals over a signle data link.
There are various types of multiplexing
1. Space-Division Multiplexing
2. Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM)
3. Time-Division Multiplexing(TDM )
4. Code Division multiplexing (CDM).

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 Long Answer Type Questions
1. Explain various types of data communications.
A. There are two types of data communications
1. Point to point communication
2. Point to multipoint communication
1.point to point communication:
point –to point connection refers to a communications connections
between two nodes or end points. an example is a telephone call in which
one telephone is connected with one other and what is said by one caller
can only be heard by the other.

2. point –to-multipoint communication:

point-to multipoint (PMP) communication refers to communication that
is accomplished in the form of one to many connections ,offerings several
paths from one single location to various locations point-to-multipoint is
generally abbreviated as PTMP,P2MP or PMP. Examples of point-to-
multipoint communication system are radio and television broadcasting.

(OR)

There are three types of Data Communication

1. Processor To Processor
2. Personal Computer To Host Computer
3. Personal Computer To Personal Computer

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1. Processor To Processor:
This communication normally refers to the communication between
two or more computers to interchange large quantities of data such as
bulk update of files or records and so on.
2. Personal Computer To Host Computer:
The personal computer can sends and receives and stores the
information from another large computer which is normally the host
computer.
3. Personal Computer To Personal Computer:
Normally the personal computer can communicate with each other
on a one-to-one basis. They exchange the information freely with one
another this communication classified into two communications.
They are:
 Online Communication
 Offline Communication
Online Communication:
In this communication a direct connection to mode between the device
interchanging information and the tranfer occurs almost instaneously.
Offline Communication:
In this communication, the transfer of information is not immediate.
The data is prepard for subsequent transmission.

2. Write about transmission modes.

A. Types of transmission modes: There are three ways for transmitting
data to from one point to another.
1. Simplex
2. Half-duplex
3. Full-duplex

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1. Simplex mode:
 In simplex mode the communication is one direction
 One of two devices on a link one can transmit other can only
receive
 Example: Radio, T.V., Pager transmission.

2. Half-duplex mode:
 In half-duplex mode each station can both transmitted & receive
but not at the same time.
 When one device is sending the other can only receive
 Example is the wireless communication

3. Full – duplex mode:

 In full-duplex mode both station can transmit and receive at the
same time
 Two people are communicating by a telephone line can talk and
listen at the same time
 Example of this mode of transmission is the telephone line.

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3. Explain synchronous and asynchronous and isochronous data
transmission methods.
A. These are methods used to transfer streams of data waveform diagram
can be used to illustrate these different transmission modes. A wave
form diagram shows how the signal might appear on an oscilloscope
screen which produces a diagram with voltage on the vertical axis
and time on the horizontal axis.
Synchronous Transmission:
 Synchronous transmission of data is method in which blocks of at
character are transmitted in the sequence.
 Synchronous transmission is used direct computer to computer
communication for large computer system because of the high data
transfer speeds required.

Asynchronous Transmission:
 In asynchronous transmission one character is transmitted at a
time the transfer of data is controlled by start bits and stop bits.
 asynchronous transmission is often used to low speed transmission
of data in a conjunction with narrow-band and few slower speed
voice band channels.

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Isochronous Transmission:
 Isochronous transmission used constant fixed frequency transmission
clock to create set time slots.
 A clock signal is generated by a designed network device and passed
to all other devices on the network.

4. Explain various types of multiplexing with neat diagrams.

A. Multiplexing: Multiplexing is the simultanious tramission of multiple
signals over a signle data link.
Mulltiplexing can be divided into different basic categories:
1. Space-Division Multiplexing
2. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
3. Time Division Multiplexing(TDM )
4. Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)

1. Space-Division Multiplexing
 Space-division multiplexing is achieved by multiple antenna
elements forming a phased array antenna.
 Space-division multiplexing simply implies different point-to-point
wires for different channels.

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2. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
In FDM the available frequency spectrum is divided amoung
the logical channels, with each user having exclusive possession of
some frequency band.
 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) is an analog technique
 Tramission bandwidth is divided in frequency
 FDM uses analog modulation and filitering to multiplex narrow
band signals into a broadband channel.

3. Time Division Multiplexing(TDM )

 Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a digital technique
 The available bandwidth is shared on a time slot basis in a round
robin fashion
 TDM can be implemented in two ways
 Synchronous TDM
 Asynchronous TDM

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4. Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
 CDM is also a digital multiplexing technique.
 CDM is used in wireless and fiber optic networks.
 Speed-spectrum communication technique
 Tramittted singal has much wider bandwidth than
information signal.
 Application in mobile ratdio systems, wireless LAN’s and
high-speed optical fiber communication systems.
5. Explain differenet methods of Data transmission.
A. Methods of Data Transmission
Data may be transfer from one device to another by means of some
communication media. The electromagnetic or light waves that transfer
data from one device to another device in encoded form are called signals.
Data transmissions across the network can occur in two forms i.e.:
 Analog signal.
 Digital signal.
Analog Signal
The transfer of data in the form of electrical signals or continuous
waves is called analog signal or analog data transmission. An analog
signal is measured in volts and its frequency is in hertz (Hz).

Advantages of Analog Signaling

 Allows multiple transmissions across the cable,
 Suffers less from attenuation.

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Disadvantages of Analog Signaling
 Suffers from EMI.
 Can only be transmitted in one direction without
sophisticated equipment.
Digital Signal
The transfer of data in the form of digit is called digital signal or
digital data transmission. Digital signals consist of binary digits 0 & 1.
Electrical are used to represent binary digits. Data transmission between
computers is in the form of digital signals.

Advantages of Digital Signaling

 Equipment is cheaper and simpler than analog equipment.
 Signals can be transmitted on a cable bidirectional.
 Digital signals suffer less from EMI.
Disadvantages Digital Signaling
 Only one signal can be sent at a time.
 Digital signals suffer from attenuation.
(OR)
Methods of Data Transmission
Data may be transfer from one device to another by means of some
communication media. The electromagnetic or light waves that transfer
data from one device to another device in encoded form are called signals.
Data transmissions across the network can occur in two forms i.e.:
 Analog signal.
 Digital signal.

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Analog Data or Analog Signal: The term analog data refers about the
data which is continuous. For example, consider an analog clock which
consists of an hour, minute, and second’s hands which gives information
in continuous form. In that analog clock the movement of the hands are
continuous. Analog data, it maybe the sounds made by a human voice,
will take continuous values. If someone speaks then, an analog wave will
be created in the air, which can be captured by a microphone and can be
converted to an analog signal or sampled. It can also be converted to a
digital signal.
Digital Data or Digital Signal: The term Digital data refers to information
which has distinct states. For example, consider a digital clock that
reports the values of hours and minutes when they change suddenly from
9:10 to 9:11. Digital data will take distinct values only. For example,
Consider the data storage in our computer, data will be stored in the form
of Os (zeros) and 1s(ones). If we want to transmit that data across the
medium first we have to convert that digital data to a digital signal or it
can be modulated into an analog signal.
Analog and Digital Signals:
Signals can either be analog or digital. An analog signal will have
infinitely numerous levels of intensity over a period of time. As the
analog wave transfers from value A to value B, it has to pass through
and will include an infinite number of values in its path. Unlike analog
signal, Digital signal will have only a limited number of defined values.
Even though each value is any number, it is as simple as 1 and 0 (digital
data represented in 0 or 1). One of the simplest ways to represent this
digital signal is by plotting them on a graph paper consisting of a pair of
perpendicular axes. The vertical axis in the graph represents the values
of signal or the strength of a signal, whereas the horizontal axis in the
graph represents time. The figure given below illustrates both analog

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signal and a digital signal. The curve in the analog signal has to pass
through an endless number of points, whereas the vertical lines of the
digital signal, illustrate the sudden jump which the signal will makes
from value to value.

