National University of Sciences and Technology

NUST Institute of Civil Engineering (NICE)

CE-458
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

LAB REPORT

Name: Kashif Abdul Haseeb

Submitted To:
Reg. No.: 217499 Engineer Atif
Section: C Instructor:
Semester: 8th Dr. Shahid
 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

 Stored materials must be placed safely and securely to eliminate potential tripping
and puncturing hazards.
 Mezzanine storage area must be kept tidy and items must be stored securely to
prevent them from falling.
 Eye, respiratory, hand and foot protection must be worn where there is danger of
injury.
 All research apparatus must bear a sign detailing specific hazards and shut-down
procedures, name and phone number of the researcher.
 Defective equipment must not be used and must be reported immediately to the
supervisor.
 Waste material must be removed immediately.
 Check the pipes and fittings for any leakages. Report immediately to the supervisor if
any leakage is found.
 Students are not allowed to mishandle equipment (valves, pumps, switches)
 Sitting on water storage tank is strictly forbidden.
 Disposal of any material into the flow channels is strictly forbidden.
 Care should be taken to avoid spillage when preparing and using the dye for drainage
and seepage tank and flow visualization table.
 Glass sheets of hydrology apparatus must be handled very carefully during
experimentation as well as while cleaning it.
 Lab attendance is mandatory having 10 – 20 % weightage.
 Students’ LAB performances are assessed on Rubrics.
Table of Contents
EXPERIMENT NO 1 .................................................................................................................................... 3
To determine characteristics of flow over sharp corner broad crested weir and to calculate discharge
coefficient ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
EXPERIMENT NO 2 .................................................................................................................................... 4
To determine characteristics of flow over round corner broad crested weir and to calculate discharge
coefficient ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
EXPERIMENT NO 3 .................................................................................................................................. 10
To investigate the characteristics of flow beneath an undershot weir and to determine the co-efficient of
discharge Cd for the weir (Free Flow Condition). ....................................................................................... 10
EXPERIMENT NO 4 .................................................................................................................................. 14
To investigate the characteristics of flow beneath an undershot weir and to determine the co-efficient of
discharge Cd for the weir (Under Submerged Condition). .......................................................................... 14
EXPERIMENT NO 5 .................................................................................................................................. 17
To study the characteristics of flow over a Crump Weir ............................................................................ 17
EXPERIMENT NO 6 .................................................................................................................................. 19
To determine the characteristics of flow through Parshall flume. .............................................................. 19
EXPERIMENT NO 7 .................................................................................................................................. 13
To study the characteristics of flow through WSC flume (trapezoidal flume)........................................... 13
EXPERIMENT NO 8 .................................................................................................................................. 21
To study the characteristics of flow through a Venturi flume. ................................................................... 21
EXPERIMENT NO 9 .................................................................................................................................. 25
To study the characteristics of flow over a gravel bed................................................................................ 25
EXPERIMENT NO 10 ................................................................................................................................ 27
To study the characteristics of flow over a corrugated bed ........................................................................ 27

1 Characteristics of flow over sharp corner broad crested weir

MARKS OBTAINED

Experiment No. Marks out of 10

Exp 1

Exp 2

Exp 3

Exp 4

Exp 5

Exp 6

Exp 7

Exp 8

Exp 9

Exp 10

2 Characteristics of flow over sharp corner broad crested weir

 EXPERIMENT NO 1

OBJECTIVE:

To determine characteristics of flow over sharp corner broad crested weir and to calculate
discharge coefficient

APPARATUS:
1. Flow channel
2. Broad crested weir
3. Ruler

CONSTANTS:
1. Width of weir: b = 0.30 m

FORMULA:

1. Cd = Q actual /(1.705byc3/2)
GRAPH:
1. Plot a graph (YC vs QCAL)

THEORY:
A broad crested weir is commonly used for control and measurement of river flow
because it is simple to construct and operates over a wide range. A weir behaves like a
broad crested weir if length of crest exceeds approximately half of the head of water
above the weir. Providing when weir is not submerged (‘drowned’, occurring when the
downstream flow level is high) the volume flowrate over a broad crested weir can be
calculated from the equation:
Q ideal=1.705 b yc3/2
Q actual=1.705 Cd b yc3/2

PROCEDURE:

 Install the sharp corner broad crested weir in the open channel.
 Ensure that the weir is secured using a mounting hook through the bed of the open
channel.
 Priming is done in which we start the motor and open the valve completely so there is no
air bubble is left.

