Utilizing Hybrid Energy-Harvesting Systems: A Feasibility Study for Automated

Parking Space at Bulacan State University

A Thesis
Submitted to the Computer Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Bulacan State University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering

Submitted by:

Audrey S. Espiritu
BSCPE – 3A

Submitted to:

Engr. Nancy M. Santiago

Subject Teacher

May 25, 2024

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to everyone who contributed to the

completion of this thesis, "Utilizing Hybrid Energy-Harvesting Systems: A Feasibility Study for

Automated Parking Space at Bulacan State University."

First and foremost, I extend my heartfelt thanks to my thesis advisor, Engr. Nancy M.

Santiago, for her invaluable guidance and unwavering support throughout this research journey.

Your expertise and encouragement have been instrumental in shaping the direction of this study.

I am also grateful to the faculty members of the Computer Engineering department at

Bulacan State University for their encouragement and scholarly insights, which enriched the

quality of this thesis.

I am indebted to my family for their endless love, understanding, and patience during this

challenging yet fulfilling endeavor. Your unwavering support has been my source of strength and

motivation.

Last but not least, I would like to thank my friends and colleagues for their

encouragement, moral support, and valuable discussions, which have enhanced the quality of this

thesis.

This thesis is dedicated to the pursuit of knowledge and the advancement of sustainable

solutions. May it serve as a stepping stone towards a greener and more efficient future.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Acknowledgement ii

Table of Contents iii

List of Figures

Chapter I: The Problem and Its Background 1

Background of the Study 1

Problem Statement 2

Significance of the Study 3

Scope and Delimitation 4

Chapter II: Theoretical Framework 5

Relevant Theory 5

Foreign Literature 6

Local Literature 8

Foreign Studies 9

Local Studies 11

Conceptual Framework 12

Hypothesis of the Study 12

Chapter III: Research Methodology 13

Methods and Techniques of the Study 13

Population and Sample of the Study 14

Research Instruments 14

iii
 Data Gathering Procedure 15

Data Processing and Statistical Analysis 15

References 17

Appendices 23

Appendix A: Survey Questionnaire 23

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework 12

 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study

As per Anusha et al., (2019), as the population and economy grow, the number of

vehicles on the road is increasing. Nowadays, parking is one of the most significant

issues for cities and is getting increasingly expensive. The biggest problem in modern

cities is parking distribution, prompting the development of many smart parking systems

(Fahim et al., 2021).

Parking becomes a problem everywhere; it is also an issue in institutions since it

takes too long for students and even teachers to locate a place, which causes them to be

late for their lessons (Brown & Hong, 2019). It has become commonplace for universities

to experience traffic congestion and its negative consequences, including irritation

(Marve et al., 2016). Moreover, many institutions are using advanced technologies to

help with parking management (Shook et al., 2019).

Advanced technology, such as automated parking systems, is used to make

parking easier while at the same time saving space, time, and money (Elechi et al., 2022).

The parking management system reduces time and increases the efficiency of the current

parking management system (Barde et al., 2022).

Furthermore, the implementation of automated parking spaces can be combined

with a hybrid energy-harvesting system. The integration of energy harvesting systems

that created mechanisms for producing renewable energy was the subject of a few studies

(Tairab et al., 2022). As per Lou et al. (2023), the most viable method for addressing the

global energy issue without consuming too many natural resources is through the

1
harvesting of energy. It is the device used in capturing energy from roads and

infrastructure, which is a recently developed field of study.

The aim of this study is to improve the parking spaces inside Bulacan State

University, provide an automated parking system with a hybrid energy-harvesting system

that is sustainable and efficient to use, and provide stakeholders with safe and convenient

parking facilities.

Statement of the Problem

This study examines the feasibility and implications of implementing an

automated parking space with a hybrid energy-harvesting system inside the premises of

Bulacan State University. Moreover, it aims to understand whether the integration of

automated parking spaces with a hybrid energy-harvesting system has a significant effect

on the environment, transportation management, and operational efficiency and safety of

university stakeholders.

