University Of Alberta

0 0001 43245 45

Solution Key for

MODERN
4LGE BRA
j~~* CTi tO

*r ' '

Structure and Method

BOOK ONE

DOLCIANi • BERMAN FREILICH

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 Solution Key for

MODERN
ALGEBRA
Structure and Method

BOOK ONE

MARY P. DOLCIANI • SIMON L. BERMAN

JULIUS FREILICH

HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY • BOSTON

NEW YORK • ATLANTA • GENEVA, ILL. • DALLAS • PALO ALTO
 This Solution Key is provided as an aid to the
teacher conducting a class in which MODERN
ALGEBRA, Structure and Method: Book One is
used regularly and is not for the use of any other
person. The teacher’s cooperation is asked in pre¬
venting this book from falling into the students’
possession and in destroying it or returning it to
the office of Houghton Mifflin from which it was
obtained when no longer needed.

COPYRIGHT © 1962 BY HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO REPRODUCE THIS BOOK
OR PARTS THEREOF IN ANY FORM. PRINTED IN THE U. S. A.

UNIVERSITY
 The purpose of this Key is to make the teacher’s work easier. It
contains references to all written exercises and problems in MODERN
ALGEBRA, Structure and Method: Book One including these cate¬
gories: Written Exercises, Problems, Chapter Test, Chapter Review,
Cumulative Review, Extra for Experts, Just for Fun, and the chapter
entitled Comprehensive Review and Tests. For answers to Oral
Exercises the teacher is referred to the annotated Teacher’s Edition.

To achieve the purpose of the Key, these criteria were followed in

its preparation: (1) To provide a solution for every written exercise
and problem in which more than one step is required for solution;
(2) To arrange the solutions compactly enough so that the teacher
will not be inconvenienced by the size of the Key (which contains
the solution to more than 7600 exercises). For this reason once a
desirable form of solution was established, certain shortcuts were
used which teachers will not want their students to follow: (1) In¬
cluding more than one equals sign in a mathematical sentence; (2) Con¬
densing sentences such as “Let w = the number of feet in the width.”
 ABBREVIATIONS

A = acre(s) L.C.D. = lowest common

add. = addition, additive denominator
amp = ampere (s) M = meter(s)
amt. = amount max. = maximum
ans. = answer meas. = measure
arith. = arithmetic mi = mile(s)
assoc. = associative min = minute (s)
avg. = average min. = minimum
bu = bushel(s) mph = miles per hour
C = Centigrade mult. = multiplication
cal = calorie(s) naut. = nautical
cm = centimeter(s) no., nos. = number, numbers
coeff. = coefficient num. = numeral, numerical,
comm. = commutative numerator
comp. = complement oz = ounce(s)
cu = cubic prop. = property
defn. = definition pt = pint(s)
denom. = denominator Q = quotient
distrib. = distributive qt = quart (s)
div. = division reflex. = reflexive
doz = dozen rev. = revolutions
eqn. = equation rpm = revolutions per minute
equiv. = equivalent sec = second(s)
ex. = exercise(s) soln. = solution
exp. = exponent sq = square
F = Fahrenheit, false subst. = substitution
ft = foot, feet subt. = subtraction
g = gram(s) supp. = supplement
hr = hour(s) T = true
in = inch(es) temp. = temperature
inf. = infinite trans. = transitive
K = Kelvin transf. = transformation
kg = kilogram(s) wk. = week
kw-hr = kilowatt-hour(s) wt. = weight
lb = pound(s)
 CONTENTS

1. Symbols and Sets. 1

2. Variables and Open Sentences. 4

3. Axioms, Equations, and Problem Solving.11

4. The Negative Numbers.24

5. Equations, Inequalities, and Problem Solving .... 32

6. Working with Polynomials.45

7. Special Products and Factoring.62

8. Working with Fractions.73

9. Graphs.97

10. Sentences in Two Variables.117

11. The Real Numbers.144

12. Functions and Variation.160

13. Quadratic Equations and Inequalities.173

14. Geometry and Trigonometry.190

15. Comprehensive Review and Tests.202

.

*
Key to Chapter 1, pages 3-15 1

CHAPTER 1. Symbols and Sets

Pages 3-5 WRITTEN EXERCISES

3 . Q. 11.
A 1. R: 4j ►J • 1 2 >
T: If 2. R: If; S: 2; T: 2f 3. R: f; S: f; T: If
1 . Q. 5 .
4. R: 2 ) ° • 6 > T: li 5. R: f; S: Hi T: If 6. R: f; S: jfj; T: If
7. 5 8. 0 9. 2 10. 5 11. 4 12. f 13. i 14. | 15. 8 16. 0

17. | 18. |

B 19. ^ 20. 21. 5 22. 2 23. 3, 4 24. 7, 8 25. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 26. 0

C 27. 3, 6 28. None 29. | 30. f

Pages 6-7 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 20 = 27; F 2. 1.2 = .12; F O.

3
— 56 > rp
65 _ _.
X 4. 10 = 10; T 5. & = 24; F
6. 9 = 4; F 7. 85 = 85; T 8 0. = 0; T 9. 3 = 9; F 10. 6f = 6f; T
B 11.17+?= 19; 2 12. 51+? = 51; 0 13. 3§ ? = Its; ^12 14. 6* - ? = 4f;2f
15. .4 = 2 X ?; .2 16. 1.0 = .7 ?; .7 17. .4 = 1 '; -6 18. 4=1-5- ?;J

Pages 9-10 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 4 + 5 = 10 - 2. 13 X 0 < 16 + 0 3. 7 = 4. 5 < 6
8
.
-

5. 0 = 0 6. J# 2 + 3 > 1 + .6 8 6 X 0 = 0
5 — 2
9. 5 X 1 > 5 X 0 .
10 2i
8 =
— -*■1 + 1+
r -116 3^6 11 . 12. i + i4 = f + .2
13. 65 X 1 < 66 4^5
14. 3 4~ 6 > 9 15. 3 > 3 X 0 16. \ ill
^414
17. 2 X 10 > 17 - 18. .75 + .25 > # - f 19. 76 _ 232^-9
/ _9_li
^ 10 I G
.
20. 4 5
- - 2 = 8 -T- 4
21. 4 # < 22. |X4 > | 21
23. 9 <fX3 24. .6 — .2 = .2 X 2
25. 4 + 1 11 - 6 = 26. Any num. other than 7 27. 5 + 3 = 3 + 5
28. 8X0 0 = 29. 0 -5- 10 = 0 30. 5 + 2=7' 31. 14 = 7 + 7
32. 0 + 7 7 = 33. Any num. < 5 34. Any num. 35. 3 X 5 = 9 + 6
36. Any num. > 4 37. Any num. other than 12 38. Any num. > 8 and <16
39. Any num. > 0 40. 8 -5- 8 = 1

15 + 1 24 + 12
B 41. = 2 42. ——— =6 + 3 43. Any num. other than 0
8 4
44. io X 10 1 45. Any num. > 1 and < 3 46. Any num. > f and < f, e.g., \
47. Any num. >0 and <.l, e.g., .001 48. Any num. > .4 and < .5, e.g., .43
49. Any num. > ^ and < e.g., 50. Any num. > fff and < fff, e.g., fff
14867 , 14857 1.4868
C 51. Any num. > 1.53327 and < 1.54327, e.g., 1.53377 52. Any num. > and < ;, e.g.,
23864 23764 2.3864
53. Any num. > \/6 and < y/7, e.g., \/6.3 54. Any num.

Pages 14-15 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. {8, 9}, finite 2. {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, finite 3. {i, eJ, finite 4. 0, finite
5. 0, finite 6. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, finite 7. {10, 12, 14, 16, 18}, finite
8. {Feb.}, finite 9. {1, 2, 3, ... , 1775}, finite 10. {202, 204, 206, . . . , 998}, finite

B 11. {3,6,9, 12, 15}', finite 12. {25, 50, 75, . . .}, inf. 13. {1964, 1968, 1972, . . .}, inf. 14. {40}, finite
15. {^}, finite 16. {1, 3, 5, . . .}, inf. 17. {2, 4, 6, . . .}, inf. 18. 0, finite

C 19. {1, 3, 5}, finite 20. {0, 1, 4, 9, 16}, finite 21. 0, finite 22. 0, finite
23. f 24. d 25. h 26. j 27. a 28. g 29. b 30. i 31. c 32. k 33. e 34. 1
 Key to Chapter 1, pages 17-22 *

Page 17 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

o tft1ttt 0 12 3 4

4. |-1-1-1-1-^
0 1 2 3 4 5 0

6. 15
4" 2

0 7 8

9 10 .
"f
2 6
1 ] 1
1 11
—o

4
11. J_1_1_1_12. 1_1_1_1_
1 1 i i 1 r i i i n
0 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 2 6 8

13.
0 2 3
+9
_► 14. 13
2 2

0
15.
,6f
0 0

17. ^ 18.
I t I 4 I 4
0 2 4 6 0123456789

Page 19 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. {3}, {15}, {10} 2. {3, 15}, {3, 10}, {10, 15} 3. {3, 15, 10} 4.0
5. {10}, {15}, {10, 15} 6.0 7.(10} 8. {3}, {15}, {3, 15}
9. {the nos. of arith.} 10. {the nos. of arith.} 11. {all fractions} 12. {all men}
13. {all cities of Alaska} 14. {the islands of Hawaii}
Page 22 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 0 X [5 + 6] = 0 X [11] - 0 2. 5 X [5 - 0] = 5 X [5] = 25
3. 17 X 30 = 510 4. 255 X 2 = 510 5. ff = 2 6. *£ = 8
7. = 18 8. y§ = 2 9. (20)18 = 360 10. (306) + (54) = 360
11. (20) + ([6]+ 4) - (20) +(*) = # 12 . [30 4 (10)] 4- 3 = [3] -s- 3 = 1
B 13. [3 + (36) + 3] = [3 + 12] = 15 14. [20 4- 6] 4- 13 = m
4- 13 = M

15. [f|] 4- 12 = t 16. [(5) 4- 5] + 1 = [1] + 1 = 2

17. [100 + 2] - 51 = [102] — 51 = 51 ie. [ft -*]-*=[«]- A = tt ~ i
19. (27) + [27 + 2] = (27) + [29] = 56 20. {12} - {§ X i} = 12 - {i} = Ilf
C 21. [{(8 - 8) X 3} + 5] X 200 = [{(0) X 3} + 5] X 200 = [(0) + 5] X 200 = (5) X 200 = 1000
22. {(1452 X 5) ^ 5} X 100 = {(7260) - 5} X 100 = {7255} X 100 = 725,500
23. [(8 + 60 - 60) + 56] 4- 13 = [8 + 56] 4- 13 = [64] 4- 13 = ft
24. [{(HI1 11) X 27} + 27] 4- 27 = [{873} -f 27] 4- 27 = [900] 4- 27 = ^ ^
Key to Chapter 1, pages 24-30 3

Page 24 WRITTEN EXERCISES

1. (12) -s-3 + 1 = 4+1 = 5 2. (12) -5- (4) = 3

3. 5(16) -5-4 + 3 = 80-5-4 + 3 = 20 + 3 = 23 4. 21 + 5(10) - 20 = 21 + 50 - 20 = 51
5. 7 + 3(4) - 6 = 7+12^6 = 7 + 2 = 9 6. 7 + (12) -6=7+2=9
4 + 3 7
7. 4 + 2 = 6 .
8 30 - 3(5) = 30 - 15 = 15
’• — = 5 = 1
15 + 20 35 6 + 21 27 65 15 50
.
10 —— = — = 5
7 7
11,
7 = 9
12. 10 10
13. 27 + 10 - (14) = 23 14. 37 - 11 - 3 = 26 - 3 = 23 15. 5 + 4 - (2) = 7
16. 9 — 3+l = 6+ l = 7
B 17. 8^4=2 = 2-5-2 = 1 18. 72 -5- 3 X 2 -5- 48 = 24 X 2 -5- 48 = 48 -5- 48 = 1
19. 6(9) - 3 = 54 - 3 = 51 20. 5(3) - 3 + 2= 15-5-3 + 2 = 5 + 2= 7
9 - 5(1) _ 9-5 _ 1 4(4) - 1 16-1 15
21.
8 8 2
22.
~ ~ 5— - —
5 = y = 3
5 + 6 _ 11 _ 1
23. 24. 6(14) + 8- 2 = 84 + 8- 2 90
2(11) 22 2 ~ ~

25. (10) (15) = 150 26. (6 - 4) -5- 2 = (2) = 2 = 1

27. (7.3) (9) (9) = 591.3 28. 3.3 + 3(6) (4) - 2 = 3.3 + 72 - 2 = 73.3
29. (15 - 3 + 4) -5- 8 X 5 = (12 + 4) -5- 8 X 5 = (16) = 8X5 = 2X5=10

30. 51 - 16 - 5 = 35 - 5 = 30 31. £(4 X 4) -5- (32 -5- 2) = |(16) -5- (16) - 8 -5- 16 = \
20 X 20 400 397 2 X 3 - 2 + 16 _ 6-2 + 16 _ 4 + 16
32. 33.
13 + 15 28 28 20-5-5 ~ 4 ~ 4
1 + 11 + 528 540 540
34. = 54
9 1 +2 8 +2 10

Pages 27-28 - CHAPTER TEST

1I • £
4 2I.. £
4 3
O. 2 4. 4 5. \ 6. | 7. 20 = 20; T 8. 9 = 12; F
9. 17 = 17; T 10. 12§ = 13§; F 11. Any num. other than 2 12. Any num. > 20
, . 2700 , 2700 2700
13. Any num. > 2 and <4 14. Any num. > ——- and < 15. {6, 12, 18, 24}
ZtO 235 ’ 6‘ S'’ 237
16. {100, 101, 102, . . . , 999} 17. inf. 18. finite 19. 0

21.
0 1 2 0 2 3

22. 3 23. {4,8}

2
-a
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
24. [60 - 6] = 10 = [10] -5- 10 = 1 25. 10 + 3 = 13 26. 50 - 49 = 1

Pages 28-30 - CHAPTER REVIEW

5 3 A 9.
1. number 2. zero 3. magnitude 4. distance A A 7. E
8. numerical, numeral 9. equal 10. = 11. 5^ 12. greater
13. 5 < 7 or 7 > 5 14. 1, 9 15. 5 16. set 17. member or element 18. e
19. not 20. roster 21. rule 22. 12, 15, 18 23. infinite 24. empty

25. finite 26. empty or null 27. 3 28.

29. subset 30. {20} 0

(2) -5- 2 1
31. brackets, braces, bar 32. one 33. 2 + 12 = 14
4‘ 8 -5- (2) 4
35. inclusion, divisions, multiplications, additions, subtractions 36. 12 - 6 = 6
4 Key to Chapters 1, 2, pages 30-38

2 + 12 14
37. 3 + 24 = 27 38. 6 - 2 + 15 = 4 + 15 = 19 39. 45 -.55 = 44.45 40. —— = — = 1
2(7) 14

Page 31 • EXTRA FOR EXPERTS

1 .

a. A n B is a set C = {2, 3} such that C is a proper subset of A and of 5; because every member of C is
also a member of A; likewise, every member of C is also a member of B.
b. When A is a (proper or improper) subset of B

2 .

A nB = 0

a. When A and B have no members in common, the intersection of A and B is the empty set.
b. A n B is a proper subset of A as well as of B because 0 is a proper subset of every set except itself.
c. The membership of each set excludes members of the other set.

Page 33 • JUST FOR FUN

Coat: 159.50; hat: $8.00; refrig.: $325.55 1. Rain is wet. 2. Peace is paramount. 3. Codes are fun.

CHAPTER 2. Variables and Open Sentences

Pages 37-38 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 2;6-l + 2- 3 = 6 + 6= 12 .
2 2; 3 • 12 - 5 • 5 = 36 - 25 = 11
3. 1; 2(3 • 1 + 3) = 2(6) = 12 4. 1; (3 • 12) (3 • 12) = (36) (36) = 1296
5. 1; (3 • 3) (12 • 12) = (9) (144) = 1296 6. 1; 2 • 0(12 - 2- 1) = 2- 0- 10 = 0
7. 2; 2 • 3 • 12 - 4 • 3 • 1 = 72 - 12 = 60 .
8 5;l + l+ 0 + 0 + 0 = 2
9. 2; 5 • 3 — i• 12 = 15 — 6 = 9
B 10. 2; (5 • 5 - 5) - 5 = (25 — 5) - 5 = 20 5 = 15
11. 1; (2-t - l)(2-i+ 1) = (1 - 1)(1 + 1) =' (0)(2) = 0
12. 1; (3 • 1 + 12)(3 • 1 + 12) = (3 + 12)(3 + 12) = (15)(15) = 225
4-£ + 3-l 2 + 3 5 6 - j + 5 3 + 5 8_
13. 14. 1;
* 7 7 7 7 • 5 35 35
3-5 + 12 15 + 12 16 • 3 • £ 24
15. 5 • 3 - 12 15 - 12
9
’ (4-3) (2- 1) (12) (2)
. 12(213_+5) 12(6 + 5) 12(11) 2 • j(3 + 1) _ 2 • K4) _ 4
’12(2-3-5) 12(6-5) 12(1) ' 2 • i(3 - 1) 2• U2) 2
5-12 — 0 60 - 0 60
19* 1; 5 • 12 + 0 ~ 60 + 0 “ 60 ~ 1
Key to Chapter 2, pages 38-43 5

Pages 38-39 • PROBLEMS

4.375 - 3.625 .750 5

1. == .375 in 2.
12-6 6
3. | • 20 + 32 = 36 + 32 = 68°F 4. 2(12.250) + (3.142)(3.000) = 24.500 + 9.426 = 33.926 ft

4(6 + 7) 4(13) 7(7 + 1) 7(8)

B 5.
2 2
= 26 sq in 6 . = 28

7. |(77 - 32) = |(45) - 25°C 8. +°-(2 • 6 - 1) = 10(12 1) = 10(11) = 110 ft/sec

2-15 30
9.
15-12 3
= 10 -3 = 4
2
10
4
. 6
11 . 180 180 = 150°
(v)-
12. (.000023) (10) (80 - 20) = (.000023) (10) (60) = .0138 ft

13. ^(24 - 20) (24 + 20) = ^(4) (44) = ^ = 553^ sq in

14. 15(15 - 12)(15 - 10)(15 — 8) = 15(3)(5)(7) = 1575 (sq in)2
15. 2(7 • 6 + 6 • 5 + 7 • 5) = 2(42 + 30 + 35) = 2(107) = 214 sq ft

16. 110 (l0 + ~h + lo) = 110(10 + 4 + 5) = H0(19) - 2090 amp

,, 12.250 (1.875 - 1.125^ 0 /.750\

17* XI25 V-2-) = 2 = 750 m
3(1.5) 4.5
18
12 + 3(0.1) - 12 + .3 1^3 = 41 amp
7(7+ 1)(2 • 7 + 1) 7(8)(14+ 1) 7(8K15) = 840 =
19 . 6 6 6 6
140

20. 2 • 14 + 3.25 (2-5 12 28 + 3.25(1.85) - 28 + 6.0125 = 34.0125 ft

V
Pages 42-43 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1.
b2 2. c3 3. a3 4. d2 5. 7n3 6. 14m3 7. rr3 8. 8n3 9. E4 10. F3
11. R5 12. s6 13. 5y3 14. 8z2 15. \g2 16. \h5 17. (2P)2 18. (8f)2 19. (xy)3
20. (ab)3 21. (a - l)3 22. (1 - a)3 23. (r + 2)3 24. (t + 7)2
1\2 _ _1_
B 25. (i)2 = | 26. (i) - ^ 27. 4(3)2 = 4 • 9 = 36
28. 8(5)2 = 8 • 25 = 200 29. (9 • ^)2 = 32 - 9 30. (8 • i)2 = 22 = 4
31. 2(3)2 + 4(3) + 5 = 18 + 12 + 5 = 35 32. 5(1)2 - 3(1) + 4 = 5 — 3 + 4 = 2 + 4= 6
33. 7(2)3 + (2)2 - 2 = 56 + 4- 2 = 58
34. (5)3 - 2(5)2 + 5 + 4= 125 - 50 + 5 + 4= 75 + 5 + 4 = 84
35. (0)5 + 3(0)4 - (0)3 + 0 = 0 + 0- 0 + 0 = 0
36. (O)10 + (0)5 + 0 + 9 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 9 = 9

37. (5)2 + (2)2 + (3)2 = 25 + 4 + 9 = 38 38. 5 - (2)2 + (3)2 = 5- 4 + 9=1 + 9=10

39. (5)2 + 2 + (3)2 = 25 + 2 + 9 = 36 40. 5 - 2 + (3)2 = 5- 2 + 9 = 3 + 9=12
41. (5)2 + (2)2 - 2(3)2 = 25 + 4 - 18 = 11 42. (5)2 + 2 - (3)2 = 25 + 2 - 9 = 18
2 (5)2 + (5) (2) 50 + 10
43. (5)2 - (2)2 + (3)2 25 4 + 9 = 21 + 9 = 30 44. = 1
20(3) 60
(3)3 - 27 27 - 27 0 (5)2 + (3)3 _ 25 + 9 34 = 17
45. 46.
(5) (2) 10 10 (2)2 4 4 2
7(2)2(3) - 2(5)2 84 - 50 34 17
47.
(5)(2) 10 10 5
48. (5 • 3)3 + (2)6 = (15)3 + 64 = 3375 + 64 3439

49. (^)3 + 3(5)2 = (4)3 + 75 = 64 + 75 = 139

- 3)4 - (2)4 _ (2)4 - 16 _ 16_

(5
50.
5 - (2)2 5-4 PM-’
(2 • 2 — 3)3 + (2) 3 (4 - 3)3 + 8 (l)3 + 8 _ 1 + 8
51. 729 81
(2 • 5 - 3 + 2)3 “ (10 - 3 + 2)3 (7 + 2)3 (9)3
6 Key to Chapter 2, pages 43-48

Pages 43-44 • PROBLEMS

A 1. (15)2 = 225 sq cm 2. (15)3 = 3375 cu cm
3. (254) (300,000,000)2 = (254)(90,000,000,000,000,000) = 22,860,000,000,000,000,000 g(M/sec):
s (13.7X25)2 = (13.7)(625) = 8562,5 = 42gL25 ffc
4. (15)2(.01) = 225(.01) = 2.25 amp2 ohm

B 6. 4(3.14)(24) = (12-56)(13824) = (12.56)(4608) = 57,876.48 cu in

O O

7. (.000000822) (6000)4 = (.000000822) (1,296,000,000,000,000) = 1,065,312,000°K

(25)(100)2 (25)(10000)
(25)(5000) = 125,000 g (cm/sec)2
8* 2 2 ~

9. (3.14)(1.25)2(12.0) = (3.14)(1.5625)(12.0)
5625) (12.0) = 58.875
, cu in
300 300 3
10 candle power/sq ft
(500)2 " 250,000 2500

15(20)2 15(400)
11. 10 10
= 15(40) = 600 ft lb/sec"

(10.37) (200) 2074

C 12. = 3.318 = 3.32 ft/sq mil
(25)2 625
(.0000000667) (100,000) (900,000) 6003
13 = .006003 (g/cmX
(1000)2 1,000,000
14. (0.238)(20)2(10)(300) = (0.238)(400)(3000) = 285,600 amp2(ohm)(sec)
8.0500 2.0125
” «“> (S) 47T2 7T-
ft

Pages 47-49 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 1 + 1 — 5; F 2. 0 > 3; F 3. 0 < 1; T 4. 2 • 2 ^ 8; T
2 + 1 = 5; F 2 > 3; F 1 < 1; F 2-4 ^ 8;F
3 + 1 = 5; F 4 > 3; T 2 < 1; F 2-6^8;T
4+ 1 = 5;T 6 > 3; T 3 < 1; F 2 • 8 ^ 8; T
5 + 1 = 5; F 8 > 3; T 4 < 1; F {2, 6,8}
{4} {4, 6,8} {0}

5. 2-0 ^ 0;F 6. 2-0 + 1 = 5; F 7. 2 • 8 < 20; T 8. 3 • 7 > 25; F

2-2 ^ 0;T 2 • 2 + 1 = 5; T 2-9 < 20; T 3 • 8 > 25; F
2 -4 ^ 0; T 2-4+ 1 = 5;F 2 • 10 < 20; F 3 • 9 > 25; T
2-6^0;T 2 • 6 + 1 = 5; F 2-11 < 20; F 3 • 10 > 25; T
{2, 4, 6} 2} { {8,9} {9, 10}
9. a. 10 + (7 + 2) (10 + 7) +2; True; .
10 a. 10 - (6 + 1) (10 - 6) + 1;
xe{10}, t/G{7} 10 - 7 > 4 + 1; False; 0
b. 2 + (0 + 2) (2 + 0) + 2; True; b. 5 - (3 + 1) > (5 - 3) + 1;
xe{2], z/e{0} 5 — 4 > 2+1; False; 0
11. {3} 12. {1} 13. {11} 14. {3} 15. {0} 16. {0}

,7-4-
0 5
—|-1—► 18> (j*
0
*6 I II I I »
19. 1_Ab—1—rb 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 70 1
1 1 1 1 1 nr* r
0 3 0

21. 1 • , 1 1 ^ 22. 1
1 nr* r
0 2 7 0 5 8

23. 0 24. 0
Key to Chapter 2, pages 48-49 7

26.
25-t^4
0 2 0 10
*>28. ^
27- *
0 1 0 10
29. {8} 30. {5}

31.

33.

