Y Poe oe ee Be ee ee eS ee ee ae ny LJ University University with a Difference LABORATORY MANUAL FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRONICS & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (LJU SUBJECT CODE: ) L.J. Institute of Engineering and Technology FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT SEMESTER- IT Year-2023-24 Name of Student: Vizeja S™'t Rosikbhai Enrollment No: 230021405100 44INDEX Sr. Ff % List of i a i No. ist of Experiment Date Sign 1 | Verify KVL and KCL using Development kit. 24 /oa fre |B T - = 2 ‘0 Verify Thevenin’s theorem. oS /ae/neu Z |-3 | To Verify Superposition theorem. gz tos hot =| 4 | To obtain power & power factor of single- Ke phase R — L Series circuits eae = 5 | To obtain power & power factor of single- Berane Ze phase R—L ~C Series circuits | 6 | To plot input and output waveforms of the Half Wave Rectifier. erates |S 7 | To plot input and output waveforms of the Bridge Rectifier. | 8 | To study the input and output characteristics of NPN transistor in Common Emitter mode.WD OS HV Vs seg vor 98 vqewooqces Sess Experiment: 1 Date: 29 fouls ‘AIM To Verify KVL and KCL using Development kit. ‘Apparatus [DC Network Development Kit, Multimeter, Connecting Wires Kirehhoff's Voltage Law Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around an a circuit equals zero. (i.e. voltage drops = voltage rises) yy closed path in vi + Vg = V2 V3 + V5 -Vy + V2tVsrVa V5, Cireuit Diagram: Ri Ro Vi V2 Screeeeesanseeseene=(— aszaneceees Observation Table: R: 22 i Ohm R2 =__4.gk ohm Rs =__2k ohm Voltmeter Reading [Sum Of Voltmeter sr. | Voltage | Current [Ee (volt) No | v(volt) | 1(Amp) [— | Va Vs V = Vit V2 +V3 1| 34 O.4 ot | 44 Bn = 2 ¢ 0.6 1.66 | 3.56 0-45 5.94 3 q z 2.81 | 5.3 Lan $94 4 go.4 Lu 3 284 Hg ist (2.05 5 a]PageSe ee a ee ae For Voltage, Ve 3 Voll Ry > 2.2K 0 6, > bak é tha Total cumens Ch) = as ed Reg = Ry tha tR3 Reg 2 (0.24 IK Rep = 20k 3 Tp 2 M 23 — = o3smA 7 * Rep HK 3-3 Vor Yr FR, 7037022 % HI7Rp > 0-38 X 4.4 2 EqRy Fase 1 Ve Mtn Ve OFS 41.49 0.3% Ve 3votk 5|PageKirchhoff s Current Law: ‘Anode is a point where two or more circuit elements meet. Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL states that the algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals zero. (i.e. current in = current out) iin + ia + iam is i tistin= intls Cireuit Diagra ‘able Ri ah Ohm R; =__2.9K Ohm wake Ohm Rs =_4.3% __ Supply ‘Ammeter Reading ‘Sum Of Current At Sr. Voltage (Amp) Node (Amp) No | v(Volt) i) b Gb Le=hth ; 2 3 11 Lee | 04 | 14 + 0.340." 2 . gc mew | a6 [oe | 2.4 = 26+ oF 3 4 gueul|leseaee |uetrel|Ug:@hamouniesr4 a (2 Ug 8.2 1-6 wey © 3.2 44.6 5 [PageSuerly voltage (vl = 3 vert, Ror tka Rye 2.2K0 fy raha Lt 2254.7 2244 da gay 2. Uk oe v 3 pi > BAO ST eae wry Ty = 14h é EE Lote 2.2 4h C8 = Ree 2 Lt Le aah patna oF Th= Tatty ae Ty = Og? 40.9% Ja 3.2m IConeh . ; aa ” ois exteriment hos demostzated dhe validity of kechoff's cuprerd LawCkel) ama Hivchoft’s voRaje tawCkvt) in eltetrica! / cireuttDate: 05 /e¢ /2074 Experiment: 2 AIM To Verify Thevenin’s theorem. ‘Apparatus | DC Network Development Kit, Multimeter, Connecting Wires Theory: Ina linear, bilateral, active network, the current flowing through any Statement of Thevenin’s Theorem: ‘lement can be found by replacing the remaining part of the network by a voltage source Vin i series with a resistor Rru Van = Thevenin’s equivalent voltage. It is open circuit voltage between the two terminals at which the element was connected. alent resistance of the network when looked back into the Ri = Thevenin's equivalent resistor. The equiv network from open circuited terminals after rep resistances. acing all sources of the given network by their internal Circuit Diagram: Find Current Iz through R3 and Vx across Rs in the circuit given below: {Theoretical caleulati how calculation of above circuit and find Vx and current through Rs - Ahn Noe 2 2¥2K | WERK = 2.1 volt : - io Th : (ueUk BP voc baka Ry = MAREK Sooke (4940) wed Roy (____ I BlPageri .E%tn Wd, Pre t22ke TL et aS eh O.82K 42,91 \v Vag JL = oth Vue Dyer hk 20-4 work 22.54 Vort \Procedure: ‘To Determine Practical value of Vx, follow the steps listed below: 1. Connect circuit shown below on trainer kit by using patch cords, resistor and supply voltage >. Disconnect the branch containing Resistor Rs through which current and Vx is to be determined. 