Prepared by : BALABHADRA SURESH , M.Sc, B.

Ed

1. The father of coordinate geometry was René Descartes.

2. In co-ordinate plane the horizontal number line XXI is known as X-axis and the vertical

number line YYI is known as Y-axis.

3. In point (a,b), ‘a’ is called X-coordinate and ‘b’ is called Y-coordinate.

DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS:

4. The distance between two points A(x1 , 0), B(x2 , 0) on the X-axis= |𝑥2 − 𝑥1 |

5. The distance between two points 𝐴(0, 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(0, 𝑦2 ) on the Y-axis = |𝑦2 − 𝑦1 |

6. The distance between two points A(x1 , b), B(x2 , b) on a line parallel to X-axis = |𝑥2 − 𝑥1 |

7. The distance between two points 𝐴(𝑎, 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑎, 𝑦2 ) on a line parallel to Y-axis = |𝑦2 − 𝑦1 |

8. The distance between two points𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )𝑖𝑠 √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2.

9. The distance of a point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) from the origin (0, 0) is √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .

10. The distance between𝐴(𝑎, 0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(0, 𝑏) 𝑖𝑠 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

1. Where do these following points lie (4, 0), (2, 0), (6, 0), (8, 0).

Sol: In all points Y-coordinates are ‘0’ . So, all points lie on X-axis.

2. What is the distance between points (4, 0) and (6, 0)?

Sol: 𝐴(4, 0) = (𝑥1 , 0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(6, 0) = (𝑥2 , 0)

Distance between A and B = |𝑥2 − 𝑥1 | = |6 − (−4)| = |6 + 4| = |10| = 10 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

1. Where do these following points lie (0, 3), (0, 8), (0, 6), (0, 4)

Sol: In all points X-coordinates are ‘0’. So, all points lie on Y-axis.

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 1

 2. What is the distance between (0, 3), (0, 8) and justify that the distance between two
points on Y-axis is |𝑦2 − 𝑦1 |.
Sol: From graph the distance between (0, 3), (0, 8)= 5 units.

|𝑦2 − 𝑦1 | = |−8 − (−3)| = |−8 + 3| = |−5| = 5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Find the distance between the following pairs of points.

i. (3, 8), (6, 8)

Sol: (3, 8) = (𝑥1 , 𝑏), (6, 8) = (𝑥2 , 𝑏)

Distance between (3, 8), (6, 8)= |𝑥2 − 𝑥1 | = |6 − 3| = |3| = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

ii. (4,3), (8,3)

Sol: (4, 3) = (𝑥1 , 𝑏), (8, 3) = (𝑥2 , 𝑏)

Distance between (4,3), (8,3)= |𝑥2 − 𝑥1 | = |−8 − (−4)| = |−8 + 4| = |−4| = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

iii. (3, 4), (3, 8)

Sol: (3, 4) = (𝑎, 𝑦1 ), (3, 8) = (𝑎, 𝑦2 )

Distance = |𝑦2 − 𝑦1 | = |8 − 4| = |4| = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

iv. (5, 8), (5, 12)

Sol: (5, 8) = (𝑎, 𝑦1 ), (5, 12) = (𝑎, 𝑦2 )

Distance = |𝑦2 − 𝑦1 | = |−12 − (−8)| = |−12 + 8| = |−4| = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Example-1. What is the distance between A (4,0) and B (8, 0).

Sol: Distance= |𝑥2 − 𝑥1 | = |8 − 4| = |4| = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Example-2. A and B are two points given by (8, 3), (4, 3). Find the distance between A and B.

Sol: 𝐴(8,3) = (𝑥1 , 𝑏) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(−4,3) = (𝑥2 , 𝑏)

Distance AB = |𝑥2 − 𝑥1 | = |−4 − 8| = |−12| = 12 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Find the distance between the following points.

(i) A = (2, 0) and B(0, 4)

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 2

 Sol: A = (2, 0) = (a, 0)and B(0, 4) = (0, b)

Distance AB = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = √22 + 42 = √4 + 16 = √20 = √4 × 5 = 2√5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

(ii) P(0, 5) and Q(12, 0)

Sol: 𝑃(0, 5) = (0, 𝑏)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(12, 0) = (𝑎, 0)

Distance PQ = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = √122 + 52 = √144 + 25 = √169 = 13 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Find the distance between points ‘O’ (origin) and ‘A’ (7, 4).

Sol: The distance of a point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) from the origin (0, 0) is √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

Distance OA= √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √72 + 42 = √49 + 16 = √65 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

1. Ramu says the distance of a point P(x, y) from the origin O(0, 0) is √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 . Do you agree with

Ramu or not? Why?

Sol: I agree with Ramu.

O(0, 0) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

Distance OP= √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

2. Ramu also writes the distance formulas as AB = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2

Sol: We know that (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = (𝑏 − 𝑎)2

So, distance AB = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 is also correct

Example-3. Let’s find the distance between two points A(4, 3) and B(8, 6)

Sol: Given points A(4, 3) and B(8, 6)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
Distance between A and B = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

AB= √(8 − 4)2 + (6 − 3)2

= √42 + 32 = √16 + 9 = √25 = 5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 3

Find the distance between the following pairs of points.

(i) (7, 8) and (2, 3)

Sol: (7, 8) and (2, 3)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

Distance between given points

= √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(−2 − 7)2 + (3 − 8)2

= √(−9)2 + (−5)2 = √81 + 25 = √106 units

(ii) (8, 6) and (2, 0)

Sol: (−8, 6) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2, 0)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

Distance between given points

= √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

2
= √(2 − (−8)) + (0 − 6)2

= √(2 + 8)2 + (−6)2 = √100 + 36 = √136 units

Find the distance between A(1, 3) and B(4, 4) and rounded off to two decimals.

Sol: A(1, 3) and B(4, 4)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

Distance between A and B= √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 8.60

8 74.00
2
= √(−4 − 1)2 + (4 − (−3))
166 10.00
996
= √(−5)2 + (4 + 3)2 4

= √25 + 49 = √74 = 8.60 units

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Sridhar calculated the distance between T(5, 2) and R(4, 1) to the nearest tenth is 9.5 units.

Now you find the distance between P (4, 1) and Q (-5, -2). Do you get the same answer that

sridhar got? Why?

Sol: P (4, 1) and Q (-5, -2).

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

Distance between A and B = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

9.48
= √(−5 − 4)2 + (−2 − 1)2
9 90.00
81.
= √(−9)2 + (−3)2 184 900
736
= √81 + 9 = √90 = 9.5 units 16400
1888 15104
Example-4. Show that the points A (4, 2), B (7, 5) and C (9, 7) are three points lie on a same line.

Sol: A (4, 2), B (7, 5) B (7, 5) C (9, 7)

AB = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2
BC = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2
= √(7 − 4)2 + (5 − 2)2
= √(9 − 7)2 + (7 − 5)2
= √(3)2 + (3)2
= √(23)2 + (2)2
= √9 + 9
= √4 + 4
= √18 = √9 × 2 = 3√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
= √8 = √4 × 2 = 2√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
A (4, 2), C (9, 7)

AC = √(9 − 4)2 + (7 − 2)2

= √(5)2 + (5)2

= √25 + 25

= √50 = √25 × 2 = 5√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Now AB+BC=3√2 + 2√2 = 5√2 = 𝐴𝐶

Therefore A,B and C lie on a straight line.(A,B and C are called collinear points)

Example-5. Are the points (3, 2), (2, 3) and (2, 3) form a triangle?

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Sol: A (3, 2), B (-2, -3) B (-2, -3) C (2, 3)

AB = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2
BC = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2
= √(−2 − 3)2 + (−3 − 2)2
= √(2 + 2)2 + (3 + 3)2
= √(−5)2 + (−5)2
= √(4)2 + (6)2
= √25 + 25
= √16 + 36
= √50 = 7.07 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
= √52 = 7.21 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

A (3, 2), C (2, 3)

AC = √(2 − 3)2 + (3 − 2)2

= √(−1)2 + (1)2 = √1 + 1 = √2 = 1.41 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Since the sum of any two of these distances is greater than the third distance, therefore, the
points A,B and C form a triangle.
Example-6. Show that the points (1, 7), (4, 2), (1, 1) and (4, 4) are the vertices of a square.

