5/12/2024

Outline
6.1. Introduction
A. Definition B. Purposes
C. General Classes
6.2. Types of Traverse
6.3. Traverse Computations
A. Latitude and Departure B. Relative Error of Closure
Coordinate System
ARCH 3124 A. Polar B. Rectangular
6.4. Sources of Errors & Precision in Traverse
A. Compass Rule B. Transit Rule
Chapter Six 6.5. Checking Adjusting Traverse
6.6. Area Computations
A. Coordinate Method
Traversing Principles B. DMD Method
6.7. Plotting the Traverse

April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 1 April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 2

Objective of the Topic

At the end of this lecture, the student should be able to: • Ground control points (GCP)
• Define traverse and traverse stations are locations on the surface of
• Enumerate purposes of traverse our planet with a known X/Y (
• Enumerate and differentiate general classes and types of traverse latitude and longitude) and Z (
• Identify formulas for traverse adjustments and apply them correctly height above mean sea level in
• Compute Areas of Parcel of Land meters).
• Plot the computed coordinates • In order to use GCPs in the
orthorectification process, they
need to be extremely accurate.

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INTRODUCTION
• The methods of establishing control points in surveying are;
Triangulation, Trilateration, Intersection, Resection, and Traversing,
collectively known as Horizontal control surveying.
• The method commonly used in most of engineering projects is that

6.1. Introduction of traversing.

• A traverse is a series of connected survey lines of known lengths
and directions.
• In traversing the positions of points are fixed by measuring
horizontal angles, at each station, and the horizontal distance
between consecutive pairs of stations.
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Traverse Principles 1
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INTRODUCTION…
• It is currently the most common way of several possible methods for
establishing a series of network of monuments which are referred to
as horizontal control points used for the project.

• points defining the ends of traverse lines are called traverse stations
or traverse points
Uses of Traverse
• It is the fundamental process of determination of horizontal
coordinates to much surveying measurements by measuring
horizontal angles & distances

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USES OF TRAVERSE Choosing location of traverse stations

In Engineering surveying, Traverse points are used as control for: Some practical guidelines:
1. Set Minimum no. of stations (each line of sight as long as possible)
• Surveying Topographic detail,
2. Ensure: adjacent stations, always inter-visible
• Cadastral Survey to lay out property boundaries,
3. Stable & safe ground conditions for instrument
• Setting out engineering works, 4. Marked with paint or/and nail; to survive subsequent traffic, construction,
• Aerial survey (Photogrammetric survey), weather conditions, etc.
5. Monograph, Include existing stations / reference objects for checking with
• Determining the area encompassed within a boundary, etc.
known values
6. Traverse must not cross itself
7. Network formed by stations (if any): as simple as possible
8. Do the above w/o sacrificing accuracy or omitting important details
April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 9 April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 10

General Field work of Traverse Methods of Traversing

The general duties of the traverse field party is to: Traversing Methods
1. Select suitable station/ positions as close as possible to the objects 1. Compass Traversing: distances are obtained using a tape while
to be located. directions are measured using a compass
2. Mark the stations with stakes, stone or concrete monuments with 2. Tacheometric traversing: distances are obtained using the optical
a precise point, marked on the top by a chiseled cross, drilled hole, properties of the telescope (Tacheometry) and directions are deduced
or bronze tablet. from the horizontal angles measured by a theodolite
3. Measure and record distances between stations. 3. Theodolite traversing: distances are obtained using measuring
4. Measure and record the angles. tapes and EDM’s and directions are deduced from the horizontal
5. Set, and move the sighting targets from station to station. angles measured by a theodolite
6. Reference the stations for further use.
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Types of Traverse
Basically there are two types of traverse

namely:
• Closed traverse:
6.2. Types of Traverse Starts & ends on Known point
• Open traverse:
does not end at a known point.