3 Characteristics of flow over sharp corner broad crested weir

  After this open the valve to the required flow rate and note the value for the flow rate.
 Then note down the upstream depth, downstream depth, and the depth over the crest of
the weir.
 Repeat the same procedure by changing the flow rates and noting down the values of the
heads at upstream, over the Crest of the weir and downstream.
 Then by using the formula calculate discharge coefficient and the flowrate.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Upstream Depth Downstream Flowrate Flowrate

Discharge
head over crest depth measured calculated
co-efficient
yo yc y2 Q Q
Cd 3
m m m L/sec m /sec
0.12 0.049 0.024 6.76 1.21844783 0.00554804
0.128 0.033 0.027 8.3 2.70683351 0.00306631
0.138 0.039 0.032 10.4 2.63992015 0.00393951

CONCLUSIONS:
 Does the value of Cd vary with the discharge?
A graph is attached below which shows the relationship between flow rate and coefficient
of discharge. As the flow rate increases the value of coefficient of discharge increases but
increasing discharge to a certain level, Cd starts to decrease. But we cannot generalize
this because the current data is limited.

Flowrate vs Cd
3

2.5

1.5
Cd

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Flow rate (L/sec)

 Does flow remain parallel over top of the weir?

4 Characteristics of flow over sharp corner broad crested weir

 At the sharp edges, it was noted that the flow was not parallel but at the middle of the
weir, the flow was parallel. As the water reaches the edge of the weir the flow streamlines
are disturbed but as the water flow on weir the flow become parallel but at the end of the
weir the streamlines are again disturbed, and the flow is not parallel.

 What can be deduced from the graph?

The graph was drawn between the flowrate and depth of water over the crest of the weir.
The graph shows a direct relationship between the flowrate and the depth of water over
the Crest of the weir. The relationship is almost linear relationship which means that as
we increase the flow rate the depth over the Crest of the weir also increases.

GRAPH: Plot a Graph (YC vs QCAL):

Flowrate VS Depth over crest

0.006
0.0055
0.005
Flow rate (m3/sec)

0.0045
0.004
0.0035
0.003
0.0025
0.002
0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
Depth over crest (m)

5 Characteristics of flow over sharp corner broad crested weir

6 Characteristics of flow over sharp corner broad crested weir
 EXPERIMENT NO 2
OBJECTIVE:

To determine characteristics of flow over round corner broad crested weir and to calculate
discharge coefficient

APPARATUS:
1. Flow channel
2. Broad crested weir
3. Ruler

CONSTANTS:
1. Width of weir: b=0.30m
FORMULA:
1. Cd= Qt/1.705byc3/2
2. Modular limit= y2/yo
3. Q= 1.705byc3/2

GRAPH:
1. Plot a graph (YC vs QCAL)
THEORY:
The rounded corners of the weir affect the flow patterns over the weir resulting in
different value for discharge coefficient. The weir can be used for flow measurement
using a single measurement of level upstream, provided that a standing wave exists
downstream of the river. The condition at which standing wave ceases to exist is called
the modular limit. The modular limit is defined as ratio of downstream depth to upstream
depth i.e. y2/y0.

PROCEDURE:
 Install the round corner broad crested weir in the open channel.
 Ensure that the weir is secured using a mounting hook through the bed of the open
channel.
 Start the motor and open the valve completely so there is no air bubble is left this
procedure is called priming.
 After this open the valve to the required flow rate and note the value for the flow rate.
 Then note down the upstream depth, downstream depth, and the depth over the crest of
the weir.
 Repeat the same procedure by changing the flow rates and noting down the values of the
heads at upstream, over the Crest of the weir and downstream.