3, Measure Voc across open circuited terminals by using voltmeter/ Multimeter. + Measure Rth by removing the source voltage and connecting wire between Ri and Re, Measure Rth between open circuited load terminals. 5. Connect the Complete circuit as shown above and also connect ammeter in series with Rs. Measure Canute through the Ry resistor. Measure voltage Vx across Rs by Connecting Voltmeter/Multimeter acrossit 6. Compare values of Voe, Rth , Ip and Vx obtained theoretically and practically. Observation Table: Supply r Practical Vah Voltage ‘ale raetical Value Srmo | soureev | Current Woe Rh | 2] Vx | Voc Rh [2] Vx L Fra 2.4 24 ose] oa] s5y | 2-0 os lor] ny [Conclusion op From deve Calculation Thevenin's theovem FS veritied Osiny DC Troiver it. Teacher’s Signature: 2 i 9|PageExperiment: 3 a ‘AIM To Verily Superposition theorem. ol fog / 2024 ‘Kpparatus[ DC Network Development Kit, Multimeter, Connecting Wires Theory: St Find Voltage \calculation: cose -2> Rer = Ree = Reg = tement of Superposition’s source, the rest separately while all othe the currents (emf) due to individual sources. Theoretical calculation: ‘Theorem: Ina linear bilateral network containing more than one energy pint current (emf) flowing in an element can be found by considering each source .r sources are replaced by their internal resistance; and then algebraically adding Vx across Rs=Ik@ Resistor using superposition theorem in the circuit shown below. vantage , Ye” due 40. Sv Source only A aa xr? + ( a.2xlo 4 1X1 .2 * 107 4p 010? + 0.689 x10? 5.38 X10? 0 10| Page[Calculation: 7 ~ BL om xr i SaE x10? z= Tra | ote ened ven om? fF . Vel 2 2"By 5 0.63 VIG wa e193 Voldoge due to inv Sowce only fy fy = 22ka wi ANN athe x ‘3! + 30 Poy = zen ts (LOREEN) So. e1Pa g.bae wy0? S-# X03 Ree = 2.62 TL weet = 3.96 x10, ep Boein ia? A Qls Ea RitRy 3.96 e107 gle 296 x13 y 3a ered Vg = BRg = 2:26 %IO I x10 he 3.26 volt Toto! voltoye aeross R3, Vy 2 Vie! 4 Vx"! Ve = 0.05 43.26 Ve = 3.84 volt 11|Page4. 5, To Determine Practical value of Vx, follow the steps listed below: 2. 3. jobsetation Tabl Sr.no Vx! due Vx" due Vx= ‘Vx! due toV2 | tovi | vx'vx" |. to V2 3.9 L 326 0.638 3.89 3.3 0.6 F osteated dhe validity of [Conclusion —Tyis Poetchicer Beads Connest circuit shown below on trainer kit by using patch cords, resistor and supply voltaze. Consider the voltage souree V2=12 V. Disconnect Vi = SV. Connect Wire between Ri and Ro, Measure voltage Vx" across R3 by Connecting Voltmeter/Multimeter across it Consider the voltage source Vi = 5 V, Disconneet V2= 12V. Connect Wire between Ri and Re Measure voltage Vx" across Rs by Connecting Voltmeter/Multimeter across it. Add Vx’ and Vx" obtained in step-2 and step-3. Compare Vx obtained theoretically and practically. “sufecpositio 12] PageExperiment No: 4 Date: as/g (2004 [AIM Measurement of Power and Power Factor in an R-L Series circuit “Apparatus: ‘Ammeter (0-5 amp), Voltmeter (0-600 volt), Watimeter (5 amp, 300 volt, 1500 watt), Multimeter, Inductive coil (50 Hz. 5 amp), Lamp-bank (non. resistance) (230V.5 amp), Single-phase variac ductive sneral procedure: Connect the circuit as per the given circuit diagram. Adjust the setting of the variac, so that applied voltage toseries R-L load is zero. Switch-on the main supply. Apply 230volt to series R-L load and record the reading of ammeter, wattmeter and voltage across ' resistor, inductor across the terminals of the varia. Voltages should be measured by the same voltmeter to increase the accuracy of measurement. 