Sol: A(1, 7), B(4, 2), C(1, 1) and D(4, 4)

A(1, 7)=(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) , B(4, 2) =(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), C (-1, -1) =(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) D (-4, 4) =(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

AB = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 CD = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

= √(4 − 1)2 + (2 − 7)2 = √(−4 + 1)2 + (4 + 1)2

= √(3)2 + (−5)2 = √(−3)2 + (5)2

= √9 + 25 = √34 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √9 + 25 = √34 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
B (4, 2) =(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) C (-1, -1) =(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) D (-4, 4) =(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) A(1, 7) =(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
BC = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 DA = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

= √(−1 − 4)2 + (−1 − 2)2 = √(1 + 4)2 + (7 − 4)2

= √(−5)2 + (−3)2 = √(5)2 + (3)2
= √25 + 9 = √34 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √25 + 9 = √34 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

A (1, 7) =(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) C (-1, -1) =(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = √4 + 64 = √68 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

AC = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 B (4, 2) =(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) D (-4, 4) =(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

= √(−1 − 1)2 + (−1 − 7)2 BD = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

= √(−2)2 + (−8)2

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 = √(−4 − 4)2 + (4 − 2)2 = √64 + 4 = √68 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

= √(−8)2 + (2)2

Since AB = BC = CD = DA and AC = BD. So all the four sides of the quadrilateral ABCD are equal

and its diagonals AC and BD are also equal. Therefore, ABCD is a square.

Example-7: Madhuri, Meena, Pallavi are seated at A(3, 1), B(6, 4) and C(8, 6) respectively. Do

you think they are seated in a line ? Give reasons for your answer.

Sol: A(3, 1), B(6, 4)

AB = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

= √(6 − 3)2 + (4 − 1)2

= √(3)2 + (3)2

= √9 + 9

= √18 = 3√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

B(6, 4) , C(8, 6) A(3, 1), C(8, 6)

BC = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 AC = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

= √(8 − 6)2 + (6 − 4)2 = √(8 − 3)2 + (6 − 1)2

= √(2)2 + (2)2 = √(5)2 + (5)2

= √4 + 4 = √25 + 25

= √8 = 2√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √50 = 5√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Since AB+BC=3√2 + 2√2 = 5√2 = 𝐴𝐶

we can say that the points A, B and C are collinear. Therefore, they are seated in a line.

Example-8. Find a relation between x and y such that the point (x , y) is equidistant from the

points (7, 1) and (3, 5).

Solution : Let P(x, y) be equidistant from the points A(7, 1) and B(3, 5).

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 A(7, 1) P(x, y) B(3, 5). P(x, y)

AP = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 BP = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

= √(x − 7)2 + (y − 1)2 = √(x − 3)2 + (y − 5)2

= √𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 49 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 = √𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 25

= √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 34
= √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 14𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 50
Given that AP = BP. So, 𝐴𝑃2 = 𝐵𝑃2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 14𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 50 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 34

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 14𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 10𝑦 = 34 − 50

−8𝑥 + 8𝑦 = −16 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 Which is the required relation.

Example-9. Find a point on the y-axis which is equidistant from both the points A(6, 5) and

B(– 4, 3).

Sol: let the point P(0, y) on the y-axis be equidistant from A and B.

A(6, 5), P(0, y) B(– 4, 3), P(0, y)

𝐴𝑃 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 𝐵𝑃 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(0 − 6)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = √(0 + 4)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2

= √36 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 25 = √16 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9

= √𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 61 = √𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 25

Since 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐵𝑃 ⇒ 𝐴𝑃2 = 𝐵𝑃2

𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 61 = 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 25

𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 = 25 − 61

−4𝑦 = −36 ⇒ 𝑦 = 9

So, the required point is (0, 9).

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 EXERCISE 7.1

Find the distance between the following pairs of points.

(i) (2, 3) and (4, 1)

Sol: 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(4 − 2)2 + (1 − 3)2

= √(2)2 + (−2)2

= √4 + 4 = √8 = 2√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

(ii) (5, 7) and (1, 3)

Sol: 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(−1 + 5)2 + (3 − 7)2

= √(4)2 + (−4)2

= √16 + 16 = √32 = 4√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

(iii) (2, 3) and (3, 2)

Sol: 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(3 + 2)2 + (2 + 3)2

= √(5)2 + (5)2

= √25 + 25 = √50 = 5√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

(iv) (a, b) and (a, b)

Sol: 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(−𝑎 − 𝑎)2 + (−𝑏 − 𝑏)2

= √(−2𝑎)2 + (−2𝑏)2

= √4𝑎2 + 4𝑏 2 = √4(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) = 2√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 9

 2. Find the distance between the points (0, 0) and (36, 15).

Sol: Given points (0, 0) and (36, 15).

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

= √362 + 152 = √1296 + 225 = √1521 = 39 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

3. Verify that the points (1, 5), (2, 3) and (2, 1) are collinear or not.

Sol: Given points are 𝐴 (1,5) , 𝐵 (2,3) , 𝐶 (−2, −1)

𝐴 (1,5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝐵 (2,3) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(2 − 1)2 + (3 − 5)2

= √(1)2 + (−2)2

= √1 + 4 = √5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝐵 (2,3) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝐶 (−2, −1) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝐵𝐶 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(−2 − 2)2 + (−1 − 3)2

= √(−4)2 + (−4)2

= √16 + 16

= √32 = √16 × 2 == 4√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝐴 (1,5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝐶 (−2, −1) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝐴𝐶 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(−2 − 1)2 + (−1 − 5)2

= √(−3)2 + (−6)2

= √9 + 36

= √45 = √9 × 5 = 3√5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

The sum of no two sides is equal to third side.

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 10

∴ The given points are not collinear.

4. Check whether (5, 2), (6, 4) and (7, 2) are the vertices of an isosceles triangle.

Sol: Given vertices A (5, 2), B(6, 4) and C (7, 2)

A (5, 2), B(6, 4) B(6, 4), C(7, -2)

AB = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 BC = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

= √(6 − 5)2 + (4 + 2)2 = √(7 − 6)2 + (−2 − 4)2

= √(1)2 + (6)2 = √(1)2 + (−6)2

= √1 + 36 = √1 + 36

= √37 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √37 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

A(5, -2), C(7, -2)

AC = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

= √(7 − 5)2 + (−2 + 2)2

= √(2)2 + (0)2 = √4 + 0 = √4 = 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Now AB=BC

∴ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.

5. Using distance formula verify the points A(3,4) , B(6,7), C(9,4) and D(6,1) taken in order are

the vertices of s a square? Are not?

Sol: A(3,4) , B(6,7) C(9,4) and D(6,1)

CD = √(6 − 9)2 + (1 − 4)2

AB = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2
= √(−3)2 + (−3)2
= √(6 − 3)2 + (7 − 4)2

= √(3)2 + (3)2 = √9 + 9 = √18 = 3√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

= √9 + 9 D(6,1), A(3,4)

= √18 = 3√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

DA = √(3 − 6)2 + (4 − 1)2
B(6,7), C(9,4)
= √(−3)2 + (3)2
BC = √(9 − 6)2 + (4 − 7)2

= √(3)2 + (−3)2 = √9 + 9 = √18 = 3√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

= √9 + 9 = √18 = 3√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 A(3,4), C(9,4)

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 11

AC = √(9 − 3)2 + (4 − 4)2 BD = √(6 − 6)2 + (1 − 7)2

= √(6)2 + (0)2 = √(0)2 + (−6)2

= √36 + 0 = √36 = 6 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √0 + 36 = √36 = 6 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

B(6,7), D(6,1)

Since AB = BC = CD = DA and AC = BD.

So all the four sides of the quadrilateral ABCD are equal and its diagonals AC and BD are also

equal. Therefore, ABCD is a square.

6. Show that the following points form a equilateral triangle 𝑨(𝒂, 𝟎), 𝑩(𝒂, 𝟎), 𝑪(𝟎, 𝒂 √𝟑 )

Sol: 𝐴(𝑎, 0), 𝐵(𝑎, 0)

AB = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

= √(−𝑎 − a)2 + (0 − 0)2

= √(−2𝑎)2 + (0)2 = √4𝑎2 = 2𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝐵(𝑎, 0), 𝐶(0, 𝑎 √3 )

2
BC = √(0 + a)2 + (𝑎 √3 − 0)

= √𝑎2 + 3𝑎2

= √4𝑎2 = 2𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝐴(𝑎, 0), 𝐶(0, 𝑎 √3 )

2
AC = √(0 − a)2 + (𝑎 √3 − 0)

= √𝑎2 + 3𝑎2

= √4𝑎2 = 2𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Now AB=BC=AC=2𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

∴ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 equilateral triangle.