April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 13 April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 14

Types of Trave… Closed Traverse (Polygon)

A X • Closed Traverse is Geometrically
F B 4 L34
3
A
and Mathematically closed L4A 4 3
C
•Geometrical
B
E
A 5 L23
a D •(Polygonal) closed-loop traverse
E
b
F G •Mathematical closed
C
LAB 2
2
D Y - Interior angles of polygon: 1
LB2
S = (n – 2)180, or
B
• Both types are closed. -Exterior angles:
a) is obviously closed Polygon S = (n +2)180 Fig. (a) Closed-loop/ Polygon traverse
b) must start and finish at points whose co-ordinates are known
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Closed- line / “Link” Traverse Open Traverse

A
A D
1 3
3
5
1 B 2
2
4
B 2 T2 4 L1 L2 L3
L4
C

L1 L2 L3 L4
C
1 3
T1 T3
Fig. (b) Closed-line/ Link traverse Fig. (c) Open traverse

• Mathematically closed or controlled • Starts on Known coordinates: B only;

• Ends on unknown, not controlled

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Methods for Theodolite Traversing Interior Angle Method

Common methods for Theodolite traversing are: Interior angles, as shown

o Interior - angle traverse in the figure below, are

o Deflection - angle traverse used exclusively on

o Angle – to- the right traverse property traverse survey

o Azimuth traverse are the included angle

b/n the successive lines.

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Deflection Angle Method Angle to the Right Method

• A deflection angle may be defined • The horizontal angle
as an angle of deviation measured clockwise from
(a) Check angular misclosure. the preceding line to the
• Since this is a non-crossing loop following one.
traverse, the deflection angle sum • Angles measured
should be ±360°00'00". clockwise from a back
• Right deflection angles are sight on the previous line
positive, left are negative. are called angles to the
right.

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Azimuth Method
• The positions of ground
objects with respect to
such a supplementary
traverse,
• Theodolite can held at a
point so that the clock 6.3. Traverse
wise circle reading at all Computations
times indicates the
azimuth of the line of
sight.
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Traverse - Computations Computation sequence

• Traverse computations are concerned with deriving co-ordinates for 1. Calculate angles for misclosure

the new points that were measured. 2. Adjust angular misclosure, if any
3. Compute an Azimuth from the adjusted angles
• The co-ordinate system most commonly used is a grid based
4. Compute Partial Dep. & Partial Lat. (E, N) for each traverse line
rectangular orthogonal system of easting (X) and northing (Y).
5. Adjust the computed Dep. & Lat., if there is a closure
• Traverse computations are cumulative in nature, starting from a fixed 6. Calculate linear misclosure
point or known line, and 7. Adjust linear misclosure
8. Compute relative accuracy/ precision
• All of the other directions or positions determined from this
9. Compute the coordinates and
reference.
10. Plot the coordinates

4/25/2024
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Angle Computations and Balancing Angle Computations and …

• If angles are measured within a traverse, they need to be converted To ensure that the measured angles can meet the required specifications.
to bearings (Azimuth) (relative to the meridian being used) in order The check for a closed loop traverse is:
to be used in the traverse computation.
(internal angles) = (n – 2) 180 or
• Before the bearings and azimuths are computed, the measured
(external angles) = (n + 2) 180
angles are checked for reliability and to identify any errors.
The check for a closed link traverse, the check is given by

Az1 +(angles) – Az2 = (n – 1) 180

where Az1 is the initial or starting azimuth, Az2 is the closing or final
azimuth, and n is the number of angles measured.

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Angle Computations and … Angle Computations and …

• The numerical difference between the computed checks and the Example:
measured sums is called the angular misclosure. • Observations, using a 6"
A typical computation for the allowable misclosure  is given by: Theodolite, were taken in the field N
C
 = k n for an anti - clockwise polygon
B
traverse, A, B, C, D.
where n is the number of angles measured and k is a fraction based
on the least division of the theodolite scale. • The bearing of line AB is to be
A
assumed to be 0o and the co-
For example, if k is 1', for a traverse with 9 measured angles, the
ordinates of station A are (3000.00 D
allowable misclosure is 3’.
m E ; 4000.00 m N).