35. {7} 36. {1}

37. 38*
0

39.
0
■4 -

3
1

4°. ^
4
0

B 41. 9(3 + 2) = 9 • 3 + 9 • 2; 45 = 45; T 9(3 + 4) = 9 • 3 + 9 • 4; 63 = 63; T

9(5 + 2) = 9 ■ 5 + 9 • 2; 63 = 63; T 9(5 + 4) = 9 • 5 + 9 • 4; 81 = 81; T

42. 12(1 • 9) = (12 • 1)9; 108 = 108; T 12(1 • 11) = (12 • 1)11; 132 = 132; T
12(3 • 9) = (12 • 3)9; 324 = 324; T 12(3 • 11) = (12 • 3)11; 396 = 396; T

43. (2 + 1)(10 + 3) > 3 • 2 • 10; 39 > 60; F (4 + 1)(10 + 3) > 3 • 4 • 10; 65 > 120; F
(2 + 1)(21 +3) > 3 • 2 • 21; 72 > 126; F (4 + 1)(21 + 3) > 3 • 4 • 21; 120 > 252; F

44. 12-4 + 8 < 20 • 4 + 8 • 0; 56 < 80; T 12-4 + 8 < 20 • 4 + 8 • 1; 56 < 88; T

12-7 + 8 < 20 • 7 + 8 • 0; 92 < 140; T 12-7 + 8 < 20 • 7 + 8 • 1; 92 < 148; T
12-0 + 8 < 20 • 0 + 8 • 0; 8 < 0; F 12-0 + 8 < 20 -0 + 8-1; 8 < 8; F

45. (1)(1 + 1) = 1 • 1 + 1 • 1; 2 = 2; T (1)(1 + 2) = 1-1+ 1-2; 3 = 3; T

(1) (2 + 1) = 1 • 2 + 1 • 1; 3 = 3;T (1) (2 + 2) = 1 -2 + 1 -2; 4 = 4; T
(2) (1 + 1) = 2- 1 + 2- 1; 4 = 4;T (2) (1 + 2) = 2 • 1 + 2 • 2; 6 = 6;T
(2) (2 + 1) = 2 • 2 + 2 • 1; 6 = 6;T (2) (2 + 2) = 2- 2 + 2-2; 8 = 8; T

46. 0 + 3 • 5 = (0 + 3)5; 15 = 15; T 0 + 3 • 3 = (0 + 3)3; 9 = 9; T

2 + 3 • 5 = (2 + 3)5; 17 = 25; F 2 + 3 • 3 = (2 + 3)3; 11 = 15; F

47. 5 • 2 + 9 • 3 = 14 • 2 • 3; 37 = 84; F 5.2 + 9 • 1 = 14 • 2 • 1; 19 = 28; F

5 • 1 + 9 • 3 = 14 • 1 • 3; 32 = 42; F 5 . 1 + 9 • 1 = 14 -1 • 1; 14 = 14; T

48. 12 • 4 + 8 • 4 < 20 • 4; 80 < 80; F 12 • 7 + 8 • 7 < 20 • 7; 140 < 140; F

49. (9 v 3) -i- 3 = 9 -i- (3 t 3); 1 = 9; F (9v3)-fl = 9v(3-f 1);3=3;T

(9 -s- 9) -5- 3 = 9 -5- (9 -f- 3); £ = 3; F (9+9)-f l = 9-5-(9+l);l= 1;T

50. 10 + 8-2-2 < 2 • 2 + 12 + 4 • 2; 24 < 24; F

10 + 8-1 - 2 < 2-1 +12+ 4-1; 16 < 18; T

C 51. 10 — 4 h- 2 + 2 > 8 5
- - 4 + 8(2 -s- 2); 10 > 10; F
10 — 4 4 + 2 > 8 v 4 + 8(2 -s- 4); 11 >6;T
10 — 8 2 + 2 > 8-^8 + 8(2 -4- 2); 8 > 9; F
10 — 84-4 + 2 > 8^-8 + 8(2 4); 10 > 5; T
8 Key to Chapter 2, pages 49-51

6- 6 — 4- 4 6 6
- - 8 8
-
52. = 6 - 4; 2 = 2;T = 6 — 8; (36 — 64) not defined; undetermined
6 + 4 6 + 8
8- 8 — 4- 4 8 8 8 8
- - -
= 8 - 4; 4 = 4; T = 8 — 8; 0 = 0; T
8+4 ~ 8+8
53. a. 7 • 3 + 5 • 3 + 2 • 0 > 12 • 3 + 0 + 0; 36 > 36; F
b. 7 • 4 + 5 • 1 + 2 • 2 > 12 • 4 + 2 + 2; 37 > 52; F
54. a. (5 + 2) + 7(2 + 3) + (5 + 3) = 19 + 2 + 8 • 3 + 5; 50 = 50; T
b. (5 + 5) + 7(2 + 2) + (3 + 2) = 19 + 5 + 8 • 2 + 3; 43 = 43; T
4-15 + 5 . 65 t?
55. a. 5(12 - 4) + 5 • 12 - 4; 40 + 56; T 56. a. ---= 15 + 5; = 20; 4
1 IQ | Q

b. 1(6 — 0) 5^ 1-6 — 0;6?^6;F b +,.f = 12 + 2; 14 = 14; T

Pages 50-51 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. a. Seven times a given no. x; x > 0. b. The length of a rectangle is 7 times its width. If the width is
x units, then the length is lx units; x > 0. 2. a. Nine times a given no. y, y > 0. b. Fred has 9 times
as many dimes as Jon. Let y represent the no. of dimes belonging to Jon; then 9y represents Fred’s dimes;
ye{l, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... , n). 3. a. The sum of a given no. x and 15; x > 0. b. Mae is 15 years older than
Ruth. If x represents Ruth’s age, then x + 15 represents Mae’s age; x > 0. 4. a. The difference of some
no. y and 10; y > 10. b. In a turkey shoot Robin bagged 10 more fowl than John Little. If y represents
the no. of turkeys shot by Robin, then John Little’s catch is represented by y — 10; ?/£{10, 11, 12, . . . ,n).
5. a. Twice a given no. a increased by 3; a > 0. b. Sam sold 3 more than twice as many tickets to the
prom as Pam sold. If a stands for the no. of tickets sold by Pam, then 2a + 3 represents the no. sold by
.
Sam; ae{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . , n). 6 a. Three times a given no. 6 diminished by 7; b > f. b. Find two nos.
such that the second can be obtained by subtracting 7 from 3 times the first. If b is an expression for
the first no., 36 — 7 represents the second; 6 > + 7. a. Four times the sum of a given no. x and 1;
x > 0. b. A side of one square exceeds a side of a second by one unit. If x represents the measure of a
side of the second, then 4(z + 1) represents the perimeter of the first square; x > 0. 8 a. The product.
of a given no. y diminished by 2 and the no. 5; y > 2. b. Joan has 2 less books than Kay and Caren has
5 times as many books as Joan. If y represents Kay’s books, then 5(y — 2) represents Caren’s books;
y&{2, 3, 4, ... , n}. 9. One-fourth a given no. x diminished by 2; ± > 8. b. There are two nos. such
that subtracting 2 from 5 the first number results in the second no. If x stands for the first no., then
x
-2 represents the second; x > 8. 10. a. One-third of a given no. n decreased by 3; n > 9. b. The
4
Red Sox won 3 less than 5 of the games won by the White Sox. Let n stand for the no. of White Sox
wins; then — 3 represents the no. of Red Sox wins; ne{9, 12, 15, ... , 168). 11. a. Twice the sum of
twice some no. v and 1; v > 0. b. In a pie-eating contest Ed ate 1 more than twice as many pies as Bill,
and Ken ate twice as many as Ed. If v stands for the no. of pies eaten by Bill, then 2(2v + 1) represents
the number of pies eaten by Ken; r£{0, 1, 2, . . . , n) assuming that a whole pie must be eaten in order to
.
be counted. 12 a. The product of a given no. u and another no. which is 3 times the given no. diminished
by 1; u > b. Express the product of two nos. such that the first no. is 1 less than 3 times the second
no. If u represents the second no. then u(Su — 1) is an expression for the product of the two nos.; u > +
13. a. The sum of two nos. such that one no. is 5 more than twice the other no., where z represents the
other no.; z > 0. b. Mr. Celia is 5 yr more than double his son’s age. If z represents his son’s age
then the sum of their ages is represented by z + (2z + 5); z > 0. 14. a. The sum of two nos. such that
one no. is twice the sum of 5 and the other no.; m > 0. b. Twice the result of adding 5 to Ned’s age will
give Tom’s age. If m represents Ned’s age, then m + 2{m + 5) represents the sum of their ages; m > 0.
15. a. The sum of two nos. such that the first is 3 less than 3- the second; s > 15. b. If Sally is now

s yr and Nan is 3 yr less than 3 of Sally’s age, then the sum of their ages can be expressed as

s > 15. 16. a. The difference of two nos., where the larger no. is represented by r and the smaller no.
(H + s',
is 3 less than £ the larger no.; r > 6. b. One car is moving at a rate which is 3 mph less than \ the
rate of another. If r represents the rate of the faster car, then the difference of their rates is represented

by r — ; r > 6. 17. a. The sum of two nos., where x stands for one no. and the second

no. is the difference of 100 and the first no.; 0 < x < 100. b. There is a pair of nos. whose sum is 100.
If x represents the first such number then the sum of the two can be expressed as x + (100 — x);
0 < x < 100.
Key to Chapter 2, pages 51-59 9

18. a. The sum of the ages of two brothers born exactly 1 yr apart, where the age of the younger boy
is expressed as n; n > 0. b. If (n + 1) stands for the larger of two consecutive whole nos., then the
sum of the two nos. is n + (n + 1); nE{0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}. 19. a. The difference of the square of a no. s
and 4; here s > 2. b. Two squares differ in area by 4. Let s stand for the measure of a side of the
larger square; then the area of the smaller square is represented by s2 — 4; s > 2. 20. a. One is sub¬
tracted from the product of 4 and the square of some no. t; t > b. There are two nos. such that the
first is 1 less than 4 times the square of the second. If t represents the second no., then 412 — 1 represents
the first no.; t > |. 21. a. The square of a no. subtracted from the no. w, 0 < w < 1. b. For some
squares the length of a side is greater than or equal to the area. Let w stand for the length of a side;
then (w — w2) represents the difference between the length of a side and the area of the square; 0 < w < 1.
22. a. The square of some no. t minus the no.; here, t = 0 and the set of all t such that t > 1. b. For
some squares the length of a side of the square is less than or equal to the area. Let t represent the length
of a side; then the area of the square exceeds the measure of a side by (t2 — t); t > 1. 23. a. The cube
of a no. x subtracted from 8; 0 < x < 2. b. Two cubes have edges of 2 and x, respectively, where
2 > x. The difference in the volumes of the two cubes is 8 — x3; 0 < x < 2. 24. a. One less than |
the cube of a number y; y > 2. b. One no. is equal to 1 less than | the cube of a second. If y stands

for the second no., then

r 1 represents the first no.; y > 2.
8

Page 54 • WRITTEN EXIERCISES

A 1 . x + 5 2 . d “b c 3. 2x + 4 4. by + 2x 5. 15 — n
6 . 3x - 2 7. z - 1 8. x — d 9. 2x - 5 10. bk - 5
+ 6 r—6 . x + y
11 . (3 x)y 12 . 6a 13. - 14. i(r- 6); 15. i(x + y)\
3
a — b
16. 17. 5(2 + y) 18. a (a 19. x{x + 2) + 5
c

20 .

5 1 mn
B 21.
4x + 3k
22. (a + b) — ab 23.
2 (a b)
24.
3 (m — n)
3 (r — s)
25.
2 (r + s)

Pages 54-55 • P R O B L EM S

A 1 . x, 2x 2. 1, 31 3. 90w 4. bi 5. 3w 6 . .
7 m, 3m 8. 10s 9. 400 - q
10 . h + 10,000 11. (a) w; (b) 2w + 6 12. 17

B 13. (a) s; (b) 2s — 48; (c) (2s — 48) —s —f- s 14. w 15. s + |s 108
16. (3c + 7c) + 5 17. 5c + 2(c + 28) 18. (a) :

Pages 58—60 • PROBLEMS

A 1. Let x = no. of games lost; then 2>x = no. of games won; 3x = 84; x — 28. 2. Let n = no. of class
members; bn = 170; n = 34. 3. Let z = no. of days the roll lasted; bz = 50; z = 10. 4. Let g = no.
of girls in class; then 7g = no. of boys in class; 7g = 28; g — 4. 5. Let t = cost of lot; then 71 = cost
.
of house; 71 = 18,200; t = $2600. 6 Let s = man’s monthly salary; 9s = 4050; s = $450. 7. Let
y = aunt’s age; then }y = Si’s age; \y = 8; y = 56 yr. 8. Let w = no. of girls in the city; then =
no. of blondes in the city; = 10,195; w = 30,585. 9. Let s = length of a side of square; P = 4s;
50 = 4s; s = 12| in. 10. Let l = length of rectangle; A = Iw; 68 = 4Z; l = 17 ft. 11. Let A =
amount in Jack’s account before deposit; A + 55.25 = 1342.70; A = $1287.45. 12. Let P = amount
on deposit before withdrawal; P - 15.75 = 672.39; P = $688.14. 13. Let n = normal weight;
n + 11 = 109; n = 98 lb. 14. Let T — temperature (true reading); T — 3.7 = 56; T = 59.7°.
15. Let E = Bill’s weekly earnings; E + 7.50 = Fred’s weekly earnings; E + 7.50 = 115.00; E =
$107.50. 16. Let G — Mark’s score; G — 3 = Dave’s score; G — 3 = 89; G = 92.

B 17. Let m = no. miles by auto; then 9m = no. miles by airplane; m + 9m = 500; m = 50 mi.
10 Key to Chapter 2, pages 59-61

s s
18. Let s = no. freshmen who elect Spanish; then - = no. freshmen who elect French; s + - = 150;
4 4
$ = 120. 19. Let n = the number; 3(2n) = 84; n = 14. 20. Let x = max. no. of bottles milkman
.
could have had originally; x — 12 < 75; x < 87; 86 (bottles). 21 Let B — no. of books owned
by John; then 2B + 1 = no. of books owned by Sue; 2B + 1 = 59; B — 29. 22. Let N = machine
B’s daily output; then 4N — 600 = machine A’s daily output; 4N — 600 = 4800; N = 1350.
t .. t
23. Let t — Jay’s bowling score; then - + 10 = Mary’s bowling score; — -f 10 = 100; t = 180. 24. Let
2 2
n
n = the number; - — 16 = 21; n — 111.
3
25. Let w — width of picture; then 2w — 4 = length; w + w + (2w — 4) + (2w — 4) = 76;
Qw — 8 = 76; w = 14 ft; 2w — 4 = 24 ft. 26. Let p = avg. speed of auto; then 15p = ayg. speed
of jet; d — rt; (p)( 1) = distance traveled by auto; (15p)(l) = distance traveled by jet; (p)(l) +
(15p)(l) = 640; 16p — 640; p = 40; (p)( 1) = 40 mi. 27. Let n = max. no. of tickets which Jo
could have sold; then 2n + 3 = no. of tickets Linda sold; 2n + 3 < 32; n < 14 tickets. 28. Let
w . w 3w
w = max. wt. of Helen; then — = wt. of sister; w 4* — < 165; — < 165; w < 110; 110 lb.
2 2 2
29. Letn = the first no.; then 2n = the 2nd no.; and 3n — 1 = the 3rd no.; n + 2n + (3n — 1) = 35;
6n — 1 = 35; n.*= 6; 3n — 1 = 17, Ans. 30. Let l = length of 2nd side; then 31 — 13 = length of
1st side; and Z + 18 = length of 3rd side; l + (31 — 13) + (l + 18) = 130; 51 + 5 = 130; l = 25 ft;
31 - 13 = 62 ft; Z + 18 = 43 ft.

Page 67 • EXTRA FOR EXPERTS

1. A U B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}

a. A and B are subsets of A U B; because every element of each A and B are elements of A U B.
b. A U B = B when A = 0 or when both A and B are empty or when A = B; e.g., A = 0,B —
{7, 8, 9}; A \J B — {7, 8, 9} = B.
2. When A — B (including case A = B = 0). a. A — {5, 7, 6, 9}, B = {9, 5, 7, 6}, A U B =
{5, 6, 7, 9}; A n B - {5, 6, 7, 9}
Key to Chapters 2, 3, pages 64-73 11

Page 64 CHAPTER TEST

1. 8-3 = 24 2. 6 i + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5
3. 6(3 + *)- 3 • 3 = 6(3$) - 3 = 20 - 3 = 17 4. (3 + |)(3 i) = (3j)(2f) = W
5. 2 • 33 = 54 6. (2 • 3)2 = (6)2 = 36 7. {l,o} .
8 {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, m, n\
9 . {hv, q} 10. 8q 11. £
12. num, coeff.: 3; base: (x — 1); exp.: 2 13. h • h • h or h3 14. 6
15. 9, 12 16. 9 - 5 • 1 > 6; 4 > 6; F
17. 9 — (1 + 8) = (9 — 1) + 8; 0 — 16; F. 18. {1} 19. {6,7,..., 10}

20 . 21.
0 1 0

22. a. The sum of a no. x and 5; x > 0. b. If your current age, in yr, is represented by x, then your
age 5 yr from now will be x + 5; x > 0.
23. a. Five less than twice a no. x; x > §. b. The measure of angle A is 5 less than twice the measure
of angle B. Let x equal the measure of angle B; then 2x — 5 represents the measure of angle A; x > f.
24. Amount saved, in dollars = 52s — 12e.
25. Let w = width of pool; then 2w — 5 = length of pool; 2w — 5 = 35; w = 20 ft.

Pages 65-67 CHAPTER REVIEW

1. symbol 2. replacement, domain

3. (5 • 2 + 1)(5 • 2 1) = (10+ 1)00 - 1) = (H)(9) = 99 4. product, quotient
5. coefficient 6. n .
7 s, s 8. exponent
9. c5 10. 3, a, 2 11 . 1 12 . (15)3 = 3375; 3 • 15 = 45 13. n
14. domain or replacement set 15. left 16. variable 17. inequality
18. 0 - 1 = 3;F 19. 0 < 5; T 20. 3 • 0 + 9; T 21. 0 > 4; F
1 — 1 = 3; F 1 < 5; T 3 •1 + 9; T 1 > 4; F
2 - 1 = 3;F 2 < 5; T 3-2^9;T 2 > 4; F
3 - 1 = 3; F 3 < 5; T 3 • 3 + 9;F 3 > 4; F
4 - 1 = 3; T 4 < 5; T 3 -4 5* 9; T 4 > 4; F
22. solution 23. root 24. root 25. (b) 26. x > 2
27. Three times a no. x; x > 0
28. Three greater than the quotient of a no. x and 3; x > 0
29. The product of a no. x diminished by 1 and 3; x > 1
d + c
30. a — 5 31. 26 + 3 32. 3c — 3, c > 1 33.
3
34. 3i 35. 100 - 5 n, ne{ 1,2, 3, ... ,20} 36. symbol or variable 37. check
38. 18n = 198; {11 39. 3P = 1440; {480} 40. 300 < 25a < 500; 12 < a < 20

CHAPTER 3. Axioms, Equations, and Problem Solving

Pages 72-73 WRITTEN EXERCISES

1. Add.: closed; 2. Add.: not closed, 1 + 1 not in set;

Subt.: closed; Subt.: not closed, 1 — 1 not in set;

Div.: not closed, 0-^0 undefined; Div.: closed;

Mult.: closed Mult.: closed

.
3 Add.: not closed, 2 + 2 not in set; 4. Add.: not closed, 3 + 3 not in set;

Subt.: not closed, 2 — 2 not in set; Subt.: not closed, 3 — 3 not in set;

Div.: not closed, 2^2 not in set; Div.: not closed, 3-^3 not in set;

Mult.: not closed, 2X2 not in set Mult.: not closed, 3X3 not in set
12 Key to Chapter 3, pages 73-83

5. Add.: not closed, 2 + 3 not in set; .

6 Add.: not closed, 1 + 1 not in set;
Subt.: not closed, 1 — 3 not in set; Subt.: not closed, 0 — 1 not in set;
Div.: not closed, 3-^2 not in set; Div.: not closed, 1 -r- 0 undefined;
Mult.: not closed, 2X3 not in set Mult.: closed

7. Add.: not closed, 1 + 2 not in set; .

8 Add.: closed;
Subt.: not closed, 1—2 not in set; Subt.: not closed, 15 — 20 not in set;
Div.: not closed, 1^2 not in set; Div.: not closed, 25 10 not in set;
Mult.: not closed, 2X2 not in set Mult.: closed

9. Add.: not closed, 1 + 1 not in set; 10. Add.: not closed, f + f not in set;
Subt.: not closed, f — f not in set; Subt.: not closed, 5 — rg- not in set;
Div.: not closed, f -s- £ not in set; Div.: not closed, f 4- f not in set;
Mult.: not closed, § X f not in set Mult.: closed

11. Add.: closed; 12. Add.: not closed, 5 + f not in set;

Subt.: not closed, 2 — 2 not in set; Subt.: not closed, f — f not in set;
Div.: closed ; Div.: not closed, f -f- not in set;
Mult.: closed Mult.: not closed, f X f not in set

Page 79 -WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 56a: 2.85y 3.65a 4.236 5.30a 6. 7x 7. 12* + 6 8. 15n + 3

9. 3s + 4r 10. 4x + 2y 11. 2a + 36 + 4c - d 12. 6a - 5y - 3a - 4
13. 10n + 21 14.262 + 10 15.76 16. 4x + 30 17. 16a + 46 + 1
18. s + 5* + 2 19. 6a+lla6 20.12x + bxy

B 21. 3a + 36 + 7a + 76 = lQa + 106 22. 9m + 9n + 14m + 7n = 23m + 16n

23. 24 + 8a + 12 + 4a = 36 + 12a 24. 2a + 10 + 3a — 6 = 5a + 4
25. 4d + 20 + 6d — 3 = 10d + 17 26. 42e + 21 + 20e — 15 = 62e + 6
27. 30a + 10w + 18a — 6v = 48a + 4v 28. 18r + 721 + 8 r — 321 = 26r + 40*
29. 3a + 66 + 3 + 2a - 2 = 5a + 66 + 1 30. 4r + 12s + 8 + 7s — 7 = 4r + 19s + 1

C 31. 3[8a + 15 - 5a] - 17 = 24a + 45 - 15a - 17 = 9a + 28

32. 19 + 2[46 + 156 - 6] = 19 + 86 + 306 — 12 = 386 + 7
33. 12r + 6s + 2[5r + 12s - 3r + 3] = 12r + 6s + lOr + 24s — 6r + 6 = 16r + 30s + 6
34. 5[8m + 4w + 12 — 6m — 1] + 10m — 2n = 40m + 20n + 60 — 30m — 5 + 10m — 2n
= 20m + 18n + 55
35. (28 + 22)37 - (50)37 = 1850 36. (77 + 23)19 = (100)19 = 1900
37. 50(f) - 50(f) = 40 - 25 = 15 38. 779(11 — 1) = 779(10) = 7790
39. 4 X (0) = 0 40. 68 X (32 X 0) = 68 X (0) = 0
41. 7f(9 + 1) = 7f(10) = (7 + |)10 = 7(10) + f(10) = 70 + 5 = 75
42. (f + 9f)57 = (10)57 = 570 43. 326(1000 + 1) = 326,000 + 326 = 326,326
44. 30(4 + j^) = 30(4) + 30® = 120 + 21 = 141
45. (3 + 4)29 + 3(29) = [(3 + 4) + 3]29 = [10]29 = 290
46. (7 - 5)46 - 2(46) = [(7 - 5) - 2]46 - (0)46 = 0

Page 83 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. x + 32 — 32 = 81 — 32; * = 49. {49} 2. y + 17 - 17 = 45 — 17; y - 28. {28}

3. 27 + R - 27 = 105 - 27; R = 78. {78} 4. 91 + S - 91 = 91 - 91; S = 0. {0}
5. 39 - 39 = t + 39 - 39; 0 = t. {0} 6. 73 - 73 = u + 73 - 73; 0 = u. {0}
7. v - 47 + 47 = 47 + 47; v = 94. {94} 8. a - 37 + 37 = 73 + 37; a = 110. {110}
9. 175 — 82 = 2 + 82 — 82; 93 = z. {93} 10. 314 — 165 = 165 + a - 165; 149 = a. {149}
11. 6 — 17 + 17 = 0 + 17; 6 = 17. {17} .
12 c - 51 + 51 = 0 + 51; c = 51. {51}
13. d + 3.2 - 3.2 = 7.8 - 3.2; d = 4.6. {4.6} 14./+2.7 - 2.7 = 3.1 - 2.7;/= .4. {.4}
15. h - .78 + .78 = 9.2 + .78; h = 9.98. {9.98} 16. k - .37 + .37 = 4.1 + .37; k = 4.47. {4.47}
Key to Chapter 3, pages 83-85 13

17. * + m - f = ¥-*;»* = 3. (3) 18. f + n _ 2. _ 16. f; n = 2. {2}

19. § 3 — Q f “i~ f; § = Q- {2f} 20 -3- 4- 44
zu* 10 r io — - 1 3 _j_ 13,. 8. _
10 I 10; 5 T. {If}
21. m - 750 + 750 = 5 + 750; m = 755. {755} 22. 0.04 + p - 0.04 - 1 - 0.04; p =* .96. {.96}
23. a - 0.85 + 0.85 = 0.15 + 0.85; a = 1.00. {1}
24. b - 5 + 5 = f + 5; b = 5f. {5f} 25. h - f + f = 3 + f; h = 3f. {3§}
26. d — 2.5 + 2.5 = 3.95 + 2.5; d = 6.45. {6.45}
27. y — f + f = 2 + f; y = 2f. {2f} 28. p - * + f = 3f + f; p = 4. {4}
29. .8 + 75.7 = n - 75.7 + 75.7; 76.5 = n. {76.5}
30. f - .75 .75 + r - .75; 0 = r. {0}

Pages 84-85 WRITTEN EXERCISES

n
1. 19
19
19 • 6; n = 114. {114} 2 27 . 27
27 • 8; r = 216. {216}

17s 187 f11, . 13< _ 169 . _ /1Q,

3. — = ; s = 11. {11} 4. 23 — is > t — 13. {13}
17 17
.7 .7 to
5. TK = U-’n = 2-^ ; 1 = m. {1}

7. (1.2) ) = (1.2) (15); / = 18. {18} 8 . (1.8) = (1.8)(1.9); * = 3.42. {3.42}

9. 12 • § = 12 • 20 = z. {20} 10. 24-*= 24- *!/; 9 = y. {9}

11 16_12{ x_
n- 12 ~ 12 ’ 13 _ L
12- ^|;1i= 2- {1»

13. 5(.8) = 5(|) ;4 V■ (4} 14. (1.5) (1.6) = (1.5) (j^) ; 2.4 = h. {2.4}
2.
15
15. —
6 • x _ c /x 18. ; d = j’s- {i^}
0 ; 9 — c- 19

’7. = ||; 2/ = 13*. {13*} 18. i » = 100. {100}

B 19. (3.2) ( —) = (3.2) (0); k = 0. {0} 20. (.25) (jy = (.25) (0); m — 0. {0}

n
21. (.6) l-g) = (.6) (.25); n = .15. {.15} 22. (.03) M0 = (.03) (.2); p = .006. {.006}

4.5(2/) 12.8 oa 3-2(t) 6.7 _ o 3 ro 3 }

23. w=m- (2«> 24. ' — g“2 ’ * — 432- 1^32/
4.5 4.5

25. 10(3.4) = 10 yy ; 34 = 2/. {34} 26. 15(.75) = 15 ; 11.25 = z. {11.25}

- 18;
27. 3- §y = 3-6; 2y = ,«.2»=1§.„ = 9. {9}
; V =

28. 4.- $w = 4 • 20; 5w = 80; y = y ; w = 16. {16}

29. 2 • ir = 2 • 3*; r = 7. {7} 30. 3 • = 3 • 4§; v = 14. {14}

C 31. 4 + Sy - 4 = 52 - 4; Sy = 48; ^ ~ ; 2/ = 6. {6}

8
1K
32. .5c + 8 - 8 = 23 - 8; .5c = 15; — = y ; c = 30. {30}

Or 36
33. 9r - 9-+ 9 = 27 + 9; 9r = 36; y = y ; r = 4. {4}

62; 30
34. Qx - 3 + 3 = 27 + 3; 6x = 30; — = y ; x = 5. {5}

35. 2n - 5 + 5 = 8.5 + 5; 2n= 13.5; y = ~ ; w = 6.75. {6.75}

36. 29 — 7.79 = 7h + 7.79 - 7.79; 21.21 = 7h; = y ; h = 3.03. {3.03}

14 Key to Chapter 3, pages 85-88

37. a. Reflex, prop. 38. a. Reflex, prop. 39. a. Reflex, prop.

b. Given b. Given b. Given
c. Subst. principle c. Subst. principle c. Subst. principle

40. a. Reflex, prop. 41. a. Reflex, prop. 42. a. Reflex., prop.

b. Given b. Given b. Given
c. Subst. principle c. Subst. principle c. Subst. principle
d. Given d. Given d. Given
e. Subst. principle e. Subst. principle e. Subst. principle

Pages 88-89 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 8x = 24;^= ^ ; z = 3. {3} 2. 4n = 56; ~ = f ; n = 14. {14}

1 Q 1 Cr
3. 28 = 18® + 10; 28 - 10 = 18® + 10 - 10; 18 = 18®; =£ = ^ ; 1 = ®. {1}
lo lo

4. 45 - 15® + 30; 45 - 30 = 15® + 30 - 30; 15 = 15®; ; 1 = ®. {1}

15 15
5. \x - 10 - 0; \x - 10 + 10 = 0 + 10; \x = 10; 2 • \x = 2 • 10; ® = 20. {20}
.
6 \v - 5 = 0; - 5 + 5 = 0 + 5; = 5; 5 • fv = 5 • 5; v = 25. {25}

7. 20a + 85 = 95; 20a + 85 - 85 = 95 - 85; 20a - 10; ~ ^ ; a = f. {£}

8. 175 + 173 = 221; 176 + 173 - 173 = 221 - 173; 176 = 48; ™ ^ ; 6 = 2ff {2ff}

Sr 0
9. 8® + 176 = 176; 8® + 176 - 176 = 176 - 176; 8® = 0; ^ ^ ; ® = 0. {0}
O O

10. 11 y + 154 = 154; lly + 154 - 154 = 154 - 154; lly = 0; = yy ; y = 0. {0}

11. 57 - 25 = 8y + 25 - 25; 32 = 8y, j- = ^ ; 4 = y. {4}

QO 45/
12. 127 - 37 = 45* + 37 - 37; 90 = 45*; ^ ; 2 = *. {2}
45 45

13. 0 + 102 = 176 - 102 + 102; 102 = 176; ^ ™ ; 6 = 6. {6}

57 IQ rt
14. 0 + 57 - 19n - 57 + 57; 57 = 19n; ^ ^ ; 3 = n. {3}

15. 26 - 14 = 14 + 4n - 14; 12 = 4n; ^ ^ ; 3 = n. .{3}

IQ 6r
16. 36 - 17 = 17 + 6r - 17; 19 = 6r; y = ^ ; 3f = r. {3£}

17. fp+ i - i = 2 - i;ip= If = V;4- |p = 4-¥;3p = = j- ;p = 4 = 24. {2«

5™ so
18. fra + f — % — 7 — f; fm = 65 = 8 • fra = 8 • 5ra = 50; — — — ) m — 10. {10}
o o
O- OO
19. §z - § + § = 12 + §; §z = 12§; 3 • §z = 3 ■ 12§; 2z = 38; f = y ; * = 19. {19}
Qb QQ
20. ffc - f + f = 24 + £; ffc = 24£; 4 • fk = 4 • 24f; 36 = 99; ^ ^ ; k = 33. {33}
o o

15.5n _ 139.5 .
21. 15.5n - 129.5 = 10; 15.5n - 129.5 + 129.5 = 10 + 129.5; 15.5n = 139.5;
15.5 15.5 ’
n = 9. {9}
16.3® 146.7 .
22. 16.3® - 130.4 = 16.3; 16.3® - 130.4 + 130.4 = 16.3 + 130.4; 16.3® = 146.7;
16.3 16.3 ’
x = 9. {9}

23. 22.6®=45.2;ff = ||;® = 2. {2} 24. 3.5a = 70; |y = || ; a = 20. {20}

25. \z = 3.4; 2{\z) = 2(3.4); 2 = 6.8. {6.8} 26. ffc = 2.9; 3(ffc) = 3(2.9); k = 8.7. {8.7}
Key to Chapter 3, pages 88-89 15

27. 2m = 1;^ = i;m = i. ® 28. 3» = 8;f =f ;6 = 2§. {2§}

B 29. Sx + 15 — 2x = 26; x + 15 = 26; x + 15 — 15 = 26 — 15; x = 11. {11}

30. 19 = — 21 — 6y, 19 = y — 21; 19 + 21 = y — 21■+ 21; 40 = y. {40}
31. w — f + f = e + f5 w = f + f; w = | = 1|. {1£}

32. ~ I + 4 = 20 + f 1 k — 20 + 20i = 20 = If- {I5}

q/ 1 k
33. ■3* + .2 - .2 = 1.7 - .2; .3* = 1.5; y = t = 5. {5}

34. •7< - .5 + .5 - 2.3 + .5; .7t = 2.8; y = y ; t = 4. {4}

35. 11.4 + 6n = 11.4; 11.4 + 6n - 11.4 = 11.4 - 11.4; 6n = 0; ~ = % ; n = 0. {0}

b b

36. 4.4 + 6x = 10.4; 4.4 + Qx - 4.4 = 10.4 - 4.4; 6x = 6; ^ = £ ; x =\1. {1}

b b

37. •5r - 2.4 = 17.4; .5r - 2.4 + 2.4 = 17.4 + 2.4; .5r = 19.8; ^ ^ ; r = 39.6. {39.6}
.O .0

38. 2.5/i - 7.2 = 32.8; 2.5h - 7.2 + 7.2 = 32.8 + 7.2; 2.5/*. = 40; ^ ^ ; ft = 16. {16}
2.5 2.5
7a 14
39. 3ja + 3 = 10; 3|a + 3 - 3 = 10 - 3; £a = 7; 2 • £a = 2 • 7; 7a = 14; y = y ; a = 2. {2}

40. 3£z + i = 7; 3£z + i - £ = 7 - £; ^ = 6f; 3-^ = 3- 6f; lOz = 20; ^ ;

2 = 2. {2}
7? 4b
C 41. 7z + 9 = 51; 7z + 9 - 9 = 51 - 9; 7z = 42; y = y ; 2-- 6. {6}

on 4c
42. 2a + 8 = 56; 2a + 8 - 8 = 56 - 8; 2a = 48; ~ = y ; a = 24. {24}

43. 11 + 26 = 67; 11 + 26 - 11 = 67 — 11; 2b = 56; ~ = ^ ; b = 28. {28}

44. 32 + 7a = 32; 32 + 7a - 32 = 32 - 32; 7a = 0; y = ® ; a = 0. {0}

A 77 A

45. 6n + 2 = 8; 6n + 2 - 2 = 8 - 2; 6n = 6; y = ^ ; n = 1. {1}

20s 1 'i
46. 20s - 15 - 0; 20s - 15 + 15 = 0 + 15; 20s = 15; ^ ; s = |. {£}

47. 10 = 10; {the nos. of arith.} 48. 6 = 6; {the nos. of arith.}

49. 6 = 4; 0 50. 7 = 8; 0

Pages 89-91 • PROBLEMS

„ 2n 70
A 1. Let n = the no.; 2n + 16 = 86; 2n + 16 — 16 = 86 — 16; 2n = 70; — = —- ; n = 35, Ans.
£ Zi

3n 81
2. Let n = the no.; 3n + 17 = 98; 3n + 17 — 17 = 98 — 17; 3n = 81; — = — ; n = 27, Ans.
O O

„ 61/ 72
3. Let y = the no.; Qy — 5 = 67; Qy — 5 + 5 = 67 + 5; 6y = 72; —=—;?/ = 12, Ans.