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 12

 7. Prove that the points (7, 3), (5, 10), (15, 8) and (3, 5) taken in order are the corners of a

parallelogram.

Sol: Given points A(7, 3), B(5, 10), C(15, 8) and D(3, 5)

A(7, 3), B(5, 10),

AB = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 B(5, 10), C(15, 8)

= √(5 + 7)2 + (10 + 3)2 𝐵𝐶 = √(15 − 5)2 + (8 − 10)2

= √(12)2 + (13)2 = √(10)2 + (−2)2

= √144 + 169 = √313 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √100 + 4 = √104 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

C(15, 8) , D(3, 5) D(3, 5), A(7, 3)

𝐶𝐷 = √(3 − 15)2 + (−5 − 8)2 𝐷𝐴 = √(−7 − 3)2 + (−3 + 5)2

= √(−12)2 + (−13)2 = √(−10)2 + (2)2

= √144 + 169 = √100 + 4

= √313 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √104 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Now AB=CD and BC=AD ⇒ opposite sides are equal .

∴ The given points form a parallelogram.

8. Show that the points (4, 7), (1, 2), (8, 5) and (5, 4) taken in order are the vertices of a

rhombus. And find its area.

Sol: Given points 𝐴 (−4, −7) , 𝐵 (−1,2) , 𝐶 (8,5) , 𝐷 (5, −4)

𝐴(−4, −7) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(−1,2) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝐵𝐶 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 = √(8 + 1)2 + (5 − 2)2

= √(−1 + 4)2 + (2 + 7)2 = √(9)2 + (3)2

= √(3)2 + (9)2 = √81 + 9 = √90 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

= √9 + 81 = √90 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐶(8,5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐷(5, −4) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝐵(−1,2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐶(8,5) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝐶𝐷 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 13

 = √(5 − 8)2 + (−4 − 5)2 𝐴𝐷 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(−3)2 + (−9)2 = √(5 + 4)2 + (−4 + 7)2

= √9 + 81 = √90 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √(3)2 + (9)2

𝐴(−4, −7) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) , 𝐷(5, −4) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = √9 + 81 = √90 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝐴 (−4, −7) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐶 (8,5) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝐵(−1,2) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐷(5, −4) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝐴𝐶 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 𝐵𝐷 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(8 + 4)2 + (5 + 7)2 = √(5 + 1)2 + (−4 − 2)2

= √(12)2 + (12)2 = √(6)2 + (−6)2

= √144 + 144 = √288 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √36 + 36 = √72 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Since 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝐴𝐶 ≠ 𝐵𝐷

∴ ABCD is a rhombus.
1 1 1
Area of rhombus = × 𝑑1 × 𝑑2 = × AC × BD= 2 × √288 × √72
2 2

1 1
= × √144 × 2 × √36 × 2 = × 12 × √2 × 6 × √2 = 72 sq. units
2 2

9. Name the type of quadrilateral formed, if any, by the following points, and give reasons for

your answer.

(i) (1, 2), (1, 0), (1, 2), (3, 0).

Sol: Given points A(1, 2), B (1, 0), C (1, 2), D(3, 0).
A(1, 2), B (1, 0)

AB = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 B (1, 0), C (1, 2)

= √(1 + 1)2 + (0 + 2)2 𝐵𝐶 = √(−1 − 1)2 + (2 − 0)2

= √(2)2 + (2)2 = √(−2)2 + (2)2

= √4 + 4 = √8 = 2√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √4 + 4 = √8 = 2√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

C (1, 2), D(3, 0). = √4 + 4 = √8 = 2√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝐶𝐷 = √(−3 + 1)2 + (0 − 2)2 D(3, 0), A(1, 2)

= √(−2)2 + (2)2 𝐷𝐴 = √(−1 + 3)2 + (−2 − 0)2

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 14

 = √(2)2 + (−2)2 = √4 + 4 = √8 = 2√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
A(1, 2), C (-1, 2) B (1, 0), D (3, 0)

AC = √(−1 + 1)2 + (2 + 2)2 𝐵𝐶 = √(−3 − 1)2 + (0 − 0)2

= √(0)2 + (4)2 = √(−4)2 + (0)2

= √16 = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √16 = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Since AB = BC = CD = DA and AC = BD. So all the four sides of the quadrilateral ABCD are

equal and its diagonals AC and BD are also equal. Therefore, ABCD is square.

(ii) (3, 5), (1, 10), (3, 1), (1, 4)

Sol: Given points A(3, 5), B(1, 10), C(3, 1), D(1, 4)

A(3, 5), B (1, 10)

AB = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 B(1, 10), C(3, 1)

= √(1 + 3)2 + (10 − 5)2 𝐵𝐶 = √(3 − 1)2 + (1 − 10)2

= √(4)2 + (5)2 = √(2)2 + (−9)2

= √16 + 25 = √41 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √4 + 81 = √85 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

C(3, 1), D(1, 4) 𝐷(1, −4), 𝐴(3, 5)

𝐶𝐷 = √(−1 − 3)2 + (−4 − 1)2 𝐷𝐴 = √(−3 + 1)2 + (5 + 4)2

= √(−4)2 + (−5)2 = √(−2)2 + (9)2

= √16 + 25 = √41𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √4 + 81 = √85 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

A(3, 5), C (3, 1) 𝐵 (1, 10), 𝐷 (1, −4)

AC = √(3 + 3)2 + (1 − 5)2 𝐵𝐷 = √(−1 − 1)2 + (−4 − 10)2

= √(6)2 + (−4)2 = √(−2)2 + (−14)2

= √36 + 16 = √52 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √4 + 196 = √200 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Now AB =CD, BC =DA and AC ≠ BD.

Opposite sides are equal and diagonals are not equal.

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 15

 Therefore given points form a parallelogram.

(iii) (4, 5), (7, 6), (4, 3), (1, 2)

Sol: Given points A(4, 5), B(7, 6), C(4, 3), D(1, 2)

A(4, 5), B(7, 6),

AB = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 B(7, 6), C(4, 3),

= √(7 − 4)2 + (6 − 5)2 𝐵𝐶 = √(4 − 7)2 + (3 − 6)2

= √(3)2 + (1)2 = √(−3)2 + (−3)2

= √9 + 1 = √10 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √9 + 9 = √18 = 3√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

C(4, 3), D(1, 2) 𝐷(1, 2), 𝐴(4, 5)

𝐶𝐷 = √(1 − 4)2 + (2 − 3)2 𝐷𝐴 = √(4 − 1)2 + (5 − 2)2

= √(−3)2 + (−1)2 = √(3)2 + (3)2

= √9 + 1 = √10𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √9 + 9 = √18 = 3√2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
A(4, 5), C (4, 3) 𝐵 (7, 6), 𝐷 (1, 2)

AC = √(4 − 4)2 + (3 − 5)2 𝐵𝐷 = √(1 − 7)2 + (2 − 6)2

= √(0)2 + (−2)2 = √(−6)2 + (−4)2

= √4 = 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √36 + 16 = √52 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Now AB =CD, BC =DA and AC ≠ BD.

Opposite sides are equal and diagonals are not equal.

Therefore given points form a parallelogram.

10. Find the point on the X-axis which is equidistant from (2, 5) and (2, 9).

Sol: Given points A(2, 5) and B(2, 9).

Let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑜) the point on the X-axis which is equidistant from A and B

A(2, 5), 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑜) B(2, 9), 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑜)

AP = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 BP = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

= √(𝑥 − 2)2 + (0 + 5)2 = √(𝑥 + 2)2 + (0 − 9)2

= √𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 25 = √𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 81

= √𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 29 = √𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 85

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 16

 Now AP=BP⇒ 𝐴𝑃2 = 𝐵𝑃2

𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 29 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 85

𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 85 − 29

56
−8𝑥 = 56 ⇒ 𝑥 = = −7
−8

So, the required point is (−7, 0).