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Angle Computations and … Angle Computations and …

Solution
traverse observed clockwise line horizontal
station horizontal angle distance Calculation of Angular misclosure
(m)
Σ (Internal Angles)= 360º 00΄ 12" - Actual

A 132º 15΄ 30" AB 638.57 Σ (Internal Angles should be (N-2)*180º = 360º 00΄ 00" Theoretical
The Angular Misclosure(Δ)=
B 126º 12΄ 54" BC 1576.20
Σ Measured Angles - Σ nominal Internal Angles
C 69º 41΄ 18" CD 3824.10 = 360º 00΄ 12" - 360º 00΄ 00" = 12"
D 31º 50΄ 30" DA 3133.72 Allowable = 6" * √4 = 12" -------------------------- OK
Therefore distribute the error
The correction / angle =e/n = -12/4= -3"
Σ 360º 00΄ 12"
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Angle Computations and … Computations of Azimuth

traverse observed clockwise correction corrected •Once the angles have been balanced, they can be used to compute
Station horizontal angle horizontal angle
the azimuths of the lines in the traverse.
A 132º 15΄ 30" -3" 132º 15΄ 27"
• Starting from the azimuth of the original fixed control line, the
B 126º 12΄ 54" -3" 126º 12΄ 51" internal or clockwise measured angles are used to compute the
forward azimuths of the new lines.
C 69º 41΄ 18" -3" 69º 41΄ 15"
• The azimuth of this line (Previous) is then used to compute the
D 31º 50΄ 30" -3" 31º 50΄ 27" azimuth of the next line and so on.

Σ 360º 00΄ 12" -12" 360º 00΄ 00"

April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 33 May 12, 2024 Traversing Principles 34

Computation of … Computation of …
Therefore for a traverse from points 1 to 2; 2 to 3; 3 to 4; 4 to 5, if the
The general formula that is used to compute the azimuths is: angles measured at 2, 3 and 4 are 100, 210, and 190 respectively, and
the azimuth of the line from 1 to 2 is given as 160, then
forward azimuth of line = back azimuth of previous line + clockwise
Az23 = Az 12 + angle at 2 = (160 +180) + 100 = 440  80
(Adj. angle)
Az34 = Az 23 + angle at 3 = (80+180) +210 = 470 110
The back azimuth of a line is computed from Az45 = Az 34 + angle at 4 = (110+180) +190 = 480 120

Back azimuth = forward azimuth  180 00’ 00”

210
100
1 3 190
4
2 5
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Computations of Departure & Latitude Linear closure

• The rectangular components for each line are computed from the  Traverse closure and an adjustment procedures are used to distribute
polar coordinates (,d) error in measurements
• Where: d is distance/length  The method of checking the distance component of the closed

 is Azimuth of the line traverse is known as performing a linear closure.

 In its simplest form this consists of converting the corrected angles
• Note that these formulae apply regardless of the quadrant as long into bearing and then computing the partial Easting and partial
as whole circle bearings are used Northing for each line.
 Δ Easting
E  d sin  = D . Sin θ
 Δ Northing = D . Cos θ
N  d cos 
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Linear closure… Linear Misclosure & Relative accuracy

 These values are then summed, and any deviation from the expected Linear misclosure:   dE 2  dN 2
value is assessed. dE = error in easting of last station (= observed - known)
 In a traverse that starts and finishes on the same point, the total change
dN = error in northing of last station (= observed - known)
in position should be zero, and 
Fractional accuracy: f 
 In a traverse that starts and finishes on points that have a known L
position the sum should equal the known displacement. Order Max  Max f Typical survey task
First 1 in 25000 Control or monitoring surveys
2 n
The misclosure E & N is given respectively by: Second 1 in 10000 Engineering surveys;
10 n setting out
E = final computed easting – final known easting Third
30 n
1 in 5000

Fourth 1 in 2000 Surveys over small sites

N = final computed northing – final known northing 60 n
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Traverse Adjustment Traverse Adjustment…

I. Arbitrary Method
• There are several methods that are used to adjust or balance
The arbitrary method is based upon the surveyor’s individual
traverses;
judgement considering the measurement conditions.
• Methods of adjustment are usually classified as:
II. List Square Method
I. Arbitrary
II. Rigorous The Least Squares method is a rigorous technique that is founded
•Least Squares Method upon probabilistic theory.
III. Approximate It requires an over-determined solution (redundant measurements)
•Compass Rule (or Bowditch Rule) to compute the best estimated position for each of the traverse
•Transit Rule stations.
•Crandall Method
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Traverse Adjustment…
A. Compass Rule

• Named after the distinguished American navigator Nathaniel Bowditch

(1773-1838).