2y 126
4. Let y = the no.; 2y - 17 = 109; 2y - 17 + 17 = 109 + 17; 2y = 126; y = — ; y = 63, Ans.

5. Let w = width of tennis court; then 2w + 6 = length; 2w + 6 = 78; 2w + 6 6 = 78 — 6;

2w 72
2w = 72; — = — ; w = 36 ft, Ans.
’22’
6. Let w = width of badminton court; then 2w + 4 = length; 2w + 4 = 44; 2w + 4 — 4 = 44 — 4;
2y) 40
2it) = 40; — = — ; w = 20 ft, Ans.
'22
16 Key to Chapter 3, pages 89-90

7. Let c = price per lb of sirloin; then c — 21 = price per lb of round; 4(c — 21) + 2c = 450;
6c 534
4c - 84 + 2c = 450; 6c - 84 = 450; 6c - 84 + 84 = 450 + 84; 6c = 534; — = — ; c = 89i,
6
Ans.

8. Let z — no. of coats sold by Pat; then - -f 19 = no. sold by Mary; z + 157;
(i+19) “
32 32 32 32 32 276
- + 19 = 157; - + 19 - 19 = 157 - 19; - = 138; 2 • - = 2 • 138; 32 = 276; - = — ;

2 = 92, —(- 19 = 65, Ans.

’2
4n 328
9. Let n — the no.; 4n — 3 = 325; 4n — 3 + 3 = 325 + 3; 4n — 328; — = -; n = 82, Ans.
4 4
6n 156
10. Let n = the no.; 6n + 21 = 177; 6n + 21 — 21 = 177 — 21; 6n = 156; — = — ; n = 26, Ans.
6 6
2p 10.6
11. Let p — the no.; 2p + 17 = 27.6; 2p + 17 — 17 = 27.6 - 17; 2p = 10.6; = — ; p = 5.3, Ans.
. 2 2
Aw 44.8
12. Let w = the no.; Aw — 13 = 31.8; Aw — 13 + 13 = 31.8 + 13; Aw = 44.8; — = —; w = 11.2, Ans.

13. Let n = the no.; (3n + 7n) + 5 - 385; lOn + 5 = 385; lOn + 5 — 5 = 385 — 5; lOn = 380;
lOn 380
-= — ; n — 38, Ans.
10 10 ’

14. Let n = the no.; (3n + 2n) - 15 - 165; 5n — 15 = 165; 5n - 15 + 15 = 165 + 15; 5n = 180;
bn 180
— = - ; n — 36, Ans.
5 5

15. Let q = the smaller no.; then 78 — q — the larger no.; 3^ + (78 — q) — 124; 2q + 78 = 124;
2q 46
2q + 78 - 78 = 124 - 78; 2q = 46; — = — ; q = 23, Ans.
2 2
16. Let x — the smaller no.; then 121 — x = the larger no.; 4x + (121 — x) = 235; 3x + 121 = 235;
3x 114
3x + 121 - 121 = 235 - 121; 3x = 114; — = -; x = 38; 121 — x = 83, Ans.
3 3
17. Let n = Emma’s age; then 2n — Bob’s age, and n + 16 = Kent’s age; n + 2n + (n + 16) = 60;
4 yi 44
An + 16 = 60; 4n + 16 — 16 = 60 — 16; An = 44; — = — ; n — 11 yr, 2n = 22 yr, n -(- 16 = 27 yr,
Ans. 4 4

18. Let w — width of lot; then 2w = length; P — 21 + 2w; 222 = 2(2w) + 2(w); 222 — Gw,
222 Gw
= — ; w = 37 ft, 2w = 74 ft, Ans.
6 6

19. Let w = width of house; then 3w = length; P — 21 + 2w\ 192 = 2(3w) + 2(w); 192 = 8u>;
192 8w
— — ; w = 24 ft, 3w = 72 ft, Ans.
8 8

20. Let w = width of hen yard; then 3w = length; P = 21 + 2w\ 72 — 2(3w) + 2(w); 72 = 8w;
72 8w
— = — ; w = 9 R, 3w — 27 ft, Ans.
8 8

21. Let h — wt. of hydrogen; then 8h = wt. of oxygen; h + 8h = 126; 9h = 126; — = —- ; h = 14;
8h = 112 g, Ans. 9 9

22. Let d — amount first boy to get; then 2d — amount owner of press to get; d + 2d = 105; 3d = 105;
3d 105 ,
— = —-; d = 35^, 2d = 70^, Ans.

2.5x 15
23. Let x = cost of skirt; then 1.5j; = cost of jacket; x + 1.5.c = 15; 2.5.r = 15; = -— ;x — $6,
2.5 2.5
1.5x = $9, Ans.
Key to Chapter 3, pages 90-93 17

24. Let w = wt. of 1 qt of water; then .8w = wt. of 1 qt of kerosene; w + .8w = 3.6; 1.8w — 3.6;
1 Q Q

—— — — ; (a) w — 2 lb; (b) .8w =1.6 lb.

1.8 1.8 w ’ w
25. Let c — no. of calories in milk; then 2c = no. of calories in sandwich; c + 2c = 495; 3c = 495;
3c 495
— = -; (a) c = 165 cal; (b) 2c = 330 cal.

26. Let w = wt. of container; then 2w = wt. of regulating devices; and — = wt. of recording equip.;
2
w 7 7 7w 1680
w + 2w + - = 840; -w= 840; 2 • - w = 2 • 840; 7w = 1680; — = —— ; w = 240 lb, 2w =
AAA ( (
W
480 lb, — = 120 lb, Ans.
2

B 27. Let c = word capacity of computer A; then 2c = capacity of computer B; and 4(2c) = capacity of

computer C; c + 2c + 4(2c) = 22,000; 11c = 22,000; -y = ; c = 2000, 2c = 4000, 4(2c)

= 16,000, An$.

28. Let X = no. of kg of cement in mixture; then 2X = no. of kg of sand in mixture, and §(2X) = no.
8j
of kg of gravel in mixture; X + 2X + §(2X) = 300; X + 2X + 5X = 300; 8X = 300; — =
8
-; X = 37^ kg, Ans.

29. Let l = length of shortest side; then 21 = length of longest side, and 21 —
= length of third side;
1
51 15Q
l + 21 + 21 - 1 = 149; 5Z — 1 = 149; 5Z — 1 + 1 = 149 + 1; 51 = 150; - = -; l = 30 in,
5 5
21 — 60 in, 21 — 1 = 59 in, Ans.

30. Let n = no. of cartons produced by machine B, then §n = no. produced by machine A; and fn +

100 = no. produced by machine C) n + fn + fn + 100 = 5020; 4n + 100 = 5020; 4n + 100 —

4n 4920
100 = 5020 — 100; 4n = 4920; — = -; n = 1230, fn = 1845, fn + 100 = 1945, Ans.

31. Let n = no. of nickels; value in cents = bn) then 4n = no. of dimes; value in cents = 40w; and
Ain 470
2n = no. of pennies; value in cents = 2n; bn + 40n + 2n — 470; 47n = 470; —— = ; n =
47 47
10, 4n = 40, 2n = 20, Ans.

32. Let x = no. of watts used by radio; then 3x = no. of watts used by each lamp; 45# = no. of watts
bbx 1100
used by heater; 3(3z) + x + 45a: = 1100; bbx = 1100;-= ■■ ; x = 20 watts, Ans.
55 55

Pages 93-94 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 7v - 2v = 45 + 2v - 2v, bv = 45; ^ ; v = 9. {9}

2. 9w — 6w = 6w + 39 - 6w; 3u = 39; y = y ; u = 13. {13}

3. 61 + 31 = 18 — 3Z + 31) 91= 18; ^ = y ; Z = 2. {2}

7b 28
4. bb +.26 = 28 - 2b + 2b) 7b = 28; y = y ; b = 4. {4}
r* Q

5. 11a: — 5a: = 8 + 5a: — bx) 6a: = 8; y = ^ ; x = 1^. {1^-}

6. 4y — 2y = 8 + 2y — 2y) 2y = 8; y = | ; y = 4. {4}

12 6r
7. 12 - 3r + 3r = 3r + 3r; 12 = 6r; y = y ; 2 = r. {2}
18 Key to Chapter 3, pages 93-94

8. 7h - 35 + 35 = 0 + 35; 7h = 35; y = y ; h = 5. {5}

Ar 24
9. 9x — 24 + 24 - 3x = 3x + 24 — 3x; 6a: = 24; ^ ; x = 4. {4}

10. 5 + 2b - 26 = 76 - 26; 5 = 56; | ^ ; 1 = 6. {1}

o o

11. 8a — 5a = 5a + 18 - 5a; 3a = 18; ^ ^ ; a = 6. {6}

O O
18 fir
12. 4x + 18 — 4x = lOx - 4x; 18 = 6x; ; 3 = x. {3}

13. 7y - 9 + 9 - 2y = 2y + 9 - 2y; 5y = 9; ^ = |; y = If. {If}

14. 6 + 28 - b = 66 - 6; 28 = 56; y = y ; 5§ = 6. {5f}

2x 6
15. 5x — 6 + 6 - 3x = 3x + 6 - 3x; 2x = 6; ^ 5 * = 3. {3}

16. 12 - Sh + Sh - 9 = 9 + 3ft — 9; 3 = Sh] | = y ; 1 = h. {1}

17. 5x - 5 + 5 = 13 + 5; 5x = 18; ^ ^ ; x = 3£. {3f}

18. 12 - y + y == 5y + y] 12 = 6y; ^ ^ ; 2 = y. {2}

B 19. 4z + 2 - 2 - 2« = 2z + 8 - 2 - 2z] 2z = 6; ^ |; 2 = 3. {3}

4m? 5
20. 5w + 2 — 2 tc = tc + 7 — 2 — w; 4w = 5] -^ = -^ ] w = If. f11
T
21. 7c — 7 + 7 + c = 15 c; 8c = 22; | = ^ ; c = 2|. {2f}

22. 12a - 3 + 3 + 2a = 4 - 2a + 3 + 2a; 14a = 7; ; a = f. {f}

23. 4r + 2 2r = 2r + 2 - 2 - 2r; 2r = 0; ^ ^ ; r = 0. {0}

24. 7/ - 1 + 1 - / = 29 +/+ 1 - /; 6/ = 30; | - ^ ;/ = 5. {5}

25. 8m + 2 - 2 + 3m = 13 — 3m — 2 + 3m; 11m = 11; ^ ^ ; u = 1. {1}

26. 16 + 4y - 4y + 20 = 10y - 20 - 4y + 20; 36 = 6y; y = ^ ; 6 = y. {6}

27. 19r + 4 — 4 — 14r = 19 + 14r — 4 — 14r; 5r = 15; ^ ; r = 3. {3}

o o
28. 5x + 1 - 1 — 4x = 4x -f 2 — 1 — 4x; x = 1. {1}
22r 26
29. 24x - 24 + 24 - 2x = 12 -f 2x + .24 - 2x; 22x = 36; = ||; x = 1*. {1*}

30. 12n + 8 — 8 + 6n = 18 - 6m - 8 + 6n; 18n = 10; ^ ^ ;n = f. {f}

lo lo

31. by + 10 - 5y - 6 = 6 + 6y - 5y - 6; 4 = y. {4}
32. 10m> + 6 - 6 - 8m = 504 + 8m; - 6 - 8m>; 2w = 498; = ~;w = 249. {249}

C 33. 6 + 8 — At = St] 14 - At = St] 14 - At + it = St + At] 14 = It] y = j ; 2 = t. {2}

9 yh 4
34. 7m + 15 - 5m = 19; 2m + 15 = 19; 2m + 15 - 15 = 19 - 15; 2m = 4; = £ ; m = 2. {2}
3r 27
35. 4x - 6 = x + 21; 4x - 6 + 6 - x = x + 21 + 6 - x; 3x = 27; ^ ; x = 9. {9}
O O

36. fa + 8 = a; fa + 8 — = a — fa; 8 = fa — fa; 8 = fa; 5 • 8 — 5 • fa; 40 = a. {40}

37. 3< + 4 = 3i + 6; St + 4 - 4 - St = 3< + 6 — 4 - 3<; 0 = 2. 0

38. 5 - & + b - 5 = b + 5 + b - 5; 0 = 26; = y ; 0 = 6. {0}
Key to Chapter 3, pages 94-95
19

39. 8 + 18z = 6x + 12; 8 -f- 18x - 8 - 6z = 6z + 12 - 8 - 6a;; 12a; = 4; — = — ; x = {£}

12 12
40. 7y + 3 = 16 - Gy; 7y + 3 - 3 + Gy = 16 - Gy - 3 + Gy; lSy = 13; ^ = || ; y = 1. {1}

41. 46 + 4 + 9 = 66 — 8 + 6; 46 + 13 = 76 — 8; 46 + 13 — 46 + 8 = 76 — 8 — 46 -f- 8;
21 = 3b; f = f ■ 7 = b. {7}
42. 10y + 15 — 4y — 6 + Sy + 39; Gy + 15 = Sy + 45; Gy -f 15 — 15 — 3y = Sy + 45 — 15 — 3y;

3y = 30; | ; y = 10. {10}

43. fx + § + fa; + § = 14; * + 1 = 14; x + 1 - 1''= 14 - 1; x = 13. {13}

44. 2t + 8 - 3 = 5 + 2t; 2t + 5 = 5 + 2t; 2t + 5 - 5 - 2t = 5 + 2t - 5 - 2t; 0 = 0;

(nos. of arith.}
Pages 94-95 - PROBLEMS

A 1. Let n - the no.; n = 2n — 1; n — n + 1 = 2n — 1 — n + 1; 1 = n; n = 1, Ans.

2. Let n = the no.; 2n + 3 = 3n — 2; 2n + 3 - 2n + 2 = 3n - 2 — 2n + 2; 5 = n; n = 5, Ans.
3. Let x the no.; - = 3a; - 15; - - - + 15 = 3a; - 15 - - + 15; 15 = —- ; 15 = — ;

2 • 15 = 2 • — ; 30 = 5x; — = ; x = 6, Ans.
2 5 5

4. Let w = wt. of each block; Sw = w + 7; Sw — w.= w + 7 — w; 2w = 7; — = - : w = 3* lb Ans

2 2 ^ ’
5. Let # = Tom’s earnings per wk.; then 3E — Harry’s earnings, and E + 80 = Dick’s earnings;
2E 80
3E = E + 80;3# — E = # + 80 — E;2E = 80; — = — ;E = $40, 3E = $120, J5 + 80 = $120, Ans.

6. Let 2 = smaller no.; then 46 — z = larger no.; 5z = 2(46 — z) + 6; 5z = 92 — 2z + 6; 5z =

7z os
98 — 2z; 5z + 2z = 98 — 2z + 2z; 7z = 98; — = — ; 2 = 14, 46 — 2 = 32, Ans.

7. Let a = Mary’s age now; then 2a = Bill’s age now; (a—l) + 10 = 2a;a + 9 = 2a;a + 9 —
a = 2a — a; 9 = a; a = 9 yr, 2a = 18 yr, Ans.
8. Let n = smaller no.; then 73 — n = larger no.; 2(73 — n) = 3n — 4; 146 — 2n = 3n — 4;
150 5n
146 2n + 2n + 4 = 3n — 4 -)- 2n + 4; 150 = 5n; —— = — ; n = 30, 73 — n — 43, Ans.
5 5
T , . . n n n n n
9. Let n = the no.; 2(n — 3) = —|- 18; 2n — 6 = - + 18; 2n — 6 + 6-= —[-18 + 6-;
2 2 2 2 2
3n 3n 3n 48
— = 24; 2 • — = 2 • 24; 3n = 48; — ; n = 16, Ans.
2 2 3
10. Let c = cost of standard model; then c + 1 = cost of deluxe model; 3c + 5(c + 1) = 6.20;

3c + 5c + 5 = 6.20; 8c + 5 = 6.20; 8c + 5 - 5 = 6.20 - 5; 8c = 1.20; ^ ^ ; c = $.15,

8 8
c + 1 = $1.15, Ans.
11. Let L = length of 2nd rectangle; then L + 2 = length of 1st rectangle; 3(L + 2) + 7(L) = 121;

3L + 6 + 7L = 121; 10L + 6 = 121; 10L + 6 - 6 = 121 6;10L=115;^ = ^;L =

’ 10 10 ’

11^ ft, L + 2 = 13^ ft, Ans.

12. Let w = width; then 42 — w = length; 2(42 — w) = 3w — 1; 84 — 2w = 3w — 1; 84 — 2w +

2w + 1 = 3w — 1 + 2w -f 1; 85 = 5w; — = — ; w — 17 in, 42 — w = 25 in, Ans.

5 5
13. Let t = no. of 7i stamps; value in cents = 71; then 50 — t = no. of 4i stamps; value in cents —
4(50 - t); 71 + 4(50 — t) = 215; 71 + 200 — 41 = 215; 31 + 200 - 200 = 215 - 200; 31 = 15;
St 15
— = — ; t = 5, 50 — t = 45, Ans.
o o

14. Let s = measure of a side of square; then s = measure of 1st side of triangle, s + 2 — measure of
2nd side of triangle, and s + 6 = measure of 3rd side of triangle; 4s = s + (s + 2) + (s + 6); 4s
= 3s + 8; 4s — 3s = 3s + 8 — 3s; s = 8 in; s + 6 = 14 in, Ans.
20 Key to Chapter 3, pages 95-100

15. Let y = no. of seats in a small bus; then y + 12 = no. of seats in a large bus; by + 4(y + 12) = 336;
9v 288
by + Ay + 48 = 336; 9y + 48 = 336 ; 9y + 48 - 48 = 336 - 48; 9y = 288; = — ; y =
y y
32; y + 12 = 44, Ans.
16. Let n = the no.; (An + 2n) — 10 = 4n + 260; 6n —• 10 = 4n + 260; 6n — 10+10 — 4n =
2n 270
4n + 260 + 10 — 4h; 2n = 270; —- = -; n = 135, Ans.
2 2

B 17. Let x = the no.; 2 + 3x^ = £(5x) +27; x + 6x = fx + 27; 7x = fx + 27; 7x — fx =

9x 54
fx + 27 — fx; f^x — fx = 27; fx = 27;2 • fx = 2 • 27; 9x = 54; — = — ; x = 6, Ans.
18. Let T — temp, in Juneau; then 2T = temp, in Omaha; 2T — 15 = T + 15; 2T — 15 + 15 — T =
T + 15 + 15 - T; T = 30°, 2T = 60°, Ans.

19. Let c = cost of bat; then c — f — cost of ball; 5(c — f) + 2c = 11.50; 5c — f + 2c = 11.50;
7c 14
7c — f = 11.50; 7c - f + f = 11.50 + f; 7c = 11.50 + 2.50; 7c = 14; — = — ; c = $2, Ans.

20. Let c = cost of 1 lb of onions; then 2c = cost of 1 lb of potatoes; and c + 8 = cost of 1 lb of apples;
12c 48
9(2c) = 6(c + 8); 18c = 6c + 48; 18c - 6c = 6c + 48 - 6c; 12c = 48; — = — ; c = U, 2c =
1£
8tf, c + 8 = 12<5, Ans.
21. Let J = Joe’s age; then J — 1 = Dave’s age, and J + 15 = Frank’s age; J + 15 = 3(/ — 1);
18 2J
J + 15 = 3J - 3; J + 15 - J + 3 - SJ — 3 - J + 3; 18-2J] — = — ; 9 = ./; J =
£ £
9 yr, J — 1 — 8 yr, J + 15 — 24 yt, Ans.

Pages 98-100 • CHAPTER TEST

1. Reflexive 2. Symmetric 3. No; 2x2 not in set 4. Yes

5. (a) Comm. prop, for add.; 6. (a) Comm. prop, for mult.;
(b) Assoc, prop, for add. (b) Assoc, prop, for mult.
7. (a) Distrib. prop, (b) Mult. prop, of 1 (c) Comm. prop, for add. (d) Distrib. prop.
(e) Distrib. prop.
8. 3x + 4x + 8 — 5x — 8 = 2x 9. (i + 9y)39 - (10)39 = 390

10. s - 73 + 73 - 91 + 73; s = 164. {164} 11. 42 - 18 - t + 18 - 18; 24 — t. {24}

Qw QA
__ 7y 28 .
12. y = y \y = 4. {4} 13. 2 • fy - 2 • 48; 3v - 96; y = y ; v = 32. {32}

14. |(10) -4=3 — .3(10); 4 - 4 = 3 - 3. Yes

15. Let t = no. of dollars Amy invested; then 3£ = no. of dollars Ben invested; t + 3t — 46.28;
41 46.28
41 - 46.28; — - -j- ; t = $11.57; 31 = $34.71, Ans.
15 d 15
16. 3d + 12d - 10 = 5; 15d - 10 - 5; lbd - 10 + 10 = 5 + 10; 15d = 15; — = — ; d = 1. {1}
15 15
17. Let y = cost of pencil in cents; then p + 80 — cost of pen in cents; p + p + 80 — 278; 2p + 80 —
2d 198
278; 2p + 80 - 80 - 278 - 80; 2p - 198;-f = -y ; p = 99£, p + 80 = 179* = $1.79, Ans.
Zi Zi

18. 6h + 21 — 5 — lOh — 8 + 4h; 6/i + 16 — Uh - 8; Qh + 16 — 6h + 8 — Uh - 8 — 6/i + 8;

24 8h , f .
24 = 8h; — = — ; 3 = h] {3}
8 8
19. Let l — length of smaller rectangle; then l — 3 — length of larger rectangle; 9(1 — 3) = Al + 48;
51 75
91 — 27 = 41 + 48; 91 - 27 - 41 + 27 = 41 + 48 - 4i + 27; 5/ - 75; - — — ; l = 15 in; l -
5 5
3—12 in, Ans.
Key to Chapter 3, pages 100-103 21

Pages 100-102 • CHAPTER REVIEW

1. reflexive 2. symmetric 3. transitive

4. number of arithmetic 5. element .
6 addition, multiplication
7. No; 3-^6 not in set .
8 No; 4 — 6 not in set 9. commutative, addition
.
10 nm, commutative 11. commutative .
12 associative
13. associative 14. associative 15. distributive, subtraction
16. distributive 17. multiplicative 18. multiplicative, 0
19. 0 20. 0, divisor
21. (a) Distrib. (b) Subst. principle, Comm, for mult, (c) Mult. prop, of 0 (d) Assoc, for mult.
(e) Subst. principle (f) Mult. prop, of 1 (g) Add. identity
22. 7r + 6r + 3 - 13r — 2 = 1 23. 2k + 3[5 + 2k - 2] = 2k + 15 + 6k - 6 = 8k + 9
24. proved 25. equivalent 26. member
27. 0 = h — 6; 0 + 6 = h — 6 + 6; 6 = h; {6} 28. n + 8 - 8 = 8 - 8; n = 0 ; {0}
29. substituting 30. member 31. conditions
32. divide, 5 33. addition, multiplication 34. equivalent
12k 54 2m
35.
~12
12 ’
k = i; (i) 36. 3 • 18 = 3 • §m; 54 = 2m; — ; 27 - m; {27}

61 12
37. 6t == 12; — = — ;« = 2. {2}
6 6
38. y+ 1 - 1 = f - 1; 2/ = i ii\
39. 6n, 7n
n 6n n 5n 5n 5n 20
40. Let n = original no.; 3n — — — 10; — - = 10; — = 10; 2 • — 2 • 10; 5n = 20;
Z z 2 2 2 5 ;
n = 4, Ans.

41. additions, subtractions

8a 32
42. 27 = 8a - 5; 27 + 5 = 8a — 5 + 5; 2 ; 4 = a. {4}
8 ~8
126 24
4f • & — -t
43. 12 + 125 = 16|; 12 + 126 - 12 = 16f - 12; 126 = 4|;
12 12 12’ 5'
44. Let a = daughter’s age; then 3a — 2 = father’s age; a 3a — 2 = 50 ; 4a - 2 = 50; 4a - 2 +

2 = 50 + 2; 4a = 52; ^ ^ ; a = 13 yr, 3a — 2 = 37 yr, Ans.

45. one
46. 2n + 7 = 6n — 3 + 6; 2n + 7 = 6n + 3; 2n + 7 — 2n — 3 = 6n + 3 — 2n — 3;

4 = 4«; | = ^ ; 1 = n. {1}

47. 6r § = r + 3r + 2; 6r - f = 4r + 2; Or - f + f 4r = 4r + 2 + f — 4r; 2r = ■§ + JS.-

3,

2r = Y; I = f; r = i- ®

48. Let L = original length; then L — 4 = length after cutting; 6(L — 4) = f(6L); 6L — 24 = |L;
6L - 24 + 24 - |L = |L + 24 - fL; — |L = 24; fL = 24; 2 • fL = 2 • 24; 3L =
3L 48
48; — = — ; L = 16 in, original width = 6 in, Ans.
3 3
49. Let x = no. sold at each; then 200 — x = no. sold at lOfi each; 15s + 10(200 — x) = 2375;
15s + 2000 - 10s = 2375; 5s + 2000 = 2375; 5s + 2000 - 2000 = 2375 - 2000; 5s =
5s 375
375;- = -;* 75, 200 — s = 125, Ans.