6. Explain about various communication channels

A. The communication channels are
1. Coaxial cable 2. Twisted pair 3. Microwaves 4. Fiber optics
1. Coaxial cable:
 Coaxial cable, also known as coax cable, is a type of cable that is
used for transmitting high-frequency electrical signals.
 It consists of a copper conductor that is surrounded by a layer of
insulation, a braided shield, and an outer jacket.
 Coaxial cable is commonly used for applications such as cable
television, satellite television, and high-speed internet connections.
 It is also used in other applications that require high-speed data
transmission, such as security cameras, home automation systems,
and industrial control systems.

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2. Twisted pair cable:
 A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires typically about
1mm thick. The wires are twisted together in a helical form.
 The purpose of twisting the wires is to reduce electrical interference
(EMI) and crosstalk between the wires.
 Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and
many business computers to the telephone communication.

3.Microwaves:
 Microwave communication is a form of wireless communication
that uses high-frequency radio waves to transmit information
between two or more locations.
 These radio waves have wave lengths that range from
approximately 1 millimeter to 1 meter, and frequencies between
300 MHz to 300 GHz.
 Microwave communication is used for a variety of purposes,
including satellite communication, television & radio broad casting,
cellular communication, and microwave links for point-to-point
communication.

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4. Optical Fiber Cable:
 Optical fiber cable is a type of cable made up of thin strands of
glass or plastic fibers that are used to transmit data, voice, and
video signals over long distances.
 The cable consists of a core, cladding, and coating, and works by
transmitting light signals through the core, which reflects off the
cladding and travels through the cable.

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 UNIT-II
NETWORK TYPES AND TOPOLOGIES
Short Answer Type Questions
1.What is a Network?
A. Network: A computer network is a group of computer systems and
other hardware devices that are link together throughcommunication
channels to facilitate communication and resource sharing among a
wide range of users.
2. What is Internet?
A. Internet: The internet is the publicly available worldwide system of
interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet
switching over the internet protocol(IP). It is made up of thousands of
other, smaller business, academic and government network.
3. What is www?
A. WWW: The world wide web (WWW), commonly known as the web is
an information system where documents and other web resource are
identified by uniform resource locators (URLS, such as
https://exemple. com) which may be interlinked by hypertext, and
are accessible over the internet.
4. Write various advantages of networks?
A. Various advantages of networks: Networking of computers facilitates
resource sharing, sharing of information, and can be used as a
communication medium, and also for backup and support.
5. List various disadvantages of network?
A. List various disadvantages of network:
1. Security must be maintained to avoid unauthorized access.
2. There is a cause to affect viruses.
3. Expensive because of hardware components hubs, cables, routers,
NIC, etc… 4. If server is down than the entire network is useless.

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6. List various types of network?
A. List various types of network:
1. Local area networks (LAN)
2. Metropolitan area networks(MAN)
3. Wide area networks (WAN)
4. The internet
7. Expand LAN,WAN,MAN?
A. LAN : Local area network
WAN : Wide area network
MAN : Metropolitan network
8. Expand BBN,GAN ?
A. BBN : Back bone network
GAN : Global area network
9. What is network topology ? list type of topologies ?
A. Network topology defines how the computers, or nodes, within the
network are physically arranged and connected to each other.
Types of topology : 1. Star topology
2.Ring topology
3. Line topology
4. Bus topology
5. Tree topology
6. Mesh topology
10. Write any two advantages and two disadvantages of topologies?
A. Advantages:
1. We can choose the type of topology as per the requirement.
2. All devices are connected to the transmission medium as Back Bone.
Disadvantages:
1. Defective communication media con not be identified easily.
2. Expensive

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 Long Answer Type Questions
1. Explain different types of computer networks.
A. Different types of computer networks depending upon the geographical
area covered by a network, it is classified as:
1. Local Area Networks (LAN)
2. Personal Area Networks (PAN)
3. Home Area Networks (HAN)
4. Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
5. Wide Area Networks (WAN)
6. Campus Networks
7. Backbone Networks (BBN)
8. Global Area Networks (GAN)
9. SAN (Storage Area Network)
10. EPN (Enterprise Private Network)
11. VPN (Virtual Private Network)
12. The Internet
1. LAN (Local Area Net work): A LAN is a network that is used for
communicating among computer devices usually
within an office building or home.
 Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters, and no
more than a mile
 Is fast with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10Gbps
 Has lower cost compared to MAN’s or WAN’s
2. PAN(Personal Area Network) : A personal area network (PAN) is a
computer network used for communication among computer
devices, including telephones and personal digital assistants,
in proximity to an individual’s body.

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  A PAN is a network that is used for communication among
computers and computer devices (including telephones) in close
proximity of around a few meters within a room.
 The devices may or not belong to the person in question.
The reach of a PAN is typically a few meters .
3. Home area network (HAN):
 A Home Area Network (HAN) is a network contained within a
user’s home that connects a person’s digital devices, from multiple
computers and their peripheral devices to telephones, VCRS,
television, video games, home security systems, smart appliances,
fax machines and other digital devices that are wired into the
network.
4. Metropolitan area network :
 It was introduced in 1980’s. It is also known as man and uses the
same technology as LAN.
 It is developed to extend its coverage over the enter city.
 It is mainly handled and operated by single private company.
5. WAN (Wide Area Network ):
 WAN covers a large geographic area such as country, continent or
even whole of the world.
 A WAN is two or more LANs connected together. T o cover great
distances, WANs may transmit data over leased high-speed phone
lines or wireless link such as satellites .
 Multiple LANs can be connect together using devices such as
bridges, routers or gateways, which enable them to share data.
 The world ‘s most popular WAN is the internet .

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6. Campus network:
 A computers network is a computer network made up of an
interconnection of local area networks (LAN’s) within a limited
geographical area.
 The networking equipments switches, routers) and transmission
media (optical fiber, copper plant, cat5 cabling etc.) are almost
enterly owned (by the campus tenant/owner: an enterprice,
university, government etc.).
7. Backbone network :
 A Back Bone Network (BBN) is a part of a computer network
communication that interconnection different pieces of network
and providing a path the exchange of information between
different LANs or sub networks.
8. Global Area Network (GAN):
 A Global area network (GAN) is a network used for supporting
mobile communication across an arbitrary number of wireless
LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc.
 The key challenge in mobile communication is handing off the user
communications from one local coverage area to another local
coverage area.
9. Storage area network(SAN)
 This network connects servers directly to devices to store data.
 SAN moves storage resources off performance network. So, each
server is allowed to access shared storage.
 This can involve Fibre-channel connection, similar to Ethernet, to
handle high-performance disk storage for application.

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10. Enterprise private network(EPN)
It is a computer network built to share computer resources among
different sites (suchas production sites, offices and shops) of a business.
Some of the advantages of an enterprise private network are:
 The messages are secure because they are encrypted.
 They help to centralize IT resources.
 They enable business continuity.
11. Virtual private network(VPN)
 It is an extended private network which spreads over the internet.
 Users can send and receive data across shared or public networks.
 It uses public wires- usually the internet to connect to a private
network usually a company private network.
 The benefit of a secure VPN is its level of security to the connected
systems, whereas the other network infrastructure alone cannot
provide it.
12. The Internet
 The Internet is a global system of interconnected governmental,
academic, corporate, public, and private computer networks.
 It is based on the networking technologies of the Internet Protocol
Suite.
 It is the successor of the Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network (ARPANET) developed by DARPA of the United States
Department of Defense.
 The Internet is also the communications backbone underlying the
World Wide Web (WWW).

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2.Explain about Internet.
A. The Internet:
 The internet is a global system of interconnected computer
networks.
 It is based on the networking technologies of the inter protocol
suite.
 The internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks,
cooperating with each other to exchange data using a common
software standard.
 Telephone wires and satellite links, internet users can share
information in a variety of forms.
The size, scope and design of the internet n allows users to
 connect easily through ordinary personal computers and local
phone numbers.
 Exchange electronic mail (E-mail) with friends and colleagues
with accounts on the internet.
 Post information for others to access, and update it frequently
 Access multimedia information that includes sound, photo
graphic images and even video
 Access diverse perspectives from around the world.
Advantages:
 You have information at your fingertips and you don’t even have to
know how to spell or know your ABCs. someone out there knows
the answers to everything you can think of.
 You can send mail across the world within minutes where snail
mail used to take 3-4 days in the statuses and 2 weeks overseas.
 You are connected to a lot of people who have similar interests if
you know the right place to find them on the internet. A lot more
difficult in person .