• Based on the assumption that:

1.All lengths are measured with equal care.

Approximate Method
2.All angles are taken with approximately the same precision

3.Errors are accidental

4.Total error in any side is directly proportional to the length of the

traverse
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Traverse Adjustment… Traverse Adjustment…

A. Compass Rule A. Compass Rule …

The Bowditch or Compass rule also applies a proportional This is the most commonly used technique for adjusting traverses.
adjustment, but in this case, the distances between the stations are
consider a traverse that has an easting misclosure E of 0.170m and a
used in proportion to the total distance of the traverse.
northing misclosure N of 0.361mand the distance between A and B
The corrections are given by: was 67.918m, and the total distance of the traverse was 1762.301m,
then the corrections to be applied are
corr. to EAB = E(distance AB/total distance of traverse)
correction to Eab = 0.170(67.918/1762.301) = 0.006m
Corr. to NAB = N(distance AB/total distance of traverse
correction to Nab = 0.361(67.918/1762.301) =0.014m

April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 45 April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 46

Traverse Adjustment… Approximate Traverse Adjustment… Approximate

B. Transit Rule B. Transit Rule
• No sound theoretical foundation since it is purely empirical
Therefore for two stations A and B, the correction to the easting and
• Not commonly used but best suited for surveys where traverse
northings differences EAB and NAB are given by;
sides are measured by stadia or subtens bar method
correction to EAB = E(EAB/E)
• Based on the assumption that:
1. Angular measurements are more precise than linear measurements correction to NAB = N(NAB/N)
2. Errors in traversing are accidental
The transit rule applies adjustments proportional to the size of the
Not applicable in some instances (lines in E , W, N or S)
easting or northing component between two stations and the sum of
the easting and northing differences

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Traverse Adjustment… Traverse Adjustment…

For example: C. Crandall Method

Consider a traverse that has an easting misclosure (E) of 0.170m and

• The Crandall correction technique is used when the direction
a northing misclosure N of 0.361m and the easting and northing
values are assumed to be precise and accurate, and
differences are 54.439m and 1.230m respectively. If the sum of the
• Any misclosure is due solely to errors in distance measurements.
easting differences is 587.463m and the sum of the northing
• This adjustment will preserve all the direction measurements and
differences is 672.835m.
will alter only the distance measurements to eliminate the closure
The corrections are given by: error.
correction to Eab = 0.170(54.493/587.643) = 0.016m

correction to Nab = 0.361(1.230/672.835) = 0.001m

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Sources of errors in Traverse

Possible Errors
• inaccurate centering - theodolite & target
• non-vertical target

6.4. Sources of Errors • parallax

•
&
atmospheric effects
• theodolite not level
Precision Traversing • incorrect use of theodolite
• mistakes in reading or booking

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Summery on sources of errors in Traverse

• Errors in the observation of horizontal and vertical angles (angular
error)
• Errors in the measurement of distance (linear error).
• Errors in the accurate centering of the instrument and targets, 6.6. COMPUTATIONS
directly over the survey point (centering error).
OF
AREA

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AREA CALCULATIONS AREA CALCULATIONS…

• Area:  Area Determinations are required for:
 Land Parcels (Tax, Valuation, Zoning)‫‏‬
• In surveying, the term area refers to the size of a tract of land
 Land use analysis (Agriculture, Protected Areas, Urban/Rural, Irrigation)‫‏‬
projected on a horizontal plane, not the actual area.
 Water Bodies (Volumes and Evaporation)‫‏‬
• For normal polygons such as triangles, rectangles, and squares,
 Earthworks (Volumes, Surfaces, Costs)‫‏‬
formulas are readily available; however, for irregular polygons,  Drainage Analysis (Catchments areas, run-off )‫‏‬
various methods are employed.  Notes on Area Calculations:
• is the surface within a set of lines, expressed in square units.  Area are:
 Orthogonally projected onto a horizontal plane surface
• One of the objectives of land surveys is to determine the area of a
 Plane Area < Surface area (Earth curvature and uneven terrain)
parcel of land.
 Measured in various units (acre, ha, sq.mi., sq.km)
 Subject to propagation of errors
May 12, 2024 Traversing Principles 55 April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 56