5. Repeats step 4 for various values. 6. Switch off the main supply. 7. Calculate the required parameters in observation tables for any One set of readings. 8 Draw the phasor diagram, corresponding to one of preferably at higher voltage, and verify the ; calculated value of power factor. ‘CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF SERIES R-L LOAD ee Tir st] | tol ee z i | Fa rsSit 4 Boy 18 iS1| @ RL ge 18 1 ey ac el 1 1 j 1 Si ! I | 1 ; Sr.No | Vs TAmp | Ve Ve VSL vou vou | Vox a geo | oe lara] ww | se | sq |o.23 | 001 | 100 a2.s | Ao |3¢.34 | 28.12 | 0.089 | 100 2 0 _| 0. | 30-4 3 joo | 2.05 | 3e.4 | 28.6 | 50 2.26 | 2t.n |o.034 | 45.23 96 gio | 3.25 | 45.4 | 33.¥ | 70 | 36.56 |24, 04 13 | Page| | Calculation: Sr. a ‘w(Vsh) = No. | V(R4X:) P= Cost (Pal(V 51) 2 oa Ayo O-—3 13.4 2. ao. oc? 16. a, 415.50 0.43 ert AL gua 0.uG Gry | Calculate the value of Inductance & Power factor of circuit i for Ysz €ovolk ar Ne - 23.4 wee = ayn 35 OIG et \ - Be 1 con p’ Bs 0-6 Le MeL 2883 ge Sadie + Mii, ..Gett Be le Felon Frey VsIs © G0 x0.6 " Cost Mf = COS'C0.83) = 33.9 FO.83 14| PageES A Re Re ee ES i a iP ed ie *e a ase = Ps ar) ® asx = 3e Borne 5 O83 = IS @ ese = tos oes @ cosy =. 2 Bee es O43 Y) cosa = 30 % povnas | ONG \Conclusion: Gwe culculajed Powex, imPedente, Intuctamce cimd Pow ex factox in dhis Practical. Teachers Signature: 5 _— 15 | Page| | | Experiment No: 5 [AIM Measurement of power and power Factor nan RL-C Sees Gr ‘Apparatus ‘Ammeter (0-5 amp) Voltmeter (0-600 volt), Wattmeter (5 amp. 300 vol 1500 watt), Multimeter Single-phase variac, Lamp-bank (nowindwctive resistance) (230V, amp),Choke coil, Capacitor bank inductive Date: I2/oc/o08 uit General procedur 1. Connect the circuit as per the given circuit diagram. 2. Adjust the setting of the variac, so that applied voltage to R load is zero. 3. Switch-on the main supply. 4. Apply 230volt to R-L-C load and record the reading of ammeter, wattmeter and voltage across resistor and across the terminals of the variac. Voltages should be measured by the same voltmeter to increase the accuracy of measurement. 5. Repeats step 4 for various values voltage. 6, Switch off the main supply. 7. Calculate the required parameters in observation tables for any one set of readings. 8, Draw the phasor diagram, corresponding to one of preferably at higher voltage, and verify the calculated value of power factor. S R-L-C LOAD cesneviett RLC . Load Observation table: Vil | MVE, | XV | ZVI. | FTE [ko] vou [von vartweea [a [ada |oo | 4 [aa neu [an ao [35 | 264 | 7.3 Co z go | 2.15 |Ss.¢ [arr [82-1 | Go | 4s.5 | 2419 35.3 69.56 5 | soo | 2.3 fase] soa] aa.3] ar [cee | 240 36.9 | 76.4 (20 | 2.45 |eu.s| 3¢ how #| ha | sé.3 26.0 42.3 S2.4s 5 16 |Page— ee ae lCULmwelODOO Sr. | L=Xv2at Z= VR + (ki Datos — No. | Henry. 2 (XL = AFT Cos = PVs) | D=Cos (PuiValy F Q.0 4.3 4165 Go. os Go 2 0.086 | aie rig S Ge. ons us 3 9.088 fara oS 35.5 0.2 LSS 4 O.083 |e xe BH 0.62 009. 3 \Calculation: fee Vs= Go volt R= Me ‘i zo = Beda ts yr M 26.4 t = a2 3s TiS as oe ate F 0.0864 c= bo. 2 4B 0S e wy 2310508 F.3 ze Jeet = (oat + Cau -taayt = Geta 17 |Page|Calculation: Gora B= cos! cosy o = Co (Conclusion: Ge colrulaled: edence | : inductee, Capacitance and Power factor im dhis Pectctical, 18| PageOO Oe a a > - <3 ooo CU Orr (Observation Table: Sr [Input Vout(v) Vout (V) only | Vout (V) only St Nera Civil _ Suis ON is ON 3 42 5.3 26.3 26.96 Input Output waveform: ue cut corthout filter ole ut coth fielder ore 20| Page(Conclusion: Teacher's Signature: S$ = Le a A Oe TUE 21| Page