This study aims to seek answers to the following questions:

1. What are the main challenges faced by the stakeholders regarding parking

availability and management inside the university?

2. What are the main technical requirements and factors for integrating the

automated parking system with hybrid energy-harvesting system?

3. What long-term sustainability implication would the automated parking system

with hybrid energy-harvesting system have, in terms of environmental impact?

Significance of the Study

2
 The findings of this study will provide significant benefit to the following:

Students. The study's result can promote sustainability awareness through

renewable energy utilization and it may ensure hassle-free parking that allows students to

arrive on time.

Faculty. The faculty members may improve punctuality through experiencing

transition of tasks, contributing to a more efficient work environment.

Staff. This study may improve employee productivity by decreasing on time spent

looking for parking and improves the working environment overall.

Administrators. The study may reduce maintenance costs and needs while

supporting the university's sustainability objectives and enhancing its standing as an

innovative, environmentally conscious institution.

Future Visitor. The study may provide future visitors with smooth eco-friendly

parking experience, making a good first impression and later influencing guests for

sustainable global approach.

Future Researchers. This paper may serve as a reference for future studies. The

recommendations provided may help strengthen the research skills of the future

researchers, specifically in data collection and analysis, and guide them in producing a

comprehensive analysis of their intended study

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The scope of this paper will focus on the stakeholder of the university within a

designated geographical location inside the university. This includes students, faculty,

staffs and administrators.

3
 This paper includes the conduction of surveys with students, faculty, staff, and

administrators to determine the current parking challenges, preferences, and needs inside

the university. Subsequently, determining the feasibility to combine an automated

parking system with a hybrid energy-harvesting system while taking stakeholder support,

legal requirements, budgetary restrictions, and space availability into account.

Furthermore, the engagement of the stakeholder will be key components, ensuring

gathering of feedback to resolve concerns and guarantee support for the implementation.

4
 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This study combines conventional power systems with renewable energy sources,

including solar and kinetic energy. It evaluates system effectiveness, energy availability,

and economic feasibility while taking location and technology developments into

account. Through the assessment of components, this study attempts to ascertain the

viability and environmental effect of the hybrid energy solution in automatic parking

spaces at Bulacan State University.

Relevant Theories

As per Tofigh et al. (2017), the concept of adaptable energy management

emphasizes the importance of being able to adjust and respond effectively within energy

systems, particularly when incorporating renewable energy sources. In the context of

automated parking facilities, where energy needs vary based on when cars come and go,

adaptable energy management is crucial. By using hybrid energy systems that combine

renewable sources like solar and kinetic energy with traditional power sources, parking

structures can dynamically control energy use based on real-time demand. This approach

suggests using smart grid technologies and energy storage solutions to make energy use

more efficient and reliable. Grounded in the concept of adaptable energy management,

the research seeks to assess how well hybrid energy systems can meet the energy needs

of automated parking spaces while also reducing environmental impact and improving

operational efficiency.

5
 The Whole Life Evaluation (LCA) theory, which emphasizes the thorough

examination of environmental effects linked to energy infrastructure throughout its whole

existence, from creation and installation to use and removal, is a relevant theory for the

study on hybrid energy-harvesting systems in automated parking spaces. Through this

assessment, scientists may determine how hybrid energy systems affect the environment

overall, taking into account things like resource use, emissions, and effects on the

ecosystem. This concept emphasizes how crucial it is to assess the environmental impact

of energy infrastructure development at every level, offering insightful information that

can be used to create regulations and make sustainable decisions (Abeliotis & Pactiti,

2014).

This innovation efficiency theory, as per Chen & Song (2023), emphasizes how

technological innovations may improve the performance of renewable energy enterprises.

It may be evaluated through business innovation efficiency by using a three-stage DEA

model to gauge how well they can transform technical inputs into desired outputs at

various phases of the innovation process. This idea highlights how crucial it is to

emphasize how well technological innovation processes are working, offering insightful

information for better resource allocation and enhanced performance all around. The

study, which is based on the theory of innovation efficiency, attempts to assess the

efficacy of hybrid energy solutions in automated parking spots and add to the

conversation about the integration of renewable energy sources and technological

innovation.