Pages 102-104 • CUMULATIVE REVIEW

1. Inf. 2. Finite 3. Finite 4. Inf. 5. {Kansas, Kentucky}

6 . {nos. between 0 and 48 which are each 1 less than a multiple of 6}

7. {The number 1 and whole nos. between 1 and 82 which are powers of 3}
22 Key to Chapter 3, pages 103-104

8 . 9 9. 5
2 2
t1 I 2I t 31 I 4I I 5I I »
—o

2 3 4 5

10 .
I 11 + I I I I I II 1 > ,ux2 = 2
0 1 2 3 4 5

12 . 3[9 - 2(2.2)] = 3[9 - 4.4] = 3[4.6] = 13.8 13. {0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 12, 20}
14. {3,9,12} 15. {2} 16. Trans, or Subst. principle 17. Distrib.
18. Symmetric 19. Comm, for mult.
20. (a) Distrib. (b) Comm, for add. (c) Assoc, for add. (d) Distrib. (e) Subst. principle
(f) Mult. prop, for 0 (g) Add. identity
21. 7n + 3[4n + 10 — 5n — 3] = 7n + 12n + 30 — 15n - 9 = 4n + 21

22 . (V- - *)(<* - 4) = (l)(d - 4) = d - 4 ►

24. ^ 25. Closed 26. Not closed; 3 — 4 not in set

1111
0 4

27. 4(3* + 4) 3 • 0(1 + 3*) = 4(7*) - 3 • 0(4*) = 30 - 0 = 30

2 • 3* + 4 7 + 4 n 14 + 3-42 3 + 48 2 49
28. 3* 29.
2-3* 4 7-4 3 4(3*)2 4(ir) 49 1
i _ o
a+ b
30. 16(4 - 3*)3 = 16(*)3 16 •*
8 — ^ 31. 2n — 3 32. — 33. s + 5 34. 50 x

35. (R + r)2 36. 2(R2 + r2)

37. 2 • 0 — 1 = 5; F 38. 2(0 — 1) = 5; 0 — 1 not defined; F 39. 3 • 0 > 0; F
2 - 1 - 1 = 5;F 2(1 - 1) = 5; F 3 • 1 > 0;T
2 • 2 — 1 = 5; F 2(2 — 1) = 5; F 3 - 2 > 0; T
2 - 3 - 1 = 5; T 2(3 - 1) = 5; F 3 • 3 > 0; T
{3} 0 {1,2,3}
40. 4 • 0 + 1 > 6; F 41. 0(5-0) = 0-5-0-0; T 42. 0(0 - 1) = 0X0 - 0;T
4 • 1 + 1 > 6; F 1(5 • 1) = 1 • 5 1 • 1; T 1(1 - 1) = 1 X 1 - 1; T
4-2 + 1 > 6; T 2(5 • 2) = 2 • 5 2 • 2; F 2(2 — 1) = 2 X 2 — 2; T
4 • 3 + 1 > 6; T 3(5 -3) = 3-5 3 • 3; F 3(3 - 1) = 3 X 3 - 3;T
{2,3} {0,1} (0, 1,2,3)
43. a. t + 5; b. i G {0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}
44. First side = a; second side = 2a; sum of first and second sides — 3a; perimeter 27; third
side = 27 — 3a
5m 80
45. 8m —13 + 13 — 3m = 67 + 3m + 13 — 3m; 5m = 80; ; m = 16. {16}

46. 6s — 4 = 26 + 2s; 6s — 4 + 4 — 2s = 26 + 2s + 4 2s; 4s = 30; j f ; s = 7J. {7J}

47. ¥» - 3 = 13 + fy + 2; - 3 = 15 + fo; - 3 + 3 - iy = 15 + %y + 3 4 y,
iv = 18; 4.- iv = 4 • 18; 9y = 72; ^ ^ ; y = 8. {8}

48. 3™ + 1 = — 1;*«>+1—*w+l = ++ — 1 %w + 1; 2 = 2w] | ; w = 1. {1}

49. 6< + 15 — 7 = 9t — 4; U + 8 = 9t — 4; 6t + 8 — 6* + *4 9« — 4 - 6f + 4; 12 = 31;

| = f;4 = i.{4}

50. 12 + 6fc — 3 = Qk + 2; 9 + 6fc = 6fc + 2; 9 + 6k — 6A; — 2 = 6k + 2 - 6A; — 2; 7 = 0. 0

4-7? 204
51. Let n = the no.; 2n — §n = 68; — §n = 68; *n = 68; 3 • *n = 3 • 68; 4n — 204; — = —— ;
n = 51, Ans.
Key to Chapter 3, pages 104-107 23

52. Let n = the smaller no.; then 20 — n = the larger no.; 4(20 — n) — 5n — 1;80 — 4n = 5n — 1;
81 9 yi
80 4n -f- 4 n + l = 5n — 1 + 4w -)- 1; 81 = 9 n\ — = — ; 9 = n, 20 — n — 11, Ans.

53. Let c = cost per kerchief; then c + 50 = cost per tie; 3c + 2(c + 50) = 595; 3c + 2c + 100 =
5c 495
595; 5c + 100 = 595; 5c + 100 - 100 = 595 - 100; 5c - 495; — = -; c = 99^; c + 50 =
5 5
149(4 = $1.49, Ans.

Pages 106-107 • EXTRA FOR EXPERTS

1. {nos. of arith. > 1}; 2. 0;

0
+-h 0 10

3. {the nos. of arith.}; 4. {the nos. of arith. between 2 and 4};

1 k 1 1 1 ^
40- 1
1
0
1
2 3
P 1 1

5. {the nos. of arith.}; 6 . {1,2,3,...};

40- 10

0 12 3

7. c n (B u A) J= (C n B) u (C n A)

8. C U (B U A) =L (C U B) U A

9. c n (B n A) 2= (C n B) n A
24 Key to Chapters 3, 4, pages 107-1 15

10. (A u B) n (A n B) =L A n B

CHAPTER 4. The Negative Numbers

Page 113 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

1-8. 5 6 4 3
- 1 A, 1 11 , , 4 111 1 1*1 I I A *.
* 1 ¥ 1 f• 1 1 1 fill 1 1*1 1 1 11 |U
1 “ f
-10 "8 ”6 ”4 “2 0 +2 +4 +G +8 +10

9. +10 10. +5 11. ” 3 12. “5

Pages 114-115 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. {-4,-6} 2. (-4,-1,0,+2,+41 3. {-1,0, +2, +4} 4. (-4,-6)

5. {-6, -4,-1, +2, +4} 6. |0, +2| 7. (-0,-4) 8. {+2, +4}
9. (-0, -4,-1, +2, +41 10. 0 11. {0, +2, +4} 12. {“6, -4, -1}

B 1 1 - 14
—1 1 1 T
~2 "1 0 0 +6

15..- 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 •-
*11111 till 1 1
0 +2 +4 -3 “2 0

1 1 ^ 18.
1—r* 1 1 1 1
“2 0 +2 “5 0 +5

1 1 ^ 20. 1 1 1 1
“5 1 I 14 1
0 +5

1 1 ^ 22. - I Id* 11 11 r
* 1 IS*
"5 -1 0 “6 ~4 “2 0 +2 +4

*mVmT+'
-5 0 +i +5 -5 0 +a
25. .- I I I I I A I I I 1 1 ^ 26. « 1 I I | I 4 111 1 1 ^
*11111 fill 1—r* 1 1 fill 1 1 *
“5 0 +5 “5 0 +5

C * I | 1 I I till 1 1
1 1 1 1 * 1 1 1 1 1 till 1 1 *
~5 0 +5 -5 0 +5

- A I I I I till 1 l ^
* f 1 1 1 1 till 1 1 *
~5 0 +5 “5 0 +5

1 | 32. ^f1 I I 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 “3 0 +2
Key to Chapter 4, pages 1 1 5-1 20 25

33« II I t I t II I 11 » 34-«| I I I M- I II.44*

2 0 -5 0 +5

35- - II I II ■ I II I I I *•
"5 0 +5

Pages 115-116 • PROBLEMS

1. Lot a = Phil’s assets in dollars; a > +10,000; a E {fractional nos. > 110,000}
2. Let x = no. of dollars in Mary’s bank account (let us agree to whole dollars); 0 < x < + 50;
* e 10, +1, +2.+49)
3. Let It = no. of Ron’s home runs; It > +10; R e {+11, +12, +13, . . .}
4. Let T = winter temp, at North Pole (F°); T < 10; T E {negative nos. < 10)
5. Let A = altitude of earth’s land surface; “1202 < A < +29,028; A E {rios. > "1292 and
< +29,028}
6. Let L = latitude in the equatorial zone; "23J < L < +23 L E {nos. > —23^ and < +23J)
7. Let c = Marjorie’s change in wt.; "4 < c < +4; c E {nos. > “4 and < +4}
8. Let c = change in price of stock to nearest i dollar; “10 < c < 1 10; c E {“10, “91, “9f,..., +9£, f 10}
9. Let T = temp, in Death Valley to nearest /0 degree (C); “9.4 < T < f56.7; T E {“9.4, “9.3,
“9.2, . . . , +56.7}
10. Let It = Roger’s score in whole points; ”10 < It < +15; It E {”J0, “9, “8, . . . , +15}

Pages 7 78-7 7 9 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

1. +58 4 +22 = +80 2. +25 4 +10 = +41 3. ”43 4 ”46 = ”89 4. “34 | "86 = "120
5. +1° 4 0°= +1° 6. +5° 4 "15° = 10 7. "1.4 -f +1.4 = 0 8. "44 4- +44 = 0
9. "3 4 "20 = "23 10. +8 4 "58 = "50 11. +f 4 "£ = 0 12. +6 4 ”0 = 0
13. -740 = "7 14. +540= +5 15. +4 4 (+54 4 +22) = +4 4 }76 = +80
16. +3 4 (+22 4 +16) == +3 4 +38 = +41 17. ("43 4- “25) 4 "21 = "68 {■ "21 = "89
18. ("34 4 "24) 4 "62 = — 58 4 "62 = " 120 19* "7° 4 (+8° 4 0°) = "7° 4- +8° = +1°
20. (+5° 4 0°) 4 ”15° = +5° 4 "15° = ”10° 21. ("1.4 4 "3.0) 4- +4.4 = "4.4 4* +4.4 = 0
22. “14 4 (“30 4 +44) = “14 4 +14 = 0 23. +.8 4 ("3.8 4 "20) = +.8 4 "23.8 = "23
24. (+8 4 “38) 4 “20 = ”30 4 ”20 = “50 25. (+f 4- +*) 4 “3 = +3 4 "3 = 0
26. (+6 4- “¥) + "t = +f + "f = 0
27. ((“3 4 ”4) 4- +0) 4 "6 = = ("7 4- +0) 4- “0 =
1 f "6 = 7
28. ((+8 4- "3) 4 ”14) 4 +14 = (+5 4 ”14) 4 +14 = "9 4 +14 = +5

B 29. +1 4. +8 = +9. {+8} 30. +4 4 +3 = +7. {+3} 31. "2 4 "3 = "5. {"3}
32. “5 4 “1 = “6. {”5} 33. "13 4 +3 = "10. {”13} 34. "6 4 +14 = +8. {+14}
35. "9 4- ”5 = "14. {"9} 36. +12 = + 18 f- "6. {+18} 37. "100 = +9 4 “109. {"109)
38. +29 4- “4 = +25. {”4} 39. +3 4 0 = +3. {0} 40. 0 4 "5 = “5- {0)
41. +6 + +5 = +11. {+6} 42. f3 : '5 18. { * 5} 43. "6 4 45 = "1. {45}
44. +1 4 "4 = “3. {+1} 45. 0 4 0 = 0. {0) 46. +3 4 43 = +6. {43}

Pages 119-120 • PROBLEMS

A 1. (4200) 4 (+45) = +245 mph 2. (+8000) 4 ("2000) = 4 6000 ft

3. (a) "7, "3, "5; (b) "7 to "3 = +4 fathoms; "3 to "5 = "2 fathoms
4. (“24000) 4 ("7000) 4 ("8000) = "39000 ft 5. ("3) f ("2) 4 (”3) 4 (+£) = “7^°
6. ("3.56) 4 ("2.34) 4 ("34.43) 4 ("23.25) 4 (+25.00) 4 (+35.00) = "$3.68
7. (“2) 4 ("3) 4 (“10) = "15 or 15 floors down 8. (4 2) 4 (+i) 4 (+4) 4 (+i) 4 (l£) = f$3j
9. (+i) 4 (+£) 4 (+i) 4 (+li) 4 (+!) = +*2£ 10. Ci) 4 ("i) 4 ("*) = “If
11. ("li) 4 ("f) 4 (0) 4 ("if) 4 (+24) = “*14
12. ("20) 4 ("15) 4 ("15) 4 ("5) 4 ("5) 4 ("5) 4 ("3) 4 ("3) 4 ( 3) 4 ( 3) 4 ( 3) 4 ( 3) 4
("3) 4 ("3) = "89 M
26 Key to Chapter 4, pages 122-127

Pages 122-123 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1.4+ (-6) = -2 2. 3 +(6) = 9 3. -5 + (-4) = -9 4. 3 + (-8) = -5

5. -.7+ (-5) = -5.7 6. -.9+ (5) = 4.1 7. 5 + (—1) = 4
8. -4 + 6=2 9. -4.4 10. -6.4 11. 5f
12. — 5§f + 7*§ + (—2§+ = — §* = —1+

B 13. -(-2) = 2. {-2} 14. -3 = -(3). {3} 15. -(0) = 0. {0} 16. -(-1) = 1. {-1}
17. -2 = -(2). {2} 18. -(-3) = 3. {-3} 19. (3) + (-2) = 1. (3)
20. (-2) + 1 = -1. {-2} 21. -(0) < 1; -(1) < 1; -(2) < 1; -(3) < 1. {0, 1, 2, 3}
22. -(-3) > 1; -(-2) > 1. {-3, -2} 23. -(2) < -2; -(3) < -2. {2, 3}
24. -(1) < -1; -(2) < -1; -(3) < -1. {1, 2, 3}
25. 0 < -(-2) < 3;0 < -(-1) < 3. {-2, -1} 26. 0
27. -2 < -(-2) < 2; -2 < -(-1) < 2; -2 < -(0) < 2; -2 < -(1) < 2; —2 < -(2) < 2.
(-2,-1,0,1,21
28. * + (-*) + .25 = f + (-*) + i = W + (-H) + ** = W
29. -* + *+(-.25) = -* + *+(-*) = “W+ **+(“**) = “W
30. -[* + .25 + (-1.5)1 = -ft + * + (-1)] = -[* + A + (-**)] = -(-**) = ft
31- — * + (—.25) + 1.5 = —* + (—4) + 2 — + (—^) + 20 —
32. § + * + (—.25) + (—1.5) = f + i + (—i) + (—I) = + io + (—io) + (~M) = £0
o*j _5 1 1 1 or: 1 i r _ _5. 1 1. 1 JL 1 3 — _100 _l_i2._l_15._i.90__ 17
J J. 3 ' 5 1 I 1 --l — 3151^4^2 — 60 I 60 1 60 I 60 — 60

34. -[-* + .25 + (-1.5)] = -[-* + * + (-1)] = -[-ft + + (—«)] = -(-ff) = ft

35. § H-[(—.25) + 1.5] = § 4-[(—?) + f] = f§ 4-[(_A) 4- If] — ft 4-(rf) =
36. * + (—|) + (—1-5) = * + (—f) + (—f) = 3% + (—to) 4- (—to) — ~f*
37. * + [—(f + 1.5)] — * + [—(* + i)] = -35 + [—(to 4“ M)] — ^ + (—§*) — —f§
38. [* + *] + [—(-25 + 1.5)] = [f + 5] + [~ (i + f)] — 4- *§] + [~ (£0 4“ to)] = (Vr-) +
[-(W)] = *
39. [—§ + *] + [-25 + 1.5] = [—f + *] + [* + *] = [—Vo1 4- Ml + tio + fo] — [—§0] + [J^] = M

Page 724 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. [0] 2. {-4, 4} 3. {-5, 5} 4. 0

5- 1 I I 1HH' 1 M 4 I I ■
-3 0 3 ^^^^*4 —2 0

7- ' 11 t I t I t I t II
-3-101 3
■1 1 1 h 1 m 1 i
-2-1 0 1 2

9. 0 10. {0} 11. 0 12. 0

13. {the nonnegative nos.} 14. [nos. < 0] 15. (all nos. other than 0} 16. {the directed nos.}

B 17. |2.3| + |—16| + |-5*| = 2.3 + 16 + 5.5 = 23.8

18. -(2.3 + |-5*|) + 3f = -(2.3 + 5.5) + 3.4 = -(7.8) +*3.4 = -4.4
19. -2.3 + (-16) + |-5* + 3f| = -2.3 + (-16) + |—5.5 + 3.4| = -2.3 + (-16) + 2.1 = -16.2
20. 2.3 + (-[-16]) + |—5*| + 3f = 2.3 + 16 + 5.5 + 3.4 = 27.2
21. |2.3| | —16| |-5*| = (2.3)(16)(5.5) = 202.4 22. | —16| |—5*| |3*| = (16)(5.5)(3.4) = 299.2
23. 2.3 + 3f + |—5*| = 2.3 + 3.4 + 5.5 = 11.2 24. | —16 + (-5*)j + 3f = 21.5 + 3.4 = 24.9
25. 2.3 + J —16 + (—5*)| = 2.3 + 21.5 = 23.8

Page 127 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. (6 + 10) + (-3 - 9) = 16 + (-12) = 4 2. (8 + 9) + (-7 - 1) = 17 + (-8) = 9

3. (54* + 16) + (—Ilf — 4*) = 70* + (—11-& — 4^) = 70^ + (—16-^) = 54-^
Key to Chapter 4, pages 127-128 27

4. 43i + (-45| - 54§ - 12f) = 43^ + (-45* - 54* - 12*) = 43£ + (-112*) =
43i+ (-112|) = -69£
5. (24 + 17) + (-18 - 32) = 41 + (-50) = -9
6. (22 + 35) + (-14 - 11) = 57 + (-25) = 32
7. 13 + (-12) = 1 8. 9 + (-11) = -2 9. 24 + (-60) = -36 10. 66 + (-66) = 0
11. 5 + (-5) = 0 12. 26 + (-21) = 5 13. 16 + (-22) - -6 14. 43 + (-8) = 35
15. 11 + (-3* - 3§) = 11 + (—3f - 3|) = 11 + (-7i) = 3f

16- (Is+ i + §5 + 2 + 0 + (_ 1~ 1- ^ _ ~ x)= 4* + (_6*) = _2

17. 17.5 + (-15.5) = 2 18. 5.4 + (-16.9) = —11.5

B 19. [b + (-4)] + (-6) 20. [(-60) + c] + (60)

= (—b) + [b + (—4)] Comm. prop, for add. = (60) + [(—60) + c] Comm. prop, for add.
— [(—b) + b] + (—4) Assoc, prop, for add. = [(60) + (—60)] + c Assoc, prop, for add.
= 0 + (—4) Prop, of opposites = 0+c Prop, of opposites
= -4 Prop, of 0 Prop, of 0
21. a + (6 + c) 22. [a + (—5)] + [b + (—a)]
= a + (c + b) Comm. prop, for add. = {[a + (~~k)] + k} + (~a) Assoc, prop, for add.
= (a + c) + b Assoc, prop, for add. = \a + [(—b) + b]} + (—a) Assoc, prop, for add.
•= {a + 0} + (—a) Prop, of opposites
= a + (—a) Prop, of 0
= 0 Prop, of opposites
23. a + (b d- c) 24. (—m) + (fc'+ m)
= (b + c) + a Comm. prop, for add. = (—m) + (m + k) Comm. prop, for add.
= b + (c + a) Assoc, prop, for add. = [(—m) + m] + k Assoc, prop, for add.
= 0 + /c Prop, of opposites
= k Prop, of 0

25. (—5) + [(—s) + (s + 5)] 26. [a + c] + [(—a) + (—c)]

= (—5) + [{(—s) + s] +5] Assoc, prop, for add = [a + c] + [— (a + c)]
= (—5) + [0 + 5] Prop, of opposites Prop, of opposite of sum
= (—5) + [5] Prop, of 0 = 0 Prop, of opposites
= 0 Prop, of opposites
27. (-2) + 17 = 15 28. 10 + (—3) = 7 29. 4 + (-5) = -1 30. -5 + (1) = -4
31. 9 + (-26) = -17 32. (-1) + 6 = 5 33. (-11) + 3 = -8 34. -5 + (0) = -5

35. § + (i) = 1

Page 128 • PROBLEMS

1. $35.00 2. -$ 7.50 3. -$13.68
$14.75 -$26.10 $13.00 -$ 1.25 -$ 1.09
$18.15 -$ 7.50 $ 6.50 -$ 2.00 -$ 4.17
$67.90 + (-$33.60) = $34.30 $19.50 + (—$10.75) = $8.75 ~$ -75
-$19.69 + ($.37) = -$19.32
4. (73) + (-25) + (-18) + (-15) + (185) + (64) = 322 + (-58) = $264
5. (-375) + (650) = 275 ft 6. 15 + (-3) + 8 + (-9) + (-12) = 23 + (-24) = -1 yd
7. (-4) + (-1) = -5; (-4) + 0 = -4; (-4) + 1 = -3; (-4) + 3 = -1; -1 + 0 = -1;
-1 + 1 = 0; -1 + 3 = 2; 0 + 1 = 1; 0 + 3 = 3; 1 + 3 = 4. [-5, -4, -3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
G not closed under add.
8. (-3) + (i) + (4) + (-4) = 1 + (-7) = -6 lb
9. Let x = net change in temp.; 49 + x = 21.5; x = — 27.5°F
28 Key to Chapter 4, pages 131-137

Pages 131-132 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 29 + (30) = 59 2. -69 + (72) = 3 3. -25 + (25) = 0

4. -80 + (-20) = -100 5. t + 2 + (-1 — 5) = -3
6. s + (-7) + (—s) + (3) = -4 7. cl -j- b — 12 + (—Q — 5 4“ 4) = —8
>

8. cl — k + 14 -|- (—cl -(- k + 9) == 23 9. 1.5 + (-.5) = 1 10. 1.7 + (-1.9) = -.2

11. .6 + (.3) = .9 12. -5.7 + (.7) = -5 13. 0 + (f) = 14. 0+ (-f) = -§
15. [300 - 450] + [-230 + 1066] = 1366 + (-680) = 686
16. [1492 - 1678] + [44 — 12] = 1536 + (-1690) = -154
17. x + y + {—x y) — y = y 18. u — v -\- (—u — v) + v — —v
19. (h + 9) + (7 - h) = 16 20. (-10 + k) + (-12 — Jfc) = -22
21. -2 - (7) = -2 + (-7) = -9 22. -7 - (18) = -7 + (-18) = -25
23. b - (b + 4) - b + (-5 - 4) = -4 24. c - (8 + c) = c + (-8 - c) = -8
25. (23tr — 1) - (23tr + 1) = (23tt - 1) + (—237r - 1) = —2
26. (-87r + 5) - (8tt - 5) = (—8tt + 5) + (—8tr + 5) = -16tt'+ 10
27. [37 + (-12)] - 49 = 25 + (-49) = -24 28. [42 + (-51)] - 27 = -9 + (-27) = -36
29. (-32 + a) - (-97 + a) = (-32 + a) + (97 - a) = 65
30. (19 - r) - (18 — r) = (19 — r) + (-18 + r) = 1

B 31. —(a — b) 32. -(o + 6 + c)

= — (a + [—6]) Meaning of subt. = (—[a + b]) + (—■c) Prop, of opposite of sum
= (—a) + (6) Prop, of opposite of sum = (—a) + (—5) + (—c)
— —a -|- 5 Prop, of opposite of sum

33. Not closed; difference of two odd integers is an even no.

34. Closed; difference of two even integers is an even no.
35. Same as 33 36. Not closed; e.g., f — (—J) = f which is not a member of the set.

Page 132 • PROBLEMS

A 1. -244 - (-276) = -244 + 276 = 32 ft .

2 —11 — (-3) -11 + 3 = -8°
3. -5 - (8) = -5 + (-8) - -13° 4. -113 - (161) = -113 + (-161) = -274 ft
5. -404 - (-431) = -404 + (431) = 27 yr 6. -212 - (-287) - -212 + (287) = 75 yr
7. 1.25 - (-4.38) = 1.25 + (4.38) = $5.63 8. 250 - (-175) = 250 + (175) = 425
9. (current year) — (—146) = (current year + 146) yr
10. -37,800 - (29,012) = -37,800 + (-29,012) = -66,812 ft
11. -$9.47 — ($317.25) = -$9.47+ (-$317.25) = -$326.72; spent $326.72
12. 41 - (-23) = 41 + 23 = 64°

Pages 137-138 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. a. (—4)(21) = -84; 2. a. (—3)(—7) = 21;
b. (—4)(10) + (—4)(11) = -40 - 44 = -84 b. (—3) (—2) + (—3) (—5) = 6 + 15 = 21
3. a. (—1)(4) = -4; 4. a. (5)(-9) = -45;
b. (20) (4) - (21) (4) = 80 - 84 = -4 b. (5)(-6) - (5)(3) = -30 - 15 = -45
5. a. 0(—3) = 0; .
6 a. (-3 + 7)0 = (4)0 = 0;
b. 0(—8) + 0(5) = 0 + 0=0 b. (-3)0 - (-7)0 = 0-0 = 0
7. a. 12 — 52 = -40; .
8 a. —18 — 2 = -20;
b. 4(3 - 13) = 4(—10) = -40 b. (-2) (9+ 1) = (-2) (10) = -20
9. a. —1188 — 12 = —1200;
b. (—99)(12) + (— 1)(12) = (-99 - 1)12 = (-100)12 = -1200
10. a. 3960 — 3960 = 0; 11. a. 91 — 91 = 0;
b. 40(99 - 99) = 40(0) = 0 b. —7(—13 + 13) = -7(0) = 0
12. a. —12(4^) = -52; 13. a. 14(—5+ = -72;
b. (—12)(4) + (—12)(£) = -48 - 4 = -52 b. 14(—5) - 14+) = -70 - 2 = -72
14. a. 148; b. —48(—3 — &) = (—48)(—3) - (~48)(+*) = 144 + 4 = 148
Key to Chapter 4, pages 137-141 29

.
15 a. -(5) = -5; b. -l(-7 + 12) = (—1)(—7) + (—1)(12) = 7 - 12 = -5
.
16 a. -(-54) = 54; b. —1(—34 - 20) = (—1)(—34) - (—1)(20) = 34 + 20 = 54
17. a. .8 - (2.18) = -1.38;
b. .8 - 1(2.5 - .32) = .8 + (-1)(2.5) - (-1)(.32) = .8 - 2.5 + .32 - -1.38
18. a. 6 - (-1.63) = 6 + 1.63 = 7.63;
b. 6 - 1 (— 1.9 + .27) = 6 + (—1)(— 1.9) + (—1)(.27) = 6 + 1.9 - .27 = 7.63
.
19 a. -.3 - .2(—1) = -.3 + -2 = —.1;
b. -.3 + (—-2)(—.7) - (-.2)(.3) - -.3 + .14 + .06 = -.1
20. a. -.7 - .2(—.5) = -.7 + .10 - -.6
b. -.7 + (—.2)(—.1) - (-.2)(.4) = -.7 + .02 + .08 = -.6
21. 7a - 10a + 5 = -3a + 5 .
22 7r - 8r + 2 = -r + 2
23. —8x + x — 7 = —7x — 7 24. —15 y + 22
25. —5m* + 3 nt + 2 = —2 nt + 2 26. -9hk + 666 - 3 = -3hk - 3
27. 4r — 7r + 6s = —3r + 6s 28. 15a + 6 — 166 = 15a - 156
29. —2n — 3 30. %y §y h — — i 31. —3a + 5a = 2a
32. 11m — 7m — 1 = 4m — 1 33. 3763 — 41 k3 = —47c3 34. 6xyz — 10xyz = —4xyz
35. — 1.1 d2 + 2.3d2 = 1.2d2 36. 5(r + s) — 14(r + s) = —9(r + s) = —9r — 9s
37. —2x2 + 2x 38. —7y — 2y2 39. 2m — 3 40. m3 + u2

B 41. —2r — 6s — 5r — 5s = —7r — 11s 42. —7a 4- 216 — 96 4- 9a = 2a + 126

43. 3p — 6q — 5g + 2p = 5p — llg 44. 28v — 4t + t + 3v = 3.1y — 3^
45. 2[3a - 3 + 5] - 4 = 2[3a + 2] - 4= 6a+ 4- 4= 6a
46. 3[—6 + 2a - 8] + 26 = 3[—14 + 2a] + 26 = -42 + 6a + 26 = -16 + 6a
47. —7n — 5[2 + 4n - 3] = -7m — 5[—1 + 4m] = —7m + 5 - 20m = -27m + 5
48. -106 - 4[—1 - 96 + 6] = -106 - 4[5 - 96] = -106 - 20 + 366 = 266 - 20
49. .7(.3)(—3) - .5(.2) = -.63 - .10 = -.73 50. ,3(—2) - .2(—1)(.2) = -.6 + .04 = -.56
51. -i(.2) + .4(—3) - |(.3) = -.1 - 1.2 - .1 = —1.4 52. .2(—1 + l)2 = ,2(0)2 = 0
53. (-1)2 + .2(—1) + .1 = 1 - .2 + .1 = 1.1 - .2 = .9
54. 1.3(—3 + l)3 = 1.3(—2)3 = 1.3(—8) = -10.4
55. (—3)3 - 3(—3)2 + 3(-3) - 1 = -27 - 3(9) - 9 - 1 = -27 - 27 - 9 - 1 = -64
56. .04(.3)3 + .05(—3)3 = .04(.027) + .05(-27) = .00108 - 1.35 = -1.34892
57. .01(—2)4 - .01(-1)4 = .01(16) - .01(1) = .16 - .01 = .15

C 58. (— 1)(.2 + 3(—2))3 = ,(-l)(.2 - 6)3 = (-l)(-5.8)3 = (—1)(—195.112) = 195.112

59. (—2)(2(.2) - (—3))2 = (—2)(3.4)2 = (-2)(11.56) = -23.12
60. (.3)2(-3 - (-1)3) = (.09)(—3 + 1) = (.09)(—2) = -.18
61. (—3)3((.2)2 + (-1)5) = (-27)(.04 - 1) = (—27)(—.96) = 25.92
62. l.l(2(—l)2 - .2)(2(-l)2 + .2) = 1.1(2 - .2)(2 + .2) = 1.1 (1.8)(2.2) = 4.356
63. 1.01(3(—3) + (,3)2)(3(-3) - (.3)2) = 1.01(-9 + .09)(-9 - .09) = 1.01 (—8.91)(—9.09) =
81.801819