METHODS: AREA CALCULATIONS 1. Area using Planimeter

1. Planimeter or digitizer
2. Dividing the Area into simple sub-figures (triangles, rectangles, and
trapezoids)
3. Offsets from a straight line
4. Double meridian distances
5. By Rectangular coordinates

April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 57 April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 58

1. Area using Planimeter… 2. Dividing the Area into simple sub-figures

A B
F
D c
A B
E

The above polygon can be divided

F
as:
D
• Area of Δ ABD c
• Area of Δ BCD
• Area of Δ ADF E

• Area of Δ FDE
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3. Offsets from a straight lines 4. Double Meridian Distance Method

Rule:
1. Start DMD calculations from the most westerly point in the
traverse.
2. The DMD of the first course is equal to the departure of the first
course.
3. The DMD of any course is equal to the DMD of the preceding
course, plus the departure of the preceding course, plus the
departure of the course itself. Algebraic signs must be considered.
4. The DMD of the last course is equal to the departure of the last
course with the opposite sign.
April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 61 April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 62

4. Double Meridian Distance Method… 4. Double Meridian Distance Method…

(Using Departures (∆X’s)

Y To calculate areas of a trapezoid, the Meridian DMD of an element equals the DMD of a preceding element plus ∆X of the
and Latitudes (∆Y’s))

Y preceding element plus ∆X of the element itself

B’ B Distance (MD) is expressed in
terms of the departures (∆X’s) of consecutive B’ B (i) Area ABCD = B’BCC’+C’CDD’ – B’BA – ADD’

C’ C elements in the area polygon.

Q’ Q P And from the previous slide
A
C’ C (ii) 2xArea of B’BCC’ = DMDBC x ∆YBC
The MD of AB = MDAB = C’Q’=½∆XAB
A (iii) 2xArea of C’CDD’ = DMDCD x ∆YCD
The MD of BC = MDBC = C’P
(iv) 2xArea of ADD’ = DMDDA x ∆YDA
Area of B’BCC’ = ½(C’PxB’C’)
X (v) 2xArea of B’BA = DMDAB x ∆YAB
D = ½(MDBCx∆YBC)
MDBC= C’P = C’Q’+Q’Q+QP = MDAB+½(∆XAB)+ ½(∆XBC) X
D’ D

For convenience we introduce The Double Meridian Distance (DMD) of BC Note that for AB only: (vi) DMDAB=∆XAB and hence
(DMDBC ) = 2xMDBC (vii) DMDBC =∆XAB + ∆XAB + ∆XBC
(DMDBC ) = 2xMDAB + ∆XAB+ ∆XBC (viii) DMDCD =DMDBC + ∆XBC + ∆XCD
(DMDBC ) = DMDAB + ∆XAB+ ∆XBC (ix) DMDDA =DMDCD + ∆XCD + ∆XDA
The DMD of an element equals the DMD of a preceding element plus ∆X of the Using‫‏‬the‫‏‬values‫‏‬of‫‏‬the‫‏‬DMD’s‫‏‬as‫‏‬calculated‫‏‬in‫‏‬equations‫(‏‬vi)‫‏‬to‫(‏‬ix)‫‏‬in‫‏‬equations‫(‏‬ii)‫‏‬to‫‏‬
preceding element plus ∆X of the element itself (v) above and dividing by two yields the terms in (i).
April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 63 April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 64
2xArea of B’BCC’ = DMDBC x ∆YBC (expresses area as function of ∆X’s and ∆Y’s)

4. Double Meridian Distance Method… 5.Y By Rectangular coordinates

B
B’ Area ABCD = Area B’BCC’ + Area C’CDD’ – Area B’BA – Area ADD’
Line Latitude DMD Lat*DMD
= A1 + A2 – A3 – A4
AB -174.78 100.05 -17486.739
A1 = ½(XB-XA+XC-XA)(YB-YC)
BC -1.03 330.13 -340.034 = ½(XB+XC-2XA)(YB-YC)
A = ½(XBYB-XBYC+XCYB-XCYC-2XAYB+2XAYC)
CD 85.21 510.19 43473.290
C’ C A2 = ½(XC-XA+XD-XA)(YC-YD)
DE 248.02 560.28 138960.646
= ½(XC+XD-2XA)(YC-YD)
EA -157.42 280.17 -44104.361
= ½(XCYC-XCYD+XDYC-XDYD-2XAYC+2XAYD)