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Disadvantages:
 You cannot always trust the answers you get over the internet
when you are looking for information .
 You spend too much time in front of a machine ,and enough time
in front of ‚real‛ people. You need a credit card if you want to buy
something either to pay a third party sight or to pay direct the
company you are interested. In person, you can always pay by cash.

3. Explain about network topologies.

A. some common network topologies include ring, bys, star, tree and mesh
configurations. These topologies are deferent below:
Ring Topology:
 In this topology Devices are connected from one to another to form
a ring shape .
 Each host is connected to the next and the lost node is connected
to the first .
 A data token is used to grant permission for each computer to
communicate.

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Bus Topology:
 In this topology, all hosts are connected to the backbone cable in a
linear fashion .

Star Topology:
 In this topology All hosts are connected to a single point of
concentration .
 Usually uses a hub or switch as a center node .
 Range limits are about 100 meters from the hub .
 Data on a star network passes through the hub or concentrator
before continuing to its destination.

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Tree Topology: One ‚root‛ node connects to others nodes, which in turn
connect to other nodes, forming a tree structure. Information from the
root node may have to pass through other nodes to reach the end nodes
.

Mesh Topology:
 In this topology, each host is connected to all the other hosts.

Hybrid Topology:
 Hybrid topology is the collection of two or more different topologies
which are discussed above.
 In the below example diagram you can find the star topology, ring
topology and the bus topology

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 The Internet
 The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks,
cooperating with each other to exchange data using a common
software standard.
 Through telephone wires and satellite links, Internet users can
share information in a variety of forms.

4. Explain advantages and disadvantages of different types of network topology.

A. Ring Topology:
Advantages:
 Easy to install and wire.
 Because every computer is given equal access to the token, no one
computer can monopolize the network.
Disadvantages:
 Requires more cable than a bus topology.
 If one computer fail it can affect the whole network.
 It is difficult to identify the problem if the enter network shuts
down.

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Bus Topology:
Advantages:
 Easy to connect a computer or peripheral.
 Requires less cable length than a star topology.
Disadvantages:
 If there is a break in the backbone cable, the enter network shuts
down.
 Both ends of the backbone cable require terminators .
 It is difficult to identify the problem if the enter network shuts
down.
Star Topology:
Advantages:
 It is easy to modify and add new computers to a star network
without disturbing the rest of the network.
 If one node or workstation (beside the middle node) goes down, the
rest of the network will still be functional.
 The center of a star network is a good place to figure out where the
network faults are located.
 You can use several cable types in the same network if the hub you
have can handle multiple cable types.
Disadvantages:
 Requires more cable than a bus topology.
 If the middle node goes down, then the entire network goes down.
 If is more expensive than because all cables must be connected to
one central point.
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 UNIT-III
LAN COMPONENTS
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What are LAN Components ?
A. LAN Components: Server, client, hub, switch, repeater, router, NIC,
Cables, Network operating system.
2. Write various types of LAN Components.
A. The various types of LAN components are
a) Network Devices such as Servers/clients etc.
b) Network Communication Devices hubs, routers, switches, repeater, etc
c) Network Interface Cards.
d) Cables.
e) Network Operating System.
3. Define Server and Client.
A. Server: A network server is a computer designed to process requests
and deliver data to other (client) computers over a local network or
the Internet.
Client: A client is a computer that accesses a service made available
by a server.
4. What is a file server ?
A. File server : A file server is a computer attached to a network that has
the primary purpose for sharing of files (such as documents, sound
files, photographs, movies, images, databases, etc.) that can be
accessed by the clients.
5. What are Ethernet Cards ?
A. An Ethernet card is one kind of network adapter. These adapters
support the Ethernet standard for high speed network connections via
cables, Ethernet cards are sometimes known Network Interface Cards
(NICs).

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6. What are Hubs and Switches ?
A. Hub: A network hub acts as a centralized point for data transmission
to computers in a LAN. When data from one computer reaches the
hub it is broadcast to every computer in the network regardless of
where the data is intended to go.
Switches: An alternative to the network hub is the network switch.
Switches represent a newer networking technology that assigns each
computer in the network a specific MAC address. This allows LANs
using a network switch to route information to individual computers.
7. What is Router ?
A. Router: A Router is a device that forwards data packets along
networks. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly
two LANS or WANS or a LAN and its ISP's network. Router reduces
network traffic by using routing table.
8. What are Gateways ?
A. Gateways: A gateway is a network element that acts as an entrance
point to another network. For example an access gateway is a
gateway between telephony network and other network such as
internet. LANs may have component called gateways, which assists
in transferring from one LAN to another LAN.
9. What is a Modem and list types of Modems ?
A. Modem(Modulator-Demodulator): A modem is a device that enables a
computer to transmit data over telephone or cable lines. Computer
information is stored digitally whereas information transmitted over
telephone lines is in the form of analog waves. A modem converts the
Digital signals into analog signals (Modulate) and converts the Analog
signal into Digital signal (Demodulate).

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 Types of modems :
 Internal modem
 External modem
 Cable modem
 DSL modem
10. Write briefly about ATM .
A. Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM) is a telecommunications concept
defined by ANSI and ITU (formerly CCITT) standards for carriage of
a complete range of user traffic, including voice, data, and video
signals, and is designed to unify telecommunication and computer
networks.
11. What is an adapter ? What is the function of an Adapter ?
A. Adapter: An adapter (Network interface controller, network interface
card) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to
a computer network.
Functions of an adapter:
The function of an adapter is to provide a physical link to a computer
network. This connection allows computers to communicate with
servers, as well as other computers on the network.
12. List types of Adapters.
A. List types of Adapters: 1. Host adapter.
2. Adapter card.
3. Video adapter.
4. Bus master adapter.
5. General purpose interface adapter.
6. Fax adapter.
7. Network adapter.
8. Terminal adapter.

30
13. What is a multiplexer? Write any two functions of it.
A. Multiplexer: multiplexer makes it possible for several input signals to
share one device or resource. For example one analog-to-digital
converter or one communications transmission medium, instead of
having one device per input signal. Multiplexers can also be used to
implement Boolean functions of multiple variables.
14. Expand V - SAT, ATM, FTP, EDI.
A. V-SAT : Very Small Aperture Terminal
ATM : Asynchronous Transfer Mode
FTP : File Transfer Protocol
EDI : Electronic Data Interchange
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Explain briefly about any three LAN Components .
A. LAN components are Cables, Bridge, Modem, Servers/clients, hubs,
routers, switches, repeater, Network Interface Cards, Network
Operating System, Network Communication Devices.
1. Bridge: A Bridge is a networking device which connects multiple
LANs and forwards ot filters data packets between them based on
therir destination addresss. A bridge prevents unnessary data from
crossing connected networks.
2. Routers A router is hardware device designed to receive, analyze
transfer incoming pockets from one network to another network.
3. Gateways: A gateway is a network element that acts as an
entrance point to another network.
4. Modem : A modem is a device that enables a computer to transmit
data over, for example telephone or cable lines.
5. Network Inferface Cards: It is a device which plugs into a computer
and adapts the network interface to the appropriate standards. The
NIC card is used to connect your computer to connect to a network.

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 6. Server: A network server is a computer designed to process requests
and deliver data to other (client) computers over a local network or
the Internet .
7. Client: A client is a computer that accesses a service made available
by a server
8. Hubs: Hub is a network device. It contains multiple ports. The signal
receives at the back bone, it regenerate and transmit all the ports.
2. Explain the function Modem with a neat diagram.
A. Modem(Modulator-Demodulator):
 A modem is a device that enables a computer to transmit data over,
For example telephone or cable lines.
 Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information
transmitted over telephone lines is in the form of analog waves.
 A modem converts the Digital signals into analog signals
(Modulate) and converts Analog signal into Digital signal
(Demodulate).
 Modem is only device to connect our computer with internet.
The following diagram explains how the connections are made.