6
Foreign Literature

As per Pang et al., (2021), energy harvesters or generators capture ambient

environmental energy from wind, water wave, sun, vibration, human motion, and waste

heat to power internet of things (IoT) devices or generate electricity in a scalable way. A

variety of smart IoT devices, such as wearables, implantable devices, soft robotics, and

smart packaging, require compatible portable power sources for their operation.

Following, the triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), in the emerging science of

converting environmental mechanical energy into electrical energy, play a crucial role.

The combination of triboelectric effect and electrostatic induction makes TENGs

extremely attractive, as they are low-cost to construct, allow for effective energy

conversion, have easy manufacturing procedures, and have lightweight, environmentally

friendly qualities (Zhang et al., 2018). It is an appealing idea with great potential for

producing electricity from mechanical sources, being both environmentally friendly and

highly efficient (Wang, 2019).

On the other hand, pollution, such as from fossil fuels, is a major technological

problem for every nation, one such difficulty is energy harvesting from renewable

sources, including solar energy. Solar energy is a renewable energy source that may be

optimized through the integration of power-generating technologies to maximize the

conversion efficiency of solar radiation into electrical power (Mohammadnia et al.,

2020). According to Singh & Kumar (2018), the challenge of developing hybrid power

production systems to maximize the advantages of better energy conversion at lower

temperatures as opposed to the very high efficiency needed at high temperatures is that

several technologies have to be integrated. Further, optimizing the utilization of solar

7
radiation for electricity generation using innovative hybrid approaches is efficient

(Mahmoudinezhad et al., 2018).

As indicated by Owende & Bhatnagar (2015), IoT and Industry 4.0 have driven

the scientific world towards minute energy harvesting as a source of power for low-

power electronic devices. This approach involves harvesting energy from available

sources such as the sun, mechanical vibrations, and wind, for instance, to create

autonomous systems without batteries and thus reduce dependence on battery disposal for

harmful environmental problems (Annapureddy et al., 2017). Through the combination of

energy harvesters with sensor nodes, the approach curbs environmental issues caused by

battery disposal while minimizing the cost of maintenance in the process, thus providing

continuous monitoring in the most dangerous environments (Thakur et al., 2017).

Local Literature

Meeting the rising energy demand doesn't require the development of new sources

of energy; rather, it requires the development of energy-efficient appliances and the

utilization of existing resources. There are untapped water sources that can act as energy

generation sources on a small scale, such as harvested rainwater (Jarito et al., 2023).

Likewise, solar energy is very versatile. However, cloudiness may hinder production

when it rains. The integration of solar energy with other systems for generation of

electricity, such as rain-based systems, can boost capabilities in generation (Eda et al.,

2022). The ability of renewable energy to provide clean energy and total energy

consumption is vital. The shift to sustainable development necessitates such as being

never-ending, eco-friendly, and appropriate for decentralized deployment. The global

8
demand for electricity has propelled the constant diversification and funding of RESs in

recent times. Further, by 2040, renewable energy is projected to supply 20.4% of the total

electricity demand in the Philippines, increasing with an average yearly rate of 2.0

percent (Rivadulla et al., 2023).

Foreign Studies

A smart parking software is necessary for daily parking issues with user

convenience, replacing manual methods and enabling effortless vehicle parking for

everyone. Further, reducing traffic while improving efficiency and streamlining the

booking procedure. Along with a great improvement, an inventive solution known as

"wheeler's parking slot booking" is offered. It solves the drawbacks of traditional parking

techniques and provides users with a more smooth and effective parking experience

(Gandhi et al., 2024). According to Rooplal & Chowdary (2020), parking problems are

an international phenomenon and this also include Trinidad and Tobago, especially in

Port of Spain, where about 30% of the population commutes to the city on a day-to-day

basis. In line with that, international trends exhibit an increased use of IoT platforms to

be used in solving parking problems through the deployment of modern solutions such as

smart parking systems. Further, the viability of deploying an SPS in Port of Spain was

examined using a DES modeling approach in order to simulate both conventional parking

scenarios and the proposed SPS model. The simulation results were executed and

validated through comparison with the existing parking facilities by using statistical

methods such as Chi-squared statistic to ensure that the models matched. The proposed

9
SPS is expected to reduce the frustration of drivers, reduce fuel consumption, and reduce

environmental pollution by effectively using parking space in Port of Spain.