∑ 120502.801 D’ X
D
A1+A2 = ½(-2XAYB-XBYC-XCYD-XDYD+YBXC+YBXB+YCXD+2YDXA)
A
1
2

 LAT  DMD  
A3 = ½(XB-XA)(YB-YA) =½(XBYB-XBYA-XAYB+XAYA)
A
1
120,502.8012 A4 = ½(XD-XA)(YA-YD) =½(XDYA-XDYD-XAYA+XAYD)
2
A  60,251.40M 2 A3+A4 = ½(-XAYB+XBYB-XBYA+XDYA-XDYD+XAYD )

Area ABCD = ½(-XAYB-XBYC-XCYD-XDYA+YAXB+YBXC+YCXD+YDXA )

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5. By Rectangular coordinates… 5. By Rectangular coordinates…

Area ABCD=½(-XAYB-XBYC-XCYD-XDYA+YAXB+YBXC+YCXD+YDXA ) A
1
 X A YB  X B YC  X C YD  X D YE  X E YA  X B YA  X C YB  X D YC  X E YD  X A YE 
2
B 1 0  25.22   100.05  24.19   230.08 109.40   280.11 357.42   280.17  200  
A 
2 200 100.05  25.22  230.08  24.19  280.11  109.40  280.17   357.42  0 
2xArea =[-XAYB-XBYC-XCYD-XDYA +YAXB+YBXC+YCXD+YDXA]
A   183741.88  632339.08
1
2
A  120,502.80
A A XA YA Negative Terms
1
C 2
B XB YB
Positive Terms A  60,251.40 M 2
C XC YC
D XD YD
D
A XA YA

(easy method to remember formula)‫‏‬

April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 67 April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 68

Summery on AREA CALCULATIONS…

Conclusion
Computation of area and volume in surveying provides an accurate
measurement of buildings, land, soil, and others for proper
management of the resources.
The main application of computational surveys is to make topographical
maps and graphs. Surface area and volume formulas are used to
Traverse Plotting
determine the computation surveying of any complex structure.

May 12, 2024 Traversing Principles 69 April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 70

Plotting a Traverse Plotting a Traverse

• The purpose of the plotting depends on the purpose, accuracy, and • A plot plan is a detailed diagram of a parcel of land that shows its
on the intended scale. boundaries, topography, and the locations of any structures and
• Generally to plot the computed coordinates, you should draw features on the property.
construction lines of the latitudes and longitudes at a required • A plot plan is a birds-eye view of the entire property.
scale, and then finding the position of the traverse stations • It is an architecture, surveyor, engineering, and/or landscape
• Plotting the traverse is a straight forward process involving the architecture plan, drawing, or diagram which shows all of the major
drafting of traverse legs of given features, buildings and structures on a piece of property.
length and bearing. • This type of survey is typically used for architectural or planning
• It always is a useful exercise to first sketch the traverse in order to purposes, such as designing a new building or landscaping
see its shape and overall size. project.
May 12, 2024 Traversing Principles 71 May 12, 2024 Traversing Principles 72

Traverse Principles 12
 5/12/2024

Fill in the traverse computation table:

Measured Adjust Azimuths Horizonta Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates
Station ed
H. angle H. distance dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. x y
angle
A 86°26’15” 100 300
315.62

Example of Traverse
141°45’00”

B 107°10’05”
E
D

Computation
502.43

C 108°24’10” 92°21’00”
145°38’25”

With Compass Rule

176.95 A
92°21’00 86°26’15”
D
108°24’10”
502.06

145°38’25”
107°10’05” C
E
187.05

A B

April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 73 April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 74

