UNIT-14 Current Electricity

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Topic No. Title Page No.

14.1 Electric Current 204
14.2 Potential Difference 211
14.3 Electromotive Force (e.m.f) 211
14.4 Ohm’s Law 218
Characteristics of Ohmic and Non-Ohmic
14.5 222
Conductors
14.6 Factors Affecting Resistance 224
14.7 Conductors 227
14.8 Insulators 227
14.9 Combination of Resistor 229

14.10 Electrical Energy and Joule’s Law 237

14.11 Electric Power 240

14.12 Direct Current and Alternating Current 245

14.13 Hazards of Electricity 249

14.14 Safe Use of Electricity in Homes 251

Text Book Exercise
 Multiple Choice Questions 258
*
 Exercise Questions
 Numerical Problems
* Self-Test 272

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14.1 ELECTRIC CURRENT

LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define and explain the term electric current. (K.B+U.B) (LHR 2016)(Review Question 14.1)
Ans: ELECTRIC CURRENT
Definition:
“The rate of flow of electric charges through any cross-sectional area is called
current”.
Mathematically:
If charges ‘Q’ is passing through any area in time ‘t’ the current ‘I’ flowing through it
will be given as:
Charge
current =
Time
Q
I=
t
Unit:
SI unit of current is Ampere (A)
Ampere:
If a charge of one coulomb passes through a cross-sectional area in one second, then
current is one ampere.
1COLOUMB 1C
1A= =
1second 1s
Smaller units of current are milli ampere (mA), micro ampere (A), which are defined as:
1mA  103 A
1A  106 A
Flow of Current:
Most of the electric charge around nuclei is bound in neutral atoms. It is not easy to
overcome the electrostatic force of attraction between the nuclei and electrons in an atom.
However, in metals some electrons are not tightly bound to nuclei and are free to move
around randomly. They have weak force between them and the nucleus. Similarly, in
solutions some positive and negative charges can freely move around randomly. When
such free charges are exposed to an external electric field, they move in a specific
direction, and thus constitute current.
Q.2 Explain battery as source of energy. (K.B+U.B+A.B)
Ans: BATTERY AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY
Battery is one of the sources of current. The electrochemical reaction inside a battery
separates positive and negative electric charges.

Figure: Schematic Diagram of Battery as a Current Source

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This separation of charges set up potential difference between the terminals of the
battery. When we connect a conducting wire across the terminals of the battery, the
charges can move from one terminal to the other due to the potential difference.
Potential Energy per Unit Charge:
The chemical energy of the battery changes to electrical potential energy. The electrical
potential energy decreases as the charges move around the circuit. This electric potential
energy can be converted to another useful forms of energy (heat, light, sound etc.) it is only
the energy which changes form but the number of charge carriers and the charge on each
carrier always remains the same (i.e. charge are not used up.) instead of electrical potential
energy we use the term electrical potential which is potential energy per unit charge.
Q.3 Define and explain the term conventional current. (K.B) (GRW 2013)
Ans: CONVENTIONAL CURRENT
Definition:
“Current flowing from positive to negative terminal of a battery due to the flow of
positive charges is called conventional current”.
Conventional Mean:
Before the idea of free electrons which constitute in metals, it was thought that current in
conductors flowed due to motion of positive charges. Therefore, this convention is still in used.
Explanation:
When the ends of heated copper wire are at different temperatures, heat energy flows
from one end of higher temperature to the end of lower temperature. The flow stops when
both ends reach the same temperature. Water in a pipe also flows from higher level to
lower level. Similarly when a conductor is connected to a battery, it pushes positive
charges to flow current from high potential to low potential.