11. If the distance between two points (x, 7) and (1, 15) is 10, find the value of x.

Sol: Given points (𝑥, 7) , (1,15)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

The distance between given two points = 10

√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 = 10

√(1 − 𝑥)2 + (15 − 7)2 = 10

Squaring on both sides we get

(𝑥 − 1)2 + 82 = 102
(𝑥 − 1)2 + 64 = 100
(𝑥 − 1)2 = 100 − 64 = 36
(𝑥 − 1) = √36 = ±6
𝑥 = 6 + 1 𝑜𝑟 − 6 + 1
𝑥 = 7 𝑜𝑟 − 5

12. Find the values of y for which the distance between the points P(2, 3) and Q(10, y) is 10 units.

Sol: Given points P (2, −3) , Q (10, 𝑦)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

The distance between given two points = 10

√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 = 10

√(10 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 = 10

Squaring on both sides we get

(8)2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 = 102

(𝑦 + 3)2 = 102 − (8)2 = 100 − 64 = 36

𝑦 + 3 = √36 = ±6

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 17

 𝑦 + 3 = 6 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 + 3 = −6

𝑦 = 6 − 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = −6 − 3

𝑦 = 3 𝑜𝑟 − 9

13. Find the radius of the circle whose centre is (3, 2) and passes through (5, 6).

Sol: Centre of the circle 𝑂 = (3,2) point on circle 𝐴 = (−5,6)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

Radius of the circle (OA) = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(−5 − 3)2 + (6 − 2)2

= √(−8)2 + (4)2

= √64 + 16
= √80 = √16 × 5 = 4√5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

14. Can you draw a triangle with vertices (1, 5), (5, 8) and (13, 14) ? Give reason.

Sol: Given Vertices are 𝐴 (1,5) , 𝐵 (5,8) , 𝐶 (13,14)

𝐴 (1,5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵 (5,8) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(5 − 1)2 + (8 − 5)2

= √(4)2 + (3)2

= √16 + 9 = √25 = 5𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝐵 (5,8) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐶 (13,14) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝐴 (1,5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐶 (13,14) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝐵𝐶 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 𝐴𝐶 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(13 − 5)2 + (14 − 8)2 = √(13 − 1)2 + (14 − 5)2

= √(8)2 + (6)2 = √(12)2 + (9)2

= √64 + 36 = √100 = 10 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = √144 + 81 = √225 = 15 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

AB = 5 units, BC = 10 units , AC = 15 units

𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 5 + 10 = 15 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 18

 ∴ We cannot draw a triangle with given vertices.

15. Find a relation between x and y such that the point (x, y) is equidistant from the points (2, 8)

and (3, 5)

Sol: Let A (2, 8) and B(3, 5)

Let P(x,y) is equidistant from the points from A and B.

𝐴𝑃 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 𝐵𝑃 = √(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 + 5)2

= √(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 8)2 = √𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 + 25

= √𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 − 16𝑦 + 64 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 34

= √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 16𝑦 + 68

Now AP=BP⇒ 𝐴𝑃2 = 𝐵𝑃2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 16𝑦 + 68 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 34

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 16𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 10𝑦 = 34 − 68

−2𝑥 − 26𝑦 = −34

⇒ 𝑥 + 13 = 17 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

SECTION FORMULA:
1) 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) if P(x, y) divides AB internally in the ratio 𝑚1 : 𝑚2 then
𝑚1 𝑥2 +𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 +𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , ).
𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑚1 +𝑚2

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
2) If 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) then the mid-point of a line segment AB=( , )
2 2

Example-10. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining the points

(4, 3) and (8, 5) in the ratio 3 : 1 internally.

Sol: Given points 𝐴 (4, −3) , 𝐵 (8,5) ratio = 3 : 1

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝑚1 ∶ 𝑚2

𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

3 × 8 + 1 × (4) 3 × (5) + 1 × (−3)

=( , )
3+1 3+1
24 + 4 15 − 3
=( , )
4 4

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 19

 28 12
= ( , ) = (7,3)
4 4
The required point = (7,3)

Example-11. Find the midpoint of the line segment joining the points (3, 0) and (-1, 4)

Sol: Given points (3, 0) , (−1,4)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 3−1 0+4 2 4
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ( , )=( , ) = ( , ) = (1,2)
2 2 2 2 2 2

1. Find the point which divides the line segment joining the points (3, 5) and (8, 10) internally

in the ratio 2 : 3

Sol: Given points 𝐴 (3, 5) , 𝐵 (8,10) ratio = 2 : 3

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝑚1 ∶ 𝑚2
𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
2 × 8 + 3 × 3 2 × 10 + 3 × 5
=( , )
2+3 2+3
16 + 9 20 + 15
=( , )
5 5
25 35
= ( , ) = (5,7)
5 5
The required point = (5,7)

2. Find the midpoint of the line segment joining the points (2, 7) and (12, 7).

Sol: Given points (2, 7) , (12, −7)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 2 + 12 7 − 7 14 0
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ( , )=( , ) = ( , ) = (7,0)
2 2 2 2 2 2

Let A(4, 2), B(6, 5) and C(1, 4) be the vertices of ABC

1. The median from A meets BC at D. Find the coordinates of the point D

6+1 5+4 7 9
Sol: The point D = midpoint of BC = ( , )=( , )
2 2 2 2

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2. Find the coordinates of the point P on AD such that AP : PD = 2 : 1

7 9
Sol: A(4, 2)= (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) ,𝐷 (2 , 2) =(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) ratio=2:1= 𝑚1 ∶ 𝑚2

𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

7 9
2×2+1×4 2×2+1×2 7+4 9+2 11 11
=( , )=( , )=( , )
2+1 2+1 3 2 3 3

3. Find the points which divide the line segment BE in the ratio 2 : 1 and also that divide the line

segment CF in the ratio 2 : 1.

4+1 2+4 5 6 5
Sol: E= midpoint of AC=( , ) = (2 , 2) = (2 , 3)
2 2

5
B(6, 5) =(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) E=( , 3)=(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) ratio=2:1= 𝑚1 ∶ 𝑚2
2

m1 x2 + m2 x1 m1 y2 + m2 y1
Q(x, y) = ( , )
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
5
2×2+1×6 2×3+1×5 5+6 6+5 11 11
=( , )=( , )=( , )
2+1 2+1 3 2 3 3

4+6 2+5 10 7 7
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 = ( , ) = ( , ) = (5, )
2 2 2 2 2
7
C(1, 4)= (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) , F (5, 2)=(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) ratio=2:1= 𝑚1 ∶ 𝑚2

m1 x2 + m2 x1 m1 y2 + m2 y1
R(x, y) = ( , )
m1 + m2 m1 + m2

7
2×5+1×1 2×2+1×4 10 + 1 7 + 4 11 11
=( , )=( , )=( , )
2+1 2+1 3 3 3 3

4. What do you observe?

Sol: We observe that all dividing points are same.

So, the point that divides each median in the ratio 2: 1 is the centroid of a triangle.

CENTROID OF A TRIANGLE:

If 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) are the vertices of a triangle then

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = ( , )
3 3

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 21

Example-12. Find the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (3, 5), (7, 4), (10, 2)

Sol: Vertices of the triangle are (3, −5) , (−7,4) , (10, −2)
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = ( , )
3 3

3 − 7 + 10 −5 + 4 − 2
=( , )
3 3
6 −3
= (3 , ) = (2, −1)
3

Find the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (4, 6), (2, 2) and (2, 5) respectively

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = ( , )
3 3

−4 + 2 + 2 6 − 2 + 5
=( , )
3 3

−4 + 4 11 − 2 0 9
=( , ) = ( , ) = (0,3)
3 3 3 3

The points (2, 3), (x, y), (3, 2) are vertices of a triangle. If the centroid of this triangle is origin

find (x, y).

Sol: vertices of a triangle are (2, 3), (x, y), (3, 2)
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = (0,0)

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3
( , ) = (0,0)
3 3

2+𝑥+3 3+𝑦−2
( , ) = (0,0)
3 3

5+𝑥 1+𝑦
( , ) = (0,0)
3 3

5+𝑥 1+𝑦
=0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =0
3 3

5+𝑥 =0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1+𝑦 =0

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 22

 𝑥 = −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −1

Example-13. In what ratio does the point (– 4, 6) divide the line segment joining the points A(–

6, 10) and B(3, – 8)?