Compute the angular error & adjust the angles: Compute the angular error & adjust the angles:
Error = -5’ AzAB is Given 141°45’00
Total = (n-2)(180) e = x - xt
n = 5, Total = 540° error = measured value – true value Corr. = -(-5’) /5 NB: Use Adjusted Angles
= +1’
Measured Adjusted Azimuths Horizonta Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates Measured Adjusted Azimuths Horizonta Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates
Station Station
H. angle H. angle distance dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. x y H. angle H. angle distance dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. x y
86°26’15” 86°26’16” 86°26’15” 86°26’16”
A 100 300 A 100 300
E 141°45’00 E
D D
107°10’05” 107°10’06” 107°10’05” 107°10’06”
B B
92°21’00” 92°21’00”
145°38’25” 145°38’25”
108°24’10” 108°24’11” A 108°24’10” 108°24’11” A
C 86°26’15” C 86°26’15”
108°24’10” 108°24’10”
92°21’00 92°21’01 92°21’00 92°21’01
D 107°10’05” C D 107°10’05” C

145°38’25” 145°38’26” 145°38’25” 145°38’26”

E E
B B
A A
539°59’55” 540°00’00” 539°59’55” 540°00’00”
April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 75 April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 76

Compute azimuth: Compute dep & lat:

AzBC = AzAB + B - 180° (left sided traverse) NB: Use Adjusted Angles Measured Adjusted Azimuths Horizont Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates
Station a
E.g. AzBC = 269° 40’ 18” - 180° 00’ 00” + 145°38’ 26” = 235° 18’ 44” H. angle H. angle distance dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. x y
Measured Adjusted Azimuths Horizont Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates 86°26’15” 86°26’16”
A 100 300
Station a
H. angle H. angle distance dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. x y 141°45’00” 315.62

86°26’15” 86°26’16” 107°10’05” 107°10’06”

A 100 300 B
141°45’00” 68°55’06” 502.43 E
D
107°10’05” 107°10’06” 108°24’10” 108°24’11”
B C
68°55’06” 357°19’17” 176.95
E D
108°24’10” 108°24’11” A
C D
92°21’00 92°21’01

357°19’17” 269°40’18” 502.06

92°21’00
D 92°21’00 92°21’01 145°38’25 145°38’25” 145°38’26”
” E C
269°40’18”
A 141° 45’ ”
235°18’44” 187.05
145°38’25” 145°38’26” 86°26’15” 108°24’10
E A
235°18’44” 107°10’05 ” 1684.11 B
C 539°55’ 540°
A
”
April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles B 77 April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 78
539°55’ 540°

Traverse Principles 13
 5/12/2024

Compute dep & lat: Compute the error of closure:

Measured Adjusted Azimuths Horizont Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates
Station a  It should ended up where you started
H. angle H. angle distance dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. x y

A 86°26’15” 86°26’16”
100 300 o Sum of Lat’s = 0
315.62 195.40 -247.86
141°45’00”
o Sum of Dep’s = 0
107°10’05” 107°10’06”
B
68°55’06” 502.43 468.80 180.72
 Linear Misclosure (error)
108°24’10” 108°24’11”
C
357°19’17” 176.95 -8.27 176.76 o A line connects starting and ending point
92°21’00 92°21’01
D o Linear error = length of line
269°40’18” 502.06 -502.05 -2.88
eDep = 0.08
E 145°38’25” 145°38’26”
eLin  eLat
2
 eDep
2
235°18’44” 187.05 -153.80 -106.45
eLat = 0.29
A
539°55’ 540° 1684.11 0.08 0.29  0.29 2  0.082  0.30

April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 79 April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 80

Compute correction for dep & lat: . . . correction for dep & lat:
 Compass Rule – more common Measured Adjusted Azimuths Horizon Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates
Station ta
o Assumes angles are as accurate as distances H. angle H. angle distanc dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. x y
o Proportion Lat, Dep error to length of side and total distance e
86°26’15” 86°26’16”
A 100 300
195.40 -247.86
141°45’00” 315.62 -.02 -.05
Correction is the term more popularly being used to define the 107°10’05” 107°10’06”
B
468.80 180.72
magnitude of error but opposite in sign 68°55’06” 502.43 -.02 -.09

  eLat    eDep  C
108°24’10” 108°24’11”

Lat  Length *   Dep  Length *   -8.27 176.76

 Lengths 
357°19’17” 176.95 -.01 -.03
 Lengths  D 92°21’00 92°21’01

  0.29 
-502.05 -2.88 -.02
269°40’18” 502.06 -.09
Lat AB  315.62 *    0.05 145°38’25” 145°38’26”
 1684.11  E
-153.80 -106.45 -.01
235°18’44” 187.05 -.03