Figure: Conventional Current

The flow of current continues as long as there is a potential difference. Conventional

current produces the same effect as the current flowing from negative terminal to the
positive terminal due to flow of negative charges.
Q.4 How we can detect and measure the electric current? (K.B+A.B)
Ans: DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT
We use different electrical instruments which can detect and measure the current in the circuit.
Galvanometer:
“Galvanometer is a device which is used to detect the presence of electric current
in any circuit”.
Ammeter:
“Ammeter is a device which is used to measure the current in any circuit”.
Importance of Galvanometer:
Galvanometer is very sensitive instruments and can detect small current in a circuit. A
current of few milli amperes is sufficient to cause full scale deflection in it. Ideal
galvanometer should have very small resistance to pass the maximum current in the circuit.
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Polarity of Galvanometer:
While making the connections polarity of the terminals of the galvanometer should be
taken into consideration. Generally the terminal of the galvanometer with red colour
shows the positive polarity while that of with black colour shows negative polarity.
Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter:
After suitable modification galvanometer can converted into an ammeter. A suitable but
small resistance is connected in parallel to the galvanometer, this circuit is called
ammeter. A large current of the range such as 1A or 10 A can be measured by means of
ammeter, like galvanometer ammeter is also connected in series, so that the current
flowing in the circuit also passes through the ammeter.

Figure: Schematic Diagram Showing the Measurement of Current

14.1 SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.1 Define electric current. (K.B) (GRW 2014, 2015, LHR 2011, 2016)
Ans: Given on Page # 204
Q.2 What is meant by conventional current? (K.B)
Ans: Given on Page # 205
Q.3 Which type of charge is responsible for the flow of current in metallic conductors?
(K.B)
Ans: CURRENT IN METALLIC CONDUCTOR
In metals or metallic conductors, the current is reduced only due to the flow of free
electrons i.e. negative charges.
Example:
In a copper wire there are large number of free electrons which are in random motion.
When we apply potential difference across the wire, these free electrons move through
the wire.
Q.4 In electrolyte which charge are responsible for the flow of current? (K.B)
(For your information Pg. # 91)
Ans: CURRENT IN ELECTROLYTE
In electrolysis, current is produced due to flow of both
positive and negative charges in the electrolyte, positive ions
are attracted to the cathode and negative ions are attracted to
the anode. This movement of ions within the electrolyte
constitutes an electric current within the internal circuit.

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Q.5 How energy is obtained due to flow of charges? (K.B)

Ans: ENERGY DUE TO FLOW OF CHARGES
When a positive charge moves from a point of higher potential to the point of lower
potential, it gains the energy from the electric field. During flow of electric current,
positive charges flow continuously from a high potential to a low potential point. Thus
the electric current becomes a continuous source of energy.
Q.6 How long does it take a current of 10 mA to deliver 30 C of charge? (U.B+A.B)
(Quick Quiz Page No. 92)
Ans: NUMERICAL

Solution: Calculations:
Given: Putting the values into the formula
Current=I=10mA from given data

I=10×10-3A t = 30C/10×10-3A

Charge=Q=30C t = 3×103s

To Find: t = 3000s

Time=t=? Result:

Formula Used: Hence, time To Find is 3000s.

I=Q/t
Or
t=Q/I

Q.7 Define unit of current. (K.B+U.B) (GRW 2014, LHR 2017)

Ans: Given on Page # 204
Q.8 Why there is no current in conductor in the absence of external source despite it has
free electrons? (K.B) (Connection Pg. # 92)
Ans: NO CURRENT IN THE ABSENCE OF EXTERNAL SOURCE
In the absence of any external source no current passes through the conductor due to
random motion of electrons.

Figure: No Current in the Absence of

External Source

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Q.9 How a battery does raises electrical charge back up to higher voltage (energy)? (U.B)
(For you information Pg. # 92)
Ans: BATTERY CHARGING
A battery raises electric charge back up to higher voltage (energy) just like a pump which
pushes water back up to high energy so it can flow and do work again.

Figure: Battery Charging

Q.10 Define electric current with the help of diagram. (K.B) (For you information Pg. # 91)
Ans: ELECTRIC CURRENT
The current is the rate of flow of charges.

Figure: Electric Current

Q.11 Describe the flow of charge in a circuit. (K.B) (Physics Insight Pg. # 93)
Ans: FLOW OF CHARGE
The flow of charge in a circuit is like the flow of water in a pipe except that a return wire
is needed in order to have a complete conducting path.

Figure: Flow of Charge

.