Modems are mainly two types internal modems and external modems
1. Internal Modems: Internal modems are basically integrated put up into
the PCI slots of the computer. There is need of any external power
supply for Internal modems . These modems use the power supply of
the PC. Their installation in PC is quite very simple.

32
2. External Modems: A serial cable connection is needed to connect an
external modem to a PC. These modems use their own power supplies.
These modems have their independent controls. External modems are
many types as like Cable modem and DSL modem, etc.,
3. Discuss briefly about Hubs and Switches.
A. Hub :
 A network hub acts as a centralized point for data transmission to
computers in LAN.
 When data from one computer reaches the hub it is broadcast to
every computer in the network regardless of where the data is
intended to go.
 Network bandwidth on LAN using a network hub is shared, which
means that four computers on a hub will each go one-quarter the
total bandwidth available on the hub.

Switches:
 An alternative to the network hub is the network switch.
 Switches represent a newer networking technology that assigns
each computer in the network a specific MAC address.
 This allows LANs using a network switch to route information to
individual computers.

33
  Because network switches do not broadcast to every computer on
the network.
 They can simultaneously allot their full bandwidth to each
computer.
4. Explain in detail about V-SAT .
A. A very small aperture terminal (V-SAT)
 V-SAT is a two-way satellite ground station or maritime V-SAT
antenna with a dish antenna that is smaller than 3 meters.
 The majority of VSAT antennas range from 75 cm to 1.2 m. Data
rates typically range from 56 kbit/s up to 4 Mbit/s.
 VSATs access satellite (s) in geosynchronous orbit to relay data
from small remote earth stations (terminals) to other terminals (in
mesh topology) or master carth station "hubs" (in star topology).
 VSATs are most commonly used to transmit narrowband (point of
sale transactions such as credit card polling or RFID data; or
SCADA), or broadband data (for the provision of satellite Internet
access to remote locations, VolP or video).
 VSATs are also used for transportable, on the-move (utilizing
phased array antennas) or mobile maritime communications.

34
5. Explain in detail about ATM with its layer architecture.
A. ATM Layers:
1. ATM Adaption Layer (AAL):
 Isolating higher layer protocols from details of ATM processes is
done here .
 It prepares for conversion of user data into cells and segments it
into 48-byte cell payloads.
 AAL protocol excepts transmission from upper layer services and
assists them in mapping applications, e.g., voice, data to ATM cells.
2. Physical Layer: It manages the medium dependent transmission.
Physical medium dependent sub layer and transmission convergence sub
layer are the two parts. Main functions are as follows:
a) It converts cells into a bit stream.
b) It can track the ATM cell boundaries.
c) It controls the transmission and receipt of bits in the physical medium.
d) Looks for the packaging of cells into appropriate type of frames.
3. ATM Layer:
 Transmission, switching , congestion control , cell header processing
sequential delivery, etc., is done in this layer.
 It is responsible for simultaneously sharing the virtual circuits over
the physical link known as multiplexing ATM.

35
6. Discuss about (a) Routers, (b) Gateways.
A. Router:
 A router is hardware device designed to receive, analyze transfer
incoming pockets from one network to another network.
 It can also be used to convert the packets to another network
interface, drop them, and perform other actions relating to a
network.
 Router reduces network traffic by using routing table.

Gateway:
 A gateway is a network element that acts as an entrance point to
another network.
 For example an access gateway is a gateway between telephony
network and other network such as internet .
 LANs may have component called gateways, which assists in
transferring from one LAN to another LAN.
 A gateway is generally a work station or server.
 It is a two-way path between networks.
 It is used to connect different types of networks.

36
  Gateway is a work station by which we can make our connection
between external network and internal network.
 Gateway belongs to transport layer and application layer of the
OSI model.
 Gateways also connect the two networks even if the protocols are
different. So protocol conversion is also done by gateways.
7. Explain in detail about hubs and its types .
A. Types of Network Hubs: We have three types of network hubs :
1. Passive hubs
2. Active hubs
3. Intelligent hubs
1. Passive hubs :
 Simply these types of hubs are only used to establish the
connection between any two devices
 They simply receive the signal and then forward it to other
devices, without amplifying or regenerating.
2. Active hubs:
 These hubs have an advantage as they amplify the incoming
signal before sending to the multiple devices.
 If these hubs receive a weak signal for rebroadcasting they
apply resynchronization and retiming techniques. These are
also known as Multiport Repeaters.
3. Intelligent hubs:
 These hubs can act as both passive and active hubs and it
also includes remote management capabilities.
 They can also perform some other tasks like Bridging and
routing.
----------------------------------------------------------

37
 UNIT-IV
COMPUTER NETWORKS
Short Answer Type Questions
1.What is computer Network ?
A. Computer network: A computer network is a group of computer
systems and other hardware devices that are linked together through
communication channels to facilitate communication and resource
sharing among a wide range of users
2. What is Protocol ?
A. Protocol: A network protocol defines rules and conventions for
communication between network devices.
3. Expand the terms OSI,TCP/IP,FTAM,SMTP,FTP,HTTP,SNMP,ISDN .
A. OSI - Open Systems Interconnection
TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol or Internet Protocol.
FTAM- File Transfer Access Management
SMTP- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
FTP- File Transfer Protocol
HTTP- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
SNMP -Simple Network Management Protocol
ISDN- Integrated Services Digital Network
4. What is Firewall ?
A. Firewall: A Firewall is software that is used to provide the security of
a private network. It prevents unauthorized access to private networks
connected to the network.
5. List the layers of OSI Reference Model .
A. List the layers of OSI Reference Model:
 Layer 7 – Application layer
 Layer 6 – Presentation layer
 Layer 5 – Session layer

38
  Layer 4 – Transport layer
 Layer 3 – Network layer
 Layer 2 - Data Link layer
 Layer 1 – Physical layer
6. List the layers of TCP/IP Reference Model .
A. List the layers of TCP/IP Reference Model:
 Application Layer
 Transport Layer
 Inernet Layer
 Network Layer
Long Answer Type Questions
1. Explain OSI Reference Model in detail .
A.OSI Model: Open System Interconnect is an open standard for all
communication systems. OSI model is established by International
Standard Organization (ISO). This model has seven layers:

1. Application Layer: This layer is responsible for providing interface

to the application user. This layer encompasses protocols which
directly interact with the user.
2. Presentation Layer: This layer defines how data in the native
format of remote host should be presented in the native format of
host.

39
 3. Session Layer: This layer maintains sessions between remote hosts.
For example, once user/password authentication is done, the
remote host maintains this session for a while and does not ask for
authentication again in that time span.
4. Transport Layer: This layer is responsible for end-to-end delivery
between hosts.
5. Network Layer: This layer is responsible for address assignment
and uniquely addressing hosts in a network.
6. Data Link Layer: This layer is responsible for reading and writing
data from and onto the line. Link errors are detected at this layer.
7. Physical Layer: This layer defines the hardware, cabling, wiring,
power output, pulse rate etc.
2. Explain TCP / IP Reference Model in detail.
A. TCP / IP Reference Model:
TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol and IP stands for Internet
Protocol. The four layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite are :

1. Host-to- Network Layer : It is the lowest layer that is concerned

with the physical transmission of data. TCP/IP does not
specifically define any protocol here but supports all the standard
protocols.

