By / Ahmed Mohammed Hasham

About instructor:
 B.sc of chemistry –Alazhar university .
 Business administration diploma .
 MINI-MBA .
 Member of the Board scientists Egypt.
 Waste water treatment plants manager in rafhaa
governorate – Saudi Arabia.
 Author of “waste water treatment principles”.
 Author of “ waste water examination – laboratory guide”.
 Delegate auditor president of water technologies and
research magazine .
 Quality assistant manager in ME-VAC for veterinary
vaccines.
What is the composition of wastewater?
Municipal wastewater contains 99.9% water and 0.1% solids

Why we treat waste water ?

1- because it is a contamination source .
2- it is pathogenic.
3- to reuse in agriculture .
4- to reuse in fire fitting .
5- to reproduce the ground water .
And a lot of other reasons push us to treat waste
water .
Water treatment technologies
Technologies

biological chemical physical

Biological As example
As example
treatment for Boiling &
waste water Floating
filtration
Must to know
 Hydraulic load
 Hydraulic profile
 Organic load
 Water Hammering system
 Odor control system
 Sludge
 Septic tanks
 Biological treatment
 Auto sampler
 BOD – COD – TSS -TCF – FCF
 Parameter affecting choice of treatment
units:
1- nature of raw water – and its quantity .
2-proparties of waste water inlet to treatment .
3-the requested quality for the final water .
4-the cost of plant .
5-the area which received the final water.
6-the place of treatment station and lifting pump stations.
Average Composition of Domestic Wastewater mg/l (ppm)
Composition Explanation Range (ppm)
TS Total Solids 700-1000
TDS Total Dissolved Solids 400-700
TSS Total Suspended Solids 180-300
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand 240-420
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand 550-700
N Nitrogen 40-50
P Phosphorus 10-15
Grease ------------ 90-110
Odor control system
Water Hammering system
 Septic Tanks

Septic Tanks
* Bacteria in sewage degrade organic matter
* Tank buried in ground to treat sewage from an
individual home
* Wastewater flows into tank
DESIGN OF RAW (LOW) LIFT PUMP STATION

Total number of pumps = working + standby

Standby pumps = 50% to 150% working pumps
Working pumps ≥ 2
The Wastewater Treatment Process
Are you visit STP before?
Common treatment steps
1-Pre-treatment
2- Preliminary treatment
3-Primary treatment
4-Secondary treatment
5-Sludge (bio solids) disposal
1-Pre-treatment

• The first protection line to the pumps and sewerage water

pipe network as example the screen in your home which
keep large size away and not allowed to large size particle to
enter to the pipe .
• Also as the oil trap in the restaurants.
2 - Primary treatment
 typical materials that are removed during primary
treatment include
 fats, oils, and greases (aka FOG)
 sand, gravels and rocks (aka grit)
 Larger settle able solids including human waste, and
 floating materials
Methods used in primary treatment
Sand catcher
 Remove sand and grit
 Control wastewater velocity
 Sand grit and stone settle
 Keep suspended organic matter in water

 Damage equipments in the remaining treatment stage

 Landfill
 Primary Sedimentation Tank
 Remove grease, oil
 Fecal solid settle,
floating material rise to
the surface
 Produce a homologous
liquid for later
biological treatment
 Fecal sludge are
pumped to sludge
treatment plant
 Purpose of
Primary Sedimentation Tank

•Removal of 40 to 60 % of SS

•Removal of 25 to 35 % of BOD

•Removal of Oil and Grease

Mechanical treatment
2-Preliminary treatment
 The second protection which protect pumps in pumping station
; protect the mechanical equipment's and treatment unit as
mechanical screen.
 Grit Chamber
- removes rocks, gravel, broken glass, etc.
 Mesh Screen
- removes diapers, combs, towels, plastic bags, syringes, etc.
Automatically cleaned trash rack
Sieve
Slotted sieve Perforated tin
≥ 0.5 mm ≥ 3 mm
Layout of a WWTP

Mechanical treatment Biological treatment

precipitation
chemical

Screen Grid Fat Primary Activated Secondary

chamber chamber clarifier sludge tank clarifier

River,
filtration

Sand Fat
Primary Return sludge
sludge
Thickening
Secondary sludge
Excess sludge

Biogas

Use,
dewatering,
drying,
incineration,
disposal, Wash, Disposal
incineration disposal
Digestion Storage
Example: WWTP Chemnitz-Heinersdorf
Biological treatment
3- Secondary treatment
 Degrade biological content (dissolved organic matter)
of the sewage
 Ex: human waste, food waste, soaps, detergent
 Added bacteria and protozoa into sewage
 3 different approaches
 Fixed film system
 Suspended film system
 Lagoon system
5- physical components of activated sludge process
 aeration tank
 oxygen is introduced into the system
Aeration tank
Compressed Air Pipe
 aeration source
 ensure that adequate oxygen is fed into the tank
 provided pure oxygen or compressed air
 secondary clarifiers
 solids separate from the surrounding wastewater
 Lagoon Systems
 hold the waste-water for several months
 natural degradation of sewage
What can effluent use for?
 discharged into a stream, river, bay, lagoon or wetland
 used for the irrigation of a golf course, green way or
park
 If it’s sufficiently clean, it can be used for groundwater
recharge
Advanced Treatment
 Nitrogen removal
 Ammonia (NH3) → nitrite (NO2-)→ nitrate (NO3-)
 Phosphorous removal
 Precipitation with iron or aluminums salt
Sludge treatment
 Primary sludge usually have strong odors
 Secondary sludge have high concentration of
microorganism
 Goals of treatments are:
 Reduce odors
 Remove water reduce volume
 Decompose organic matter
 Untreated sludge are about 97 percent water
 Settling can reduce about 92 to 96 percent of water
 dried sludge is called a sludge cake
Efficiency of primary clarifier