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14.1 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. In metals, current is produced only due to the flow of: (K.B)
(A) Protons (B) Electrons
(C) Free electrons (D) Neutrons
2. In electrolyte, current is produced due to the flow of: (K.B)
(A) Positive charge (B) Negative charges
(C) Both positive and negative charges (D) None of these
3. The rate of flow of electric charge through any cross-sectional area is called: (K.B)
(A) Electrostatics (B) Electric current
(C) e.m.f (D) Voltage
4. The SI unit of electric current is: (K.B)
(A) Volt (B) Farad
(C) Capacitance (D) Ampere
5. The equivalent current of positive charges which flows through a conductor is known as:
(K.B)
(A) Electronic current (B) Conventional current
(C) Electrostatic (D) Ampere
6. The current due to negative charges and an equivalent current due to positive
charges always flow in the: (K.B)
(A) Opposite direction (B) Same direction
(C) Perpendicular to each other (D) None of these

7. In electricity, we assume that electric current is always due to the flow of: (K.B)
(A) Negative charges (B) Neutral particles
(C) Positive charges (D) Both negative and positive charges
8. The conventional current of positive charges flows from a point of: (K.B)
(A) Higher potential to a point of lower potential
(B) Lower potential to a point of higher potential
(C) Lowe potential to a point of lower potential
(D) Higher potential to a point of higher potential
9. The current constituted by negative charges flows from a point of: (K.B)
(A) Higher potential to a point of a lower potential
(B) Lower potential to a point of higher potential
(C) Lower potential to a point of lower potential
(D) Higher potential to a point of higher potential
10. When we connect a battery across a conductor, the energy is provided to the
charges in the conductor by the? (K.B)
(A) Magnetic field produced in the conductor
(B) Electromagnetic field produced in the conductor
(C) Electric field produced in the conductor
(D) None of the above
11. Energy is produced to transfer the electrons from positive terminal of the battery to
the negative terminal by the: (K.B)
(A) Electrical process (B) Chemical process
(C) Thermal process (D) Magnetic process
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12. The current through a metallic conductor is due to the motion of: (K.B)
(A) Protons (B) Neutrons
(C) Electrons (D) Free electrons
13. In liquids and gases, the current is due to the motion of: (K.B)
(A) Negative charges (B) Positive charges
(C) Both negative and positive charges (D) Neutral particles
14. Free electrons are: (K.B)
(A) Tightly bound (B) Fixed
(C) Loosely bound (D) Tightly fixed
15. The direction of conventional current flowing in a circuit is: (K.B)
(A) From negative to positive in the external circuit and from positive to negative within
the source of potential difference (battery)
(B) From positive to negative in the external circuit and from negative to positive within
the source of P.D.
(C) From positive to negative throughout the circuit.
(D) From negative to positive throughout the circuit
16. The direction of the electronic current in the closed circuit is: (K.B)
(A) Along the flow of electrons
(B) Opposite to the flow of electrons
(C) From positive to negative in the external circuit
(D) Along the direction of positive charges.
17. If a charge ‘Q’ flows through any cross-section of the conductor in time ‘t’ second,
the current ‘I’ is given by: (U.B+A.B)
(A) I = Qt (B) I = Q/t
(C) I = t/Q (D) I = Q2/t
18. One coulomb per second is equal to: (K.B)
(A) One volt (B) One Ampere
(C) One watt (D) One Ohm
19. Which of the following represents an electric current? (K.B)
(A) Erg C-1 (B) Cs-1
-1
(C) J S (D) Dyne S-1
20. If 1 ampere current flows through 2m long conductor, the charge flow through this
in 1hour will be: (U.B+A.B)
(A) 3600 C (B) 7200 C
(C) 1C (D) 2C
21. Batteries convert: (K.B+U.B)
(A) Electrical energy into heat energy (B) Electrical energy into chemical energy
(C) Chemical energy into electrical energy (D) Heat energy into chemical energy
22. The electronic current is due to the flow of: (K.B)
(A) Negative charge (B) Positive charge
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of the above
23. The conventional current is due to the flow of: (K.B)
(A) Negative charge carriers (B) Neutral charge
(C) Positive charge carriers (D) Both negative and positive charges carriers.
24. Electrical charges flow from: (K.B)
(A) High to low potential (B) Low to high potential
(C) Both a and b (D) None of these
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EXAMPLE 14.1
If 0.5 C charge passes through a wire in 10s, then what will be the value of current
flowing throuhg the wire? (A.B+U.B)

Solution: Calculation:
Given data: By using formula, we have
Amount of charge = Q = Q
I
0.5 C t
Time = t = 10 s 0.5C
To Find: I  0.05A  50mA
10s
Value of current = I = ?
Result:
Formula:
Q Hence, the value of current flowing
I
t through the wire is 50 mA.