On the other hand, as per Gholikhani et al., (2021), transportation networks

require existing and emerging infrastructure and devices, including traffic monitoring

systems, pavement health monitors, lighting, and sensors, for future smart roads to be

sustainable. However, energy is rapidly growing due to the rapid pace of development in

the transportation industry. This fact is associated with about one-third of global energy

consumption is attributed to the transportation sector. However, fossil fuels, the main

sources of energy, are rapidly depleting and are also associated with environmental

pollution and the emission of greenhouse gases. Therefore, discovering new renewable

sources of energy is necessary. Furthermore, various technologies have been developed

to extract energy from renewable sources, like solar panels and wind turbines. In this

connection, recent studies on the possibility of generating roadway network power have

been accelerated. Transportation networks are associated with urban and rural areas and

are exposed continuously to various sources of energy, such as traffic kinetic energy,

solar radiation, and heat.

Meanwhile, according to Shukat et al. (2023), the past few years have seen a

rising trend of growth in research conducted in the field of hybrid energy harvesting,

reflecting highly tremendous progress in this field. However, on closer examination of

the works done, one finds all distinguishable trends and recurring themes that explain the

concept of hybrid energy harvesting and its applications in practice. Most work so far has

been done to explore the diversified combinations of energy sources and transmission

mechanisms to increase power output and increase the level of energy efficiency realized.

10
Most studies so far have indicated that the electromagnetic and piezoelectric ones,

combined, make for a great deal of benefit; the resulting hybrid accrues immensely from

the merging of electromagnetic, triboelectric, and piezoelectric counterparts. More

importantly, the literature review has continually shown that the hybrid system generates

greater power compared to the single-source system. On closer review of the literature,

one identifies some substantial gaps and major areas for further exploration in the

discipline of hybrid energy harvesting.

Local Studies

According to Tambong et al., (2021), one other major concern of Filipinos is

traffic and parking. Heavy traffic has long been considered and addressed by the

government, but parking has remained a non-issue. The Philippines is a developing

nation that is not just faced with solving traffic, which is a major issue. There seems to be

an urgent need for a parking system better than the one in the country due to the time

spent looking for parking spaces, which in itself worsens the situation on the already busy

roads. Nowadays, systems have been integrated and applied in industries all over the

world, replacing human operators with control systems and human labor with completely

automated machines. With fewer people and more intelligent machinery, this transition

cuts down on operating and labor expenses, enabling businesses to expand quality-wise

in regard to the products or services offered (Fabros et al., 2015).

The Philippines is located at the Pacific Ring of Fire and is exposed to various of

meteorological disasters a year such as typhoons and earthquakes. Disaster response for

coastal communities remains at the forefront. Coastal areas are still considered highly

11
vulnerable to the impacts of natural hazards despite urban economic development

(Mirabueno et al., 2019). Intense precipitation, often beneficial for agricultural and

domestic water needs, can also result in hazardous flash floods. Therefore, a hybrid eco-

roof system integrating solar, wind, and rain harvesting technologies, which incorporates

rainwater collection were utilized. Specifically, rainwater is collected in tanks with the

aim of efficiently utilizing energy wherein the gathered rainwater is then utilized to spray

the roof, enhancing cooling within the building (Andres and Loretero, 2021).

Conceptual Framework

The figure below shows the relationship between hybrid energy-harvesting

systems and automated parking spaces at Bulacan State University. By implementing

automated parking spaces in the premises of the university, interested parties might

utilize space use, lessen traffic, and improve general convenience for staff, students,

teachers, and visitors.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of Hybrid Energy-Harvesting Systems and Automated

Parking Space at Bulacan State University

Null Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between Hybrid Energy-Harvesting Systems

Automated Parking Space at Bulacan State University.