4 Characteristics of flow over round corner broad crested weir

  Then by using the formula calculate discharge coefficient and the flowrate.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Depth Modular
Upstream Downstream Flowrate Flowrate
over Discharge Limit
head depth measured calculated
crest co efficient y2/y0
yo y2 Qt Q
yc Cd
m m l/sec m3/sec
m
0.172 0.03 0.021 5.33 2.0053939 0.00265783 0.12209302
0.192 0.04 0.032 8.92 2.17986315 0.004092 0.16666667
0.198 0.044 0.035 10.71 2.26863599 0.0047209 0.17676768

CONCLUSIONS:6
 How do the values of Cd obtained compare with the values from sharp edged broad
crested weir?
The values of coefficient of discharge of the Sharpe crested weir are larger than the broad
crested Weir especially at large discharges. We can see that for the broad crested weir
there is a small variation in the discharge coefficient with the discharge with the flow rate
he is compared to the sharp Crested weir where the variation with the flow rate is
significant.

 Comment on the modular limit and change in Cd as the weir becomes drowned.
From the graph we can see that there is a direct relation between the modular limit and
the coefficient of discharge. It means is the value of the coefficient of discharge is
increased the head on the downstream also increases which means that the losses are
decreasing with increasing the coefficient of discharge.

Discharge coefficient vs Modular limit

0.2
0.18
Modular limit

0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
1.95 2 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25 2.3
Discharge coefficient

5 Characteristics of flow over round corner broad crested weir

  What do you deduce from the plotted graph?
From the plotted graphs we can see that as the discharge is increased the water level over
the Crest also increase. But we can deduce that the relationship is linear, and this can also
be confirmed from the fact that the values of coefficient of discharge have very less
fluctuation is compared to the sharp crested Weir.

GRAPH: Plot a graph ( YC VS QCAL )

Depth over crest vs Flowrate

0.005
Flowrate calculated Q m3/sec

0.0045

0.004

0.0035

0.003

0.0025

0.002
0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
Depth over crest (m)

6 Characteristics of flow over round corner broad crested weir

7 Characteristics of flow over round corner broad crested weir
 EXPERIMENT NO 3

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the characteristics of flow beneath an undershot weir and to determine the co-
efficient of discharge Cd for the weir (Free Flow Condition).

APPARATUS:
1. Open channel
2. Flume
3. Undershot weir
CONSTANTS:
1. Width of channel=b=0.3m

FORMULAE:
1. Q= Cd byg√(2gyo)

2. Ho=yo+ Q2/2g(yob)2

3. H1=y1+Q2/2g(y1b)2

4. Yg= height of weir opening

GRAPH:
Plot a graph
1. Q vs. Yg
2. Q vs. Cd

THEORY:
The undershoot weir is one of the adjustable forms of weir, the water passes underneath
the weir gate. The moveable weir is fitted to a base that sits on the floor of the channel
and is bolted in position. In practice, these simple to construct and thus economical
undershot weirs are used to obtain a constant flow from a slightly varying water level.

PROCEDURE:
 Install the under short weir in the open channel.
 Ensure that the weir is secured and properly mounting to its position in the channel.
 Start the pump and open the valve completely so there is no air bubble is left this
procedure is called priming.
 After this open the valve to the required flow rate and note the value for the flow rate.