14.2 POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

14.3 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (e.m.f)
LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define and explain the potential difference. (K.B+U.B+A.B) (LHR 2014)
Ans: POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
Definition:
“Potential difference across the two ends of a conductor causes the dissipation of
electrical energy into other forms of energy as charges flow through the circuit”.
Explanation:
When one end A of conductor is connected to the positive terminal and its other end B is
connected to the negative terminal of the battery then the potential of A becomes higher
than the potential of B.
This cause a potential difference between the two ends of the conductor. The flow of
current continues as long as there is a potential
difference. The agency which provides the potential
difference for the steady flow of current in the
copper wire is the battery. As the current flows form
higher potential to the lower potential through the
conductor, the electrical energy (due to current) is
converted into to other forms i.e. heat and light etc.
When current flows through the conductor, it Figure: Potential Difference
experiences a resistance in the conductor by collision

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with atom of the conductor. The energy supplied by the battery is utilized in overcoming
this resistance and is dissipated as heat and other form of energy. The dissipation of this
energy is accounted for by the potential difference across the two ends of the light bulb.
Unit:
SI unit of potential difference is volt.
Volt:
A potential difference of I volt across a bulb means that each coulomb of charge or 1
ampere of current that passes through the bulb consumes 1 joule of energy. When a bulb
is lit, the energy is taken from the current and is transformed into light and heat energy.
Q.1 What is mean by electromotive force (e.m.f.)? Write its equation and explain its unit.
(K.B+U.B+A.B)
(LHR 2015)
OR What do we mean by the term e.m.f? Is it really a force? Explain.(Review Question 14.3)
Ans: ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
Definition:
“It is the energy converted from non-electrical form to electrical form when one
coulombs of positive charge passes through the battery”.
OR
“It is the energy supplied by a battery to a unit positive charge when it flows
through the closed circuit”.
Formula:
Energy
e.m.f =
Charge
W
E=
Q
Where E is the e.m.f., W is energy converted from non-electrical forms to electrical form
and Q is a positive charge.
Unit of e.m.f:
The unit for e.m.f. is JC-1 which is equal to volt (V) in SI system.
Explanation:
When a conductor is connected to a battery, current flows through it due to potential
difference. For the continuous flow of current through a wire, battery supplies energy to
the charges. The positive charge leaves the positive terminal of the battery, passes
through the conductor and reaches the negative terminal of the battery. As a positive
charge enters the battery at its lower potential point (negative terminal), the battery must
supply energy, say W to the positive charge to drive it to a point of higher potential i.e.,
positive terminal.
Sources of e.m.f: (LHR 2013)
Batteries, thermocouples and generators are the best examples of the sources of e.m.f.
When a conductor is connected to battery current flows through it due to potential
difference. A source of electromotive (e.m.f) converts non-electrical energy (chemical,
thermal, mechanical) into electrical energy.

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Q.2 How we measured the potential difference and e.m.f across a circuit?
Ans: MEASUREMENT OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
The potential difference across a circuit component (e.g., light bulb) can be measured by
a voltmeter connected directly across the terminal of the component. The positive
terminal of the battery is connected to the positive terminal of the voltmeter and the
negative terminal of the battery is connected to the negative terminal of the voltmeter.

Figure: Schematic Diagram for Measuring Potential Difference in a Circuit

An ideal voltmeter should have very large value of resistance so that no current passes
through it. Voltmeter is always connected in parallel with the device across which the
potential difference is to be measured.
THE MEASUREMENT OF e.m.f
In general e.m.f refers to the potential difference across the terminals of the battery when
it is not driving current in the external circuit. So in order to measure e.m.f of the battery
we connect voltmeter directly with the terminals of the battery.