Sol: A(– 6, 10) and B(3, – 8) P (– 4, 6)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥, 𝑦)

Let P divides AB in the ratio 𝑚1 ∶ 𝑚2

𝑃 = (−4,6)

m1 x2 + m2 x1 m1 y2 + m2 y1
( , ) = (−4,6)
m1 + m2 m1 + m2

m1 (3) + m2 (−6) m1 (−8) + m2 (10)

( , ) = (−4,6)
m1 + m2 m1 + m2

3𝑚1 − 6𝑚2
= −4
𝑚1 + 𝑚2

3𝑚1 − 6𝑚2 = −4(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )

3𝑚1 − 6𝑚2 = −4𝑚1 − 4𝑚2

3𝑚1 + 4𝑚1 = −4𝑚2 + 6𝑚2

7𝑚1 = 2𝑚2

𝑚1 2
= ⇒ 𝑚1 ∶ 𝑚2 = 2: 7
𝑚2 7

THINK – DISCUSS:

The line joining points A(6, 9) and B(6, 9) are given
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

(a) In which ratio does origin divide ̅̅̅̅

𝑨𝑩? And what it is called for ̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑩?

m1 x2 + m2 x1 𝑚1 −6
= 0 ⇒ 𝑚1 (−6) + 𝑚2 (6) = 0 ⇒ −6𝑚1 = −6𝑚2 ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑚1 : 𝑚2 = 1: 1
m1 + m2 𝑚2 −6

The dividing point is called midpoint of AB.

(b) In which ratio does the point P(2, 3) divide AB ?

𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 (−6) + 𝑚2 (6)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: =2⇒ =2
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

−6𝑚1 + 6𝑚2 = 2(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 23

 −6𝑚1 + 6𝑚2 = 2𝑚1 + 2𝑚2

−6𝑚1 − 2𝑚1 = 2𝑚2 − 6𝑚2

𝑚1 −4 1
−8𝑚1 = −4𝑚2 ⇒ = = ⇒ 𝑚1 : 𝑚2 = 1: 2
𝑚2 −8 2
(c) In which ratio does the point Q(2, 3) divide AB?
𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 (−6) + 𝑚2 (6)
𝑆𝑜𝑙: = −2 ⇒ = −2
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

−6𝑚1 + 6𝑚2 = −2(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )

−6𝑚1 + 6𝑚2 = −2𝑚1 − 2𝑚2

−6𝑚1 + 2𝑚1 = −2𝑚2 − 6𝑚2

𝑚1 −8 2
−4𝑚1 = −8𝑚2 ⇒ = = ⇒ 𝑚1 : 𝑚2 = 2: 1
𝑚2 −4 1
̅̅̅̅ divided by P and Q?
(d) In how many equal parts is 𝑨𝑩

Sol: ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 divided by P and Q into three equal parts.

(e) What do we call P and Q for AB?

Sol: P and Q call trisectional points for AB.

TRISECTIONAL POINTS OF A LINE:

1) The points which divide a line segment into 3 equal parts are said to be the

Trisectional points.

2) The points divides line segment either 1:2 or 2:1 are called trisectional points.

Example-14. Find the coordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment joining the points

A(2,2) and B(7, 4). 1: 2 2: 1

Sol: A(2,2) and B(7, 4).

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

Let P divides AB internally in the ratio 1 : 2.= 𝑚1 : 𝑚2

𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

1(−7) + 2(2) 1(4) + 2(−2)

=( , )
1+2 1+2

−7 + 4 4 − 4 −3 0
=( , ) = ( , ) = (−1,0)
3 3 3 3

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 24

 Let Q divides AB internally in the ratio 2:1=𝑚1 : 𝑚2

𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

2(−7) + 1(2) 2(4) + 1(−2)

=( , )
2+1 2+1

−14 + 2 8 − 2 −12 6
=( , )=( , ) = (−4,2)
3 3 3 3

Required trisectional points are P(-1, 0) and Q(-4, 2).

1. Find the trisectional points of line joining (2, 6) and (4, 8).

Sol: Given points A(2, 6) and B(4, 8).

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

Let P divides AB internally in the ratio 1 : 2.= 𝑚1 : 𝑚2

𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

1(−4) + 2(2) 1(8) + 2(6)

=( , )
1+2 1+2

−4 + 4 8 + 12 0 20 20
=( , ) = ( , ) = (0, )
3 3 3 3 3

Let Q divides AB internally in the ratio 2:1=𝑚1 : 𝑚2

𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

2(−4) + 1(2) 2(8) + 1(6)

=( , )
2+1 2+1

−8 + 2 16 + 6 −6 22 22
=( , ) = ( , ) = (−2, )
3 3 3 3 3

2. Find the trisectional points of line joining (3, 5) and (6, 8).
1:2 2:1
Sol: Given points A=(-3,-5) and B=(-6,-8)
A(-3,-5) P Q B(-6,-8)
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵
P divides AB in the ratio 1: 2 = 𝑚1 : 𝑚2
𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 25
 1×(−6)+2×(−3) 1×(−8)+2×(−5)
=( , )
1+2 1+2

−6 − 6 −8 − 10
=( , )
3 3
−12 −18
= ( , ) = (−4, −6)
3 3

Q divides AB in the ratio 2: 1 = 𝑚1 : 𝑚2

𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

2×(−6)+1×(−3) 2×(−8)+1×(−5)
=( , )
1+2 1+2

−12−3 −16−5
=( , )
3 3

−15 −21
= ( , ) = (−5, −7)
3 3

The trisection points are (−4, −6) and (−5, −7).

Example-15. Find the ratio in which the y-axis divides the line segment joining the points (5, 6)

and (1, 4). Also find the point of intersection.

Sol: A(5, 6) andB (1, 4).

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

Let Y-Axis divides AB in the ratio K:1.= 𝑚1 : 𝑚2

on the y-axis X-coordinate(abscissa) =0

𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1
=0
𝑚1 + 𝑚2

𝐾 × (−1) + 1 × (5)
= 0 ⇒ −𝐾 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝐾 = 5
𝐾+1

So, the ratio=5:1=𝑚1 : 𝑚2

𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 =
𝑚1 + 𝑚2

5(−4) + 1(−6) −20 − 6 −26 −13

= = = =
5+1 6 6 3

−13
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (0, )
3

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 Example-16. Show that the points A(7, 3), B(6, 1), C(8, 2) and D(9, 4) taken in that order are

vertices of a parallelogram.

Sol: Let the points A(7, 3), B(6, 1), C(8, 2) and D(9, 4)

𝐴 (−7, −3) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝐶 (15,8) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶 = ( , )
2 2

−7 + 15 −3 + 8
= ( , )
2 2
8 5 5
= (2 , 2) = (4, 2)

𝐵 (5,10) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝐷 (3, −5)

𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
Midpoint of 𝐵𝐷 = ( , )
2 2

5 + 3 10 − 5
= ( , )
2 2
8 5 5
= (2 , 2) = (4, 2)

Midpoint of 𝐴𝐶 = Midpoint of 𝐵𝐷

So the mid points of diagonals are equal⇒ Diagonals are bisect each other

Therefore, the points A, B, C, D are vertices of a parallelogram.

Example-17. If the points A (6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) and D(p, 3) are the vertices of a parallelogram,

taken in order, find the value of P.

Sol: We know that diagonals of parallelogram bisect each other.

Midpoint of AC= midpoint of BD.

6+9 1+4 8+𝑝 2+3

( , )=( , )
2 2 2 2

15 5 8+𝑝 5
( , )=( , )
2 2 2 2

⇒ 8 + 𝑃 = 15

⇒ 𝑝 = 15 − 8 = 7

1. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the join of (1, 7) and (4, 3) in the ratio 2 : 3.