Pages 141-142 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. (-m) = -y 2. (-.25)(-i) = .05 3. (—12)(—3) = 36 4. (-f)(i) =

5. -.36<(^) = —.06* 6. (-16)(-4) = 64 7. (36)(-2) = -72 8. 24.5(-£) -4.9
9. (36)(—3) = -96 10. (8)(—4) = -32 11. 2.52(—y) = -.36 12. (7c)(—7) -49c
13. (-15.6)(^) = -1.3 14. 1.82(—3+) = -.14 15. (—.195)(—yj) = .015
16. (-39.1)to) = -2.3 17. 4.56(-y14) = —.19 18. (-.528)(-244) = -022

(-2)(3)(10) -60 _
B 19.
(10)(—6)
(—2)(—1)(3)
_ -60
6
_ 20 . (—!)(—6) 6
(—2) (3)2 (—2) (9) _ -18
21. t2L2 = JL = _4
(-1)3 -1
22. (-6) -6 -6
(-6) (10)2 _ (-6) (100) _ -600 (—1)(—6)2 (—1)(36) _ -36
23. 75 24. -4
(- 2)3 ~ -8 -8 (3)2 9 9
30 Key to Chapter 4, pages 141-146

25.
(-1)4 5 -1 1
26. (-D6 _ 1 _ J_
(-2) (3) -6 6 (-6) (10) -60 60
(3)3 _ 27 27 = 9 (—2)3 -8 -8 _4
27. 28.
(—2)2(—6) ~ (4) (—6) -24 _ 8 (3)2(10) ~ (9)(10) “ 90 45
(-2 + 2)4 (0)4 (-6 + 6)3 _ (0)3
29. 30.
(-6) -6 (-2) -2

(-2 • 3)2 - (—6)2 _ (—6)2 - (36) _ 36 - 36 _ 0

J ‘ (10)2 100 100 ~ 100

32. - (3)3 = (3)3 - (3)3 = 27 - 27 = 0

33 (~2 + l)3 + (-1)7 -1 + (-1) = ^2 _ 1

(-6 + 4)2 (-2)2 4 2
(10 — l)2 — (3)3 81 — 27 54 3
34' ((—2)(—6))2 “ (12)2 _ 144 ~ 8

35. (—6)2 + = 36 + (—5)3 = 36 - 125 = -89

(-1)8 + (-6 - l)2 = 1 + 49 = 50 =

(3 + 2)2 25 25

Pages 143-144 • PROBLEMS

1. Assumed avg.: 2000; sum of deviations = 200 + (—20) + 50 + (—120) + 100 + (—70) = 140;
avg. dev. = = 23y; true avg. = 2000 + 23y = $2023y

.
2 Assumed avg.: 8000; sum of deviations = (—350) + 630 + (—2400) + 1550 + 550 + (—450) +
520 = 50; avg. dev. = — 7y; true avg. = 8000 + 7y = 8007y M

3. Assumed avg.: —5800; sum of dev. = 600 + 200 + (—100) + (—300) + (—700) = —300;

avg. dev. = —= —60; true avg. = —5800 — 60 = —5860 ft

5
4. Assumed avg.: 17.0; sum of dev. — (.4) + (—.4) + (—.3) + (.9) + (—1.1) + (.3) + (.5) = .3;
.3 3
avg. dev. = = — ; true avg. = 17.0 + fa = 17-fo g

5. Assumed avg.: 0; sum of dev. = (13) + (5) + (—6) + (—9) + (—14) + (—4) + (2) = —13;
— 13 13
avg. dev. = —— =-— ; true avg. = 0 — ■+• = — ly°

6. Assumed avg.: 0; sum of

dev. = (—f) + (—y) + (—y) + (y) + (y) + (—y) + (y) + (0) +
as. 35 7
(—i) + (y) = avg. dev. = ^ — — = - ; true avg. = 0 + £ = £

7. Assumed avg.: 4.185; sum of dev. — (—.008) + (.003) + (.011) + (.011) + (.001) + (.003) +
016
(—.001) + (—.004) = .016; avg. dev. = ——- = .002; true avg. = 4.185 + .002 = 4.187
8
8. Assumed avg.: 1650.0; sum of dev. = (4.8) + (5.6) + (4.8) + (—6.5) + (—4.9) + (—4.0) +
—4.8
(—.4) + (—4.2) = —4.8; avg. dev. = -- = —.6; true avg. — 1650.0 — .6 = 1649.4
8

Pages 145-146 • CHAPTER TEST

1. a. —3; b. 0 2. 3

3-a- « I I I- I ♦ I ♦ I I I I b- ■ I II t I 1 I I I I ■ i-
-2 0 ~2 0

4. .01(3) = .03; (3 — .03) < d < 3 + .03; 2.97 < d < 3.03; d e {directed nos. between 2.97 and
3.03 inclusive}
5. (47) + (-85) = -38 6. (-125) + (80) = -45 ft
7. a. -(-3) = 3; {—3}; b. -(-3) > 0;-(-1) > 0. {-3,-1}
8. 2, -2 9. 153 + (-215) = -62
Key to Chapter 4, pages 146-150 31

10. (15) + (-44) + (-1) +. (7) + (-12) = (22) + (-57) = -35

11. [19 - (-5)] - [19 + (-5)] = 24 — 14-10
12. 47.6 - 61.3 = -13.7°
13. 59(—18) - 32(—1)(59) = 59[(—18) - 32(—1)] = 59[—18 + 32] = 59(14) = 826
14. 3a — 36 — 7a + 36 = —4a
15. —5(—3)4 • i(—l)17 = -5(81) -±(-1) = -405(-i) - 45
16. 5a64 - 4065 - 3a36 + 9a262
-1.56 m —16 h 12
17. a. ; -.12 = i; {-.12}. Jh= (|>
13 13 -16 16
18. a. -8; b. f 9., 8
19. 36xV(—&) = —§x9y
20. Sum of dev. = (-2) + (-2) + 0 + (2) + (3) + (6) + (13) + (16) = 36; avg. dev. 36 41.
8 2 >
lo
true avg. = —3 + 4% — 1

Pages 146-150 • CHAPTER REVIEW

1. right 2. minus 3. positive, negative 4. —4.5 5. directed, signed 6. C

7. D 8. Q 9. M 10. greater 11. right 12. negative 13. less 14. -2
15. 2 16. 0 17. - 3 18. [1,4] 19. [-2,-4,-5} 20. {-2,01 21. right
22. left 23. -7 24. (--61) + 45 = -16 25. (-23) + (23) = 0 26. (9) 27. (0)
28. negative, same 29. 0 30. 0 31. 0, additive inverse 32. opposites 33. {-1]
34. [0, 1, 4} 35. [—4, —2, —1, 0, 1} 36. distance 37. magnitude
38. |—3|, 3 39. -3.2 40. 12 41. —3£ 42. .085 43. [4,-4] 44. 0
45. [—5, —4, —2, 0, 1, 4} 46. [—5, —4, —2, 4} 47. positive 48. negative
49. a. difference; b. negative; c. negative 50. 30 + (—60) = —30
51. 94 + (-94) = 0 52. (382 + 291) + (-425 - 36) = 673 + (-461) = 212
53. (112 + 259) + (-78 - 407) = 371 + (-485) = -114
54. n — 58 + 91 = n + 33 55. —39 + 77 — t = 38 — t 56. opposite or inverse 57. 5
58. 26 + (-59) + (12) = 38 + (-59) = -21 59. (-17) + (-83) + (62) = (-100) + 62 = -38
60. [38+ (-83)] - (-29) = (-45) +29 = -16 61. -12 - (-47 + 74) = -12 - (27) = -39
62. r + 28 + 81 = r + 109 63. -32 - 8 + 47 = -s + 15
64. -8 - (-1) = -8 + 1 = -7° 65. -373 - (-421) = -373 + 421 = 48 yr
66. positive 67. negative 68. opposite 69. —266
70. -14(19) = -266
71. (6|)(—1)(17) - 6K—15) = 6K-17 - (-15)) = 6i(-17 + 15) = 6j(-2) = -13
h
72. - + 8 73. -3 + $k 74. 10a - 316 75. 31m — 47mw 76. 0
4
77. (-43)(-52)(10)(1) = 22,360 78. -5(-2)(3)2 = (10)(9) = 90
79. —5(—1)(23 — (—2)3) = 5(8 — (—8)) = 5(16) = 80 80. positive 81. negative

82. divisor 83. 0 84. (—30) (—3^) = §

-14» 126
85. (-18) - [3(—6)] - (-18) 4- (-18) = 1 86 . 14 -14
; --9; {-9}

-36w -$x
87.
4
w —f(— 3e); w = I+J (xe) 88. ; — f = x> {—§}
-36 -36 ’
89. 1 90. 0, multiplicative inverse 91. reciprocal 92. 1 93. — i 94. ^ 95.

a — 6
96. — 97. No; 2 + \ — 2(2) = 4, not in set. 98. Yes, except for 0

99. deviation, directed

, -14
100. Sum of dev. = (-17) + (-8) + (-5) + (-3) + (2) + (8) + (9) = -14; avg. dev. = —

= —2; true avg. = 5 — 2=3

32 Key to Chapters 4, 5, pages 152-159

Pages 152-153 • EXTRA FOR EXPERTS

1. a. (3 + 3) + 4 3 + (3 + 4) b. (2 + 3) + 1 2 + (3 + 1) c. Assoc, prop, for add.

= 1 + 4 =3 + 2 =0 + 1 =2 + 4
= 0 =0 =1 =1

2. Comm. prop, for add. holds: 2 + 4=1 and 4 + 2 = 1; and 3 + 4 = 2 and 4 + 3 = 2.

Comm. prop, for mult, holds: 2-4 = 3 and 4-2 = 3; and 3-4 = 2 and 4-3 = 2.
3. System is closed under add., subt., and mult.
4. The identity element for add. is 0 and for mult, is 1.
5. a. x = 4 (by use of the table); 6. a. x = 4
b. y = 3 b. w = 4
c. s = 4 c. 2i = 3; t = 4

7. Because the system is closed under subtraction. To subtract in clock arithmetic, start at the minuend
and count counterclockwise the number of spaces named by the subtrahend.

8. a. 0:4 + 0 = 4; 5 + 0 = 5; 9 + 0 = 9; 0 + 6 = 0
b. Yes: 4-0=0; 5-0 = 0; 9-0 = 0; 0-6 = 0

CHAPTER 5. Equations, Inequalities, and Problem Solving

Page 759 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 29y = 203; y = 7. {7} 2. 24x = 144; x = 6. {6}

3- 8 = r2 5 (2)(8) = (2)(|) ; 16 = ». {16} 4. 10 = |; (5)(10) = (5)(f) ; 50 = x. {50}

5. 8 = — g ; (-5)(8) = (—5)(— |) ; -40 = n. {-40}

6. 19 = - y ; (—2)(19) = (—2)(— ^ ; -38 = 7s; -+> = s. {-+*}

7. 360 = —6z; -60 = z. {-60} 8. 714 = -17r; -42 = r. {-42}

9. 386 = 171; 6 = f. {f} 10. 72x = 540; x = 4+ {J+}
11. —2Gy = 221; y = -4+ {-¥> 12. — 60ic = 40; w = —§. {—§}
Ay* o
13. x = — ; x = 4. {4}, rs 9^ 0 14. x = ; x = 1. {1}, mn + 0
rs J’ mn
15. x = a. {a} 16. x = 5a. {5a}

'7. ^ = -2; (3)(S|) = (3)(—2); 2y = -6; y = -3. {-3}

18. ^ = -6; (4)(2p) = (4)(—6); 3w = -24; w = -8. {-8}

19. (.2)^ (•2)(.3); 5y = .06; y = .012. {.012} or

20. (.5)1 ^ = (.5) (.6); -lx = .3; i = .1. {.1} or {*}

21.
23. 6
2w = 21 + 3; w

y ~ a y a
21 + 3
2
f21 + 3)
l 2 /
.
22 4i = —5h] t =
—56

24. p = 3a — 2c. {3a — 2c}

m
I—

n , . a — p /a P > pr 9^ 0
25. p — a = —prt; -—^ = i -- > pr 0 or prt = a — p] t = 1
—pr pr ( pr J
_. . p — a p — a a — p |a — P
26. p — a = —prt: --— = r. > pi 5^ 0 or prt = a — p; r = > pi + 0
—pi —pi pi ! P*
__ 0 76 (76}
27. 2x = 76; x = — • J—| 28. 2y = —3m; y =
—3m Jf—3m|
29. 6 = p — a — c. {p — a — c} 30. c=s — o — p. {s — o — p}
31. JY = Pi. {Pi}, i + 0 32. tc = pA. {pA}, A + 0
Key to Chapter 5, pages 159-163 33

9A 19 A )
33. bh = 2A; b = , h ^ 0 34. Bh = 3F; h = ~ M , B * 0
h { h ) n \ B )
A fA ) C_
35. 7T == ArZ
x ‘ II~Ay* Zx\I i T 0 36. T ——
2x 12x1 xr2 xr2
38. r3 = |Z . f|Zj 39. h = ^ , B * 0
47T |47t|
3n
B 40. 9 — -^7 + 3 = n + 2; 2 = 2[n + 2]; 24 - 3n = 2n + 4; 20 = bn; 4 = n. {4}
u-3i
8n
41. 2n - ~ - 8 = n + 7; 3 2re-f-8 = 3 [n + 7]; 6w — 8n — 24 = 3n + 21;

-2w — 24 = 3n + 21; -5n = 45; n = -9. {-9}

42. 5x + 5 — 4x + 8; x = 3. {3} 43. 24a: — 6 = 12 + 6a:; 18a: = 18; x = 1. {1}
44. 12w + 8 = 18 — On + 8; 12n -f- 8 = 26 — 6n; 18n = 18; n = 1. {1}
45. 5a: + 5 = 3z + 6; 2x = 1; x = i {^}
46. 5r -f r + 15 — 3r — 6 = 0; 3r -f- 9 = 0; Sr = —9; r = —3. {—3}
47. 69 = 4/i + 20 - 6 + 1; 69 = Sh + 21; 48 = 3h; 16 = h. {16}
48. 5y + 10 = 13 + 8y - 4; by + 10 = 9 + 8y; 1 = 3y; £ = y. {1}
49. by + 10 = 6 + Oy - 3; by + 10 = 3 + Oy; 7 = y. {7}
50. 3a: - 27 = 74 - 122 - 4a:; 3a: - 27 = -48 - 4a:; 7x —21; x = -3. {-3}
51. 2w - 4w - 8 = bw + 20; -2w - 8 = bw + 20; -28 = 7w; w = -4. {-4}

Page 163 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 5a > 10; a > 2 2. 66 < 24; 6 < 4

♦ -4
0 0

3. —3s < 9; s > —3 4. —21 > 12;t < -6

-4
—3 0 —6 -4-2 0 2

w w
5. 5 < -7; 4 < 4[—7]; 2 < -28 6. 3 > -8; 3 > 3[—8]; w > -24

-28 -16 -4 0 4 -24 -16 -4 0 4

7. -12 < 3t; -4 < t 8. 36 > 4n; 9 > n

♦ *44"
-4-2 0 2 -3 0 3

9. fp > -2; 3[fp] > 3[—2]; 2p > -6; p > -3 -1 c{: |

-3 0 1

10. J, < -3; 4[iq] < 4[—3]; 3q < -12; q < -4 | | | | | ^ |

-4 0 1
11. 2a: < —10; x < —5 12. by > 10; y > 2

* - I I 0I 1t-^12
-5 -1 0

13. —5w + 5 > -13 — w, 18 > 4w; | > w

34 Key to Chapter ,
5 pages 163-165

14. — 5v — 2 < 13 + V] —6y < 15; v > —§ _5

I -3—2
I-I I 01 '"I" 'I 1 'I I'"I»

15. 6x — 12 + 6x > 0; 12x > 12; x > 1

■INI I I I I >
0 1

16. -y + 18 - 2y < 0; -3y + 18 < 0; -3y < -18; y > 6

0 2
t-'f
6
I"-!"*
17. —21 + 4 < 2<; 4 < 4i; 1 < t 18. 3 — 5w > -j-2w, 3 > 3w; 1 > w

0
t I +■► »I I I I'M 1-^
0 1
I 1
19. 0 > -102r + 34; 102r > 34; r > J 20. 0 < — 204y — 153; 204?; < 153; v < -f
1 3
3 4

0 1 -2 —1 0

21. —6m + 12 < 12 + 6m; 0 < 12m; 0 < m 22. —60 — 15z > —60 + 15z; 0 > 30z; 0 > z

t0 II I I I I I I > « I II I II ■■I1 I 40 i i »

~t - 60
B 23. 10 20) + 5 < 10 ; 3(2< - 20) + 50 < t — 60; 6< - 60 + 50 < t — 60;
To^ 10
6t + 50 < t; 51 < -50; t < -10. {t < -10}
<7 + 90
24. 6 l (18 - g) > 6
6
; 5(18 - flf) - 6 > g + 90; 90 - 5g - 6 > g + 90;
—5g — 6 > g; —6g > 6; g < —1. {g < —1}

25. 2h — 2 < 2h; —2 < 0. {directed nos.} 26. 3 + 3y > 3y; 3 > 0. {directed nos.}
27. 3|x| + 3 < 3 - |x|; 4|*I < 0; |x| < 0. By def., |a;| > 0; * = 0. {0}
28. —4|n| + 2 > 2 - 3|n|; 0 > |n|. By def., |n| > 0;n = 0. {0}
29. -2 + 145 < 145 — 35 - 17; -2 + 145 < 145 — 52; 0 < -50; 0
30. -6 — 15c > 1 — 15c + 5; -6 - 15c > 6 — 15c; -6 > 6; 0
31. 7d + 21 — 5d + 15 > 2d + 40 - 4; 2d + 36 > 2d + 36; 0 > 0. {directed nos.}
32. 3A; — 12 — k — 8 < —2 + 2k — 18; 2k — 20 < 2k — 20; 0 < 0. {directed nos.}

Pages 165-166 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. —3 < x + 4 and x + 4 < 0; —7 < x and x < —4; —7 < x < —4, Ans.

-7 -4 0

2. 1 < 5 + y and 5 + y < 7; —4 < y and y < 2; —4 < y < 2, Ans.

Key to Chapter 5, pages 165-166 35

8 < —1 + 3a and -1 + 3a < 11; 7

7 < 3a and 3a < 12; 3
1 < a and a < 4. < a < 4, Ans.
-3-2 0 4

4. -7 < 46 - 5 and 46 — 5 < 19; 1

-2 < 46 and 46 < 24; 2
—i < 6 and 6 < 6. — J < 6 < 6, Ans.
-1 0 6

5. x > 0 or ■0*0 > 0; (6 — 1) > 0 or -(6 - 1) > 0;

a: > 0 or x < 0. {directed nos. 6 > 1 or -6 + 1 > 0; -6 > -1
6 > 1 or 6 < 1, Ans.

0 0 1

7. m > 0 and m < 2. 0 < m < 2, Ans. n < —7 and n > -7. 0

- I 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 -5 0 5

9. 4 > —2r and r > 1; 10. —v < 4 and —3t> > -3;
—2 < r and r > 1. r > 1, Ans. v > —4 and v < 1. —4 < v < 1, Ans,

0 0 1

11. (3 — w) > 2 or — (3 — w) > 2;

4-
—> — 1 or —3 -(- w > 2; 0 1
w; < 1 or w > 5, Ans.

.
T
1—i

12
A

1 < (4 — k) or
—3 < — k or 1 < —4 + k; 0
3 > k or 5 < k. k < 3 or k > 5, Ans.
Al
CO

(r) - 3 > -1 or 14. (a) - 4 > 3 or 4 > 3;

r >2 or -r > 2; u > 7 or -m > 7;
r >2 or r < —2, Ans. n* > 7 or u < — 7, Ans.

4-
0 -7 -2 0 2

B 15. —2v > 2 or 3y < 9; 16. 6p < —12 or -4V > 12;
y < —1 or v < 3. v < 3, Ans. p < —2 or p < —3. p < —2, Ans.
36 Key to Chapter 5, pages 166-168

17. (x - 1) > 0 and (x + 2) > 0 or (x 1) < 0 and (x + 2) < 0;

x > 1 and x > —2 or x < 1 and x < —2;
x > 1 or x < —2, Ans.

—2 0

18. (y + 4) > 0 and (y + 3) > 0 or (y -f 4) < 0 and (y + 3) < 0;

y > —4 and y > —3 or y < —4 and y < -3;
V > 3 or y < —4, Ans.

-4 -3 0

19. (r — 2) <0 and (r 3) > 0 or (r — 2) > 0 and (r — 3) < 0;

r < 2 and r > 3 or r > 2 and r < 3;
0 or 2 < r < 3. 2 < r < 3, Ans.

>4-
0 2 3

20. (s + 1) >0 and (s — 1) < 0 or (s + 1) < 0 and (s — 1) > 0;

s > —1 and s < 1 or s < —1 and s > 1;
—1 < s < 1 or 0. -1 < s < 1, Ans.

-1
H0 t1

Pages 168-169 • PROBLEMS

A 1. Let x = no. fish for Robert; then x + 5 = no. for Michael; x + (x + 5) = 19; 2x + 5 = 19;
2x = 14; x — 7; x + 5 = 12. Robert, 7; Michael, 12, Ans.

2. Let n = no. knit by Jr. Red Cross; then n + 24 = no. knit by Sr. Red Cross; n + (n + 24) = 50;
2n + 24 = 50; 2n = 26; n — 13; n + 24 = 37. 13, Ans.
3. Let t — amt. spent on food; then 150 — t = remainder of income;
15 < £(150 - 0 - t < 30;
15 < £(150 — t) - t and £(150 - t) — t < 30;
15 < 75 - it - t and 75 — £« — << 30;
15 < 75 - ft and 75 - £t < 30;
%t < 60 and —%t < —45;
< < 40 and 1> 30. $30 < t < $40, Ans.
n
4. Let n — no. qt picked by Otto; then —\- 3 no. picked by Tom; n +
2 (i +3) = 36;
n + = 2 [36]; 2n + n + 6 = 72; 3n + 6 = 72; Bn = 66; n 22;

n 22
- + 3 = — + 3= 14. Otto, 22; Tom, 14, Ans.
£ £

5. Let A — amt. could reduce saving; then (12)(5) = 60 = amt. saved 1st 12 wk.; and 40(5 — A) =
amt. could save last 40 wk.; 60 + 40(5 — A) > 150; 60 + 200 — 40A > 150; 260 — 40A >
150; -40A > —110; A < $^ or A < $2.75, Ans.

6. Let w = width; then 2w + 25 = length; 2(w) + 2(2w + 25) = 650; 2w 4w + 50 = 650;

Qw + 50 = 650; 6w= 600; w = 100; 2w + 25 = 225. 100 ft, 225 ft, Ans.

7. Let w = width; then Sw + 6 = length; 2{w) + 2(3w + 6) = 188; 2w + 6w + 12 = 188;

8w + 12 = 188; 8w = 176; w = 22; Sw + 6 = 3(22) + 6 = 72. 22 ft, 72 ft, Ans.
Key to Chapter 5, pages 168-169 37

8. Let n = smaller no.; then 3n + 5 = larger no; (3n + 5) — n > 31; 2n + 5 > 31; 2n > 26;
n > 13. 13, Ans.

9. Let s = speed of Local; then 2s + 5 = speed of Limited; 2s + 5 = 63; 2s = 58; s = 29 mph, Ans.

10. Let p = no. pennies; then 2p = no. nickels and fp = no. dimes; l(p) + 5(2p) + 10(§p) > 365;
V + 10p + *$P > 365; lip + ^p > 365; 3[llp + ^p] > 3[365]; 33p + 40p > 1095; 73p >
1095, p > 15; 2p > 30; fp > 20. No. coins > (15 + 30 + 20). 65 coins, Ans.

11. LetN = Sally’s phone no.; 18 + 90 = 6N — 6060; 108 = QN — 6060; 6168 =6N;N = 1028, Ans.

12. Let l = length of rectangle; 91 = 144; l = 16 ft, Ans.

13. Let w = width of 2nd rectangle; 3(12tt>) = (9)(8); 30w = 72; w = 2 ft, Ans.

14. Let h = height; (30)(24)(/i) = (270)(36); 720ft = 9720; h = 13J ft, Ans.

15. (15)(10)(9) = 1350 = vol. of bin; --^ = 750 = vol. of egg coal. Let h = height of coal
Zo
in bin; h = (i73550o)9; h — 5 ft, Ans.
5500 5500
16. Let R = no. rev.; (%r)(2) = circum. of wheel in ft; R
■^(2) ’ R = 44
7
’ R = 875’ AnS‘

B 17. Let w = width; then 2w — length and w + 1 = height; (4w) + 4(2w) +4(w + 1) = 52;
4w + 8w + 4w + 4 = 52; 16w + 4 = 52; 16ic = 48; w = 3. 3 in, 6 in, 4 in, Ans.

18. Let x = measure of each equal side; then 2x — 4 = measure of base; 0 < [x + x + (2x — 4)] < 75;
0 < [x + x + (2x — 4)] and [x + x + (2x — 4)] < 75;
0 < [2x + 2x — 4] and [2x + 2x — 4] < 75;
0 < Ax —’ 4 and 4x — 4 < 75;
4 < 4x and 4x < 79;
1 < x and x < 2^-.
Since the base 2x — 4 > 0, x > 2;
therefore, rr G {2^, 3, 3j, . . . , 19^ ft} and (2x — 4) G (1, 2, 3, . . . , 35 ft}, Ans.
m
19. Let m = Mr. Fry’s wt.; then m 50 Mrs. Fry’s wt. and — = daughter’s wt.; m + (m — 50)
2
m
--> 220;
m m
2m > 270; 2 2m — — > 2[270]; 4m - m > 540; 3m > 540; m > 180;
2
m — 50 > 130. 130 lb, Ans.
A A
20. Let A = amt. in dollars earned in regular job; then — = amt. earned in writing and — = amt.
o Z

A
earned by sister; A + 4 > w + 14,000; 6 A + ^ > 6 + 14,000 ; 6A + 2A >3 A + 84,000;
o Z
5A > 84,000; A > $16,800. $16,800, Ans.

21. Let x = no. bu wheat; then 2x = no. bu corn; 240 < (a;)(.06) + (2x)(.03) < 480;
240 < .06.r + .06a: and .06a; + .06a: < 480;
240 < .12a: and .12a: < 480;
2000 < x and x < 4000;
Max. amt. wheat = 4000 bu; max. amt. corn = 8000 bu; min. amt. wheat = 2000 bu; min.
amt. corn = 4000 bu. a. max. amt. corn = 8000 bu, b. min. amt. corn = 4000 bu, Ans.