12
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers the research methodology including the research methods and

techniques, the research population and sample, the instruments used, the data gathering

procedure, and the data processing and statistical treatment.

Methods and Techniques of the Study

Purposive sampling is applied to the methodology. This method will involve

selecting participants through the observation of stakeholders who park vehicles in the

parking spaces inside the Bulacan State University Main Campus, which is influenced by

the prior knowledge or inquiry of the researcher (Foley, 2018). The selected participant

will undergo an interview and survey to answer different questions that will be beneficial

to the study of the utilization of hybrid energy-harvesting systems and the

implementation of automated parking spaces inside the premises. Individuals who are not

suited to the required profile are excluded from the study.

A number of topics will also be covered in the interview, such as participants'

present opinions about how convenient parking is, the preferences for energy efficiency,

and whether or not participants are open to implementing new technologies like

automated parking systems. Quantitative information will also be gathered through the

poll on variables including how often people visit the campus, how long parking sessions

last, and how they feel about sustainability measures. The goal of this mixed-methods

study is to obtain a thorough understanding of the viability and possible advantages of

13
incorporating hybrid energy-harvesting systems into the automated parking infrastructure

at Bulacan State University Main Campus.

Population and Sample of the Study

The demographic population for this study comprises individuals that utilize the

parking spaces at the Bulacan State University Main Campus. This demographic includes

students, faculty, staff, and visitors who park vehicles on the premises of the university.

Furthermore, the sampling methodology employed will be purposeful in nature, wherein

participants will be selected based on predetermined criteria, including frequency of

campus visits, vehicle type, and willingness to engage in the study. To facilitate

representation across a range of demographic groups and parking practices, efforts will

be made to establish a varied sample. The objectives, resources at hand, and statistical

requirements required for a reliable analysis will play a crucial role in determining the

final sample size.

Research Instrument

This study will utilize interview and survey questionnaires provided by the
researchers and validated by the research adviser. Survey questionnaires consist of 10
questions in each of the three categories, or 30 questions in total. Furthermore, to
maintain consistency, a single test type (i.e., a Likert scale) was applied. Although the
questionnaires in each category are slightly different from each other, all categories will
cover the same topics. Likewise, interview questions will consist of 10 questions that are
authorized by the university guidelines and regulations.

14
Data Gathering Procedure

This study will ask selected stakeholders at the Bulacan State University for

permission to contribute to the execution of the intervention. Upon receiving approval,

the researcher will conduct an interview and later distribute survey questionnaires for

participants to answer. All the data gathered will be recorded by the researchers for

statistical analysis (i.e., mean and standard deviation). The intervention will take place for

3 weeks (i.e., the 2nd to 4th weeks) during the 2nd semester of the academic year 2022-

2023.

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

The collected data will undergo statistical treatment (i.e., mean and standard

deviation). This process will be done for interpreting and analyzing data. The study will

use the following:

The mean scores of each category will be calculated for the study questions.

According to Cooksey (2014), the term "mean" refers to an average score that quantifies

central tendency and represents a variable in distribution. In data analysis, it is the initial

stage to identify a summary measure (Luo et al., 2016).

Where:
−
= Mean
𝒙

N = Total number of scores

∑ = Summation

15
 Moreover, standard deviation needs to be computed to justify the accumulated

mean score. Standard deviation is a measure of variation and is particularly signified as

σ (Frost, 2019).

Where:

xi = Individual value

μ = Mean

N = Total number of values

16
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 APPENDIX A

Interview Questionnaire

This paper includes questions that will answer the following statement of the

problem:

1. What are the main challenges faced by the stakeholders regarding parking availability

and management inside the university?

2. What are the main technical requirements and factors for integrating the automated

parking system with hybrid energy-harvesting system?

3. What long-term sustainability implication would the automated parking system with

hybrid energy-harvesting system have, in terms of environmental impact?

Direction: Answer the following questions thoughtfully.

Section I: Demographic Information

Name (optional):

Age:

Course-Year-Section:

Section II: Exploring the Intersection of Innovation and Sustainability

1. Can you describe any specific instances where stakeholders have experienced

challenges related to parking availability and management within the university?