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 27

 Sol: Given points 𝐴 (−1, 7 ) , 𝐵 (4, −3) ratio = 2 : 3
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝑚1 ∶ 𝑚2

𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

2×4+3×(−1) 2×(−3)+3×7
=( , )
2+3 2+3

8−3 −6+21
=( , )
5 5

5 15
= ( , ) = (1,3)
5 5

The required point = (1,3)

2. Find the coordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment joining (4, 1) and (2, 3)

Sol: Given points A(4, 1) and B(2, 3)

1:2 2:1
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
A(4,-1) B(-2,-3)
Let P and Q be the points of trisection of AB

P divides AB in the ratio 1: 2 = 𝑚1 : 𝑚2

𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

1(−2) + 2(4) 1(−3) + 2(−1)

=( , )
1+2 1+2

−2 + 8 −3 − 2 6 −5 −5
=( , ) = ( , ) = (2, )
3 3 3 3 3

Q divides AB in the ratio 2: 1 = 𝑚1 : 𝑚2

2(−2) + 1(4) 2(−3) + 1(−1)

𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
2+1 2+1

−4 + 4 −6 − 1 0 −7 −7
=( , ) = ( , ) = (0, )
3 3 3 3 3
−5 −7
The trisection points are (2, ) and (0, )
3 3

3. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining the points (3, 10) and (6, 8)is divided by

(1, 6).

Sol: A(3, 10) and B(6, 8) P(1, 6).

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥, y)

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 28

 Let P divides AB in the ratio 𝑚1 : 𝑚2

𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1
= −1
𝑚1 + 𝑚2

𝑚1 (6) + 𝑚2 (−3) = −1(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )

6𝑚1 − 3𝑚2 = −𝑚1 − 𝑚2

6𝑚1 + 𝑚1 = −𝑚2 + 3𝑚2

𝑚1 2
7𝑚1 = 2𝑚2 ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑚1 : 𝑚2 = 2: 7
𝑚2 7

4. If (1, 2), (4, y), (x, 6) and (3, 5) are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in order, find x and y.

Sol: The vertices of a parallelogram A(1, 2), B(4, y), C(x, 6) and D(3, 5)

We know that diagonals of parallelogram bisect each other.

midpoint of AC= midpoint of BD.

1+𝑥 2+6 4+3 𝑦+5

( , )=( , )
2 2 2 2

1+𝑥 8 7 𝑦+5
( , )=( , )
2 2 2 2

1 + 𝑥 = 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 + 5 = 8

𝑥 = 7 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 8 − 5

𝑥=6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦=3

5. Find the coordinates of a point A, where AB is the diameter of a circle whose centre is (2, 3)

and B is (1, 4).

Sol: We know that midpoint of diameter=centre A B

(x, y) C(2,-3) (1,4)
Midpoint of AB=C

𝑥+1 𝑦+4
( , ) = (2, −3)
2 2

𝑥+1 𝑦+4
= 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = −3
2 2

𝑥 + 1 = 2 × 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 + 4 = −3 × 2

𝑥 + 1 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 + 4 = −6

𝑥 = 4 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −6 − 4

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 29

 𝑥 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −10

∴ 𝐴 = (3, −10)

𝟑
6. If A and B are (2, 2) and (2, 4) respectively. Find the coordinates of P such that AP = 𝟕AB

and P lies on the segment AB.

Sol: Given points 𝐴 (−2, −2) , 𝐵 (2, −4)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

3 AP 3
AP = AB ⇒ =
7 AB 7
AP 3 AP 3
⟹ = ⟹ =
AB − AP 7 − 3 PB 4

∴ P divides AB in the ratio =3:4= 𝑚1 ∶ 𝑚2

𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

3 × 2 + 4(−2) 3 × (−4) + 4 × (−2)

=( , )
3+4 3+4

6 − 8 −12 − 8 −2 −20
=( , )=( , )
7 7 7 7
−2 −20
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃 = ( 7 , )
7

7. Find the coordinates of points which divide the line segment joining A(4, 0) and B(0, 6) into

four equal parts.

Sol: A(4, 0) and B(0, 6)

Let P,Q and R be the points which divide AB into four equal parts.

−4 + 0 0 + 6 −4 6
𝑄 = 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 = ( , ) = ( , ) = (−2,3)
2 2 2 2

−4 − 2 0 + 3 −6 3 3
𝑃 = 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑄 = ( , ) = ( , ) = (−3, )
2 2 2 2 2

−2 + 0 3 + 6 −2 9 9
𝑅 = 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑄𝐵 = ( , ) = ( , ) = (−1, )
2 2 2 2 2

8. Find the coordinates of the points which divides the line segment joining A(2, 2) and B(2, 8) into

four equal parts.

Sol: A(2, 2) and B(2, 8)

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 30

 Let P,Q and R be the points which divide AB into four equal parts.

−2 + 2 2 + 8 0 10
𝑄 = 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 = ( , ) = ( , ) = (0,5)
2 2 2 2

−2 + 0 2 + 5 −2 7 7
𝑃 = 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑄 = ( , ) = ( , ) = (−1, )
2 2 2 2 2

0+2 5+8 2 13 13
𝑅 = 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑄𝐵 = ( , ) = ( , ) = (1, )
2 2 2 2 2

the coordinates of the points which divides the line segment joining AB into four equal parts

7 13
are (0,5), (−1, 2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1, 2 )

9. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining the points (a + b, a  b)

and (a  b, a + b) in the ratio 3 : 2 internally.

Sol: Given points A (a + b, a  b) and B (a  b, a + b) ratio =3 : 2

( 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝑚1 ∶ 𝑚2

𝑚1 𝑥2 + 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

3(𝑎 − 𝑏) + 2(𝑎 + 𝑏) 3(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 2(𝑎 − 𝑏)

= ( , )
3+2 3+2

3𝑎 − 3𝑏 + 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 3𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 2𝑎 − 2𝑏
=( , )
5 5

5𝑎 − 𝑏 5𝑎 + 𝑏
=( , )
5 5

5𝑎 − 𝑏 5𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 =( , )
5 5

10. Find the coordinates of centroid of the following:

i. (-1, 3), (6, -3) and (-3, 6)

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3
Sol: The centroid of the triangle = ( , )
3 3

−1 + 6 − 3 3 − 3 + 6 6−4 6 2
=( , )=( , ) = ( , 2)
3 3 3 3 3

ii. (6, 2), (0, 0) and (4, -7)

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = ( , )
3 3

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 31

 6+0+4 2+0−7 10 −5
=( , )=( , )
3 3 3 3

iii. (1, -1), (0, 6) and (-3, 0)

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3
Sol: The centroid of the triangle = ( , )
3 3

1 + 0 − 3 −1 + 6 + 0 −2 5
=( , )=( , )
3 3 3 3

1
1) 𝐴(𝑎, 0)on X-axis and 𝐵(0, 𝑏) on Y-axis then area of the triangle AOB = 2 |𝑎 × 𝑏|

2) 𝐼𝑓 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) then area of the triangle ABC

1
∆= |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2

3) |𝑎| Is always positive. |3| = 3, |−5| = 5, |0| = 0

Example-18. Find the area of a triangle whose vertices are (1, 1), (4, 6) and (3, 5)

Sol: Given vertices are A(1, 1), B(4, 6) andC (3, 5)
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2
1
= |1[6 − (−5] − 4[−5 − (−1)] − 3[−1 − 6] |
2
1
= |1[6 + 5] − 4[−5 + 1] − 3[−1 − 6] |
2
1
= |1(11) − 4(−4) − 3(−7) |
2
1 1 1
= |11 + 16 + 21 | = |48| = × 48 = 24 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2 2

Example-19. Find the area of a triangle formed by the points A(5, 2), B(4, 7) and C(7, 4).

Sol: Given vertices are A(5, 2), B(4, 7) and C(7, 4).
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )

1
Area of ∆ABC = |𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2 1 2
1
= |5[7 + 4] + 4[−4 − 2] + 7[2 − 7] |
2

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 32

 1
= |5(11) + 4(−6) + 7(−5) |
2
1 1 1 1
= |55 − 24 − 35 | = |55 − 59| = |−4| = × 4 = 2 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2 2 2

1. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (5, 2) (3, 5) and (5, 1)

Sol: Given vertices are A(5, 2),B (3, 5) andC (5, 1).
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )

1
Area of ∆ABC = |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2
1
= |5[−5 + 1] + 3[−1 − 2] − 5[2 + 5] |
2
1
= |5(−4) + 3(−3) − 5(7) |
2
1 1 1
= |−20 − 12 − 35 | = |−67| = × 67 = 33.5 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2 2

2. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A (6, 6),B (3, 7) and C (3, 3)

Sol: Given vertices are A (6, 6),B (3, 7) and C (3, 3)
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )

1
Area of ∆ABC = |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2
1
= |6[−7 − 3] + 3[3 + 6] + 3[−6 + 7] |
2
1
= |6(−10) + 3(9) + 3(1) |
2
1 1 1 1
= |−60 + 27 + 3 | = |−60 + 30| = |−30| = × 30 = 15 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2 2 2

Example-20. If A(5, 7), B(4,5), C(1, 6) and D(4,5) are the vertices of a quadrilateral. Then,

find the area of the quadrilateral ABCD.