Figure: Schematic Diagram for Measuring e.m.f. of the Battery

14.3 SHORT QUESTIONS

Q.1 What is galvanometer? (K.B)
Ans: A galvanometer is very sensitive instrument and can detect a
small current in a circuit. A current of few milliamperes is
sufficient to cause full scale deflection in it. While making the
connections polarity of the terminals of the galvanometer should
be taken into consideration. Generally, the terminal of the
galvanometer with red colour shows the positive polarity while
that with black colour shows the negative polarity. An ideal
galvanometer should have very small resistance to pass the
maximum current in the circuit. This Fig. has analogy with topic
15.2 and 15.3

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Q.2 Construction and working of galvanometer. (Conceptual Base+A.B)

Ans: The galvanometer consist of light coil of wire suspended from a metallic ribbon between the
poles of a permanent magnet. The magnetic filed produced by a current passing through the coil
reacts with the magnetic filed of permanent magnet, producing a torque, or twisting magnetic
force. The coil, to which an indicating needle is attached is rotates under the action of torque and
indicate electric current.
Q.3 What is Ammeter? (K.B)
Ans: An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the direct current and alternating current
in a circuit. The ammeter is usually connected in series with the circuit in which the current is to
be measured. An ammeter usually has low resistance so that it does not cause a significant
voltage drop in the circuit being measured. It used to measure a large range of current between 1
A or 10 A.
Q.4 What is voltmeter? (K.B)
Ans: A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electric potential difference between two points
in an electric circuit it is connected in parallel. It usually has a high resistance so that it takes
negligible current from the circuit.
Q.5 What is difference between Ammeter and Voltmeter? (K.B)
Ans: DIFFERENCE
Ammeter Voltmeter
 Ammeter is used to measure the  Voltmeter is used to measure the potential
electric current in electric circuit. difference or e.m.f. a cross to point in a electric
 It is connected in series along with the circuit.
circuit.  It is connected in parallel along with the circuit.
 It has very low resistance so that the  It has very high resistance so that the current
current flow through ammeter is flow through the voltmeter is minimum and
maximum and potential drop is also potential drop is also minimum and can be
maximum. measured.

Q.6 How a galvanometer is converted into voltmeter? (U.B) (LHR 2014, GRW 2014, 2015)
Ans: CONVERSION OF GALVANOMERTER INTO VOLTMETER
The galvanometer is converted into voltmeter by connecting suitable resistance in series
with it. The value of the resistance depends upon the range of the voltmeter. Usually its
value is several thousand ohms. Thus the resistance of a voltmeter is very high.
Q.7 Why resistance of the ammeter is kept low? (K.B+U.B)
OR How a galvanometer is converted into ammeter?
Ans: CONVERSION OF GALVANOMERTER INTO AMMETER
Galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a small resistance parallel
to it. This small resistance is known as “shunt”. Shunt provides an alternative path for the
current to flow. The major part of the current passes through the shunt and small fraction
of it flows through the galvanometer. Hence, it protects the galvanometer from burning.
Q.8 Why resistance of the voltmeter is kept high? (K.B+U.B)
Ans: HIGH RESISTANCE OF VOLTMETER
If the resistance of the voltmeter is comparatively low, it will draw more current from the
circuit. Due to this, the potential difference across the resistance for the measurement of
which the voltmeter was connected, would drop. Hence, resistance of voltmeter is kept high.

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Q.9 On what factor reliability of voltmeter depend? (U.B+K.B)

Ans: RELIABILITY OF VOLTMETER
Higher the resistance of the voltmeter, more reliable would be its readings. Therefore a good
voltmeter should have such a high resistance so that no or very little current could pass
through it.
Q.10 How can we differentiate between electromotive force and potential difference?
(K.B)
(Review Question 14.4)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between electromotive force and potential difference are as follows:
Potential Difference(V) Electromotive Force(e.m.f)
Definition
 Potential difference across the two  It is the energy supplied by a battery to a
ends of a conductor causes the unit positive charge when it flows
dissipation of electrical energy into through the closed circuit.
other forms of energy as charges
flow through the circuit.
Formula
 ∆V=(Energy supplied by the  e.m.f.=Energy supplied by a battery
charge)/q0 /Charge
Connection