2. Could you outline the key technical specifications necessary for seamlessly

integrating an automated parking system with a hybrid energy-harvesting system?

23
3. In your opinion, what are the critical factors that need to be considered to ensure

successful integration between the automated parking system and the hybrid energy-

harvesting system?

4. How do you envision the automated parking system contributing to addressing

current parking challenges faced by stakeholders within the university?

5. From your perspective, what potential environmental benefits do you foresee with the

implementation of the automated parking system with hybrid energy-harvesting

technology?

6. Are there any specific sustainability goals or targets that the university aims to

achieve with the adoption of this technology?

7. In what ways do you anticipate the automated parking system with hybrid energy-

harvesting technology will positively impact the university's carbon footprint and

overall environmental sustainability efforts?

8. Can you discuss any potential drawbacks or challenges associated with the

implementation of this technology in terms of its environmental impact?

9. How do you plan to measure or assess the environmental impact of the automated

parking system with hybrid energy-harvesting technology over the long term?

10. What strategies or measures do you propose to mitigate any negative environmental

implications that may arise from the deployment and operation of the automated

parking system with hybrid energy-harvesting technology?

24
 Survey Questionnaire

Direction: Please rate the following statements based on your perception.

Test 1: This questionnaire will answer the first statement of the problem.

Questions Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Agree
Disagree

1. Insufficient parking spaces

available on campus

2. Difficulty finding parking spots

during peak hours.

3. Inadequate parking management

leading to congestion and traffic
jams.

4. Limited accessibility to parking

facilities for students, faculty, and
staff.

5. Lack of designated parking for

specific groups (e.g., visitors,
disabled individuals).

6. Inefficient parking payment

systems causing inconvenience to
users.

7. Poor enforcement of parking

regulations leading to misuse of
parking spaces.

8. Inadequate lighting and security in

parking areas, raising safety
concerns.

9. Lack of alternative transportation

options discouraging the use of

25
 cars.

10. Overall, how challenging do you

perceive parking availability and
management inside the university
to be for stakeholders?

Test 2: This questionnaire will answer the second statement of the problem.

Questions Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Agree
Disagree

1. Clear understanding of the energy

demands of the automated parking
system.

2. Knowledge of the energy sources

available for hybrid energy-
harvesting (e.g., solar, kinetic).

3. Assessment of the parking

system's power consumption under
different operational scenarios.

4. Understanding of the parking

system's communication and
control requirements.

5. Evaluation of the energy-

harvesting technologies' efficiency
and reliability.

6. Identification of potential
integration challenges between the
parking system and energy-
harvesting components.

7. Knowledge of the storage and

distribution mechanisms for
harvested energy.

26
8. Assessment of the environmental
impact and sustainability
considerations of the integrated
system.

9. Understanding of the regulatory

and compliance requirements
related to energy usage and
management.

10. Overall, how prepared do you

perceive the organization to be in
meeting the technical requirements
for integrating the automated
parking system with a hybrid
energy-harvesting system?

Test 3: This questionnaire will answer the third statement of the problem.

Questions Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Agree
Disagree

1. Reduced carbon emissions due to

the use of renewable energy
sources for powering the parking
system.

2. Decreased dependence on fossil

fuels for operating the parking
infrastructure.

3. Mitigation of air pollution through

the adoption of cleaner energy
technologies.

4. Conservation of natural resources

by harnessing renewable energy
from the environment.

5. Promotion of sustainability
practices within the university

27
 community through eco-friendly
infrastructure.

6. Potential for cost savings over the

long term due to reduced energy
consumption and reliance on
traditional power sources.

7. Enhancement of the university's

reputation as a leader in
sustainable campus initiatives.

8. Positive contribution to
biodiversity preservation and
ecosystem health by minimizing
environmental impact.

9. Potential for scalability and

replication of the sustainable
parking model in other institutions
or communities.

10. Overall, how impactful do you

believe the automated parking
system with hybrid energy-
harvesting technology will be in
terms of long-term environmental
sustainability?

28