D
Sol: A(5, 7), B(4,5), C(1, 6) C
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = |𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2 1 2
A B
1
= |−5[−5 + 6] − 4[−6 − 7] − 1[7 + 5] |
2
BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 33
 1
= |−5(1) − 4(−13) − 1(12) |
2
1 1 1
= |−5 + 52 − 12 | = |52 − 17| = |35| = 17.5 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2 2

A (5, 7), D (4,5), C (1, 6)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶 = |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2
1
= |−5[5 + 6] + 4[−6 − 7] − 1[7 − 5] |
2
1
= |−5(11) + 4(−13) − 1(2) |
2
1 1 1
= |−55 − 52 − 2 | = |−109| = |109| = 54.5 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2 2

So, the area of quadrilateral ABCD= Area of ABC+ + area of ADC

=17.5+54.5=72 square units

Find the area of the square formed by (0, 1), (2, 1) (0, 3) and (2, 1) taken in order are as
D C
vertices.

Sol: Vertices of a square A (0, 1), B (2, 1), C(0, 3) and D (2, 1)

A (0, 1), B (2, 1), C(0, 3)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) A B

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = |𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2 1 2
1
= |0[1 − 3] + 2[3 + 1] + 0[−1 − 1] |
2
1
= |0 + 8 + 0) |
2
1 1
= |8 | = × 8 = 4 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2

In a square diagonal divides into two equal triangles.

⇒ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 4 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

So, the area of square ABCD=4+4=8 square units.

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 34
Find the area of the triangle formed by the following points.

(i) (2, 0), (1, 2), (-1, 6)

Sol: let A(2, 0), B(1, 2), C(-1, 6)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = |𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2 1 2
1
= |2[2 − 6] + 1[6 − 0] − 1[0 − 2] |
2
1
= |2(−4) + 1(6) − 1(−2) |
2
1
= |−8 + 6 + 2) |
2
1 1
= |−8 + 8| = |0| = 0 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2

(ii) (3, 1), (5, 0), (1, 2)

Sol: A(3, 1), B(5, 0), C(1, 2)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = |𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2 1 2
1
= |3[0 − 2] + 5[2 − 1] + 1[1 − 0] |
2
1
= |3(−2) + 5(1) + 1(1) |
2
1 1 1
= |−6 + 5 + 1) | = |6 − 6 | = × 0 = 0 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2 2

(iii) (1.5, 3), (6, 2), (3, 4)

Sol: A (1.5, 3), B(6, 2),C (3, 4)

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = |𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2 1 2
1
= |1.5[2 − 4] + 6[4 − 3] − 3[3 − 2] |
2
1
= |1.5(−2) + 6(1) − 3(1) |
2

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 35

 1 1 1
= |−3 + 6 − 3) | = |6 − 6 | = × 0 = 0 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2 2

We observe that each three points lie in a straight line. It means every three points are

collinear.

COLLINEARITY:

1) When the area of a triangle is zero then the three points said to be collinear points

2) 𝐼𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 0 ⇔ 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠

Example-21. The points (3, 2) (2, 8) and (0, 4) are three points in a plane. Show that these

points are collinear.

Sol: A(3, 2), B(2, 8) and C(0, 4)

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2
1
= |3[8 − 4] − 2[4 + 2] + 0[−2 − 8] |
2
1
= |3(4) − 2(6) + 0) |
2

1 1
= |12 − 126 | = × 0 = 0 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2

The area of the triangle is 0. Hence the three points are collinear or the lie on the same line

Verify whether the following points are collinear or not

(i) (1, 1), (4, 1), (2, 3)

1
𝑆𝑜𝑙: ∆= |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2
1
= |1[1 + 3] + 4[−3 + 1] − 2[−1 − 1] |
2
1
= |1(4) + 4(−2) − 2(−2) |
2

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 36

 1 1
= |4 − 8 + 4 | = × 0 = 0 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2

The area of the triangle is 0. Hence the three points are collinear

(ii) (1, 1), (2, 3), (2, 0)

1
𝑆𝑜𝑙: ∆= |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2
1
= |1[3 − 0] + 2[0 + 1] + 2[−1 − 3] |
2
1
= |1(3) + 2(1) + 2(−4) |
2
1 1
= |3 + 2 − 8 | = × 2 = 1 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2

The area of the triangle is not 0. Hence the three points are collinear.

(iii) (1, 6), (3, 4), (4, 3)

1
𝑆𝑜𝑙: ∆= |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2
1
= |1[−4 + 3] + 3[−3 + 6] + 4[−6 + 4] |
2
1
= |1(−1) + 3(3) + 4(−2) |
2
1 1
= |−1 + 9 − 8 | = × 0 = 0 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2

The area of the triangle is 0. Hence the three points are collinear

Lengths of sides of a triangle are a, b and c. Then

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = √𝑆(𝑆 − 𝑎)(𝑆 − 𝑏)(𝑆 − 𝑐) 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑆 =
2

(i) Find the area of the triangle whose lengths of sides are 15m, 17m, 21m (use Heron’s

Formula).

Sol: Lengths of sides of a triangle 𝑎 = 15 𝑐𝑚, 𝑏 = 17 𝑐𝑚, 𝑐 = 21 𝑐𝑚

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 37

 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 15 + 17 + 21 53
𝑆= = = = 26.5 𝑐𝑚
2 2 2

Area of Triangle = √𝑆(𝑆 − 𝑎)(𝑆 − 𝑏)(𝑆 − 𝑐)

= √26.5(26.5 − 15)(26.5 − 17)(26.5 − 21)

= √26.5 × 11.5 × 9.5 × 5.5

= √15923.19 = 126.19 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

(ii) Find the area of the triangle formed by the points (0, 0), (4, 0), (4, 3) by using Heron’s

formula.

Sol: A(0, 0), B(4, 0), C(4, 3)

𝑎 = 𝐵𝐶 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(4 − 4)2 + (3 − 0)2 = √0 + 9 = √9 = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝑏 = 𝐴𝐶 = √(4 − 0)2 + (3 − 0)2 = √16 + 9 = √25 = 5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝑐 = 𝐴𝐵 = √(4 − 0)2 + (0 − 0)2 = √16 + 0 = √16 = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝑎 = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝑏 = 5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝑐 = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 3 + 5 + 4 12
𝑆= = = = 6 𝑐𝑚
2 2 2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = √𝑆(𝑆 − 𝑎)(𝑆 − 𝑏)(𝑆 − 𝑐)

= √6(6 − 3)(6 − 5)(6 − 4)

= √6 × 3 × 1 × 2 = √36 = 6 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Example-22. Find the value of ‘b’ for which the points A(1, 2), B(1, b), C(3, 4)are collinear.

Sol: given points A(1, 2), B(1, b), C(3, 4)

If A,B and C are collinear then Area of triangle ABC=0

1
|𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) | = 0
2 1 2

|1[𝑏 + 4] − 1[−4 − 2] − 3[2 − 𝑏] | = 2 × 0

|𝑏 + 4 + 6 − 6 + 3𝑏| = 0

−4
|4𝑏 + 4| = 0 ⇒ 4𝑏 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 4𝑏 = −4 ⇒ 𝑏 = ⇒ 𝑏 = −1
4

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 38

1. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are

(i) (2, 3) (1, 0), (2, 4)

1
Sol: Area of the triangle=2 |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |

1
= |2[0 + 4] − 1[−4 − 3] + 2[3 − 0] |
2
1 1
= |8 + 7 + 6 | = |21| = 10.5 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2

(ii) (5, 1), (3, 5), (5, 2)

1
Sol: Area of the triangle=2 |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |

1
= |−5[−5 − 2] + 3[2 + 1] + 5[−1 + 5] |
2
1 1
= |35 + 9 + 20 | = |64| = 32𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2

(iii) (0, 0), (3, 0) and (0, 2)

1
Sol: Area of the triangle=2 |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |

1
= |0[0 − 2] + 3[2 − 0] + 0[0 − 0] |
2
1 1
= |0 + 6 + 0 | = |6| = 3 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2

2. Find the value of ‘K’ for which the points are collinear.

(i) (7, 2) (5, 1) (3, K)

Sol: given points A(7, 2) ,B(5, 1),C (3, K) are collinear.

