Downloaded From : www:BasyEnginecring.net PROTECTIVE RELAYS. 387, Cand D will reset as the fault current ceases to flow through these relays. Out of relays F and G, @ has smaller operating time and, therefore, relay at G will operate first; thereby isolating the feeder GE from the source. So far, we have considered the feeders being fed from one end only. In ease the flow of power could be reversed at will by connecting more than one sources, it is necessary to consider each feeder separately without any reference to the others and any one form of protection to be described next should be used. 14.10. DISTANCE PROTECTION Whenever over-current relaying is found slow or is not selective distance protection should be used. Since the fault currents depend upon the generating capacity and system configuration, the distance relays are preferred to the overcurrent relays. Consider Fig. 14.33 which eonsists of two line sections AB and CD; itis desired to provide distance protection scheme. ‘The protection scheme is divided in three zones. Say for relay at A, the three zones are Ziq Za, 0d Zq,, Z,, corresponds to approximately 80% length of the line AB and is a high speed zone. No intentional time lag is provided for this zone. The ordinate shown corresponding to Z,, gives the operating time in case the fault takes place in this zone. It is to be noted here that the first zone is extended only up to 80% and not 100% length of the line as the relay impedance measurement will not be very accurate towards the end of the line especially when the current is offset. Za Fig. 14.33 3-zone protection Second zone Z,, for relay at A covers remaining 20% length of the line AB and 20% of the adjoining line. In case of a fault in this section relay at A will operate when the time elapsed corresponds to the ordinate Z,.,,The main idea of the second zone is to provide protection for the remaining 20% section of the line AB. In case of an arcing fault in section AB which adds to the impedance of the line as seen by the relay at A, the adjustment is such that the relay at A will see that impedance in second zone and will operate. This is why the second zone is extended into the adjoining line. The operating time of the second zone is normally about 0.2 t0 0.5 second. ‘The third zone unit at A provides back up protection for faults in the line CD, ic., if there is a fault in the line CD and if for some reason the relay at C fails to operate then relay at A will provide back up protection. The delay time for the third zone is usually 0.4 to 1.00 sec. Downloaded From : www-EasyEngineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyBngincering.net 388) ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS In case the feeder is being fod from both the ends and say the fault takes place in the second zone of line AB (20% of the line AB), the relay at B will operate instantaneously (because it lies in the first zone of BA) whereas the fault lies in the second zone of the relay at A. This is undesirable from stability point of view and it is desirable to avoid this delay. This is made possible when the relay at B gives an intertrip signal to the relay at A in order to trip the breaker quickly rather than waiting for zone-2 tripping, Impedance Relay Protection It has already been discussed that an impedance relay responds to the impedance seen by the relay. If the impedance seen by the relay is less than its setting the relay operates. The impedance relays are non-directional relays and, therefore, need a direetional relay with them, ‘The characteristic of the impedance relays with a directional unit for 3-zone protection is shown in Fig. 14.34(a). While designing the relays; it is usual to make maximum torque angle ‘c smaller than the impedance angle 0 of the line so that the effect of the are resistance is reduced. The contact circuit for a 3-zone impedance protection is shown in Fig. 14.34(b). , HH @ © 14.34(a) Impedance characteristics for 3-zone protection; (6) Contact circuit for 3-zone impedance relay, ‘The parallel lines in Fig. 14.34(b) represent the contacts of the various units, D-directional unit, Z,, Z,, Z, the 3-rone units, and T,, 7, the timing units. 7, and 7, are operating times for zones 2 and 3 respectively. Since Z, unit starts when the fault lies in any of the zones 1, 2 or 3 as the impedance of the fault will be less than Z,, Z, is the starting unit and, therefore, the time unit is placed in series with Z, wnit, ‘Now for a fault in zone 1, all the three units will start but since the operating time of unit 1 is smallest, this will operate and the faulty section will be isolated from the source. In cease the fault is in second zone, the units Z, and Z, will start but unit Z, will operate in time T, and isolate the faulty section from the souree. Reactance Relay Protection A reactance relay responds only to the reactance component of the impedance. A reactance relay is a non-directional relay and the directional unit of the type used along with the impedance Downloaded From : www.EasyBngineering netDownloaded From : www.EasyBngincering.net PROTECTIVE RELAYS: 389 relay cannot be used for the reasons discussed earlier. A mho relay is used as the starting relay along with the reactance relay. Fig. 14.35(a) shows the characteristics of the reactance relays for 3-zone protection. ‘The mho unit prevents the operation of the reactance units under load conditions. Also it gives protection for the 3rd zone of the scheme. ‘The contact arrangement for 3-zone protection using reactance relays is given in Fig. 14.3508). Tip col Ba @ © Fig, 14.35 (a) Reactance relay characteristic for 3-zone protection; (©) Contact circuit for 3-zone reactance relay. ‘The operation is explained as follows: ‘The contact cireuit is connected between the dec. supply terminals. In case the fault takes place in the first zone, all the three units X,, X, and S start. Since the operation of X, takes the least time, contact X, is closed. CBa, the auxiliary contact of the circuit breaker, is a normally closed contact; therefore, trip coil gets energized which in turn operates the circuit breaker, thus isolating the faulty section of the line from the source. Similarly, the operation of the contact cireuit can be explained if the fault is in zone 2 or 3. Mho Relay Protection Mho relay, inherently being a directional relay, does not need additional unit for the purpose. Fig. 14.36(a) shows the characteristies for 3-zone protection. The contact arrangement is shown. in Fig. 14.36(6). The operation of this circuit is similar to the circuits for reactance relays. x Tipcot cae Fz RF ~+4 My Timer @ ° Fig, 14.36 (2) Mho relay characteristic for 3-zone protection; (6) Contact circuit for 3-zone mho relay. Downloaded From : www.EasyBngineering net