10
  Then note down the upstream depth, downstream depth, and the depth over the crest of
the weir.
 Repeat the same procedure by changing the flow rates and noting down the values of the
heads at upstream, over the Crest of the weir and downstream.
 Then by using the formula calculate discharge coefficient and the flowrate.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Weir Upstream Downstream Flow Discharge Upstream Downstream

Flow rate
opening depth depth rate co- total total head
Q
yg y0 y1 measure 3 efficient head H0 H1
(m /sec)
(m) (m) (m) litre/sec Cd (m) (m)
0.04 0.123 0.1 5.17 0.004093489 0.219589 0.124001 0.101513699
0.04 0.12 0.097 5 0.004031247 0.218936 0.120983 0.098504718
0.04 0.117 0.096 4.8 0.003861121 0.212368 0.117953 0.097415789

CONCLUSIONS:
The coefficient of discharge coefficient is almost constant equal to 0.21 in all the three readings. This show that the
result the accurate and the discharge coefficient obtain from the experiment can be trusted and used in other
experiment as a value for the undershot weir. Furthermore, the head over the weir opening is constant as the
discharge is increased. There is a very small change in the submergence ratio in all the three repetitions is the
discharge is increased.

GRAPH: Plot a graph Q vs. Yg and Q vs. Cd

Flowrate vs Discharge coefficient

0.22
0.219
0.218
0.217
0.216
Cd

0.215
0.214
0.213
0.212
4.75 4.8 4.85 4.9 4.95 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2
Q (L/s)

11
 Flowrate vs Depth above weir crest
0.045
0.04
0.035
0.03
yc (m) 0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
4.75 4.8 4.85 4.9 4.95 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2
Q (L/s)

12
13
 EXPERIMENT NO 4

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the characteristics of flow beneath an undershot weir and to determine the co-
efficient of discharge Cd for the weir (Under Submerged Condition).

APPARATUS:
4. Open channel
5. Flume
6. Undershot weir

CONSTANTS:
2. Width of channel=b=0.3m
FORMULAE:
5. Q= Cd byg√(2gyo)

6. Ho=yo+ Q2/2g(yob)2

7. H1=y1+Q2/2g(y1b)2

8. Yg= height of weir opening

GRAPH:
Plot a graph
3. Q vs. Yg
4. Q vs. Cd

THEORY:
The undershoot weir is one of the adjustable forms of weir, the water passes underneath
the weir gate. The moveable weir is fitted to a base that sits on the floor of the channel
and is bolted in position. In practice, these simple to construct and thus economical
undershot weirs are used to obtain a constant flow from a slightly varying water level.

PROCEDURE:
 Install the under short weir in the open channel.
 Ensure that the weir is secured and properly mounting to its position in the channel
 Start the pump and open the valve completely so there is no air bubble is left this
procedure is called priming.
 After this open the valve to the required flow rate and note the value for the flow rate.

14
  Then note down the upstream depth, downstream depth, and the depth over the crest of
the weir.
 Repeat the same procedure by changing the flow rates and noting down the values of the
heads at upstream, over the Crest of the weir and downstream.
 Then by using the formula calculate discharge coefficient and the flowrate.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Weir Upstream Downstream Flow Discharge Upstream Downstream

Flow rate Submergence
opening depth depth rate co- total total head
Q Ratio
yg y0 y1 measure 3 efficient head H0 H1
(m /sec) (y2/y0)
(m) (m) (m) litre/sec Cd (m) (m)
0.04 0.173 0.105 5.17 0.00462354 0.209132 0.173506 0.10637297 0.23121387
0.04 0.166 0.0996 5 0.00461759 0.213221 0.166514 0.101027184 0.24096386
0.04 0.16 0.097 4.8 0.00446869 0.210179 0.16051 0.098386748 0.25

CONCLUSIONS:
The coefficient of discharge is almost constant equal to 0.21 in all the three readings. This show that the result the
accurate and the discharge coefficient obtain from the experiment can be trusted and used in other experiment as a
value for the undershot weir. Furthermore, the head over the weir opening is constant as the discharge is increased.
There is a negligible change in the submergence ratio in all the three repetitions is the discharge is increased.