'Yb (1 l Yb n
22. Let n = no. chairs; then - = no. tables; (nX 2) = 2 = hr t0 produce n chairsl 12
hr to produce ^ tables; 126 — \ + 126 — 2 12 and 2 12 ” —
n n
12 and 12 n -f- — < 12[140]; 1512 < On + n and On -f n < 1680; 1512 < 7n and
2 + 12 2 1 12
7n < 1680; 216 < n and n < 240. 216, 240, Ans.
38 Key to Chapter 5, pages 171-176

Pages 171-172 • PROBLEMS

A 1. Let n = 1st integer; then n + 1 =±= 2nd integer; n + (n + 1) = 57; 2n + 1 = 57; 2n = 56;
n = 28, n + 1 = 29, Ans.
2. Let 7 = 1st integer; then 7 + 1 = 2nd integer; 7 + (/ + 1) = 75; 21 + 1 = 75; 27 = 74;
7 = 37, 7 + 1 = 38, Ans.
3. Let x — 1st odd integer; then x + 2 = 2nd odd integer and x + 4 = 3rd odd integer;
x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = 57; 3x + 6 - 57; 3x.= 51; x = 17, x + 2 = 19, x + 4 = 21, Ans.
4. Let y = 1st odd integer; then y -f- 2 = 2nd odd integer and y + 4 = 3rd odd integer;
y + <y + 2) + (y + 4) = 111; 3y + 6 = 111;-3?/ = 105; y = 35, y + 2 = 37, y + 4 = 39, Ans.
5. Let iV = 1st even no.; then n + 2 = 2nd even no., n + 4 = 3rd even no., and n + 6 = 4th even
no.; n + (n + 2) + (n + 4) + (n + 6) = 100; 4n + 12 = 100; 4n = 88; n = 22, n + 2 = 24,
n + 4 — 26, n + 6 = 28, Ans.
6. Let t = 1st even no.; then t + 2 = 2nd even no., t + 4 = 3rd even no., and t + 6 = 4th even no.;
t + it + 2) + {t + 4) + (t + 6) = 164; 4< + 12 = 164; 4* = 152; t = 38, i + 2 = 40, * + 4 =
42, t + 6 = 44, Ans.
7. Let p — 1st integer; then p + 1 = 2nd integer and p + 2 = 3rd integer; p + (p + 2) = 128;
2p + 2 = 128; 2p = 126; p = 63, p + 1 = 64, p + 2 = 65, Ans.
8. Let q = 1st integer; then q + 1 = 2nd integer, q -\- 2 — 3rd integer, and q + 3 = 4th integer;
(q + 2) + (q + 3) = 63; 2q + 5 = 63; 2q = 58; q - 29, q + 1 = 30, q + 2 = 31, q + 3 = 32,
Ans.
9. Let n = length, in inches, of smallest shelf; then n + 2 = length of 2nd shelf, n + 4 = length of 3rd
shelf, and n + 6 = length of largest shelf; n + (n + 2) + (n + 4) + (n + 6) = 60; 4n + 12 = 60;
4n = 48; n = 12, n + 2 = 14, n + 4 = 16, n + 6 = 18, Ans.
10. Let s = length, in ft, of smallest side; then s + 1 = length of 2nd side and s + 2 = length of longest
side; s + (s + 1) + (s + 2) = 240; 3s + 3 = 240; 3s = 237; s = 79, s + 1 = 80, s + 2 = 81, Ans.
11. Let x = smaller even integer; then x + 2 = larger even integer; x=2(x + 2)+2;x = 2x + 4 + 2;
—x = 6; x = —6, x + 2 = —4, Ans.
12. Let y = smaller odd integer; then y + 2 = larger odd integer; y + 2 = ^y — 4; 3[y + 2] =
3[£y — 4]; 3y + 6 = y — 12; 2y = —18; y — —9, y + 2 = —7, Ans.
B 13. Let x = 1st integer; then x + 1 = 2nd integer, x + 2 = 3rd integer, and x + 3 = 4th integer;
5(x + 3) — 2(x + 1) = 7; 5x + 15 — 2x - 2 = 7; 3x + 13 = 7; 3x = -6; x = — 2, x + 1 =
— 1, x + 2 = 0, x + 3= 1, Ans.
14. Let n — 1st even integer; then n + 2 = 2nd even integer, n + 4 = 3rd even integer, and n + 6 =
4th even integer; 4(n + 6) — J(n -f 2) = 9; 2[4(n + 6) — + 2)] = 2[9]; 8(n -f- 6) —
l(n + 2) = 18; 8n + 48 - n - 2 = 18; 7n + 46 = 18; 7n — —28; n = — 4, n + 2 = —2,
n + 4 = 0, n + 6 = 2, Ans.
15. Let x = smaller odd integer; then x + 2 = larger odd integer; 3x < 2(x + 2); 3x < 2x + 4;
x < 4;x-f 2 < 6. 3, 5, Ans.
16. Let y — 1st even integer; then y + 2 = 2nd even integer and y + 4 = 3rd even integer; y + (y + 2) +
(y + 4) > 24 - 2{y + 4); 3y + 6 > 24 - 2y - 8; 3y + 6 > 16 - 2y, by > 10; y > 2; y + 2 >
4; y + 4 > 6. 4, 6, 8, Ans.
x /,x \
17. Let x = smaller integer; then x + 1 = larger integer; (x + 1) > - + 4; 2(x + 1) > 2 ( - + 4 1 ;

2x + 2>x + 8;x>6;x+l>7. 7, 8, Ans.

18. Let n = 1st integer; then n + 1 = 2nd integer auu -r

n + (n + 2) < 18 + ; 2n + 2 < 18 + ; 2[2n + 2] < 2 18 + (ft + 1)

4n + 4 < 36 + (n + 1); 4n + 4 < 36 + n + 1; 4n + 4 < 37 + n; 3n < 33; n < 11;
n + 1 < 12; n + 2 < 13. 10, 11, 12, A\

Pages 175-176 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

1. 90° 2. 70° 3. 60° 4. 30° 5. 20° 6. 28° 7. (180 - 3n)° 8. (180 - n)°
9. (180 — m — n)° 10. (90 — x)° 11. (150 - 2n)° 12. (200 - 3n)° 13. -150°
14. -75° 15. 0° 16. -90° 17. 15° 18. 0°
Key to Chapter ,
5 pages 176-181 39

19. (2n + 30)° = (4n - 10)°; 40° =2n; n = 20°, Ans. 20. 2m° = (m + 10)°; m = 10°, Ans.
21. 30° 22. 155° 23. 250° 24. 125° 25. 220° 26. 330°

Page 177 • PROBLEMS

A 1. Let n = no. degrees in comp.; then n + 12 =; no. degrees in angle; n + (n + 12) = 90;
2n + 12 = 90; 2n = 78°; n = 39°, Ans.
2 . Let a; = no. degrees in smaller angle; then x + 28 = no. degrees in larger angle; a; + Or+ 28) = 90;
2x + 28 = 90; 2x = 62; x = 31°, a; + 28 = 59°, Ans.
3. Let £ = no. degrees in comp.; then 2x — 15 = no. degrees in angle; x + (2x — 15) = 90;
3a: — 15 = 90; 3a; = 105; x — 35; 2a; — 15 = 55°, Ans.
4. Let x = measure, in degrees, of 1st angle; then 3a; — 18 = measure, in degrees, of 2nd angle;
x + (3a; — 18) = 90; 4a: — 18 = 90; 4a; = 108; x = 27°, 3a; — 18 = 63°, Ans.
5. Let n = degree measure of smaller angle; then 4n = degree meas. of larger angle; n + 4n = 180;
5n = 180; n = 36°, 4n = 144°, Ans.
.
6 Let x — degree meas. of smaller angle; then 5x — degree meas. of larger angle; x + 5a: = 180;
6a: = 180; a;. = 30°, 5a: = 150°, Ans.
7. Let y = degree meas. of smallest angle; then 2y = degree meas. of 2nd angle and 2y + 5 = degree
meas. of largest angle; y + (2y) + (2y + 5) = 180; 5y + 5 = 180; 5y = 175; y — 35°, 2y =
70°, 2y + 5 = 75°, Ans.
8 . Let n = degrees in smallest angle, then 3n — degrees in 2nd angle and 4n — 20 = degrees in 3rd
angle; n + (3n) + (4n — 20) = 180; 8n — 20 = 180; 8n = 200; n — 25°, 3n - 75°, 4n — 20 =
80°, Ans.
9. Let x = degree meas. of each of the equal angles; then 2a: — 36 = degree meas. of 3rd angle;
x + x + (2a; — 36) = 180; 4a; — 36 = 180; 4a: = 216; x — 54°, x = 54°, 2a; — 36 = 72°, Ans.
.
10 Let t — degree meas. of each of the equal angles; then f(t + 0 — 23 = meas. of 3rd angle;
t + t + f(f + 0 — 23 = 180; 21 + f(21) - 23 = 180; 2t + 5t - 23 = 180; 7t - 23 = 180; 71 =
203; t = 29°, t = 29°, f (t +'<) — 23 = 122°, Ans.
11 . Let x = degree meas. of smallest angle; then x + 23 = degree meas. of 2nd angle and (2a; + 23) — 6
= degree meas. of 3rd angle; x + (x + 23) + (2a: + 23 — 6) = 180; x + x + 23 + 2x + 17 =
180; 4a; + 40 = 180; 4a: = 140; x = 35°, x + 23 = 58°, (2x + 23) - 6 = 87°, Ans.

.
12 Let y = degree meas. of smallest angle; then y + 18 = degree meas. of 2nd angle; and 2?/ -+18 —
12 = degree meas. of 3rd angle; y + {y + 18) + (2y + 18 — 12) = 180; 2y + 18 + 2y + 6 = 180;
Ay + 24 = 180; 4y = 156; y = 39°, y + 18 = 57°, (2y + 18 - 12) = 84°, Ans.

13. Let n = degree meas. of angle; then 90 — n — degree meas. of comp, and 180 — n = degree meas.
180 n 180 n
of supp.; then 90 n • 5; 2[90 — n] = 2 + 5 ; 180 — 2 n = 180 — n +

10; —n = 10°; n — 10°, Ans.

14. Let 2 = degree meas. of angle; then 90 — 2 = degree meas. of comp, and 180 — 2 = degree meas.
of supp.; then 180 — z = 2(90 — 2) — 12; 180 — 2 = 180 — 22 — 12; 2 = —12°, Ans.

Pages 180-182 • PROBLEMS

r • t — d
A 1. Let h —no. hr; 625h + 325/i 1900;
West. 625 h 625/i
950h = 1900; h = 2 hr, Ans.
East. 325 h 325h

r • t = d
.
2 Let h = no. hr; 350h + 325h = 2025;
1st plane 350 h 350h
675h = 2025; h = 3 hr, Ans.
2nd plane 325 h 325h
40 Key to Chapter 5, page 181

r • t — d
3. Let p — rate of train from Grand Cy.;
4p + 188 = 388; 4p = 200; Tr. fr. G.C. V 4 4p
p = 50 mph, 4ns.
Tr. fr. Bell. 47 4 188

r • t = d
4. Let p — rate of southbound boat;
6p + 54 = 120; Op = 66; North, boat 9 6 54
p = 11 mph, A ns.
South, boat P 6 6p

5. Let h = train’s time in hr; then h — 4 = r • t = d

plane’s time in hr; 50h = 300(h — 4); 50h —
300h — 1200; —250h = -1200; h = ; Train 50 h 50^
since 4f hr = 4 hr 48 min, Time = 9:00 a.m. +
4 hr 48 min = 1:48 p.m., Ans. Plane 300 h - 4 300(A - 4)

6. Let h — time for freight; then h — 2 — time r * t — d

for express; 30h = 50(h — 2); 30/i = 50h — 100;
Freight 30 h 30A
—20h = —100; h = 5. Time = 5:00 a.m. -f-
5 hr — 10:00 a.m., Ans. Express 50 h - 2 50(A - 2)

r • t = d

7. Let p = rate of ship; 15p = 420; p = 28 mph, 3

Plane 280 2 420

Ship P 15 15p

8. Let p = Mr. Gomez’ rate; p{f) + 213 = f(320); |p + 213 = 240; fp = 27; p — 36 mph, Ans.

9. Let h = hiking time in hr; then 10 — h — r • t = d

riding time in hr; 2h = 18(10 — h); 2h =
Hiking 2 h 2h
180 — 18h; 20h 180; h = 9;
2h = 18 mi, ylns. Riding 18 10 - h 18(10 - h)

r • t = d
10. Let h — time walking in hr; then 3 — h = time
riding in hr; 2h — 10(3 — h); 2h — 30 — 10h; Riding 10 3 - h 10(3 - h)
12h = 30; h = f; 2h = 5 mi, Ans.
Walking 2 h 2h

r • t — d
11. Let h = time walked; then 1 — h — time
ridden; 5 h = 20(1 — h); 5h = 20 — 20h; Walking 5 h 5h
25h = 20; h = f; 5h = 4 mi, 4ns.
Riding 20 1 - h 20(1 - h)

r • t = d
12. Let A = time motoring; then 5 — h = time row¬
ing; 8h = 2(5 — h); 8h = 10 — 2h; 10h = 10; Motoring 8 h 8h
h = 1] 2(5 — h) — 8 mi, 4ns.
Rowing 2 5 — h 2(5 - h)
Key to Chapter 5, pages 181-182 41

r • t = d
13. Let h = time by each; 55h + 285h = 1020; 340h = 1020; h
3 + 3 = 6 hr, Ans. Train 55 h 55/i

Plane 285 h 285h

r • t — d
14. Let h — time by each; 45h + 50h = 665; 95h = 665; h — 7;
Auto 45 h 45 h
7 + 7 = 14 hr, Ans.
Train 50 h 50 h

r • t = d

15. Let h — time for each; 39h — 31/i = 24; Sh = 24; h = 3 hr, Ans. Bus 31 h 31 h

Train 39 h 39 h

r • t — d
16. Let h — jet’s time; then h + 33 = train’s time;
600h = 50(/i + 33); 600h = 50h + 1650; Jet 600 h 6OO/1
550h = 1650; h = 3; h + 33 = 36 hr, Ans.
Train 50 h + 33 50 (h + 33)

r • t = d
17. Let m = time for each; 325m — 300m + 150; 25m = 150;
Stan 325 m 325m
m = 6 min, Ans.
Walter 300 m 300m

r • t — d
18. Let p = Ned’s rate; then lOp — 50 = 200; lOp = 250;
Ned V 10 lOp
p = 25 ft/sec, Ans.
Jed 20 10 200

r : t — d
B .
19 Let p = rate 1st hr; then 2p = rate remainder of time; p + 3p =
1st hr 1
240; 4p = 240; p = 60 mph, Ans. V V

Remainder 3
2P 3P

r t == d
.
20 Let p = rate for rest of trip; 4(16) + 6p 10(22); 64 + 6p = 220;
1st part 16 4 64
6p = 156; p — 26 mph, Ans.
2nd part V 6 6p

r • t = d
21. Let h = time on bus; then f — h = time walking;
20h < 4(f - h); 20h < 6 - 4h; 24/i < 6; On bus 20 h 20 h
h < i(20) = 5 mi, Ans.
Walking 4 I ~h 4(f - *) '

22. Let h = time, in hr, can spend installing parts. Time going — ~ ^ hr; time returning at
7 0 1

fastest speed = - = — = - hr and (f + £) = f hr = total travel time. Since total time away
F r 12 2
allowed — 2 hr, max. time, h, which can be spent installing parts is (2 f) hr = f hr, Ans.
42 Key to Chapter 5, pages 183-187

Pages 183-184 • PROBLEMS

A 1. Let n = no. 25i souvenirs; then (1000 — n) — no. 20^ souvenirs; .25n + .20(1000 — n) = 220;
.25n + 200 - .20 ft = 220; .05n = 20; n = 400; 1000 — n = 600. 400 @ 25+ 600 @ 20+ Ans.
2. Let n = no. sold at 38+ then 348 — n = no. sold at 25+ .38ft + .25(348 — n) — 100.91;
100[.38n + .25(348 — ft)] = 100[100.91]; 38ft + 25(348 — ft) = 10091; 38ft + 8700 — 25n =
10091; 13n = 1391; n = 107; 348 — n = 241. 107 @ 38+ 241 @ 25+ Ans.

3. Let x = no. lb 11.65 candy; then 100 — x — no. lb $1.90 candy; (1.65)a; + (1.90)(100 — x) =
1.75(100); 1.65x + 190 - 1.90x = 175; -.25x = -15; -100[-.25x] = —100[—15]; 25* = 1500;
* = 60; 100 — x = 40. 60 lb @ $1.65, 40 lb @ $1.90, Ans.

4. Let n = no. lb 90(i tea; then 20 — n = no. lb $1.50 tea; .90ft + 1.50(20 — n) = 1.20(20);
100[.90n + 1.50(20 - n)] = 100[24]; 90n + 150(20 — n) = 2400; 90n + 3000 - 150ft = 2400;
—60ft = -600; n = 10; 20 — n = 10. 10 lb @ $.90, 10 lb @ $1.50, Ans.
5. Let z = no. lb 84<£ coffee; then 24 + z = no. lb in total mix. (@ 68fi lb); .842 + .60(24) =
.68(24 + z); 100[.84« + .60(24)] = 100 [.68(24 + z)]; 84z + 60(24) = 68(24 + z); 84z + 1440 =
1632 + 68z; 16z = 192; z = 12 lb, Ans.
6. Let x — no. adults; then 328 — x = no. children; A2x + .18(328 — x) = 69.12;
100[.42a: + .18(328 - a;)] = 100[69.12]; 42x + 18(328 — *) = 6912; 42x + 5904 - 18x = 6912;
24x = 1008; x = 42 adults, Ans.

7. Let n = no. nickels; then 48 — n = no. pennies; 5n + 1(48 — n) = 100; 5n + 48 — n — 100;

4n + 48 = 100; 4n = 52; n = 13 nickels, 48 — n — 35 pennies, Ans.

8. Let n = no. l<t stamps; then n + 19 = no. 3f£ stamps; l(n) + 3(n + 19) = 305;
n + 3n +.57 = 305; 4n + 57 = 305; 4n = 248; n = 62; n + 19 = 81. 62 @ 1^, 81 @ 3^, Ans.

B 9. Let w — no. lb walnuts; then 2w = no. lb peanuts and 21 — 3w — no. lb almonds;

1.30w + .65(2w) + 1.80(21 - 3w) = 1.00(21); 1.30w + 1.30w + 37.80 - 5.40tc = 21.00;
—2.80w = —16.80; w = 6; 2w = 12; 21 —3w = 3. 6 lb walnuts, 12 lb peanuts, 3 lb almonds, Ans.
10. Let n = no. 6{i stamps; then 3n — no. 3«i stamps and 6n = no. 1 stamps and no. stamps;
6(n) + 3(3n) + f(6ft) + l(6n) = 300; 6n + 9ft + 9n + 6n - 300; 30n - 300; n = 10; 3ft = 30;
6ft - 60. 10 @ U, 30 @ 3^, 60 @ 1^, 60 @ 1^, Ans.
N
11. Let N = no. half-dollars; then 2N = no. quarters and — — no. dollar bills.
2

To be possible: \(N) + +2N) + 1 20, N a positive integer;

4 = 4[20], 2N + 2N + 2N = 80; QN = 80; N = but ^ is not an integer;

.'. impossible.
12. Let y = no. pencils @10+ then 9y = no. erasers @ 5/ and 100 — 10y = no. clips @
10(y) + 5(9y) + £(100 - lOy) = 100; lOy + 45y + 50 - 5y = 100; 50y = 50; y = 1;
9y = 9; 100 — lOy = 90. 1 pencil, 9 erasers, 90 clips, .Afts.

C 13. Let ft = no. g 60% alloy; then (10 — n) = no. g 30% alloy. .6ft = no. g gold in 60% alloy and
.3(10 — ft) = no. g gold in 30% alloy. .6ft + .3(10 — ft) = 5; .6ft + 3 — .3ft = 5; .3ft + 3 = 5;
.3ft = 2; 10[.3ft] = 10[2]; 3ft = 20; n — ^g or 6§g, Ans.
14. Let ft = no. liters 50% soln.; then (10 — n) — no. liters 75% soln. .50(ft) = no. liters acid in 50%
soln.,and .75(10 — n) = no. liters acid in 75% soln. .50ft + .75(10 — ft) = §(10);
300[.50ft + .75(10 - ft)] = 300[§(10)]; 150ft + 225(10 — n) = 200(10);
150ft + 2250 — 225ft = 2000; -75ft = —250; n = J+; 10 — n = §+ ^liters 50% soln.,
liters 75% soln., Ans.

Pages 187-188 • CHAPTER TEST

1. ^ = -36; 5 = 5(—36); 3y = -180; y = -60. {-60}

2. 5s - 12s — 21 = 9 - s; -7s — 21 = 9 — s; -6s = 30; s = —5. {-5}
Key to Chapter 5, pages 1 87-1 89 43

3. a ^ — c) — a(b); x — ac = ab] x = ab -f- ac. {ab +'ac}, a ^ 0

4. p = 21 + 2w] p — 2w = 21]
p — 2w
= ,( p — 2w\

5. a. a; < —5 b. —3 < v

.
6 3x > —6; x > —2.
-2 0

7. 47 < 7 - 15« + 10; 47 < 17 — 15<; 30 < -15*; -2 > t.

4-M I I 1 I -2♦ I 01 I ■
8 . (Optional) a. 1 — y > 2 or —(1 — y) > 2; — y > 1 or — 1 + y > 2; y < — 1 or y > 3.
b. (3m — 6) > 9 or —(3m — 6) > 9; 3m > 15 or —3m + 6 > 9; m > 5 or —3m > 3;
m > 5 or m < —1.

♦
0

9. Let l = length in yd; then (36 — l) = width in yd; 21 — 3(36 — l) — 8; 21 = 108 — 31 — 8]

51 — 100; l = 20; 36 — l = 16. 20 yd, 16 yd, Ans.
.
10 Let n = no. B can do in 1 hr; then 2n — 50 = no. A can do in 1 hr; n + (2n — 50) > 175;
n + 2n - 50 > 175; 3n > 225; n > 75; 2n - 50 > 100. 100, Ans.
11. Let x = 1st odd integer; then x + 2 = 2nd odd integer and x + 4 = 3rd odd integer.
x d- (x -f- 4) = (x 2) -|- 27; 2x 4 = x -|- 29; x = 25, x 2 = 27, x 4 = 29, Ans.
12 . Let x = measure in degrees of angle; then 90 — x = measure of comp.
(90 — x) — 2x — 18; — 3x — —108; x = 36°, 90 — x = 54°, Ans.
13. Let a; = no. degrees in 1st angle; then a: + 12 = no. degrees in 2nd angle and [a; + (a: + 12) — 12] =
no. degrees in 3rd angle; x + (x + 12) + [x + (x + 12) — 12] = 180; 2a; + 12 + [2a;] = 180;
4a; + 12 = 180; 4x = 168; x = 42°, x + 12 = 54°, [x + (a; + 12) - 12] = 84°, Ans.

14. Let p — time for plane; then p — f = time

r • t = d
for jet; 340p = 595(p — §); 2[340p] =
2[595(p - f)]; 680p = 1190p - 1785; Plane 340 V 340p
—510p = -1785; p = |;p — f = 2 hr,
Ans. Jet 595 v — I 595 (p - |)

15. Let x = no. adults; then 700 — x = no. students; .50(a;) + .20(700 — a;) = 305;
.5a; + 140 - .2x = 305; .3a; = 165; 10[.3a;] = 10[165]; 3a: = 1650; x = 550; 700 - x = 150.
550 adults, 150 students, Ans.

Pages 188-191 • CHAPTER REVIEW

1. directed 2. equivalent 3. solution set 4. Add. 5. Subt.

6. Div. 7. Mult.
8. (a) Subt. transf.; (b) div. transf.; (c) subst. principle
9. (a) Add. transf.; (b) Mult, transf.; (c) Div. transf.
10. 13n = -1.3; n = -*.
11.2= -fw] 3(2) - 3(—»; 6 = -4w, w = -f. {—f}
12. 7 + 4t - 12 = t - 5] 4t — 5 = t — 5; 3t = 0; t = 0. {0}
13. 2' — r + 3 = 3r + 3r + 12; 5 — r = 6r + 12; — 7 = 7r; r = —1. {_i|
y I

14. 2 = - , C ^ 0. - > c ^ 0 15. 2y — 5y = 3p; —3y = 3p; y = - V- {-V>

c [cj

16. r(t) = r (£j ; rt - d] r = y • {j} » rt 9* 0

17. 2[m] = 2[^(o + b)]] 2m = a + b] 2m — b = a. {2m - b}

18. p — a = —i] —p + a = i. {a —■ p}
44 Key to Chapter 5, pages 189-191

19. 5(F) = 5(fC + 32); 5F = 9(7 + 160; 5F - 160 = 9(7; &F Q 160 = (7. j5^ 160

20. n — ac] a 9^ 0. {ac}, a ^ 0 21. 4a = —2a;; x = —2a. {—2a}

22. < 23. left 24. > 25. < 26. < 27. < 28. > 29. = 30. < 31. < 32. >, <
33. > 34. —9a; 35. reverse 36. <
37. 3n < 3; n < 1, Ans. 38. —8m < 4; m > —j, Ans.
1
2

0 1 0 1

39. x > —3, x < 2 40. 4, -4

41. (3a; - 2) > 4 or (3a; — 2) < -4; 42. —4, 4 43. (3x — 1) > 4 or 3x — 1 < —4;
3x > 6 or 3i < —2; 3a; > 5 or 3a; < —3;
x > 2 or x < —§, Ans. x > -3 or a; < — 1, Ans.
44. empty 45. directed
n n
46. Let n = B’s votes; then — = A’s votes and n + 110 = C’s votes; n + - + (n + 110) = 1000;
£ £
n
2n + ^ + 110 = 1000; 2n + - = 890; 2 2n + 2 [890]; 4n + n = 1780; 5n = 1780;
2 2
n
n = 356; — = 178; n + 110 = 466. 178 for A, 356 for B, 466 for C, Ans.
2
47. Let n = length in inches of 2nd side; then 2n + 5 = length in inches of 1st side and 2n — 5 =
length in inches of 3rd side, n + (2n + 5) + (2n — 5) > 50; 5n > 50; n > 10; 2n + 5 > 25.
25, Ans.
48. {-2,0, 2,4, 6}
49. Let x — 1st integer; then x + 1 = 2nd integer and x + 2 = 3rd integer;
x + (x + 1) + (x + 2) = 2274; 3a; + 3 = 2274; 3a; = 2271; x = 757, x +.1 = 758, x + 2 = 759, Ans.

50. Let x = 1st odd integer; then x + 2 = 2nd odd integer, x + 4 = 3rd odd integer, x + 6 = 4th
odd integer, and x + 8 = 5th odd integer; x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) + (x + 6) + (x + 8) = 85;
5x + 20 = 85; 5x = 65; x = 13, x + 2 = 15, x + 4 = 17, x + 6 = 19, x + 8 = 21, Ans.
51. 90
52. Let x = 1st angle; then x — 24 = 2nd angle and x + (x — 24) = 90; 2a; — 24 = 90; 2a; = 114;
x = 57°, x — 24 = 33°, Ans.

53. Let x = one angle; then 5a; = other angle; x + 5x = 180; 6a; = 180; x = 30°, 5x = 150°, Ans.
54. Let x — meas. of each of the equal angles; then 180 — 2a; = meas. of third angle;
180 — 2x < 2(2a;) — 12; 180 — 2a: < 4a; — 12; —6a; < —192; x > 32°. 32°, Ans.

r • t = d
55. Let y — walking time; then f — y = riding
time; 2y = 10(f — y); 2y = 15 — 10y; Walking 2 y 2y
12y — 15; y = f; d = 2y = f mi, Ans.
Riding 10 I — y l0(f - y)

56. Let y = time on 1st leg; then 1 — y = time r • t = d

on remainder; 45y = 36(1 — y);
1st leg 45 y 4 5y
45y = 36 - 36a/; 81a/ = 36; y = f;
d = 45y - 45(f) = 20 mi, Ans. Remain. 36 36(1 - y)
1 — y

V
57. Let p = rate of bus; then 2p = train’s rate. p(f) = - = dist. by bus in half hour and 2p(f) =
2

p = dist. by train in half hour. ^ < p — - < 15; 2[“] < 2 P

< 2[15];
2 2
25 < 2p — p < 30; 25 < p < 30. Max. rate of bus = 30 mph, max. rate of train = 60 mph,
min. rate of bus = 25 mph, min. rate of train = 50 mph, Ans.
Key to Chapters 5, 6, pages 191-200 45

58. Let x = mi by train; then (80 — x) — mi by auto and (x — 10) = mi by train if had gone 10
more mi by auto; 2[(80 — x) + 10] = (x — 10); 2[90 — x] = x — 10; 180 — 2x = x — 10;
190 — 3x; x = 63^ mi, Ans.
59. Let x = pt of 12+oil; then 12x = value in cents of 12+oil, 5(100) = v'alue in cents of 5+oil,
7(x + 100) = value in cents of final mixture at 7$. a pt. 12x + 5(100) = 7(x + 100);
12a: + 500 = 7x + 700; 5x = 200; x = 40 pt, Ans.
60. Let x — lb of creams; then 65a: = value of creaans in cents; 10(125) = value of mixture of nut-fruit
candy, in cents, (x + 10) = lb in final mixture, and 85+ + 10) = value of final mixture, in cents.
65a: + 10(125) = 85(2 + 10); 65a; + 1250 = -85x + 850; 400 = 20a:; * = 20 lb, Ans.
61. Let n = no. students; then 115 — n = no. others; 15n + 35(115 — n) = 2565;
15w + 4025 — 35n = 2565; —20n = —1460; n = 73 students, Ans.

Page 195 • EXTRA FOR EXPERTS

1. a. 5 b. 3 c. 1 d. h — 1, h is an integer greater than 1.

2. a. 1357iX = 1(93) + 3(92) + 5(9X) + 7(9°) = 1024

b. 1021m = 1(33) + 0(32) + 2(3X) + 1(3°) = 34
c. lOlOln = 1(24) + 0(23) + 1(22) + 0(2*) + 1(2°) = 21
d. 246vii = 2(72) + 4(7*) + 6(7°) = 132

3. a. ^ = 49, r = 2; ^ = 7, r - 0; \ = 1, r = 0; \ = 0, r = 1; /. 345x = 1002Vn

b. ^ = 10, r = 0; ^ = 5, r = 0; | = 2, r = 1; | - 1, r = 0; £ = 0, r = 1; .\ 20x = 10100n
c. ^ = 100, r = 0; = 20, r = 0; %°- = 4, r = 0; f = 0, r = 4; .\ 500x = 4000v
d. = 116, r = 5;^ = 19, r = 2;^ = 3, r = l;f = 0, r = 3; /. 701x = 3125Vi

4. 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, 1111, 10000, 10001, 10010,
10011, 10100, 10101, 10110, 10111, 11000, 11001, 11010, 11011, 11100, 11101, 11110, mil, 100000,
100001, 100010, 100011, 100100, 100101, 100110, 100111, 101000.
5. a. Odds end with 1; evens with 0. b. 10n = 1(2X) + 0(2°) = 2 + 0 = 2i0.

6. (10)n = l(n1) + 0(n°) = n1 + 0 = n; hence (10)n = n(n + 0).