Area of triangle ABC=0

1
|𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) | = 0
2 1 2

|7[1 − K] + 5[K + 2] + 3[−2 − 1] | = 2 × 0

|7 − 7K + 5K + 10 − 9| = 0

8
|−2K + 8| = 0 ⇒ −2K + 8 = 0 ⇒ 2K = 8 ⇒ K = ⇒K=4
2

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 39

(ii) (8, 1), (K, 4), (2, 5)

Sol: given points A(8, 1), B(K, 4), C(2, 5) are collinear.

Area of triangle ABC=0

1
|8(−4 + 5) + K(−5 − 1) + 2 (1 + 4) | = 0
2

|8 − 6K + 10 | = 2 × 0

−18
|6K + 18| = 0 ⇒ 6K + 18 = 0 ⇒ 6K = −18 ⇒ K = = −3
6

(iii) (K, K) (2, 3) and (4, 1).

Sol: given points A(K, K), B(2, 3) , and C(4, 1). are collinear.

Area of triangle ABC=0

1
|K(3 + 1) + 2(−1 − K) + 4 (K − 3) | = 0
2

|4K − 2 − 2K + 4K − 12 | = 2 × 0

14 7
|6K − 14| = 0 ⇒ 6K − 14 = 0 ⇒ 6K = 14 ⇒ K = =
6 3

3. Find the area of the triangle formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of the triangle

whose vertices are (0, 1), (2, 1) and (0, 3). Find the ratio of this area to the area of the given

triangle. A

Sol: Given points A(0, 1), B(2, 1) and C(0, 3).

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) F E
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2
B D C
1
= |0[1 − 3] + 2[3 + 1] + 0[−1 − 1] |
2
1 1 1
= |0 + 8 + 0) | = |8 | = × 8 = 4 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2 2
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 2+0 1+3 2 4
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐷 = ( , )=( , ) = ( , ) = (1,2)
2 2 2 2 2 2

0 + 0 −1 + 3 0 2
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐸 = ( , ) = ( , ) = (0,1)
2 2 2 2

0 + 2 −1 + 1 2 0
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹 = ( , ) = ( , ) = (1,0)
2 2 2 2
BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 40
 Midpoints are 𝐷(1,2), 𝐸(0,1), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹(1,0)
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 = |𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2 1 2
1
= |1[1 − 0] + 0[0 − 2] + 1[2 − 1] |
2
1 1
= |1 + 0 + 1) | = |2 | = 1 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2

Area of ∆DEF: Area of ∆ABC = 1: 4

Required ratio = 1:4

4. Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices, taken in order, are (4, 2),(3, 5),(3, 2)

and (2, 3).

Sol: A(4, 2), B(3, 5), C(3, 2) D C

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2
A B
1
= |−4[−5 + 2] − 3[−2 + 2] + 3[−2 + 5] |
2
1
= |−4(−3) − 3(0) + 3(3) |
2
1 1 1
= |12 + 0 + 9 | = |21| = × 21 = 10.5 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2 2

A(4, 2), D (2, 3), C(3, 2)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶 = |𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) |
2 1 2
1
= |−4[3 + 2] + 2[−2 + 2] + 3[−2 − 3] |
2
1
= |−4(5) + 2(0) + 3(−5) |
2
1 1 1
= |−20 + 0 − 15 | = |−35| = × 35 = 17.5 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2 2 2

So, the area of quadrilateral ABCD= Area of ABC+ + area of ADC

=10.5+17.5=28 square units

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 41

 5. Find the area of the triangle formed by the points by using Heron’s formula.

i) (1, 1), (1, 4) and (5, 1)

Sol: A(1, 1), B(1, 4) and C(5, 1)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )

𝑎 = 𝐵𝐶 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

= √(5 − 1)2 + (1 − 4)2 = √16 + 9 = √25 = 5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝑏 = 𝐴𝐶 = √(5 − 1)2 + (1 − 1)2 = √16 + 0 = √16 = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝑐 = 𝐴𝐵 = √(1 − 1)2 + (4 − 1)2 = √0 + 9 = √9 = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝑎 = 5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝑏 = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝑐 = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 5 + 4 + 3 12
𝑆= = = = 6 𝑐𝑚
2 2 2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = √𝑆(𝑆 − 𝑎)(𝑆 − 𝑏)(𝑆 − 𝑐)

= √6(6 − 5)(6 − 4)(6 − 3)

= √6 × 1 × 2 × 3 = √36 = 6 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

SLOPE OF A LINE JOINING TWO POINTS

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
1. 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑚 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

2. 𝐼𝑓 line makes an angle  with X − axis then slope = m = tan 𝜃

Example-23. The end points of a line are (2, 3), (4, 5). Find the slope of the line

Sol: points of a line are (2, 3), (4, 5)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 5 − 3 2
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 (𝑚) = = = =1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 4 − 2 2

̅̅̅̅ with the given end points

Find the slope of 𝐴𝐵

1. A(4, 6) B(7, 2)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 + 6 8
̅̅̅̅ =
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 7 − 4 3

2. A(8, 4), B(4, 8)

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 42
 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 8+4 12
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = = = = −1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −4 − 8 −12

3. A(2, 5), B(1, 7)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −7 + 5 −2
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 1+2 3

Find the slope of ⃡𝐴𝐵 with the points lying on

1. A(2, 1), B(2, 6)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 6 − 1 5
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ⃡𝐴𝐵 = = = = 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 − 2 0

2. A(4, 2), B(4, 2)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −2 − 2 −4
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = = = = 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −4 + 4 0

3. A(2, 8), B(2, 2)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −2 − 8 −10
̅̅̅̅ =
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵 = = = 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −2 + 2 0

4. Justify that the line ⃡𝑨𝑩 line segment formed by given points is parallel to Y-axis. What can you say

about their slope? Why?

Sol: The slop of a line parallel to Y-axis is not defined.

THINK - DISCUSS
Find the slope ̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑩 with the points lying on A(3, 2), B(8, 2) When the line ⃡𝑨𝑩 parallel to X-axis ?

Why?

A(3, 2), B(8, 2)

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2−2 0
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ⃡𝐴𝐵 = = = =0
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −8 − 3 −11

The slope of X-axis and any line parallel to X-axis is ‘0’

Example-24. Determine x so that 2 is the slope of the line through P(2, 5) and Q(x, 3)

Sol: P(2, 5) and Q(x, 3)

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 43

 ⃡ =2
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑃𝑄

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 3−5 −2 −2
=2⇒ =2⇒ =2⇒ = 𝑥 − 2 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = −1 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 + 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥−2 𝑥−2 2

EXERCISE - 7.4
Find the slope of the line joining the two given points

(i) (4, 8) and (5, 2) 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 1.3 + 3.7 5

𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = = = −5
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −2 + 8 6 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −2.4 + 1.4 −1
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = = =6
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 5−4 1 (vi) A(3, 2), B(6, 2)
(𝒊𝒊) (𝟎, 𝟎) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ( √𝟑, 𝟑) 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −2 + 2 0
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = = =0
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 3−0 3 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −6 − 3 −9
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = = = √3 𝟏 𝟏
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 √3 − 0 √3 (𝒗𝒊𝒊)𝑨 (−𝟑 , 𝟑) , 𝑩 (−𝟕, 𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐
(iii) (2a, 3b) and (a, b)
5
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −𝑏 − 3𝑏 −4𝑏 4b 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −3 5−6 −1 1
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = = = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 2 = = =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑎 − 2𝑎 −𝑎 𝑎 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −7 + 7 −14 + 7 −7 7
2
(iv) (a, 0) and (0, b)
(viii) A(0, 4), B(4, 0)
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑏 − 0 𝑏 b
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = = =− 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 0 − 4 −4
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 0 − 𝑎 −𝑎 𝑎 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = = = −1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 4 − 0 4
(v) A(1.4, 3.7), B(2.4, 1.3)

BALABHADRA SURESH, M.Sc, B.Ed, AMALAPURAM, E.G.Dt, - 9866845885 Page 44