40
 2. Internet Layer : It defines the protocols for logical transmission of
data over the network. The main protocol in this layer is Internet
Protocol (IP) and it is supported by the protocols ICMP, IGMP,
RARP, and ARP.
3. Transport Layer : It is responsible for error-free end-to-end
delivery of data. The protocols defined here are Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
4. Application Layer : This is the topmost layer and defines the
interface of host programs with the transport layer services. This
layer includes all high-level protocols like Telnet, DNS, HTTP,
FTP, SMTP, etc.
----------------------------------------------------------
UNIT-V
INTERNET CONNECTIVITY AND SERVICES
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is an Internet ?
A. Internet: An interconnected system of networks that connects
computers around the world via the TCP/IP protocol.
2. Write advantages of Internet.
A. Advantages of Internet: Internet provides E-Mail , information, online
banking, chatting, buy or sell products Downloading softwares etc.
3. What is a Browser? List types of browsers .
A. Browser: A browser is software that is used to access the internet.
Types browsers are Google chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet explorer,
Netscape navigator and opera etc.,
4. What is a Message?
A. Message: A message is a string of bytes that is meaningful to the
applications that use it. Messages are used to transfer information
from one application program to another.

41
5. What is an E-mail?
A. E - mail ( Electronic Mail) is an electronic version of sending a letter .
You can send e-mail from your computer at any time of the day to
any address around the world and your electronic letter will arrive at
its destination seconds after you send it, even if the receiver lives on
the other side of the world .
6. Write any four uses of E-mail .
A. Uses of E-Mail are
1. Fast: Messages can be sent anywhere around the world in an instant
2. Inexpensive: Transmission usually costs nothing, or at the most, very
little.
3. Simple: Easy to use, after initial setup.
4. Efficient: Sending to a group can be done in one step
5. Versatile: Pictures, power-points or other files can be sent too
6. Printable: The hand copy is easy to obtain. We can correspond and
save e-mail message and also we get electronic copy of
message.
7. What is an attachment?
A. An attachment: An attachment is simply an additional file sent with
an email message. An attachment can be an image file, a Word
document , or one of many other supported file types.
8. What is voice messaging?
A. Voice messaging: Voice message refers to a message that could be sent
to a destination using voice media . Voice itself could be ‘packaged' and
sent through the IP backbone so that it reaches its marked 'address'.
9. What is Internet Explorer?
A. Internet Explorer is a web browser and it was developed by Microsoft.

42
10. What is FTP ?
A. FTP: File Transfer Protocol, or FTP, is a protocol used for transferring
files from one computer to another typically from your computer
to a web server.
11. What is a Protocol and Write types of Network Protocols?
A. A network protocol defines rules and conventions for communication
between network devices Protocols for computer networking all
generally use packet switching techniques send and receive messages
in the form of packets . There are different types of network protocols
are used for different purposes like
 FTP ( File Transfer Protocol )
 HTTP ( Hyper Text Transfer Protocol )
 TCP ( Transmission Control Protocol )
 UDP ( User Datagram Protocol )
 IP ( Internet Protocol )
12. What is Internet Security ?
A. Internet Security: Internet security is a protection to the computer
and files stored in it, from any harmful and malicious spyware
through internet. There are many antivirus software available to
protect computers and files .
13. What is a virus ?
A. Virus: A Virus is a piece of software that can infect other programs by
modifying them the modification includes a copy of the virus program
which can then go on to infect other programs.
14. What is a Trojan ?
A. Trojan: A Trojan is a malicious application that tricks as a authentic
file or helpful program but whose real purpose is, For example to
grant a hacker unauthorized access to a computer. Trojan horses may
steal information , or harm their host computer systems.

43
15. What is Hacking ?
A. Hacking: Hacking is an activity that is used by a hacker to steal the
information from any of the device or computer system. Also a hacker
can use the system to work as a server to route the information for
the own purpose. Hackers can use the contact information of system
and send spam emails to that email ids .
16. What is a Worm ?
A. Worm: A worm is a program that can replicate itself and send copies
from computer to computer across network connections. Upon arrival,
the worm may be activated to replicate and propagate again. A worm
actively seeks out more machines to infect and each machine that is
infected serves as an automated launching pad for attacks on other
machines .
17. Expand FTP, E-Mail, WWW, TCP/IP.
A. FTP : File Transfer Protocol
E-Mail : Electronic Mail
WWW: World Wide Web
TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
18. Expand ISDN , HTTP , FTP , NIC.
A. ISDN : Integrated Services Digital Network .
HTTP : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol .
FTP : File Transfer Protocol .
NIC : Network Interface card .
19. What is Firewall ?
A. Firewall: A Firewall is software that is used to provide the security
of a private network. It prevents unauthorized access to
private networks connected to the network.

44
 Long Answer Type Questions
1. What is an Internet? Explain any three advantages and three
disadvantages of Internet.
A. Internet : An interconnected system of networks that connects
computers around the world via the TCP/IP protocol.
Advantages of Internet:
1. Email: E-mail is an online correspondence system. With e-mail you
can send and receive instant electronic messages, which works like
writing letters. Your messages are delivered instantly to people
anywhere in the world, unlike traditional mail that takes a lot of time.
Email is now an essential communication tools in business. It is also
excellent for keeping in touch with family and friends. The advantages
to email is that it is free (no charge per use) when compared to
telephone , fax and postal services.
2. Information: Any kind of information on any topic under the sun is
available on the Internet. The 'search engines' on the Internet can
help you to find data on any subject that you need. There is a huge
amount of information available on the internet for just about every
subject known to man, ranging from government law and services
trade fairs and conferences, market information, new ideas and
technical support .
3. Services: Many services are now provided on the internet such as
online banking, job seeking and applications, railway reservations,
flight reservations and hotel reservations etc.
Disadvantages of Internet:
1.Personal Information:If you use the Internet, your personal information
such as your name, address, etc. can be accessed other people. If you
use a credit card to shop online, then your credit card information can
also be ' stolen ' which is same as giving a blank check someone.

45
2. Pornography: This is a very serious issue concerning the Internet ,
especially when it comes to young children. There are thousands of
pornographic sites on the Internet which are harmful to the young
children .
3. Spamming: This refers to sending unsolicited e - mails in bulk , which
serve no purpose and unnecessarily clog up the entire system. Such
illegal activities are frustrating for all Internet users, and so instead of
just ignoring it, we should make an effort to try and stop these
activities so that using the Internet can become that much safer.
2 Explain various Web Browsers .
A. Web Browsers
1. Internet Explorer: It was developed by Microsoft in 1994 and released
in 1995 as a supportive package to Microsoft Windows line of
operating systems. which have some enhanced capabilities. IE has
come up a preview release of Internet Explorer 11.
Features: There are regular Microsoft updates that IE supports.
It supports Integrated Windows Authentication.

2. Mozilla Firefox: It is owned by Mozilla Corporation Mozilla Firefox was

officially announced in February 2004. It was earlier named Phoenix,
Firebird, and eventually Firefox.
Features: It supports tabbed browsing that allows the user to open
multiple sites in a single window.

46
3. Google Chrome: This web browser was developed by Google. Its beta
and commercial versions were released in September2008 for Microsoft
Windows. Features: Tracking option available with Chrome.

4. Safari: Safari is one of the web browser developed by Apple inc.

It is the most popular browser in MAC users.
Features: It is a clean browser, very fast based on the WebKit rendering
engine.

5. Opera: Opera is the smaller and the faster browsers than any other
browsers.
Features: It is smaller it is full- featured. Some of the features available
in opera are fast, user-friendly, multiple windows, zoom
functionality, and many more.

3. Write various advantages and disadvantages of e–mail.

A. Advantages of E-mail:
1. Fast -Messages can be sent anywhere around the world in an instant.
2. Inexpensive-Transmission usually costs nothing, or at the most, very
little.
3. Simple- Easy to use, after initial setup.
4. Efficient-Sending to a group can be done in one step.
5. Versatile - Pictures , power - points or other files can be sent too .