CHAPTER 6. Working with Polynomials

Pages 199-200 • WRITTEN

2r3
1. —3 n - 4 h 2. —7 r - 2.1s 3. - §ys 4. fm2 + f?i2
\xz + \m2 — |n2
3r3
2*^ -§y3 %m2 + in2

5. — im + in + 6i 6. — \x — \y - 41 7. x —■ 2 y 8. 0
— 3n — 6
6
— iv + 44
fra — %n — 56 \x — I y + 43
r—1
CO
+
cc

9. —3 yz + io 10. -13a& + 4 11. \0x - 10 12.

13. .7 xy + 8.8 14. ,9rs + 13.3 15. 1.3 16. 9 n -- .31 +

17. \2h2 -- 4.3dh + Ad2 18. —2xy -- -iy2 19. 8a:3 — 60a:2 + 150a;., -- 125

20. 2y3 -- 7y2 + 5y—l 21. 5(3) -- 6 = 15 - 6 = 9 22. 3(2) + 7 = 6 + = 13

2(3) + 1 6 + 1 = _7 2(2) - 80 = 4 - 80 = -76
7(3) - 5 21 - 5 = 16 5(2) - 87 = 10 87 + -63
Correct answer is by — 73

23. 3(2) - 8= 6 — 8 = -2 24. 5(5) - (2) + 2 = 25 - 2 + 2 = 25

-2(2) + 1 = —4 + 1 = -3 -(5) - (2) - 3 = -10
-(2) + 3 = _1 7(5) + 2(2) - 8 = 35+ 4- 8 = 31
4(2) - 4= 8-4 + -4 11(5) — 3 = 55 — 3 +46
Correct answer is —4 Correct answer is llx — 9
46 Key to Chapter 6, pages 200-202

25. 22 + 2 + 6 = 4 + 2 + 6 = 12 26. 32 - 3 +5= 9- 3 + 5=11

3 (2)2 — 2 — 8 = 12-2-8 = _2 2(3)2 + 2(3) - 5= 18 + 6- 5 = _19
4(2)2 - 2 = 16 - 2 = 14 3(3)2 + 3 = 27 + 3 = 30
27. to 29. Figures used in computations will vary. Additions are correct as given in text.

B 30. 12x3 + 4x2 - 3 31. 5y2 - lOy + 2

32. t5 + 2t4 — tz — t2 + 3t + 2 33. -s4 - s3 + 10s + 15

Pages 202-203 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 21 - 14x = 21 (3) = 21 — 42 = 21 2. 3x + 2y = 3(3) + 2(2) = 9 + 4 = 13

12 — 6x = 12 _6 x- y = (3) - (2) = _L
as

00

9 (3) = 9 - 24 = -15 2x + 3y = 2(3) + 3(2) = 6 + 6 = 12

il
1

3. 2x2 + 2x + 7 = l2) + 2(3) + 7 = 18 + 6+ 7 = 31

x2 + 3x — 8 = 32 + 3(3) - 8= 9 + 9- 8=10
x2 — X + 15 = 32 — (3) + 15 = 9 - 3 + 15 = 21
4. 3b2 + b - 1 = ;) + (4) - 1 = 48 + 4 - 1 = 51
2b2 + 6b + 5 = ;) + 6(4) + 5 = 32 + 24 + 5 = 61
b2 - 5b - 6 = 42 - 5(4) — 6 = 16 — 20 — 6 = -10
5. .4x2 + 0 — .7 = .4(32) + 0 - .7 = 3.6 - .7 = 2.9
.5x2 — 3x — .8 .5(32) - 3(3) - .8 = 4.5 - 9 - .8 -5.3
— .lx2 + 3x + .1 -.1(32) + 3(3) + .1 = -.9 + 9 + .1 8.2
6. 2 — 3a + 2 a 2 _ 2 - 3(5) + 2(52) = 2 - 15 + 50 = 37
5 - 6a + a 2 . 5 - 6(5) + 52 = 5 — 30 + 25 = _0
-3 + 3a + a2 _ -3 + 3(5) + 52 = -3 + 15 + 25 = 37
7. x2 + 0 - 1 = 32 0-1 = 8 8. a2 + a + 0 = 52 + 5 = 30
0 + x + 2 = 0 0 + a - 1 = 5 — 1 = _4
x2 — x — 3 32 -3 = 3 a2 + 1 = 52 + 1 = 26
9. .3a:2 + 73 — 1.8 •3(32) + 7(3) - 1.8 = 2.7 + 21 — 1.8 = 21.9
a:2 - 9a: - .2 = (32) - 9(3) - .2 = 9 - 27 — .2 = -18.2
— .7a:2 + 16a: - 1.6 = -.7(32) + 16(3) 1.6 = —6.3 + 48 — 1.6 = 40.1
10. 2y + 5 - y = 18; y + 5 = 18; y = 13. {13}
11. 5w — 2w — 3 = 12; 3w — 3 = 12; 3w = 15; w = 5. {5}
12. 13z — z - 21 = 39; 12z - 21 = 39; 12z = 60; z = 5. {5}
13. 3a; — 5 + 2x = 35; 5a; — 5 = 35; 5a: = 40; x = 8. {8}
14. 7a: + 8a: + 54 = 9; 15a: + 54 = 9; 15a; = -45; x = -3. {-3}
15. 9y + 7y + 67 = 3; 1 Oy + 67 = 3; 16y = -64; y = -4. {-4}
16. 5a: + 2 - 7a: = 30; —2a; + 2 = 30; -2a: = 28; * = -14. {-14}
17. y + 9 - Sy = 65; -7y + 9 = 65; -7y = 56; y = -8. {-8}
18. 9n — 3n + 6 = 42; On + 6 = 42; 6n = 36; n = 6. {6}
19. 6z — 4z + 8 = 24; 2z + 8 = 24; 2z = ltf; z = 8. {8}
20. 3a; + 4 - x - 8 = 18; 2a; - 4 = 18; 2a: = 22; * = 11. {11}
21. 5y + 7 - y - 2 = 17; 4y + 5 = 17; 4y = 12; y = 3. {3}
22. 7n n + n + 9 = 17 — n2; 8n — n2 + 9 = 17 — n2; 8n = 8; n = 1. {1}
23. 19a: — 1 + 2a: + a:2 = 22 + x2; 21x — 1 + x2 = 22 + a;2; 21a: = 23; x _ —
23.
21-
[23 1
1211

24. 2x + 4 — x + 7 = 4 — 3x + 3x + 1; x + 11 = 5; x = —6. {-6}

25. 3y + 6 - 2y + 2 = 17 - 2y + 2y - 13; y + 8 =■ 4; y = -4. {-4}
26. 10 — y - 6 + 3y - 2 = -by + 9 + 5y - 3; 2 + 2y = 6; 2y = 4; y = 2. {2}
27. 12 - z - 8 - 5z + 7 = —6z + 16 + 6z - 7; -6z + 11 = 9; —6z = -2; z = + {^}
28. x — .5x — 1 — .3x — 2 = .5x — .5x + 3; .2x — 3 = 3; .2x = 6; 2x = 60; x = 30. {30}
29. .5n + n — 1 — .2n — 10 = .2n — .2n + 28; 1.3n — 11 = 28; 1.3n = 39; 13n = 390;
n = 30. {30}
B 30. 2a — [5a — 6a — 2] = 10 — a; 2a — [—a — 2] = 10 — a; 2a + a + 2 = 10 — a;
3a + 2 = 10 — a; 4a = 8; a = 2. {2}
Key to Chapter 6, pages 202-206 47

31. 7x — [x — 2x — 8] = 3x — 2; 7x — [—x — 8] = 3a; — 2; 7x + x + 8 = 3x — 2;

8x + 8 = 3x — 2; 5x = —10; x = —2. {—2}
32. 20a; — [2a; — x — 2 + x2 — 6] = 28 — x — x2; 20a; — [x — 8 + x2] = 28 — x — x2;
20a; — x + 8 — x2 = 28 — x — a;2; 19a; + 8 = 28 — x; 20a; = 20; x = 1. {1}
33. by [y 2y 8 + 3 y2] = y2 — y — 5; 5y — [—y — b — y2] = y2 — y — b;
5y + y + 5 + y2 = y2 — y — 5; 6y + 5 = — y — 5; 7y = —10; y = —J+. {—^+}
34. —[—51 — 4 + 2 + 7] — 2 + 2 = 42 — 1; —[—42 + 3] — 2 + 2 = 42 — 1;
42 — 3 — 2 + 2 = 42 — 1; 32 — 1 = 42 — 1; 0 = 2. {0}
35. -[-7 + 2s - 8 + 3s] - 3s - 1 = -3s — 1; -[-15 + 5s] - 3s - 1 = -3s - 1;
15 - 5s - 3s - 1 = -3s - 1; 14 - 8s = -3s - 1; -5s = -15; s = 3. {3}

C 36. 2a + {5a - [3 - a - 2] + 6} = -2a - 5; 2a + {5a - [1 - a] + 6} = -2a - 5;

2a + {5a — 1 + a + 6} = —2a — 5; 2a + {6a + 5} = —2a — 5; 8a + 5 = —2a — 5;
10a = -10; a = —1. {-1}
37. bn + {a — [2 — 2 — 3n] + n) — —2n + 6; 5a + {a — [—3a] + a] = —2a + 6;
5a + {a + 3a + a] = —2a + 6; 5a + 5a = —2a + 6; 10a = —2a + 6; 12a = 6; a = + {^}
38. 1.2a;— {10a; + [2 — ,6x — (3.2 + a;)] + 13] = —1; 1.2a; — {10x+[2- .6a; - 3.2 - x] + 13} = —1;
1.2a: - {10a; + [—1.2 - 1.6x] + 13} = -1; 1.2a; - {8.4a; + 11.8} = -1; 1.2a: - 8.4a: - 11.8 =
-1; —7.2® - 11.8 = -1; —7.2® = 10.8; -72a; = 108; ® = = -f. {—f}
39. lAy - {9y + [3y - .3 - (2.2y - 3)] + 1.7} = -3;
lAy - {9y + [3y - .3 - 2.2y + 3] + 1.7} = -3; lAy - {9y + .8y + 2.7 + 1.7} = -3;
lAy — {9.8y + 4.4} = -3; lAy - 9.8y - 4.4 = -3; —8Ay - 4.4 = -3; —8Ay = 1.4;
—84y = 14; y = — + {— &}

Page 204 -WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. —15r6s3 2. — 48a;V 3. 27a3 4. 60a262 5. —30 xyz .

6 216a3
7. 72x2y2 8. —14a6c 9, \g2t2 .
10 —48r3s3^ 11. itt2x2 12. —r3s2
13. —a2b3 14. r4t3 15. 12a: V 16. 10a966 17. .0064+s15 18. 7.29z4v9
19. c9d5f 20. w5x12y6 21. —a564 22. -h4k7 23. -.72d3m4 24. — 1.2863c4

B 25. 70a2b2 - 8a2b2 = 62a2b2 26. 15p4q2 — 49 p4q2 = —34 p4q2

27. — 12r3s2*2 + 12 r3s2t2 = 0 28. -18v3w3z4 + 18v3w3z4 = 0
29. 100c6dloe — 9 c6d10e = 91 c6d10e 30. — 72m7n7p5 + Q4m7n7p5 = —8 m7nrp5

c 31. 2x4 + x3 + 3x4 + 3x3 = 5x4 + 4x3 32. 3r4 — 3r3 — 2r4 + r3 = r4 — 2r3
33. 10m+n + 10w+r 34. am+n + ambm + ambm + bm+n = aw+n + 2ambm + bm+n

Page 206 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1 . —8 mb 2. -27s6 3. —3x(l 6x2y2) = —48 x3y2

4. —6a(25m2a2) = — 150m 2a3 5. (—5)(—2763) = 27b4 6 . (-r)(-216r3) = 216r4
7. (8oi)(8m3a3) = 64m 4a3 8. (3y)(125x3y3) = 37bx3y4 9. (5a)(4a462) = 20a562
10 . (—76)(964c2) = —6355c2 11. (25x2)(.008y6x3) = .2x5y6 12. (,09a2)(-66a3) = -.09a5b9
13. (.0016b8d4)(9d2b2) = ,0144610^6 14. (-.125A;6p3)(-8/cV) = k9p6
15 . (9s2t4v2)(9s4t2v6) = 81s W

B 16. 9x2y2 - 20xV = -11 x2y2 17. (-2c) (-27c3d3) + (9c2)(c2d2)(-6d) = b4c4d3 - bic4d3 = 0
18. (a2)a + (2a2)(-8a6) - (16a8) = a3 - 16a8 - 16a8 = a3 - 32a8
19. (462)(—2564) + (—4b)(b2) + (10056) = -10056 - 463 + 10056 = -463
20. (-z3t3)(.2zH) + (t4z2)(.3z3) + (t2z)(z4t2) = -.2t4z5 + .3t4z5 + t4z5 = 1 .lt4z5
21. (—m5k5)(.3mk2) + (mGk3)(.04k4) + (m6k2)(k4)k = -.3mV + .04m6A;7 + mek7 = .74mek7

C 22. 2x5y2 + 6x3y4 - x2y2(x3 - x?/2) = 2x5?/2 + 6xV - x5y2 + x3y4 = x5y2 + 7x3y4
23. -bc2d + 5c6^4 + 6c2d - 2c&d4 = c2d + 3c6d4
24. 3k3m3 - 3&2m - .2A;m[/c + k2m2] = 3A;3m3 - 3/c2m - .2k2m - ,2A;3m3 = 2.8k3m3 - 3.2fc2m
25. a3b3(a2 - ab2) + (-.3b2a)(-b3a3 + a4b] = a5b3 - a465 + .3a465 - .3a5b3 = .7a563 - .7a4b5
48 Key to Chapter 6, pages 207-210 ,
Pages 207-208 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. -5a;2 + 15x - 35 2. -6a2 + 12a - 6 3. a3 — 2a2b + ab2 4. xz — 2x2y + xy2

5. — ab2 + b3 + b2c 6. —r3 — r2s + r2t 7. -5a;4 + a;3 - 2a:2 8. -7y2 + 3y3 + y
9. -4v4 + 6v5 + 8v6 10. -3a:5 + 18a:4 - 27a:3
11. 15 x2y — 6 x3y5 + 9 x4y* — 3 x2yG 12. 15rs2 + 20r6s3 - 5r4s6 - 35r2s9
13. -2a7b3 + 2a664 - 4a566 + 2a367 14. -3c7 d5 - 12c6d7 + 3c4d8 + 0c2d9
15. 3a: + 5a: - 15 = 9; 8a; — 15 = 9; 8a; = 24; x = 3. {3}
16. 8ft — 6n — 12 = 16; 2n — 12 = 16; 2n = 28; n = 14. {14}
17. -6y - 5 + .5y = 17; -5.5y - 5 = 17; —5.5y = 22; -55y = 220; y = -4. {4}
18. -7a;+ 5.6- .8a; = 18;-7.8a: + 5.6 - 18; -7.8a: = 12.4; -78a; = 124; * = —^ = —§§. {-§■§}
19. 5a; + 3 - 3a: + 6 = 1; 2x + 9 = 1; 2x = -8; x = -4. {-4}
20. 8x + 7 - 5a: + 40 = 44; 3a: + 47 = 44; 3a; = -3; x = —1. {-1}
21. 12a; + 12 + 12a; — 6 = 18; 24a: + 6 = 18; 24a; = 12; x = + {§}
22. 56 - 7a: + 10 + 10a; = 96; 66 + 3a: = 96; 3a; = 30; x = 10. {10}

B 23. 2a; — 2a: - 42 = 3a: — 21 + 3a:; —42 = 6x — 21; -21 = Ox; x = —\. {— £}
24. 5n — n + 8 = 14ft — 14n — 56; 4n + 8 = —56; 4n = —64; n = —16. {—16}
25. 1.5y - 3.5 + 13 - .6y - 2.4 - Oy + 5; 1.5y + 9.5 = —5Ay + 2.6; 6.9y = -6.9; 69y = -69;
y= -1- {-1}
26. .8a; + x — 5 — —x + 3 — .8 — .8a;; 1.8a; — 5 = —1.8a: + 2.2; 3.6x = 7.2;36a; = 72;a; = 2. {2}
27. 5 — 3[2ft. — 10 + 6ft] = 8 — 12ft; 5 — 6ft + 30 — 18ft = 8 - 12n; -24ft + 35 = 8 — 12ft;
-12ri = -27; ft = f. {|}

Pages 208-209 • PROBLEMS

1. d = 2(45 + *) + 2(200 + x) = 90 + 2x + 400 + 2x;d= (490 + 4x) mi, Ans.

2. 2a: + 4(x + 25) = 1150; 2a: + 4a: + 100 = 1150; 6a; + 100 = 1150; 6a; = 1050; x = 175;
x + 25 = 200 mph, ^4ns.
3. 190/i + 210(/i + 1) = 1210; 190h + 210h + 210 = 1210; 400/* + 210 = 1210; 400h = 1000;
h = 2.5; h + 1 = 3.5 hr, Afts.
4. 34a: + 47(a; + 3) = 303; 34a: + 47a: + 141 = 303; 81a: + 141 = 303; 81a; - 162; x = 2;
x + 3 = 5; trip took 2 + 5 = 7 hr, Ans.
5. A = Iw. For Harry, A = 501; for Bob, A = 60(l + 20); 60(2 + 20) = 501 + 1500;
602 + 1200 = 502 + 1500; 102 = 300 ; 2 = 30 ft, 2 + 20 - 50 ft, Ans.
6. A = Iw. For Cayne lot, A — dw; for Bernard lot, A = d(w + 30); d(w + 30) — dw — 3600;
dw + 30(2 — dw = 3600; 30c2 = 3600; d — 120 ft, Ans.
7. 2d + 3{d - 1) = 19.50; 2d + 3d - 3 - 19.50; 5(2 - 3 = 19.50; 5d = 22.50; d = $4.50,
(2 — 1 = $3.50, Ans.
8. Let p — speed in mi/min of piston-driven plane; then p + 4.6 = speed in mi/min of jet. p(£ • 60)
= distance traveled by piston plane and (p + 4.6)(2 • 60) = distance traveled by jet;
30p + 120(p + 4.6) = 1467; 30p + 120p + 552 = 1467; 150p + 552 = 1467; 150p = 915;
p = = 6.1 mi/min, p + 4.6 = 10.7 mi/min, Ans.
9. Ox + 5(110 + x) = 6600; 6a: + 550 + 5a: - 6600; 11a; + 550 = 6600; 11a; = 6050;
x — 550, 110 + x = 660, Ans.
10. Let h — no. of hr one machine operated; then h + 2 = no. of hr other operated;
1200h + 1500(/i + 2) = 16500; 1200h + 1500/* + 3000 = 16500; 2700h + 3000 = 16500;
2700h = 13500; h = = 5 hr, h + 2 = 7 hr, Ans.

Page 210 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. x + 2 .
2 a + 7 3. y + 5 4. ft + 4
x + 7 a + 8 y — 9 ft — 9
x2 + 2a: a2 + 7a y2 + % ft2 + 4ft
7x + 14 8a + 56 — 9 y — 45 — 9ft — 36
x2 + Ox + 14 a2 + 15a + 56 y2 — 4y — 45 ft2 — 5ft — 36
Key to Chapter 6, page 210 49

5. x — 6 6. y — 8 7. 5x + 1 8. 8n + 9
x — 7 y - 3 2x -f- 3 7n + 4
a;2 — 6a; / — 8a/ 10x2 + 2x 56m2 + 63n
- 7x + 42 - 32/ + 24 15x + 3 32n + 36
x2 - 13x + 42 2/2 — Hy + 24 10x2 + 17x + 3 56m2 + 95m + 36
9. 5x + 2 10. 5w- 2 11. 42/ — 6 12. 7x - 8
7x - 3 12m; + 5 3// — 4 6x - 5
35x2 + 14a; 60m;2 — 24m 12y2 - 182/ 42x2 — 48x
— 15x — 6 25m; - 10 - 162/ + 24 - 35x + 40
35x2 — x — 6 60m;2 + w — 10 \2y2 342/ + 24
- 42x2 - 83x + 40
13. a + 6 14. x — y 15. x + y 16. c — d
a A~ b x — y x — y c d
a2 + ab x2 — xy x2 + xy c2 — cd
ab + 62 — xy + y2 — xy — y2 cd — d2
a,2 + 2ab + 62 x2 — 2xy + y2 x2 — y2 c2 - d2

17. m — 5 18. x + 9 19. m + 3n 20. m — 4m

m — 5 x + 9 m + 3w m — 4m
m2 — 5m x2 + 9x m2 + 3 mn m2 — 4mim
— 5m + 25 9x + 81 3mn + 9w2 — 4mim + 16m
m2 - 10m + 25 x2 + 18x + 81 m2 + 6mn + 9?a2 m2 — 8mn + 16m:

21. r — 3s 22. 3a 6
r + 3s 3a — 6
r2 — 3rs 9a2 + 3a6
3rs — 9s2 — Sab — 62
r2 - 9s2 9a2 - 62

23. a + 56 24. a + 36
2a .36
— 2a — .56
2a2 + 10a6 2a2 + 6a6
— .3 ab — 1.56' .5a6 — 1.56'
2a2 + 9.7a6 — 1.56' 2a2 + 5.5a6 — 1.56'

B 25. m2 — 3m + -4 26. m' .6 n — 1

m — .3 2n .3
m3 — 3m2 + Am 2m3 — 1.2 n2 — 2n
— .3 m2 + .9 m — .12 - .3 n2 + .18m “l- .3
m3 — 3.3 m2 + 1.3m .12 2 m3 1.5m2 - 1.82m + .3

27. a2 ab -|- 28. a' ab 62 29. a2 + 1

a — 6 a 6 a2 8 -

a3 + fl26 + ab2 a3 -- a2b + ab2 a4 + a2

— a26 — ab2 - 63 a2b — ab2 + 63 - 8a2 - 8
a3 - 63 a3 + 63 a4 — 7 a2 — 8

31. xy - .8 32. a6 -|- .3

y2 - 5
xy - .7 a6 — .1
y2 + 40
xV; — .8x2/ a262 + .3a6
y4 - 5y2
40a/2 -- 200 — .7x2/ + .56 — .Ia6 — .03
x2y2: — 1.5x2/ + .56 a2b2 + .2a6 - .03
y4 + 352/2 -- 200

C 33. x2 + 2x +1 34. y2 — 3y — 2
3x2 — x +2 5y2 — y + 3
3a;4 + 6a;3 + 3a:2 52/4 - 15a/3 - 10y2
— a;3 — 2a;2 — x 2/3 + 3?/2 + 2y
_2a:2 -f- 4a; + 2 3 y2 — 9?/ j}
3a;4 + 5x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 2 5?/4 - 16a/3 — 4y2 — 7y — 6
50 Key to Chapter 6, pages 210-212

35. a2 + .3a + 4 36. b2 + 2b .5

2a2 + a — .1 Ab2 - b + 3
2a4 + .6a3 + 8 a2 Ab4 + .8b3 + .2b2
a3 + .3 a2 + 4a - b3 - 2b2 - .5b
— .la2 — .03a - .4 _3b2 + 6 b + 1.5
2a4 + 1.6a3 + 8.2a2 + 3.97a - .4 ,4b4 - .2b3 + 1.2b2 + 5.5b + 1.5
37. 4a + 4b + 5c 38. mp V ~ V'
2a — 4b — 3c 3m m2
8 a2 + 8 ab + lOac 3 m2p + 3 mp — 3 mp2
16ab 2 Q • 9 5
— - 16b2 - 20 be —m2p t'_"*■
— m pV + m f
p I

— 12ac — 12bc 15c" 2 m2p + 3 mp — 3 mp2 — m3p + m2p2

8a2 — 8 ab — 2 ac -- 16b2 - 32bc 15c2
39. x4'+ X 3 + ;x2 + x + 1 40. — y* + if V + 1
x -- 1 + i
x' + x4 + X3 -\- X2 + X y — y,44 +
_
y3 - y2 + y
X‘ X3 - X2 — x — 1 y y3 + y4 y + l
X* — 1 y + l
41 (a + b)(c + d) 42. (a — b)(c + d)
— (a + b)c + (a + b)d Distrib. prop. — (a — b)c + (a - b)d Distrib. prop.
= ac + be -f- ad + bd Distrib. prop. = ac — be + ad - bd Distrib. prop.
43. (x + y)(x — y)
(x + y)x — (x + y)y Distrib. prop.
= x2 + yx — xy — y“2 Distrib. prop.
c2 + xy — x?/
x“ y* Comm. prop, for mult.
= x2 + 0 y Prop, of opposites
= x2 — y2 Prop, of 0
44. (x + y) (x + 2/)
= (x + y)x + (x + y)y Distrib. prop.
= x2 + yx + xy + y2 Distrib. prop.
= x2 + xy + xy + y2 Comm. prop, for mult.
= x2 + 1 • xy + 1 • xy + v2 Prop, of 1
= **+(1 + 1 )xy+y‘ Distrib. prop.
= x2 + 2 xy + y2

Pages 212-213 ■ PROBLEMS

A 1. Let s = length of side of square; s + 3 = length of rectangle; s — 2 = width of rectangle;

s2 = (s + 3)(s — 2); s2 = s2 + 3s — 2s — 6; 6 = s; s «= 6 ft, Ans.
2. Let s = length of side of square; s + 1 = length of rectangle; s — 3 = width of rectangle;
(s + l)(s — 3) = s2 — 45; s2 — 3s + s — 3 = s2 — 45; —2s = —42; s = 21 in, Ans.
3. Let s = length of side of baseball diamond; s — 30 = length of side of softball diamond;
s2 — 4500 = (s — 30)2; s2 — 4500 = s2 - 30s — 30s + 900; -4500 = —60s + 900;
60s = 5400; s = 90; s — 30 = 60 ft, Ans.
4. Let x = length of side of softball diamond; x — 33 = length of side of indoor baseball diamond;
x2 - 2871 = (x — 33)2; x2 - 2871 = x2 — 33x — 33x + 1089; -2871 — -66x + 1089;
66x = 3960; x = 60; x — 33 = 27 ft, Ans.
5. Let w = width of croquet court; 2w — length of croquet court; 2w — 16 = length of badminton
court; w — 10 = width of badminton court; (2w — 16)(w — 10) — 2w • w — 920;
2w2 - 20w - 16w + 160 = 2w2 - 920; -SQw = -1080; w = 30; 2w - 16 = 44 ft,
w — 10 = 20 ft, Ans.
6. Let w — width of women’s court; 2w = length of women’s court; 2w + 4 = length of men’s court;
w + 5 — width of men’s court; (w + 5)(2n;-(- 4) = 2w • w-\- 650; 2w2 + 4w + lOic + 20 = 2w2 + 650;
14w = 630; w = 45; 2w -f 4 = 94 ft, w + 5 = 50 ft, Ans.
7. Let w = width of lacrosse field; w + 75 = length of lacrosse field; (w + 75) — 60 — length of
hockey field; w — 105 = width of hockey field; (w + 15)(w — 105) = w(w 4- 75) — 38,700;
w2 - 105w + 15to - 1575 = w2 + 75w - 38,700; — 165u> = -37,125; w = 225 ft,
w -f- 75 = 300 ft, Ans.
Key to Chapter 6, pages 212-214 51

8. Let w = width of field; w + 500 = length of field; w(w + 500) = area of

field; (w — 10)(w + 490) = area planted; (w — 10)(w + 490) -j- 44,900 =
w(w + 500); w2 + 490ie — lOw — 4900 + 44,900 = w2 + 500w;
480w -\r 40,000 = 500tc; 40,000 — 20ic; w = 2000 ft, w + 500 = 2500 ft, Ans.