GRAPH: Plot a graph Q vs. Yg and Q vs. Cd

Flowrate vs Discharge coefficient

0.214

0.213

0.212

0.211
Cd

0.21

0.209

0.208
4.75 4.8 4.85 4.9 4.95 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2
Q (L/s)

15
 Flowrate vs Depth above weir crest
0.041

yc (m) 0.04

0.039

0.038
4.75 4.8 4.85 4.9 4.95 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2
Q (L/s)

16
 EXPERIMENT NO 5

OBJECTIVE:

To study the characteristics of flow over a Crump Weir

APPARATUS:
1. Glass sided tilting flume
2. Crump Weir
3. Scale

CONSTANTS:
b=0.3m

FORMULAE:
𝑸𝒎
𝑪𝒅 =
𝒈𝟎.𝟓 𝑩𝒀𝒄𝟏.𝟓

PROCEDURE:
 Install the crump weir in the open channel.
 Ensure that the weir is secured using a mounting hook through the bed of the open
channel.
 Start the motor and open the valve completely so there is no air bubble is left this
procedure is called priming.
 After this open the valve to the required flow rate and note the value for the flow rate.
 Then note down the upstream depth, downstream depth, and the depth over the crest of
the weir.
 Repeat the same procedure by changing the flow rates and noting down the values of the
heads at upstream, over the Crest of the weir and downstream.
 Then by using the formula calculate discharge coefficient and the flowrate.

17
 OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
Upstre Depth Downs Flow Flowrate Discharge Total Head Total Head H1/H0
am above tream rate Q Coefficient Upstream Downstrea
Depth weir Depth Q (m3/s) Cd H0 m
y0 crest y1 (l/s) (m) H1
(m) yc (m) (m)
(m)
0.111 0.033 0.0225 5.17 0.0056328 0.91783344 0.1122286 0.05240023 0.46690
641
0.11 0.032 0.02 5 0.0053787 0.92958537 0.1111701 0.05539472 0.49828
808
0.108 0.031 0.019 4.8 0.0051286 0.93592907 0.1091186 0.0551438 0.50535
63

CONCLUSIONS:
 Discuss the effect of flowrate of a Crumped Weir
The discharge coefficient is inversely related to the depth above the weir crest. As the
flow rate is decreased, the discharge coefficient is slightly increased. The discharge
coefficient varies linearly with the depth above the weir crest.

18
 EXPERIMENT NO 6

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the characteristics of flow through Parshall flume.

APPARATUS:
1. Glass sided tilting flume
2. Parshall Flume
3. Scale
CONSTANTS:
1. Width of Throat = b = 76 mm

FORMULAE:
1. 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑌 = 0.177𝑦 .
2. Submergence Ratio = 𝑦 /𝑦 (Not more than 0.5)
GRAPH:
Plot the graph

1. Q vs YC
2. Q vs Submergence ratio (𝑦 /𝑦 )
THEORY:
Parshall flumes are Venturi-style flumes characterized by small head losses, good
passage of sediment and consistent performance when situated in line with the flow. They
differ from basic Venturi flume in having a contoured bed as well as shaped sides.
Parshall flumes are designated by their throat widths and are built to standard dimensions.
Each width of flume has a separate calibration curve that relates upstream head to
corresponding flow rate. The S6 – 32 Parshall flume incorporates a throat that is
nominally 76mm wide. Therefore
Q= 0.177 yc 1.55
The equation is only valid for Parshall flume that has not been drowned i.e. submergence
ratio does not exceed 0.5, this value is typical for a throat width of 76mm. However for
larger flumes this value increases to 0.7 for throat widths exceeding 0.3 m wide.

19
PROCEDURE:
 Parshall Flume was installed in the open channel.

 The weir was secured using a mounting hook through the bed of the open channel.

 The motor was started, and the valve was opened completely (so there was no air bubble
left: this procedure is called priming.)

 Then the valve was opened to the required flow rate and the value for the flow rate was
noted.

 The upstream depth, downstream depth, and the depth over the crest of the weir was
noted down.

 The same procedure was repeated by changing the flow rates and noting down the values
of the heads at upstream, over the Crest of the weir and downstream.