47
6. Printable-The hand copy is easy to obtain. We can correspond and
save e-mail message and also we get electronic copy of message.
Disadvantages of E - mail:
1. Emails may carry viruses. These are small programs that harm your
computer system. They can read email address book and send
themselves to a num of people around the world.
2. Many people send unwanted emails to others. These are called spam
mails. It takes a lot of time to filter out the unwanted emails from
those that are really important.
3. Emails cannot really be used for official business documents. They may
be lost and you cannot sign them.
4. Your mailbox may get flooded with emails after a certain time so you
have to empty it from time to time.
4. How do you send and receive an E-mail with attachment?
A. Sending an E-mail:
To Send an e-mail, sender must have email-id (user name &password),
receiver's email-id, message, subject of the mail and location of a file to
be attached etc.
1. You must open your email account provider such as gmail, yahoo or
rediff etc.
2. Login into your email-id by using name and password.
3. After logged in, click on compose
4. Enter address of the receiver (s) in the ‚ To‛ field
5. You must write the subject that means email is for what purpose in
the " subject " field
6. You must write in the contents of your email in message box .
7. If you want to attach files, click on attach and give the location of a
file to be attached.
8. Finally , click on " Send " to send.

48
 If everything is correct, then you will be noticed that your message
has been sent, view message "
Receiving an E-mail:
To receive an e-mail, receive must have email-id (user name& password),
1. You must open your email account provider such as gmail, yahoo or
rediff etc .
2. " Login " into your email-id by using user name and password .
3. After logged in, click on inbox to see all the Emails you have
received .
4. After opening the Inbox you will the person and the subject who
have sent you the mail.
5. Clicking on it will open the mail and you can see the data which
have been sent to you .
6. If an attachment is there, then you can view or download by
clicking.
7. There will be a reply option in case if you want to reply to the
sender.
8. You can save the attachments if you want.
5. Write about Internet Security.
A. Internet security is a protection to the computer and files stored in it,
from any harmful and malicious spyware through internet. There are
many antivirus software available to protect computers and files.
1. Virus : A software program written to disrupt computer systems
and to destroy data viruses are the most well known Internet
security threat.
2. Worms: A worm is a program that can replicate itself and send
copies from computer to computer across network connections.

49
 3. Trojan Horses: It is actually designed to cause loss or theft of
computer data and to destroy computer systems. They usually
arrive as email attachments or bundled with other software.
4. Phishing: Phishing is an e-mail fraud method in which the
perpetrator sends out legitimate-looking email in an attempt to
gather personal and financial information from recipients.
5. Hacking: The persons making hawking are called Hackers. They
are experts in computer and Internet skill levels sufficient enough
to break security settings on personal computers and servers over
the Internet. Some hackers do it for recreation, others for malicious
intent.
6. Antivirus software: Antivirus software is a computer program that
detects, prevents, and takes action to disarm or remove malicious
software programs , such as viruses and worms.
6. Explain different type of Firewall.
A. Firewall : A Firewall is software that is used to provide the security of
private network It prevents unauthorized access to private networks
connected to the network. It provides better safety where data can be
encrypted. Firewall may be implemented using hardware, software or
both. It serves as a blockade between trusted internal network and
untrusted external network.
Following are the different types of firewall
1. Packet filtering: On the Internet, packet filtering is the process of
passing or blocking packets at a network interface based on source
and destination addresses, ports, or protocols. The process is used in
conjunction with packet mangling and Network Address
Translation(NAT). Packet filtering is often part of a firewall
program for protecting a local network from unwanted intrusion.

50
 2. Proxy server: A proxy server is a system or router that provides a
gateway between users and the internet. Therefore, it helps
prevent cyber attackers from entering a private network. It is a
server, referred to as an ‚intermediary‛ because it goes between
end-users and the web pages they visit online.
3. Application gateway: Application pathways provide high-level
secure network system communication. For example when a client
requests access to server resources such as files, Web pages and
databases, the client first connects with the gay server which then
establishes a connection with the main server.
4. Dynamic packet filtering: A dynamic packet fiber is a firewall
facility that can monitor the state of active connections and use
this information to determine which network packets to allow
through the firewall.
5. Circuit level gateway: A proxy server is a security barrier between
internal and external computers, while a circuit-level gateway is a
virtual circuit between the proxy server and internal client.
----------------------------------------------------------

UNIT- VI
TROUBLE SHOOTING
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is Trouble Shooting ?
A. Trouble shooting is a process in which certain measures and processes
are collectively used to identify and fix problems which are
encountered with in a Network or any Hardware device. Trouble
shooting can be both manual and automatic.
2. What is Mother Board ?
A. Mother Board: Mother Board is the major component which handles
entire communication between hardware components inside the PC.

51
3. What is HDD ?
A. HDD (Hard Disk Drive) is a Secondary storage device which stores
data permanently.
4. What is printer ?
A. Printer: A printer is an external hardware output device that takes
the electronic data stored on a computer or other device and
generates a hardcopy of it.
5. Give the possible reasons for the not printing .
A. When a printer is unable print , there may be a possibility that either
the printer is experiencing a hardware or software problem.
6. What are the tools used in the network trouble shooting ?
A. Many tools such as PING Trace route, Nslookup, netstat, putty path
ping, etc which helps in trouble shooting network connection issues.
7. How to face the problem of The Power doesn't come on SMPS ?
A. The Power doesn't come on
1. Check the Power from the wall socket
2. Check the Voltage Setting On the CPU
3. Check the Power switch of the Cabinet and Front Panel of Mother
Board
4. Check the Power Supply Connections to the Motherboard
5. Check the SMPS without connecting it to the motherboard, you
could see the two wire green and black which you have to short
them (using any piece of wire/paper clip) in the 24 pin mother
board connector of the SMPS.
8.Explain different types of software solution to trouble shoot of HDD?
A. Below is a listing of a software programs available that are designed
to test your computer's hard drive for errors.
1. ScanDisk
2. Chkdsk

52
 3. TestDisk
4. Seagate SeaTools
5. HDD health
9. Explain the concept of ping ?
A. Ping: This utility is used to perform basic connectivity tests between
requesting and destination hosts. Internet control message protocols
(ICMP) is used for this which sends an echo packet to destination and
it listens response from the host.
Long Answer Type Questions
1. What is Trouble Shooting and write the processes of Trouble shooting.
A. Trouble Shooting: Trouble shooting is a process in which certain
measures and processes are collectively used to identify and fix problems
which are encountered with in a computer network. It is a systematic
process which aims to resolve problems or to optimize the network. Some
of the processes used in network trouble shooting are:
Identifying and resolving problems and establishing network connections
of a device
 Configuration of network management devices such as router, switch etc.
 Installing cables or Wi-Fi devices
 Removing viruses
 Adding, configuring and reinstalling a network printer
Trouble shooting processes are not only limited to above. They can
be manual or automatic tasks. Network diagnostic software can be used
for network management using automated tools. There are some tools
which helps in trouble shooting most networking issues.
 Ping
 Tracert/traceroute
 Ipconfig/ifconfig
 Nslookup

53
2. Explain how you will trouble shoot when system is not functioning.
A. Troubleshooting: Do you know what to do if your screen goes blank?
What if you can't) in seem to close an application, or can't hear any
sound from your speakers? Whenever you have a problem with your
computer, don't panic! There are many basic troubleshooting
techniques you can use to fix issues like this .In this lesson, we'll show
you some simple things to try when troubleshooting , as well as how
to solve common problems you may computer's sends computer or
while TROUBLE SHOOTING encounter.
General tips to keep in mind: There are many different things that could
cause a problem with your compute. No matter what's causing the issue,
troubleshooting will always be a process of trial and error-in some cases,
you may need to uses several different approaches before you can find a
solution; other problems may be easy to fix. We recommend starting by
using the following tips.
 Write down your steps: Once you start troubleshooting , you may
want to write down each step you take . This way , you'll be able to
remember exactly what you've done and can avoid repeating the
same mistakes . If you end up asking other people for help, it will
be much easier if they know exactly what you've tried already.
 Take notes about error messages: Your computer gives you an error
message, be sure to write down as much information as possible .
You may be able to use this information later find out if other
people are having the same error
 Always check the cables: If you're having trouble with a specific
piece of computer hardware , such as your monitor or keyboard , an
easy first step is to check all related cables to make sure they're
properly connected.