  0.08 
Dep AB  315 .62 *    0.006  0.01 A
 1684 .11  539°55’00” 540° 1684.11 0.08 0.29
-.08 -.29
April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 81 April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 82

Adjust departure and latitude: Compute coordinates of X and Y:

Measure Adjusted Azimuth H- Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates
Sta d s distanc XB = XA + Dep AB YB = YB + Lat AB
H. angle H. angle e dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. x y MeasAdjusted Azimuths Horizo Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates
STA nta
86°26’15” 86°26’16”
A 100 300 H.angle H. angle distanc dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. X Y
141°45’00” 315.62 195.40 -247.86 e
-.02 -.05 195.38 -247.91 86°26’15” 86°26’16”
A 100.00 300.00
107°10’05” 107°10’06”
B 141°45’00” 315.62 -247.86
195.40 -.02 -.05 195.38 -247.91
68°55’06” 502.43 468.80 180.72
-.02 -.09 468.78 180.63
107°10’05 107°10’06”
108°24’10” 108°24’11” B ”
C 180.72
68°55’06” 502.43 -.02 -.09 468.78 180.63
357°19’17” 176.95 -8.27 176.76 468.80
-.01 -.03 -8.28 176.73
108°24’10 108°24’11”
92°21’00 92°21’01 C ”
D -8.27 176.76
357°19’17” 176.95 -.01 -.03 -8.28 176.73
269°40’18” 502.06 -502.05 -2.88 -.02 -.09 -502.07 -2.97 92°21’00 92°21’01
D
145°38’25” 145°38’26”
E 269°40’18” 502.06 - -2.88 -.02 -.09 -
502.05 -2.97
-153.80 -106.45 -.01 502.07
235°18’44” 187.05 -.03 -153.81 -106.48 145°38’25 145°38’26”
E ”
A 235°18’44” 187.05 - -106.45 -.01 -.03 -
153.80 -106.48
1684.11 0.08 0.23 -.29 153.81
539°55’00” 540° -.08 0.00 0.00
A
539°55’00 1684.11 0.08 0.23 -.08 -.29
April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 83 April 25, 2024 540° Traversing Principles 0.00 0.00 84
”

Traverse Principles 14
 5/12/2024

Compute coordinates of X and Y: Traverse Precision

Meas Adjusted Azimuths Horizo Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates
STA nta
H.angle H. angle distanc dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. X Y The linear misclosure only gives a measure of how far the computed
e position is from the actual position (accuracy of the traverse
86°26’15” 86°26’16”
A 100.00 300.00
-247.86
measurements).
141°45’00” 315.62
195.40 -.02 -.05 195.38 -247.91

B
107°10’05 107°10’06”
295.38 52.09
Another parameter that is used to provide an indication of the relative
”
68°55’06” 502.43 180.72
-.02 -.09 468.78 180.63
accuracy of the traverse is the proportional linear misclosure.
468.80
108°24’10 108°24’11”
C ”
764.16 232.72
Here, the linear misclosure is divided by total distance measured, and
357°19’17” 176.95 -8.27 176.76
-.01 -.03 -8.28 176.73
this figure is expressed as a ratio e.g. 1 : 10000.
92°21’00 92°21’01
D 755.88 409.45

269°40’18” 502.06 - -2.88 -.02 -.09 -

-2.97
In the example given, if the total distance measured along a traverse is
502.05 502.07
145°38’25 145°38’26”
253.56m, and the linear misclosure is 0.01m, then the proportional
E 253.81 406.48
”
- -106.45 -.01
linear misclosure is
235°18’44” 187.05 -.03 -
-106.48
153.80 153.81

A 100.00 300.00
0.01/253.56 = 1/25356 or approximately 1 : 25000
539°55’00 1684.11 0.08 0.23 -.08 -.29
540° 0.00 0.00
”
April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 85 April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 86

Compute the Precision

 Relative Error
o Relates error to total distance surveyed
o Expressed as 1/xxxx

eLin 0.30 1
RE   
Length 1684.11 5600

April 25, 2024 Traversing Principles 87 May 9, 2024 Traversing Principles 88

Traverse Principles 15