 Then the formula was used to calculate discharge coefficient and the flowrate.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Throat Width = b=0.3m

Depth Depth
Upstream Downstream Flow rate Flowrate
above of Submergence
depth depth calculated measured
base of throat ratio
𝑦 𝑦 Q Q
weir y1 𝑦 /𝑦
(m) (m) (m3/sec) (l/sec)
yc (m) (m)
0.179 0.123 0.050 0.018 0.00688 6.28 0.28
0.197 0141 0.05 0.020 0.0085 7.80 0.25
0.204 0.148 0.072 0.021 0.00916 8.28 0.35

CONCLUSIONS:
 Deduce results using graphs plotted.
From the graph, we can observe that as the discharge is increased the submergence ratio
decreases but after certain level with increasing discharge the submergence ratio also
started to increase. Flow rate varies linearly with the depth above base of the weir.

 Give reasons for any discrepancies between the results obtained and the graph provided.
From the result the calculated discharge is greater than that of the measure discharge.
From the graph the decreasing and then increasing relation of submergence ratio with the
flow rate cannot be generalizes as the data is limited.

20
GRAPH: Plot the graph Q vs YC and Q vs Submergence ratio

Flowrate vs Submergence ratio

0.36
0.34
Submergence ratio 0.32
0.3
0.28
0.26
0.24
0.22
0.2
0.0065 0.007 0.0075 0.008 0.0085 0.009 0.0095
Q (m^3/s)

Flowrate vs Depth above base of weir

0.16
Depth above base of weir (m)

0.15

0.14

0.13

0.12

0.11

0.1
0.006 0.0065 0.007 0.0075 0.008 0.0085 0.009 0.0095
Q (m^3/s)

21
22
 EXPERIMENT NO 7

OBJECTIVE:

To study the characteristics of flow through WSC flume (trapezoidal flume).

APPARATUS:
1. Glass sided tilting flume
2. WSC flume
3. Scale

CONSTANTS:
1. No constants are involved.

FORMULAE:
1. No formula is required as the flow rate is calculated while checking
values against scale reading and flow rate measured.
GRAPH:
1. Plot a graph ( QCal vs Submergence ratio )
THEORY:
The Washington State College (WSC) flume is a critical depth flume, similar in principal
to Parshall Flume. When installed in a furrow or ditch, WSC flume provides a simple,
convenient and reliable method of measuring flow rate. It is both simple to install and
easy to operate. One of its advantage over other types of flumes is its wider range of
discharge for a given range of water depth. The flumes can be easily carried by hand.
Calibration scale is used to convert the scale reading directly to actual volume flowrate.
This calibration is only valid that the WSC flume does not become drowned i.e.
submergence ratio does not exceed 0.8 (particular to this flume only).

PROCEDURE:
 WSC Flume was installed in the open channel.

 The weir was secured using a mounting hook through the bed of the open channel.

 The motor was started, and the valve was opened completely (so there was no air bubble
left: this procedure is called priming.)

 Then the valve was opened to the required flow rate and the value for the flow rate was
noted.

13
  The upstream depth, downstream depth and the depth over the crest of the weir was noted
down.

 The same procedure was repeated by changing the flow rates and noting down the values
of the heads at upstream, over the Crest of the weir and downstream.

 Then the graph was used to calculate the flowrate.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Throat Width = b=0.3m

Upstream Depth at Downstream Flow rate Flowrate

Submergence
depth throat depth calculated measured
ratio
𝑦 y1 𝑦 Q Q
3 𝑦 /𝑦
(m) (m) (m) (l/sec) (m /Sec )
0.136 0.105 0.015 0.150 5.0 0.00501
0.142 0.108 0.017 0.153 5.4 0.00551
0.147 0.120 0.018 0.165 6.5 0.00613

CONCLUSIONS:

14
  Compare the results obtained by measurement with the calibration curve and comment on
any differences.
The flow rate has been calculated by using the calibration curve so from the table we can
see that there is a difference between the measured value of the flow rate and the
calculated values. This difference may be due to not having the ideal condition at which
the calibration curve has been plotted.

 Discuss the graph.

From the graph, submergence ratio decreases with increase in flow rate up to a certain
limit, after which submergence ratio increases linearly with flow rate.