It is across the ends of the  It is across the terminals of the battery.
conductors
Q.11 What is the difference between a cell and a battery? (K.B+Conceptual Base)
(LHR 2017)(Conceptual Question 14.2)
Ans: DIFFERENTIATION
The differences between electromotive force and potential difference are as follows:
Cell Battery
Definition
 A cell is a device which converts  A battery is a combination of no. of
chemical energy into electrical cells connected in series.
energy.
No. of Electrode
 It has two electrodes. One is cathode  It has many electrode but in even
and other is anode. numbers. i.e. 4, 6, 8 and so on.

Voltage
 Voltage of a cell is the potential  Voltage of the battery is the sum of the
difference of the both electrodes and voltages of the individual cell and
is always less than the voltage of a always greater than voltage of each
battery. individual cell.
Charging
 They may or may not charge.  They are chargeable.

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Q.12 Draw diagram of open circuit and closed circuit. (K.B)

Ans: OPEN CIRCUIT AND CLOSED CIRCUIT

Q.13 What is digital multimeter? (K.B) (For your information Page # 96)
Ans: MULTIMETER
Definition:
“A digital multimeter can be used to measure current, resistance and potential difference”.
The multimeter is in voltmeter mood to measure the potential difference across a battery.

Q.14 Galvanometer named after which scientist? And which chance discovery, the
invention of the chemical cell and the battery? (K.B) (Do you know Pg. # 94)
Ans: CHANCE DISCOVERY
The galvanometer has been named after Luigi Galvano (1737-1798). He, while dissecting
a frog’s leg, discovered that dissimilar metals touching the leg cause it to twitch. This
chance discovery, the invention of the chemical cell and the battery.
Q.15 Volt is name after which physicist? And who developed the first practical electric
battery? (K.B) (Do you know Pg. # 95)
Ans: FIRST PRACTICAL ELECTRIC BATTERY
The volt is named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), who
developed the first practical electric battery, known as a voltaic pile. Because potential
difference is measured in units of volts, it is sometimes referred to as voltage.
Q.16 In which cell chemical energy changes into electrical energy? (K.B)
(For your information Pg. # 95)
Ans: ENERGY
In a dry cell chemical energy changes into electrical energy.

Figure: Dry Cell

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14.3 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The energy To Find to move a charge from one point to another in the circuit is called:
(K.B)
(A) e.m.f (B) Potential difference
(C) Resistance (D) Volt
2. Volt is a unit of: (K.B)
(A) Potential difference (B) e.m.f
(C) Potential difference and e.m.f. (D) None of these
3. The energy supplied in driving one coulomb of charge round a complete circuit in
which the cell is connected is called: (K.B)
(A) e.m.f (B) Potential difference
(C) Resistance (D) Volt
4. The instrument with which we can detect the presence of current in a circuit is knows as:
(K.B)
(A) Voltmeter (B) Ammeter
(C) Galvanometer (D) Ohm meter
5. In order to detect the current, galvanometer is connected: (K.B)
(A) In parallel (B) In series
(C) May be parallel or in series (D) Any where in the circuit
6. If the needle of galvanometer shows some deflection, it would indicate the: (K.B)
(A) Presence of current (B) Absence of current
(C) A large current (D) None of these
7. A galvanometer is a very: (K.B)
(A) Large instrument (B) Small instrument
(C) Insensitive instrument (D) Sensitive instrument
8. A resistance which is connected with the galvanometer in order to convert it into
ammeter should have: (K.B)
(A) High resistance (B) Very high resistance
(C) Low resistance (D) Very low resistance
9. The resistance of an ammeter should be: (K.B)
(A) Height (B) Very high
(C) Low (D) Very low

10. In order to measure the current in a circuit, ammeter should be connected: (K.B)
(A) Parallel to battery (B) In series in the circuit
(C) May be parallel or in series (D) None of these
11. When ammeter is connected in the circuit, the positive terminal of ammeter should
be connected with the? (K.B)
(A) Negative terminal of the battery (B) Positive terminal of the battery
(C) Any terminal of the battery (D) None of these
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