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  Restart the computer : When all else fails , restarting the computer
is a good thing to try. This can solve a lot of basic issues you may
experience with your computer.
3. Explain the concept of various trouble shoots in Printer.
A. A printer is an external hardware output device that takes the
electronic data stored on a computer or other device and generates a
hard copy of it.
Trouble Shooting A Printer:
When a printer is unable to print, there may be a possibility that
either the printer is experiencing a hardware or software problem. Before
testing the software, it is always recommended that the printer is tested
for hardware issues first.
Testing Hardware :
1. Check that paper is loaded and that there are no paper jams.
2. Check the cable connections. Both the power cable and data
cables(eg. USB cable) going from printer and to your computer,
3. Verify that the printer power indication light is turned.
4. Verify that the printer has no flashing lights or Red or Orange
lights. Having rod, orange. or any other flashing lights indicates
malfunctioning of printer.
5. Run a self - test on the printer. Running a self - test should print a
basic page of information indicating the printer is physically
working. Your users manual should have the instructions for
printing a self-test. If your printer does not print a self-test , it's a
good contact the printer manufacturer. Possibility that there is a
defect or misconfiguration with your printer, and you should
contract the printer manufacturer.

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Testing Software Windows users:
1. If possible, make sure your printer can print using the above
hardware tests .
2. Install the printer software provided with your printer. If no
software was provided with your printer, see the printer driver's
page for a listing of printer drivers. Drivers are required for your
printer to properly work with the operating system.
3. Click Start, Settings, and Printers. Within the printer's window,
verify that your printer manufacturer and model is listed.
4. Print a test page by right-clicking the printer icon and then click
the Properties option and click print test page. If the test page does
not print, download the latest drivers from your printer
manufacturer . For a list of printer drivers, see our printer driver's
index.
5. If the page prints successfully, get back into the printers window,
right-click the printer and ensure that there check next to Set as
default. Newer versions of Windows also show check next to the
printer icon once it has been set as the default printer.
6. Once the printer is set as default, click Start, Run, type notepad,
and press Enter. In Notepad, type a test message and click File and
Print. If the printer also prints successfully from this program, but
you are still unable to print from another program, it is likely that
program has an issue and not your printer.

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4. Explain the handling mechanism to handle troubles in Mother Board.
A. Trouble Shooting Of Motherboard:
Motherboard and processor are most important hardware components
of a computer Entire communication between the hardware components
inside the pc is done through the circuits in the motherboard. Thus
replacing the motherboard in case of failure is very expensive but
diagnosing of hardware on failure will reduce the repair costs.
The motherboard itself is a computer, thus a failed motherboard
exhibit a usual symptom of completely dead system. When the
motherboard is dead fans, drives and other peripherals may spin up, but
nothing at all happens when you turn on the power common symptoms of
a motherboard issues are very similar to CPU problems :
 The system does not display anything
 One or more beeps occur
 Appearing of error code
 System locks
 The system reboots
 Window BSOD (blue screen of death) appears
 Failure of memory module
 It is most difficult to troubleshoot the motherboard problems and
power problems Below are the some of the steps that helps in
trouble shooting motherboard.
 Check whether the motherboard is receiving power or not
 Check the BIOS settings
 Power off the computer and let it cool down.Check for over heating.
 Boot the computers and remove unnecessary adapters and devices
 Check whether there is any short in motherboard.
 Refer to the online mother board documents to resolve the problems
and find a solution.

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5. Explain the various trouble shoots in Modem and SMPS.
A.SMPS-Switched Mode Power Supply, An SMPS is a Device to
efficiently provide a regulated output voltage, from different level of
the input voltage . SMPS transfers power from a source like the
electrical power grid to a load (Eg: Computer).
Troubleshooting SMPS:
Problem 1: The Power doesn't come on.
Solutions:
1. Check the Power from the wall socket
2. Check the Voltage Setting On the CPU
3. Check the Power switch of the Cabinet and Front Panel of
Mother Board
4. Check Power Supply Connections to the Motherboard
5. Check the SMPS without connecting it to the motherboard, you
could see the two wire green and black which you have to short
them (using any piece of wire/paper clip) in the 24 pin
motherboard connector of the SMPS.
Problem 2 : The PC Powers on after the second or third try
Solutions : 1. Check the Power switch of the Cabinet
2. Replace SMPS ( Get a Better Quality SMPS )
Problem 3 : The PC Powers on but nothing happens after that ( no beep )
Solutions :
1. Remove the last hardware component installed and check again
2. Replace SMPS ( Get a Better Quality SMPS )
3. Check the power cables to the Devices Hard disk . DVD Drive etc
Problem 4 : The PC Powers on beeps and stops. NO Power On Self Test
(POST) messages
Solutions : 1. Check with another SMPS
2. This may be a Motherboard Problem .

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Problem 5: The PC Powers on runs POST but there is no display
Solutions :
1. Check the Monitor and the VGA Cable Connections
2. Check with another SMPS
3. This may be a Display Card Problem
Problem 6 : There is a squealing /whistling/whining noise from SMPS
when the PC starts
Solutions : 1. Check the SMPS Fan
2. Component problem with SMPS. Replace it
Problem7 : The PC freezes or reboots suddenly
Solutions : 1. Check the SMPS Fan (May be overheating Problem)
2. Replace the SMPS.
6. Explain the concept of various trouble shoots in HDD.
A. A bad hard drive may cause various issues on your computer. Here are
some of the possible issues. (These issues can also be caused not only
by a bad disk drive but also for various other reasons)
1. Errors when reading, copying, moving, or deleting data on the
computer. Extremely slow.
2. Operating system unable to boot .
3. Other random errors or computer reboots .
Software solutions: Below is a listing of a software programs available
that are designed to test computer's hard drive for errors.
 ScanDisk-Users running Microsoft Windows who're still able to get
into can utilize the already installed disk checking tool ScanDisk to
find and repair an errors on their hard drive.
 Chkdsk - Another Windows command line utility to test the hard
drive. If you're unable to boot into Windows, boot from the
Windows CD, enter the recovery console, and run chkdsk/f to fix
errors .

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  Test Disk-Fantastic free and open-source utility to test and fix
different hard drive errors .
 Seagate Sea Tools-Fantastic and free program that is used to test
all computer hard drives
 HDD health-Another great program that utilizes SMART
technology to display a hard drive's statistics, such as the
temperature of the drive, it's overall health, and every other
SMART attribute.
SMART is the short form of Self - Monitoring Analysis and Reporting
Technology
S.M.A.R.T analyzes many of the mechanical attributes, over time, some
failures can be predicted. Although S.M.A.R.I technology can detect
upcoming issues, not all hard drive failures are predictable.
Another option is to download the files to make an Ultimate Boot
CD. The Ultimate Boot CD contains multiple tools for testing computer
hardware , including hard drives , and help fix.
Replace the hard drive: If the hard drive appears to be bad or is
generating SMART errors indicating its bad even after trying the above
suggestions , replacing is the better option .
The picture below is an example of a S.M.A.R.T error indicating
that the status of the Primary (master) hard drive is being detected as
bad and that it should be replaced .
7. Explain the concept of various trouble shoots in FDD.
A. Trouble Shooting in FDD:
 Check whether are attempting to read is not bad . It should not
write protected.
 Checking whether it is write protected can be done by sliding the
tab into opposite direction thus preventing the light from shining
through it .