GRAPH: Plot a graph ( QCal vs Submergence ratio )

Flowrate vs Submergence ratio

0.83
0.82
0.81
Submergence ratio

0.8
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.75
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
Q (L/s)

15
16
 EXPERIMENT NO 8

OBJECTIVE:

To study the characteristics of flow through a Venturi flume.

APPARATUS:
1. Glass sided tilting flume
2. Flow channel
3. Scale

CONSTANTS:
1. Throat width : b1= 0.095m (9.5cm)
2. Width: b0= 0.3m

FORMULAE:
1. Q= Cdb1H03/2 = (1.704b1H03/2)
2. H0=y0+v02/2g
3. H1=y1+v2/2g
4. b0 width of channel
5. b1 width of throat
AFFLUX:
1. Flow of fluid to a point= y0-y2

GRAPH:
Plot a graph
1. Qcal vs. H0
2. Qcal vs. H1
3. Qcal vs. H0-H1

THEORY:
Locally widening or narrowing the width of the channel has the same effect as locally
raising or lowering the bed of the channel. Therefore the throat created by venture flume
has similar characteristics to the Broad Crested Weir.
In the drowned condition when flow is sub critical at the throat, the rise in level upstream
due to obstruction caused by the structure is called afflux.

21
 PROCEDURE:
 Venturi Flume was installed in the open channel.

 The weir was secured using a mounting hook through the bed of the open channel.

 The motor was started, and the valve was opened completely (so there was no air bubble
left: this procedure is called priming.)

 Then the valve was opened to the required flow rate and the value for the flow rate was
noted.

 The upstream depth, downstream depth, and the depth over the crest of the weir was
noted down.

 The same procedure was repeated by changing the flow rates and noting down the values
of the heads at upstream, over the Crest of the weir and downstream.

 Then the formula was used to calculate discharge coefficient and the flowrate

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Throat Throat
Upstream Downstream Flowrate Flowrate Upstream Head
Flow total
depth depth measured calculated total head Afflux loss
depth head
y0 y2 Q Q H0 y0-y2 H0-H1
y1 H1
(m) (m) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m) (m)
(m) (m)
0.237 0.142 0.037 0.02041 1.816 0.192 0.241 0.219 0.200
0.252 0.161 0.040 0.02220 1.804 0.210 0.256 0.235 0.212
0.232 0.141 0.035 0.01475 1.372 0.0183 0.234 0.197 0.197

CONCLUSIONS:
 How does the value obtained for Cd compare with the standard value of 1.704?

The coefficient of discharge calculated from the formula is around 1.8 which is greater
than the standard value of 1.704.

 Comment on the effects of narrowing the channel. Is the effect the same as raising the
bed?

The effect of narrowing the channel as well as raising the bed is same as far as the depth
at the throat is concern. But narrowing the section at the throat increases the velocity
considerably as computed to raising the bed.

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  Comment on the graphs and what can you deduce from them?

Qcal vs. H0
From the graph it can be deduced that the flow rate varies linearly with Ho.

Qcal vs. H1
From the graph it can be deduced that the flow rate increase with increase in H1,
however, the increase is not linear.

Qcal vs. H0- H1

From the graph it can be deduced that the slope of the graph is negative which mean that
as the discharge is increased the losses will decrease.

GRAPH: Plot the Qcal vs. H0 , H1 ,H0-H1

Upstream total head vs Flowrate

0.26
Upstream total head H0 (m)

0.255

0.25

0.245

0.24

0.235

0.23
0.018 0.0185 0.019 0.0195 0.02 0.0205 0.021 0.0215
Q (m^3/s)

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 Throat total head Vs Flowrate
0.24
0.235

Throat total head H1 (m)

0.23
0.225
0.22
0.215
0.21
0.205
0.2
0.195
0.018 0.0185 0.019 0.0195 0.02 0.0205 0.021 0.0215
Q (m^3/s)

Head loss vs Flowrate

0.04
0.035
0.03
Head loss H0-H1 (m)