100
90 settleable
80 solids

70 TSS
Efficiency (%)

60
50
40
30
BOD5
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Residence time HRT (h)
Activated sludge system

Activated Secondary clarifier

sludge tank

Air, O2 Sedimentation Effluent

Inlet
Nutrients

Bacteria

Return sludge Excess

sludge
Aeration in an actvated sludge tank

Oxygen
Bacteria
Organic compounds Sludge

Effluent,
water and
sludge

Air
Inflow from mecha-
nical treatment

Return sludge

Dimension:
communal wastewater treatment 2 m3 wastewater per m3 reactor volume and day
5-tertiary treatment
 Clarifiers
 Sand filters
THEORY OF FILTRATION

Filtration theory depends on passing water through a porous

material that removes the undesirable impurities from it.

W a ter

F ilte r M ed ia

S u p p o rtin g M ed ia
.Number of layers in filter bed
Single media
Dual media
Multi-media

Direction of flow
Down flow
Up flow
Horizontal flow

Characteristic of flow
Gravity flow
Pressure flow
Treatment stages – Tertiary treatment
 remove disease-causing organisms from wastewater
 2 different disinfection process
 Chlorination
 UV light radiation
Disinfection:
specification of chemical used as disinfection agent :
Chlorination systems :
1-solid state .
2-liquid state.
3-gas state .

UV system

Problems which happen to gas systems.

Chlorination
 Most common
 Advantages: low cost &
effective
 Disadvantages: chlorine
residue could be harmful
to environment
Chlorine Storages
Chlorination system
Chlorination Tanks
UV light radiation
 Damage the genetic
structure of bacteria,
viruses and other
pathogens.
 Advantages: no
chemicals are used
 Disadvantages: high
maintenance of the UV-
lamp
Lifting pump station units

units

mechanical electrical

Control
screens cranes pumps Fire alarm panels generator
Treatment station units
aeration

mechanical Cranes- gates

Screening -
pumps
units Civil
Bonds – tanks –
chamber

Electrical Fire alarm –

This as examples PLC –SCADA-
generators
finally
SUMMARY OF LOADING AND OPERTIONAL
PARAMETERS FOR AERATION PROCESSES
BOD Loading
F/M ratio (gm %Return % BOD
Process (gm RT (hrs)
BOD/d/gm MLSS) Sludge efficiency
BOD/m3/d)

Extended
Aeration
150 - 500 0.05 – 0.2 20 - 30 100 85 - 95

Conventional 450 - 600 0.2 – 0.5 0.6 – 7.5 30 90 - 95

Step Aeration 500 - 800 0.2 – 0.5 5.0 – 7.0 50 85 – 95

Contact
Stabilization
500 - 800 0.2 – 0.5 6.0 – 9.0 100 85 - 90

High Rate 1300 - 1500 0.5 – 1.0 2.5 – 3.5 100 80 - 85

High Purity
Oxygen
1900 - 2000 0.6 – 1.5 1.0 – 3.0 50 90 - 95
DEVICES
 ‫إﻋﺎدة اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﯾﺎﻩ اﻟﺻرف اﻟﺻﺣﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟزراﻋﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﻣوح ﺑزراﻋﺗﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻧوع اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫طرق اﻟرى‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎطﺎت اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ واﻟﺻﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‬ ‫رﻗم اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻣل ﺳﯾﺎج ﺣول اﻟﻣزارع‪.‬‬

‫ﻋدم اﻟﺗﻼﻣس ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﻣﻊ ﻋدم دﺧول ﻏﯾر‬
‫ﺧﻔﯾﻔﺔ اﻟﻘوام‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺧطوط‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯾن ﻟﻠﻣزارع‪.‬‬ ‫اﻷﺷﺟﺎر اﻟﺧﺷﺑﯾﺔ واﻟﻧﺧﯾل‬ ‫ﻣﯾﺎﻩ ﺻرف ﺻﺣﻰ‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬
‫اﺗﺧﺎذ اﻹﺟراءات اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﻣرﺿﺔ واﻟﻌﻼج‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺧطوط ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻧﻘﺎطﺎت ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺧﻔﯾﻔﺔ اﻟﻘوام‬ ‫ﻣﺛل اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘطن – اﻟﻛﺗﺎن ‪ -‬اﻟزﻫور‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﺑﺗداﺋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
‫اﻟﻣرﺷﺣﺎت‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺎﺷﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﺻﯾل اﻷﻋﻼف واﻟﺣﺑوب‬
‫ﺧﻔﯾﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣدرة ﻟﻠﺑن أو اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﻔﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺧطوط –‬
‫ﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣوم‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺻﯾل واﻟﻔواﻛﻪ اﻟﻘﺷرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻧﻘﯾط‬
‫اﻟﻘوام‬ ‫ﯾﺟب طﻬﻰ اﻟطﻌﺎم ﻗﺑل‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺿ اروات اﻟﺗﻰ ﺗطﻬﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻧﺎوﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻔواﻛﻪ اﻟﻣﺻﻧﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺣ اررة‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺗﻰ ﺗؤﻛل ﻧﯾﺋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ أﻧواع‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟطرق‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻘﺷرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗوﺟد‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻣﺗﻘدﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟراﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻋدا اﻟرش‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺻﯾل واﻟﺑﺳﺎﺗﯾن‪.‬‬
‫اﻷﻋﻼف واﻟﻣراﻋﻰ اﻟﺧﺿراء‬