OBJECTIVES
1. EXPLAIN WHAT SCIENCE IS AND ITS IMPORTANCE
2. DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND SOCIETY
3. IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE THE MAJOR BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
4. RECOGNISE THE DIFFERENT PROFESSIONS THAT EXIST WITHIN THE FIELD OF
SCIENCE
5. DIFFERENTIATE THE TYPES OF APPARATUS USED IN THE LABORATORY
6. IDENTIFY AND FOLLOW SAFETY PROTOCOLS AND GUIDELINES IN A LABORATORY TO
ENSURE A SAFE WORK ENVIRONMENT
7. RECOGNISE THE HAZARD WARNING SYMBOLS PLACED ON THE LABELS OF BOTTLES
OR CONTAINERS
8. PLAN A SAFE AND FAIR TEST, AND CARRY OUT THE TEST VIA A SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION WITH PROPER SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES AND VALUE
1.1 WHAT IS SCIENCE?
Science is the systematic study of nature and how it affects us and our
environment.
Science benefits us in
various fields through
the use of technology
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Artificial Intelligence (AI)
▪ AI is a field of computer science focused on
creating intelligent machines that can
perform tasks requiring human-like
intelligence, such as understanding
language, recognising images and making
decisions.
▪ Machine Learning (ML) is a part of artificial
intelligence that involves creating
algorithms and models that can learn from
data. We can predict what will happen in
the future based on what had happened in
the past.
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Fields and Careers in Science
With the wide range of fields in science, you can choose various careers based on
your interest.
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1.2 SCIENCE LABORATORY
Laboratory Apparatus
Each apparatus serves a particular purpose and is designed for carrying out a
specific activity.
▪ For containing, collecting and
transferring chemicals
▪ For measuring the volume of liquids
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Laboratory Apparatus (cont.)
▪ For filtering and evaporating
▪ For heating
▪ For holding and supporting apparatus
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Safety Precautions
There are rules and safety precautions that the students must follow while they
are in the laboratory.
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Safety Precautions
There are rules and safety precautions that the students must follow while they
are in the laboratory.
Do’s: Dont’s:
1. Always follow teacher’s instruction. 1. Never enter the laboratory without
2. Read the label on reagent bottle teacher’s supervision.
before using it content. 2. Not eat, drink or taste any chemicals.
3. Turn off the Bunsen burner after use. 3. Never touch chemicals with bare hands.
4. Wash and return all apparatus to Use a spatula.
their proper place after use. 4. Do not pour back any unused chemicals
5. Report any breakages to the teacher. into its bottle.
6. Keep the bench clean and tidy. 5. Do not throw solid wastes into the sink.
7. Wash your hand before leaving the 6. Do not run or play in the laboratory.
laboratory. 7. Do not test anything without teacher’s
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Hazard Warning Symbols
▪ Hazard warning symbols are seen on containers, tools and signs in
laboratories to indicate the presence of potentially dangerous substances or
conditions.
▪ It is important to understand the meaning of these symbols and to take the
proper safety precautions.
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Scientific Investigation, Scientific Attitudes and Values
▪ Scientific investigation involves science process skills and requires a set of
attitudes and values, including curiosity, objectivity, precision and honesty,
serves as the foundation for scientific investigation.
▪ The 12 skills are:
1 2
3
8
4
9
5
10
11
6
7
12
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1.3 MEASUREMENTS
Measurement can be defined as the process of utilising numbers to define
physical objects.
Physical Quantities
Physical quantities are quantities that
can be measured in SI units and have
values. They are divided into base
quantities and derived quantities.
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Base Quantities
Base quantities are independent physical quantities that have single standard
units.
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Derived Quantities
Derived quantities are the results of the combination of basic quantities.
By adding a prefix to a SI unit, we can use it to simplify the description of a
physical quantity that is very big or very small. Examples of prefixes are giga,
mega, kilo, deci, centi, milli, micro and nano.
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Conversion of Units
▪ Unit conversion is the process of converting one unit of measurement to
another for
the same physical quantity.
▪ When the bigger units are converted to smaller units, multiplication method is
used.
▪ When the smaller units are converted to bigger units, the division method is
used.
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1.4 MEASURING TOOLS
Measuring tools are used to measure physical quantities such Use suitable tools and
as length, mass, volume and time. These are important the right techniques
aspects when using measuring tools to get the most accurate
and consistent reading.
Zero errors
Errors that occur when the
Repeat the
measuring instruments do
measurements for at not show zero before
least 3 times taking the measurements
Units of measurement
E.g., metre, second,
ampere, kilogram
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Measuring Length
▪ Measuring tape: measures long distances
▪ Ruler or caliper: measures short lengths
▪ Technique to take a reading:
Ensure the eyes are vertically above the mark on the measuring tool to avoid
parallax error
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Vernier Calipers
▪ The correct way of using a pair
of vernier calipers to measure
the thickness of an object, the
internal and external diameters
of circular objects, and the
depth of objects.
▪ Check the measuring tool for
zero error before taking a
measurement.
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Micrometer Screw Gauge
The correct way of using a micrometer
screw gauge to measure the thickness
and diameters of small objects,
such as paper and wire.
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Measuring Area
▪ The area of objects with regular shapes:
calculated using mathematical formulae
▪ The area of an object with an irregular shape:
estimated by tracing its shape on graph paper
▪ Steps:
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Measuring Volume
Measuring the Volume of Liquids
▪ The volume of a liquid can be measured
more accurately using either a burette or
a pipette.
▪ It is important to correctly read the
meniscus, which refers to the curved
surface of a liquid in a container.
▪ The volume is measured at the
bottom of the meniscus, except for
mercury where its volume is
measured at the top of the meniscus.
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Measuring the Volume of Solids
▪ The volume of regular-shaped and
irregular-shaped solids can be measured
by using the water displacement
method.
▪ Steps:
(a) A measuring cylinder with a known
volume of water is used.
(b) There is a new volume reading when
the object is immersed.
(c) The volume of the object is
determined by the difference between
the two readings.
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Measuring Mass
▪ The mass of an object is measured using a
beam balance, a lever balance or an
electronic balance.
▪ The weight of an object is measured using a
spring balance or a compression balance.
▪ Before taking a measurement, ensure that the
measuring tool is zeroed. This means that
when there is nothing on the scale or balance
pan, the measuring tool should be adjusted to
read zero.
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Measuring Time
▪ A stopwatch is suitable for measuring
short durations.
▪ Steps:
(a) Press the button twice in rapid
succession to clear the previous
reading and reset to zero.
(b) Press and release the button once
to start recording the time.
(c) Press the button one more time to
stop the stopwatch.
(d) The readings on the minute scale and
second scale are taken.
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Measuring Temperature
▪ A thermometer can be used to measure It is measured in the
low to medium temperatures. units of degree
Celsius.
▪ When measuring temperatures, it is
important to use the proper units of
measurement.
Measuring Density
▪ A hydrometer is used to determine the A multi-layered
density of liquids. drink with colourful
▪ We can determine the density of an object layers that uses the
concept of density
by determining its mass and volume. looks appealing and
▪ Then, its density can be calculated using the impresses
formula density = mass/volume. customers.
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