0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0.018 0.0185 0.019 0.0195 0.02 0.0205 0.021 0.0215
Q (m^3/s)

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 EXPERIMENT NO 9
OBJECTIVE:

To study the characteristics of flow over a gravel bed

APPARATUS:
1. Glass sided tilting flume
2. Gravel bed
3. Scale

CONSTANTS:
1. b=0.3m
2. x=1.6m

FORMULAE:

1. A = b
2. P = b + ×𝟐
3. Slope of energy line=sinθ =
⁄ ⁄
4. Velocity=V= ∗ R ∗ S

THEORY:
This is a manmade model which is used to observe the effect of roughness of surface
on the flow of streams. This also helps to understand how energy is dissipated with
the roughness of the surface.

PROCEDURE:
 Gravel bed was installed in the open channel.

 The motor was started, and the valve was opened completely (so there was no air bubble
left: this procedure is called priming.)

 Then the valve was opened to the required flow rate and the value for the flow rate was
noted.

 The upstream depth, downstream depth, and the depth over the crest of the weir was
noted down.

 The same procedure was repeated by changing the flow rates and noting down the values
of the heads at upstream and downstream.

 Then the formula was used to calculate velocity, hydraulic radius, slope of the energy line
and roughness coefficient.

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OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
Upstream Downstream Distance Flowrate Velocity Hydraulic Slope Roughness
Depth Depth (y0 to y1) Q V Radius of Coefficient
y0 y1 X (l/s) (m/s) R energy (η)
(m) (m) (m) (m) line
S
0.1 0.054 1.6 13.40 0.58 0.0509 0.0288 0.00336
0.115 0.055 1.6 14.04 0.55 0.0543 0.0375 0.00390
0.116 0.056 1.6 14.51 0.56 0.0546 0.0375 0.00441

CONCLUSIONS:
 Discuss the effect of roughness on flowrate of channel.

As the water in the open channel came across the gravel bed there was a decrease in the
downstream head which showed that there was significant loss due to the rough bed. The
head is almost halved which mean that the potential of the water is decreased and so the
flowrate.

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 EXPERIMENT NO 10

OBJECTIVE:

To study the characteristics of flow over a corrugated bed

APPARATUS:
1. Glass sided tilting flume
2. Corrugated bed
3. Scale

CONSTANTS:
1. b=0.3m
2. x=1.6m

FORMULAE:

1. 𝐴 = 𝑏
2. 𝑃 = 𝑏 + ×𝟐
3. Slope of energy line=sinθ =
⁄ ⁄
4. Velocity=V= ∗ R ∗ S

PROCEDURE:
 Corrugated bed was installed in the open channel.

 The motor was started, and the valve was opened completely (so there was no air bubble
left: this procedure is called priming.)

 Then the valve was opened to the required flow rate and the value for the flow rate was
noted.

 The upstream depth, downstream depth, and the depth over the crest of the weir was
noted down

 The same procedure was repeated by changing the flow rates and noting down the values
of the heads at upstream and downstream.

 Then the formula was used to calculate velocity, hydraulic radius, slope of the energy line
and roughness coefficient.

27
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
Upstream Downstream Distance Flowrate Velocity Hydraulic Slope Roughness
Depth Depth y0 - y1 Q V Radius of Coefficient
y0 y1 (m) (l/s) (m/s) R energy (η)
(m) (m) (m) line
S
0.085 0.042 1.6 11.04 0.580 0.0446 0.0269 0.00266
0.090 0.045 1.6 12.5 0.617 0.0466 0.0281 0.00273
0.101 0.052 1.6 15.05 0.656 0.0507 0.0306 0.00304

CONCLUSIONS:
 Discuss the effect of flowrate over a corrugated surface.

As the water in the open channel came across the corrugated bed there was a decrease in
the downstream head which showed that there was significant loss due to the roughness
of the bed. The flowrate was decreased. But the here the roughness coefficient is smaller
as compared to the gravel bed.

28