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  If there is no tab. place tape over this bole.
 Because of the functionality of floppy drives it is bad.
 Verify that other floppy disks are not exhibiting the same issue.
 If other floppies work well, it is likely that you may have a bad
floppy diskette.
Not setup in CMOS :
 Verify the floppy drive is property set up in CMOS setup.
 If the floppy drive is not set up proper, you may experience
real/write error or the floppy may not work at all. Most computers
need to have the floppy setup as a 3X1.44MB.
Not connected property :
 Power down, unplug, and open the computer being aware of ESD
and is potential dangers.
 Verify the floppy connection is connected to the motherboard FDD
con appears to be connected, disconnect and then reconnect the
cable and check the cable seated properly.
 Verify the floppy cable coming from the motherboard is connected
to the book of the floppy drive. If connected, disconnect and
reconnect the floppy drive cable a vend is seated properly.
 Verify a power cable is connected to the back of the type drive.
 If your floppy cable has more than one connection, verify that you
have connected the floppy to the appropriate connection. The above
picture illustrates what drive should be connected where.
Bad drivers:If you are not able to write to a floppy diskette from Windows
 Verify the computer is not exhibiting floppy driver issues by testing
the toy dive from MS-DOS .
 If you are running Windows95, Windows98, WindowsME, Windows
NT, Windows 2000, or Windows 2000, click Start, Shutdown, and

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 Restart the computer to an MS DOS prompt. If you are running
latest version windows, click Start, type cmd to get the prompt.
 Once at the prompt , place a diskette into the floppy disk drive and
type format a;
 If you receive any of the following errors when trying to format the
floppy disk
 Invalid media or Track 0 Bad-Try formatting another floppy disk.
 Write Protect Error-Ensure the disk is not write protected by
removing the floppy disk and verifying you cannot see through both
holes. If you can see light, move the tab on the left side (looking
from the back of the floppy) to the down position try again. If the
disk is not write protected , try another floppy disk .
 Invalid drive specification-Verify the floppy drive is set up properly
in CMOS setup .
 If the floppy disk drive formats properly in MS-DOS but does not
format in Windows, it is likely that Windows or a program within
Windows is preventing the floppy drive from working . End task all
running background programs . If you continue to experience the
same issues , we recommend that Windows be reinstalled.
Bad hardware: If you continue to experience issues after following the
above steps, it is likely that some of the hardware in the computer is bad.
Replace the following hardware in the computer in the below order.
1. Replace the floppy data cable that connects the computer floppy
drive to the motherboard.
2. Replace the floppy drive if the floppy data cable did not resolve your
issues.
3. Replace or request that the motherboard be replaced.

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8. Explain the concept of various trouble shoots in CDROM.
A. Trouble Shotting CD-ROM
A bad disk drive can cause many issues. Such as
 Error when reading CD or DVD.
 CDs or DVDs may not play audio or video properly.
 CD or DVD programs may not install or encounter errors after
being installed There are different ways to test CD drive to
determine if it is bad.
Below are some of the solutions to resolve the issues.
CD and DVD drives can sometimes get dusty and dirty inside, causing
problems with reading discs. Using a CD/DVD Drive Cleaner kit helps to
clean the disc drive. Some of the software programs available to test your
computer's CD and DVD drives
 CDRuler-Great program that is used to test and, if needed, recover
data from CDs DVDs.
 CDCheck-Another great program used to help check CD drives (no
DVD compatibility) and can also be used to help recover data from
damaged discs.
 There are some other commercial products which helps to resolve.
Below is one of these products.
 CD/DVD Diagnostic-Diagnostic program from InfinaDyne that is
not only capable of testing a drive and disc, but also can recover
some or all data from discs that may be bad.
Check the power supply:
If the power supply is not providing enough power to the disc drive ,
it results in improper functionality. Incase of insufficient power disc drive
may not be able to read disc properly. You can check the power supply to
determine if it is not working correctly .

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 If the disc tray will not open, that may also be a result of the power
supply not providing power, or enough power, to the disc drive .
Replace the disc drive:
If the disc drive is still unable to read any CD or DVD after trying
the above suggestions,the disc drive is most likely bad. It is recommended
that you replace the disc drive to fix the problem.
----------------------------------------------------------
QUESTION BANK
DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER NETWORKS
UNIT-I
DATA COMMUNICATION
Short Questions
1. What is data communication ? List types of data communications.
2. Write various modes of data transmission.
3. Define bandwidth.
4. List various communication channels
5. Write various methods of data transmission.
6. What is Asynchronous Data Transmission ?
7. Write various forms of Data Transmission?
8. What is parallel and serial interface?
9. What is multiplexing ? Write various types of multiplexing?
Long Questions
1. Explain various types of data communications.
2. Write about transmission modes.
3. Explain synchronous Asynchronous &Isochronous data transmission methods.
4. Explain various types of multiplexing with neat diagrams.
5. Explain different methods of Data Transmission.
6. Explain about various communication channels.
-----------------------------------------------------------

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 UNIT-II
Network Types and Topologies
Short Questions
1. What is a Network?
2. What is internet?
3. What is WWW?
4. Write various advantages of networks.
5. List various disadvantage of Networks.
6. List various types of Networks.
7. Expand LAN, WAN, MAN.
8. Expand BBN,GAN.
9. What is Network Topology ? List types of topologies ?
10. Write any two advantages and two disadvantages of topologies.
Long Questions
1. Explain different types of computer networks.
2. Explain about Internet.
3. Explain about network topologies.
4. Explain advantages and disadvantages of different types of network topologies.
-----------------------------------------------------------
UNIT-III
LAN Components
Short Questions
1. What are LAN Components ?
2. Write various types of LAN Components.
3. Define: Server and Client
4. What is a file server ?
5. What are Ethernet Cards?
6. What are Hubs and Switches ?
7. What is Router?

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 8. What are Gateway?
9. What is a Modem and list types of Modems ?
10. Write briefly about ATM.
11. What is an adapter ? What is the function of an Adapter ?
12. List types of Adapters.
13. What is a multiplexer? Write any two functions of it.
14. Expand V-SAT, ATM, FTP, EDI.
Long Questions
1. Explain briefly about any three LAN Components.
2. Explain the function of Modem with a neat diagram.
3. Discuss briefly about: Hubs and Switches.
4. Explain in detail about V-SAT
5. Explain in detail about ATM with its layer architecture.
6. Discuss about Routers and Gateways.
7. Explain in detail about hubs and its types
-----------------------------------------------------------
UNIT –IV
Computer Networks
Short Questions
1. What is computer Network?
2. What is Protocol?
3. Expand the terms OSI, TCP/IP, FTAM, SMTP, FTP, HTTP, SNMP, ISDN.
4. What is Firewall?
5. List the layers of OSI Reference Model.
6. List the layers of TCP /IP Reference Model.
Long Questions
1. Explain OSI Reference Model in detail.
2. Explain TCP/IP Reference Model in detail.
-----------------------------------------------------------

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 UNIT-V
Intenet Connectivity and Services
Short Questions
1. What is an Internet?
2. Write advantages of Internet.
3. What is a Browser ? List types of browsers.
4. What is a Message?
5. What is an E-mail ?
6. Write any four uses of E-mail.
7. What is an attachment ?
8. What is voice messaging ?
9. What is Internet Explorer ?
10. What is FTP ?
11. What is a Protocol and Write types of Network Protocols?
12. What is Internet Security ?
13. What is a virus ?
14. What is a Trojan ?
15. What is Hacking ? 16. What is a Worm?
17. Expand FTP, E-Mail, WWW, TCP/IP
18. Expand ISDN, HTTP, FTP, NIC
19. What is Firewall? Long Questions
1. What is an Internet ?
2. Explain any three advantages and three disadvantages of Internet.
3. Explain various Web Browsers
4. Write various advantages and disadvantages of e-mail.
5. How do you send and receive an E-mail with attachment.
6. Write about Internet Security.
7. Explain different type of Firewall
-----------------------------------------------------------

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 UNIT-VI
Trouble Shooting
Short Questions
1. What is Trouble Shooting?
2. What is Mother Board?
3. What is HDD?
4. What is printer?
5. Give the possible reasons for the printer and printing.
6. What are the tools used in the network trouble shooting?
7. How to face the problem of The Power doesn’t come on SMPS?
8. Explain different types of software are solution to trouble shoot of
HDD?
9. Explain the concept of ping?
Long Questions
1. What is Trouble Shooting and write the processes of Trouble
Shooting.
2. Explain how you will trouble shoot when system is not functioning.
3. Explain the concept of various trouble shoots in Printer.
4. Explain the handling mechanism to handle troubles in Mother
Board.
5. Explain the various trouble shoots in Modem and SMPS.
6. Explain the concept various trouble shoots in HDD.
7. Explain the concept of various trouble shoots FDD.
8. Explain the concept of various trouble shoots in CDROM.

----------HARD WORK IS SECRETE OF SUCCESS---------

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