'W + 490
B 9. Let s = length of side of square; s + 3 = length of base of triangle; §
s — 2 = height of triangle; ^(s -f- 3)(s — 2) = |s2; (s + 3)(s — 2) = s2; -f-
s2 — 2s + 3s — 6 = s2; s = 6 in, Ans. S
10. Let e — length of edge of smaller crate; e2 = area of one face; 6e2 = total
surface area; e + 1 = length of edge of larger crate; 6(e + l)2 = total sur¬
face area; 6e2 -f 54 = 6(e -j- l)2; 6e2 + 54 = 6(e2 + 2e + 1); *
6e2 + 54 = 6e2 + 12c + 6; 48 = 12c; e = 4 ft, Ans.
11. Let r = inner radius; r + § = outer radius; tvr2 + 478J = tr(r + f)2;
2 2„2 I 957 _ .22/-.2 i o~ I 9\ . 22„2 i 957 _ 22„2 i 66r I 198 . 957 _ 66-^ I 198 .
7 ' I 2 — 7 v T O' T 4/ > 7' < 2 — 7' ~T 7 1 \ 28) 2 — 7'' 28)

V = W + V#; l3&!1 = ¥>■; AnT*-) = *(¥>■); 50 = r. Diam. = 2r = 2(50) = 100 in, Am.
12. Letr = inner radius; r -\- 2 = outer radius; irr2 + 88 = ir(r - ! 2)2; W2 H- 88 = 2f-(r2 + 4r + 4);
22„2 I OQ _ 22^.2 | 8 8~ I 8 8 . OQ _ 88« I 88 . 6 16 _ 8 8-. I 88 . 528 _ 88-.. 7 /528\ _ 7 /88„\.
7 ' “TOO — 7/ 7 r -I- 7 , 00 — 7 1 ~r 7, 7 — 7 ' I 7) 7 — 7 ' ) 8 8V 7 / — 88 \ 7 ')>
6 = r. Diam. = 2r = 2(6) - 12 in, Ans.
13. Let l — length of box; l + 2 = height of box; l — 2 = width of box;
Z(Z + 2)(Z - 2) = Z3 - 80; Z(Z2 - 2Z + 21 - 4) - Z3 - 80; Z3 — 4Z =
Z3 - 80; — 4Z = -80; Z = 20 ft, Z + 2 = 22 ft, Z - 2 = 18 ft, Ans.
14. Let x = length of side of square (also height of box); x2 — area of one square;
4x2 = total area to be cut out; 8 — 2x = length of box; 6 — 2x = width
of box; (8 — 2x)(Q — 2x) — 4:r2 — 8; 48 — 16x — 12a; -f 4a;2 -= 4x2 — 8;
48 — 28a; — —8; — 28a; = —56; a; = 2 in, 8 — 2a; = 4 in, 6 — 2a; = 2 in, Ans.
I
w
cm'

oo
Page 214 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. (a, -f- b)(a -f- b) = cl2 -f- ab -)- db b2 — cl2 -f- 2ab -f- b2
2. (a — b) (a — b) = a2 — ab — ab + b2 = a2 — 2ab + b2

3. a — b 4. a+ b
a — b a + b
a2 — ab a2 + ab
— ab + b2 ab + b2
a2 — 2 ab + b2 a2 + 2 ab + b2
a — b a -j- b
a3 — 2a2b -f ab2 a3 + 2a2b -j- ab2
— a2b + 2 ab2 — b3 a2b + 2 ab2 + b3
a3 — 3 a2b + 3 ab2 — b3 a3 + 3 a2b + Sab2 + b3

5. (3a: + 2) (3a: + 2) = 9a:2 + 6a: + 6a; + 4 = 9a;2 + 12x + 4

6 . (5a: + 2) (5a; + 2) = 25a:2 + 10a: + 10a: + 4 = 25a:2 + 20x + 4
7. (7y + Sz)(7y + 3«) = 49y2 + 21 yz + 21 yz + 9^2 = 49y2 + 42yz + 9^2
8. (2m + 6n)(2m + 6n) = 4m2 + 12mn + 12mn + 36w2 = 4m2 + 24wn + 36n2
9. (r — 8s)(r — 8s) = r2 — 8rs — 8rs + 64s2 = r2 — 16rs + 64s2
10. (c — 4d)(c — 4d) — c2 — 4cd, — 4cd + 16d2 = c2 — 8cd + 16d“

3a; -- 1 12. 2y - 1
3a; -- 1 2y - 1
9a;2 -- 3a; 4y2 - 2y
- 3a: + 1 —
2y + 1
9a;2 -- 6 a; + 1 4 y2 — 4y + 1
3a; -- 1 2y - 1
27a;3 -- 18a;2 + 3a; 8y3 - 8 y2 + 2 y
- 9a;2 + 6a; — 1 — 4 y2 -h 4?/ — 1
27a;3 -- 27a;2 + 9a; - 1 8y3 - 12 y2 + 62/ - 1
52 Key to Chapter 6, page 214

B 13. 4 b c 14. a - b 4 c
4 b 4 c a - b 4 c
a2 + ab 4 ac a — oh 4 ac
ab 4 b2 + be — ab 4 b2 — be
ac + be A- c2 ac be 4 c2
a2 + 2a6 + 2 ac + b2 4 2 be 4 c2 a2 — 2 ab 4 2 ac 4 b“ 2 be 4 ^
15 . .2x2 + x — .3 16. •3y2 - y 4 .2
.2x2 + x — .3 •3y2 - y 4 .2
.04x4 + .2x3 - .06x2 •OV •3 y3 4 ■OQy2
.2x3 + x2 — .3x •3 y3 4 y2 — -2 y
— ,06x2 - ,3x 4 .09 .OQy2 2 y 4 .04
.04x4 + .4x3 + -88x2 — .6x 4 .09 09y4 - 6 y£ 4 l.\2y2 - Ay 4 .04
2
(x — y)(x — y) = x2 — xy xy 4 y x2 — 2 xy 4
(x — 2/)(x — y) = a:2 — xy xy 4 y x — 2 xy 4
x - 2x3y + x2y2
— 2 x3y + 4 x2y2 2 xy3
x2y2 — 2 xy3 + y4
x4 — 4 x3y + 6 x2y2 — 4 xy3 + y4
18. (x + i/)(x + 2/) = z2 4 xy 4 ;xy 4 y = x2 + 2 xy + yz
(x + 2/)(* + 2/) = 4 xy 4 :xy 4 y = x2 + 2 xy + y2
x4 + 2 x3y + x2y2
2 x3y + 4 x2y2 + 2 xy3
_x2y2 + 2 xy3 + y4
x4 + 4 x3y + 6x2t/2 + Axyz + y4
19. 2x2 + x - 2
2x2 + x - 2
4x4 + 2x3 — 4x2
2x3 + x2 —■ 2x
— 4x2 —- 2x 4 4
4x4 + 4x3 — 7x2 —- 4x 4 4
2x2 + x - 2
8x6 + 8x5 — 14x4 -- 8x3 4 8x2
4x5 + 4x4 -- 7x3 —4x2 4 4x
- 8x4 -- 8x3 4 14x2 4 8x 8
+ 12x — 8
8x6 + 12x5 - 18x4 -- 23x3 4 18x2 4
20 . 3212 ~ y + 2
32/2 - y + 2
92/4 — 32/3 + 62/2
—
3?/3 + y2 -- 22/
6y2 -- 22/ 4 4
9y4 - 62/3 + 132/2 -- Ay 4 4
3y2 - y + 2
272/6 - lSy5 + 39?/4 -- W3 4 122/2
— 9y5 + 62/4 -- 132/'5 4 42/2 - 4?/
18?/4 -- 122/:3 4 262/2 - Sy + 8
272/6 - 27y5 + 632/4 -- 372i'3 4 422/2 - 12?/ + 8
21. ,8x2 - .9x
.8x2 - .9x
,64x4 - .72x3
.72x3 + .81x2
.64x4 -- 1.44x3 + .81x2
,8x2 - .9x
.512x6 -- 1.152x5 + ,648x4
- ,576x5 + 1.296x4 — .729x3
.512x6 -- 1.728x5 + 1.944x4 — .729x3
Key to Chapter 6, pages 214-219 53

Pages 214-215 • PROBLEMS

A 1. Let x = length of side of smaller opening; x + 3 = length of side of larger opening; (x + 3)2 — x2 = 81;
x2 -f- 3x -f- 3x -(- 9 x2 = 81; 6a; -)- 9 = 81; 6x = 72; x = 12 in, x -f- 3 = 15 in, Ans.
2. Let n = length of side of larger square; n — 10 = length of side of smaller square;
(n — 10)2 = n2 — 1100; n2 — lOn — lOn + 100 = n2 — 1100; — 20n + 100 = —1100;
—20n = —1200; n = 60; n — 10 = 50 in. 50 in X 50 in, Ans.
3. Let n — first integer; n -f 1 = second integer; (n + l)2 — n2 = 103; n2 + 2n + 1 — n2 = 103;
2n - 102; n = 51, n + 1 = 52, Ans.
4. Let n = first integer; n + 1 = second integer; (n + l)2 — n2 = 95; n2 + 2n -f 1 — n2 = 95;
2n = 94; n = 47, n + 1 = 48, Ans.
5. Let n = width of picture; n + 2 = width of picture and frame; n2 + 24 = (n + 2)2;
n2 + 24 = n2 + 4n + 4; 20 = 4n; n — 5 in, Ans.
6. Let n = length of checkerboard; n + 4 = length of checkerboard and border; n2 .+ 176 = (n -f- 4)2;
7i2 + 176 = n2 + 871 -j- 16; 160 = 8ti; n = 20 in, Ans.
7. Let n = smaller integer; n + 1 = larger integer; n{n + 1) — n2 — 13; ti2 + ti — ti2 = 13;
n = 13, ti + 1 = 14, Ans.
8. Let n = smaller integer; n -f 1 = larger integer; n(n +1) = (n + l)2 — 17;
n2 + n = n2 + 27i -f 1 — 17; 7i = 2n — 16; — n = —16; n — 16, n -j- 1 = 17, Ans.

B 9. Let w — width of living room (and also of bedroom); w + 5 = length of living room;
w2 = w(w + 5) — 75; w2 = w2 + 5w — 75; 75 = 5w; w = 15 ft, to -f- 5 = 20 ft, Ans.
10. Let w = width of rectangle; w + 5 = length of rectangle (and also of square); w(w + 5) + 105 =
(w + 5)2; w2 + 5w + 105 = w2 + 10tr + 25; —5w = —80; w = 16 ft, w + 5 = 21 ft, Ans.
11. Let r — radius of restaurant; r -(- 14 = radius of skating rink; 7rr2 = area of restaurant; ir(r + 14)2 =
area of skating rink; ttt2 + 3080 = 7r(r + 14)2; ^r2 + 3080 = ^(r2 + 28r + 196);
^r2 + 3080 = ^r2 + 88r + 616; 3080 = 88r + 616; 2464 = 88r; r = 28; r + 14 = 42;
(a) 2(42) = 84 ft; (b) .35(tt7-2) = ,35(^)(28)2 = $862.40
12. Let r = radius of larger rod; r — ^ = radius of smaller rod; 607rr2 = volume of larger rod;
607r(r — ^)2 = volume of smaller rod; 607r(r — %)2 — 607rr2 — 457t; y^7r[607r(r — ^)2] =
Y5-7r[607rr2 — 457r]; 4(7- — f)2 = 4r2 — 3; 4(r2 — r + i) = 4r2 — 3; 4r2 — 4r + 1 = 4r2 — 3;
—4r = —4; r = 1; r — J = (a) 2(1) = 2 in, 2(^) = 1 in; (b) 607rr2 — 607t(1)2 = 607T cu in,
607r(r — ^)2 = 607t(|)2 = 157r cu in; (c) ^(607t) = 16§7r lb, j^(157r) — 4^7T lb

Page 218 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

8b2 8d 12a; 9z
1. 8ab 2 . 3. 4.
y
5.
y2
6. — 6rs

12s 12m h2 3 ye 3s_

7.
t
8. n
9.
7a10
10.
3g
11. 50x6
12.
40r
—5 a2b -Am2n l 3ab 2yz
13. 14. 15. 16.
21a2b2c2 216c2 64tw37i3p3 lQmn2p3 ~2c 3x
4
2.7 p5r2 =_V 16vic9 10w2 —64 x3z5 8 81 dlxh4 _ ,3
17. 18. 19. 8x^zio
—27 pr4 10r2 1.6 v2w7 v X9Z5 20* 81<M4 d

a—b b—a
Zcf-'b”-1 nn x , y
B 21. ) if x and y are integers > 1 22. — --r > if a > b; — 0 > if 6 > a
3ya b 3xb~a
32ambm
23. Abm~n, if 771 >
8ambn n’l
51amnbn 51amn-m
24. j if mn > m and mn > n, i.e., if ti > 1 and m > 1
—13ambmn 13 bmn~n

Page 219 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

1. 3x3 - 4 + 7 — 12x3 = 3 - 9x3 2. -Ay2 + 6t/2 - 4 + 4 = 2y2

3. 10e6 + 25e6 -- 1 = 35e6 — 1, if e ^ 0 4. -7s4 + 49s4 + 1 = 42s4 + 1, if s ^ 0
—81 x2y6z4 4a66V . _ 1 _ i — 3
—16a66428- — 1
5. 1 = -9 + 1 = -8 4 — 4
9x2y&z4 ^
7. a; -f- 1 1 = x' 8. 1 — y2 + 1 = 2 — y2, if y ^ 0
9. 3a; — 5 - 1 = 3a; — 6, if (3a; - 5) ^ 0 10. 4 — y + 1 = 5 — y, if (y — 4) ^ 0
54 Key to Chapter 6, pages 220-223

Pages 220-221 WRITTEN EXERCISES

. 12x . 15y . . _ _ 5a: . 10a , „

A 1. -y + ~y = 4x + 5y 2‘ ~5 + 5 = * + 2z/ 3. - + - = 2 + 3 = 5
x x
_ 5a . b r , b 8m _ n _ 8m
4 6y + 1% = 6 + 16 = 22 5.-1— = 5 H— 6.
2/ v a a a n n n

7. --— = r — 7 8 . — + - = 2s + 4 9 4c2 _i_ _ 4^ 1 c

r r s s 3 ^ 3 3 ' c
362 . 2b 3b2 . , 8a3 4a
,0- T + -2 = T + 6 11 . 2a 2a
4+ 12 — + — — c2 + 2
7c + 7c + 2
12x 6x = 2x2 + j 15t/ 5y
13. 14.
6x ox 5y Si = - 1
24n3 12 n 4. 15" _ 8w2 50 r3
15.
3n 3^~ + “3iT “ 8n
4n + 5 16.
5r
+ ^2_+=10r2+2r_7
5r or
8x3 2x
17. —-— = —8xz - (—4x) (-2) = —8x2 + 4x + 2
—x —x —x
2 w4 3r+ 4 n‘
18. = —2 n3 — (-3w2) — (-4+ = — 2n3 + 3n2 + 4n
—n —n -n
—60 m3n3 36 m2n2
19.
—6mn
+ Omn
6mw __ 207n2n2 + (—6mn) — (—1)
—6 mn
10m2?i2 — 6 mn + 1

12x3y3 _ 6xV l 18 xy
20. 2xV — (—xy) + (—3) = 2 x2y2 + xy 3
—6 xi/ —6 xy 1 —6 xy
5x4 15x 45x lOx
21. 5x 5x 5x 5x
x 3x2 + 9x

35a4 28aa 56a2

22. - + = 5«3 4a 8a
7a 7a 7a 7a
2Aa2b2 ,6a&2 30a25 3 9 s/2 ,8s2/ 40s2/2
23.
.3ab
+ .3a5
+ .3 ab
= 8a5 + 2b + 100a 24. ^++ +
.4s/ .4s/
+
.4s/
= 8/ + 2s + 100s/

32a 6 a4 5 24a3b2
B 25.
-8a2 ‘ -8a2
+ -8a2
= -4a3 - (—fa25) + (-3a52) = -4a3 + |a25 3a+

12/i4 24h3k 6h2k2 h4 2hk k2

26.
—30h2 -36 A2 —36/i2
+ ~3~ + 6"
30x3?/3 45x2y2 15xt/ 2x2// 3x 1
27.
75 xy2 75xy2
+ 75xt/2 = ~5 "5 + %
12 r2t2 18r2/3 6 r3/3 _4_ 6 _2r
28. +
21r2/4 1 21r2/4 21r2/4 7/2 + 71 71
21m3n 28m2n2 35mnc 3m / 4m\ , . _ 3m2 4m
29.
—35mn3 —35 mn3
+ 3 5mn3 5n2 V Sn/ + - - yy + 5^ '
9r2s 18rs2 27 s3 _L _ 2 , £
30.
—27 rs2
+ —27 rs2 -27rs2 - -£+(-!)-(-;) 3s 3 ' r
a
3.5; ^ = 2.5
3,-5 + F = 3-5'i + 1
n
32. = -.91; ~ - 1 = -.91; ^ = .09; -
x2 x x^ XA X
p 2 O
33. — + — = 3a - 8; 5a + 2 = 3a - 8; 2a = -10; a = -5. {-5}
a a J
Qr2 7r
34. —-— = x - 13; 3x - 7 = x - 13; 2x = -6; x = -3. {-3}
CC OC

Page 223 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. x + 3 Q: x + 3 2. x + 2 Q: x + 2
x ±2) x' + 5x + 6 x ±1) x' + 3x + 2
x2 + 2x x2 + X
3x + 6 2x + 2
3x + 6 2x + 2
0 0
Key to Chapter 6, page 223
55

3. _x + 4 Q: x + 4 4. x + 4 Q:a; + 4
z + 3) x2 + lx + 12 s + 7)a:2 + 11a: + 28
x2 + 3x a;2 + 7a;
4x + 12 4a; + 28
4x + 12 4a: + 28
0 0

5. _y - 7 Q:y - 7 6. x — 8 Q: a; — 8
y ~ 6) y2 - 132/ + 42 % 7)%2 - 15a; + 56
y2 — 6?/ a;2 — 7x
- 7^/ + 42 - 8x + 56
- 7y + 42 - 8a: + 56
0 0

7. r - 6 ^ -1 8. _n — 8 —1
r + 1) r2 — 5r — 7 Q:r ~ 6 + r + I n + l)n2 — 7n — 9 ^ n + 1
r2 + f n2 + w
- 6r — 7 — 8n — 9
- 6r — 6 — 8n — 8
- 1 - 1

9. n — 2 Q: n — 2 10. _z — 8 Q: z — 8
3n - 2) 3n2 - 8n + 4 z ~ 8)+ — I62 + 64
3n2 — 2n z2 — 8 z
— 6n + 4 — 8z + 64
— 6n + 4 - 8z + 64
~0 0

11. _4x + 7 Q: 4a; + 7 12. 5a; — 9 Q: 5a; — 9

4x - 7) 16a:2 +0-49 5a:+9) 25a;2 + 0-81
16a;2 — 28a; ’ 25a;2 + 45a;
28a; - 49 - 45a; - 81
28a; — 49 - 45a: - 81
0 0

13. o—9 162 14. a; - 3 _ 18

a + 9) g2 + 0 + 81 Q:“ 9 + a+ 9 x + 3)a;2 + 0 + 9 ^ X ^ + x + 3
a2 + 9a a;2 + 3a;
- 9a + 81 - 3a; + 9
- 9a - 81 — 3x — 9
162 ^8

15. _y + 32 Q-.y+Sz 16. w + 6a; Q: w + 6a;

y — 9 z)y2 — Qyz — 27 z2 w — 17a;) w2 — 11m — 102a;2
y2 — 9yz w2 — 17m
3yz — 27z2 6m — 102a;2
3 yz — 27 z2 6m — 102a;2
~0 0

17. _3a; — 5y 18. _5a; — 3 y

x — 3y)3x2 — 14 xy + 25 y2 x — 2 y)bx2 — 13 xy + 16y2
3x2 — 9 xy 5x2 — 10 xy
— 5 xy + 25 y2 — 3 xy + 16 y2
— hxy + 15a/2 — 3 xy + 6 y2
10? 10 y2
10 y2 10 y2
Q: 3a; — 5y + Q: 5a; — 3y +
x — 3y x — 2y
56 Key to Chapter 6, page 223

19. _3y — 2 Q:Sy — 2 20. 5n — 4 Q: 5n — 4

2y + 5)6y2 + 11 y - 10 2n + 3) IQn2 + 7w — 12
6 y2 + 15 y " 10n2 + 15 n
— 4y — 10 — 8 n -- 12
- 42/ — 10 — 8 n -- 12
0 0

21. 4s2 + 2 xy + y2 a2 — 6 ab + 36 b2
2x — y) 8s3 + 0 +0 — y3 22. a + 65) a3 + 0 + 0 + 216 53
8s3 — 4s2?/ a3 + Qa2b
4s2?/ + 0 - Qa2b + 0
4s2?/ — 2xy2 — 6a2b — 36 ab2
2 xy2 — ?/3 36 ab2 + 21663
2xy2 - y3 3 Qab2 + 21653
0 0
Q: 4x2 + 2xy + y2 Q : a2 — 6a6 + 3652

23. x2 — 7 xy + 49 y2 24. s + 7
x + 7y) x3 + 0 + 0 + 343y3 2s: — 3) 2s2 + 11s — 18
IN
<N

CO

x3 + 7 x2y
1

— 7x2y + 0 14s — 18
— 7 x2y — 49 xy2 14s — 21
49 xy2 + 3432/3 3
49j:?/2 + 3432/3
0
Q: a:2 — 7xy + 49y2

25. _6x — 7 3
Q: 6s' - 7 +
2x + 3) 12x2 + 4x — 18 2s + 3
’ 12s2 + 18s
- 14s — 18
- 14s - 21
3

B 26. _3s2 + 2s + 5 27. _2s2 + 3s — 2

x + 3) 3s3 + 11s2 + 11s + 15 x - 5) 2s3 - 7s2 - 17s + 10
3s3 + 9s2 ’ 2s3 - 10s2
2s2 + llx 3s2 — 17s
2s2 + 6s 3s2 — 15s
_5s + 15 — 2s + 10
5s + 15 - 2s + 10
0 0
Q: 3s2 + 2s + 5 Q: 2s2 + 3s - 2
Key to Chapter 6, pages 223-226
57

28. 3a;2 + 8a; + 11 29. n n + 9

2x — 5) 6x3 + x 18a; — 33 2n 3) 2 n3 — 5n2 + 21n — 14
6ar 15x' 2n3 - 3n2
16a;2 — 18a: — 2 n2 + 21n
16a;2 — 40a: 2w2 + 3n-
22a: — 33 18n - 14
22a: - 55 18n - 27
22 13
22 13
Q: 3a:2 + 8a: —J— 11 —{— Q: n2 — n + 9 +
2a: - 5 2n — 3

30. x2 — 2a: + 3 31 • _V2 + 2y — 1

x 2x + 3) a;4 - 4a:3 + 10a:2 - 12a: + 9 y2 + 2y — 1 )y4 + 4 y3 + 2y2 — 4?/ + 1
x 2x3 + 3x‘ y + 2yi V‘
- 2a:3 + 7x2 - 12a: 2y3 + 3 y2 4y
— 2a:3 + 4a;2 — 6a: 2 y3 + 4y2 2y
3a:2 6a: + 9 — y2 — 2y + 1
3a:2 6a: + 9 — ?/2 — 2y + 1
0 0
Q: x‘ 2x + 3 Q: y2 + 2y — 1

32. x2 - x + 1 33. _y2 + y + 1

x + 1) a:3 + 0 +0+1 y ~ l)?/3 + 0 +0-1
x3 + x2 y3 — y2
- a:2 + 0 y2 + o
— x2 — x y2 — y
X + 1 y — i
X + 1 y — i
0 o
Other factor: a;2 — x + 1 Other factor: y2 + y + 1

34. _3y^_ 35. _3+_

2 y + 3)6 y3 + 2y2 + y — 9 32 - 2) 923 - 422 - 52 + 8
6y3 + 9y2 923 — 622

— 7y2 + y 222 — 52
No; there does not exist a polynomial with No; there does not exist a polynomial with
integral coeff. such that (2y + 3) X this integral coeff. such that (32 — 2) X this poly¬
polynomial = 6 y3 + 2 y2 + y — 9 nomial = 92s — 422 — 52 +8

36. Let x = the no.; 59+) + 10 = 718; 59a: = 708; x = 12, Ans.

37. Let x = the no.; 28+) + 3 = 395; 28a; = 392; x — 14, Ans.

Page 226 CHAPTER TEST

1. 69a: + 45 2. —a2 + a — 13

3. (5 • 2 — 6) + (2 • 2 — 80) + (3 • 2 + 17) =L 10-2-69;

(10 - 6) + (4 - 80) + (6 + 17) JL 20 - 69;
4 + (-76) + (23) J= -49;
27 + (-76) = -49

4. (32 + 3 + 6) + (2 • 32 - 2 • 3 — 5) JL 3 • 32 - 3 + 1;
18 + (18 — 6 — 5) = 27 — 3 + 1;
18 + 7 = 25
58 Key to Chapter 6, pages 226-227

5. 2s - 3y — 6z = 2(2) - 3(3) — 6(4) = 4 - 9 - 24 = -29

-5s + 7y - 2z = -5(2) + 7(3) - 2(4) = -10 + 21 - 8 = _3
7s - 10y -42 = 7(2) - 10(3) - 4(4) = 14 - 30 - 16 = -32

6. x2 + y2 - z2 = 22 + 32 — 42 = 4 + 9 - 16 = -3
—x2 - y2 - z2 = —(22) - (32) - (42) = -4 - 9 — 16 = -29
2s2 + 2y2 = 2(22) + 2(32) = 8 + 18 = 26

7. 28a + 6 = 34; 28a = 28; a = 1. {1}

.
8 2n — [n — 2a — 8 — 1] = 0; 2a — [—a — 9] = 0; 2a + a + 9 = 0; 3n + 9 = 0; 3n = —9;
n = -3. {-3}

9. -3m3n3t5 10. -6rV 11. -64m6a9 10

12. (9s2)(8s3?/6z15) = 72x 5y6z15 13. -60s2 + 88xy 14. -6*2 - 213 + 315

15. c — 2 16. 2a — 4 y
c + 8 8 a — 5y ,
c2 - 2c 16a2 — 32 ay
8c - 16 — 10ay + 20 y2
c2 + 6c — 16 16a2 — 42ay + 20 y2

17. Let x = length of garden; x + 4 = length of garden and path; (s + 4)2 = s2 + 184;
x2 + 8s + 16 = x2 + 184; 8s = 168; x = 21 ft, Ans.

18. Let x — smaller number; x + 5 = larger number; (s + 5)2 — x2 = 135;

x2 + 10s + 25 — s2 = 135; 10s = 110; s = 11; s + 5 = 16, Ans.

19. 20. (Optional) a. 1; b. 3 • 1 = 3 21. - §2 = 4a2 - 1

/C oCt oCl

16 be _ 8 b2c2 _ c3d = _ Jl^ _ 2&\ _

—4 5c3d —46c3d —4 6c3d c2d \ cd) \ 46/ c2d cd 46

B 23. _4n — 9 24. _2s2 - 3s + 1

n — 5) 4n2 — 29n + 45 5s - 3) 10s3 - 21s2 + 14s + 12
" 4n2 - 20n 10s3 — 6s2
- 9a + 45 — 15s2 + 14s
— 9a + 45 — 15s2 + 9s
0 _5s + 12
Q: 4a — 9 5s — 3
15

Q: 2s2 - 3s + 1 + ---

Pages 227-229 • CHAPTER REVIEW

1. monomials 2. trinomial 3. 5 4. third

5. 3a3 + a2 — 8a — 3 6. — 2ma3 + m2n2 — 5m3a 7. 0, 1

8. 3(3) + 2 +4= 9 + 2 + 4= 15
2(3) - 3(2) - 2= 6-6-2= -2
-6(3) - 2(2) - 5 = -18 - 4 - 5 = -27
3-3 + -14
Correct Ans. is —a — 46 — 3

9. 2(32)(2) - 3(3)(22) + (23) = 36 - 36 + 8 = 8

— (32)(2) + (3)(22) - 2(23) = -18 + 12 - 16 = -22
— (32)(2) + 2(3) (22) + (23) = -18 + 24 + 8 = _J4
0 =0
.
10 opposite
Key to Chapter 6, pages 227-229 59

In Ex. 11-14 values used in checking will vary.

11. 3t2 2t + 1 + (—t2 + 21 — 2) = 2t2 — 1 12. 2 — 4c + 2c2 13. —h2 + 2/i — 1
14. (a 26 + 3) — (2a + 6 + 7) = (a — 2b + 3) + (—2a — b — 7) = —a — 36 — 4
15. 71c — 2k — 3 = 3k — 9; 5k.- 3 = 3k - 9; 2k = -6; k = -3. (-3)
16. 3 [2w 5 w-f- 3] = 5 -f- 6 n\ 3 [n 2] = 5 —(— 6?r; 3 — to. —(— 2 = 5 —J— 6ti;
5 — n = 5 + 6n; — 7n = 0; n = 0. {0}

17. 2, 18 18. c3 • c1 = c4 19. 3a1 W 20. 2, 3, b3, 8a3b3 21. 6n

22. (9p6r8)(—p10r15s5) = — 9p16r23s5 23. 2a, 35
24. —9y2z3 + 6y3z2 25. —2a: + 4x — 8 = —7; 2a: — 8 = -7; 2a: = 1; x = f {J}
26. 8a — 5a + 15 = 18a — 18a — 6; 3a + 15 = —6; 3a = —21; a - —7. {—7}
27. A = n(2n - 5) = 2n2 - 5n
28. 2a, —3, 8a2 — 2a — 15. 2a(4a + 5) — 3(4a + 5) = 8a2 + 10a — 12a — 15 = 8a2 — 2a — 15
29. (5a; + 2)(3a; + 7) = (5a;)(3a:) + 5a;(7) + 2(3x) + 2(7) = 15a:2 + 41a: + 14
[5(3) + 2][3(3) + 7] ± 15(9) + 41(3) + 14
17-16 =L 135 + 123 + 14
272 - 272
30. 7a - 3a: = 7(2) - 3(3) = 14-9 =5
3a — x = 3(2) — 3 = 6 — 3 = 3
21a2 — 9aa:
— 7 ax + 3a:2
21a2 - 16aa; + 3a;2 = 21 (22) - 16(2)(3) + 3(32) = 84 - 96 + 27 = 15

31. a + 9 — 2+9 =11

2a - 4 = 2(2) — 4 =0
2a2 + 18a
- 4a - 36
2a2 + 14a - 36 = 2(22) + 14(2) - 36 = 8 + 28 - 36 = 0

32. 3s, 3s2 33. A = (s + 2) (3s - 4) = 3s2 - 4s + 6s - 8 = 3s2 + 2s - 8

34. 3s2 = 3s2 + 2s - 8 35. 8 = 2s; s = 4 in, 3s = 12 in

36. Let w = width of pool; w + 30 = length of pool; w + 10 = width of pool and walk;
w + 40 = length of pool and walk; w(w + 30) + 1200 = (w + 10)(w + 40);
w2 + 30w + 1200 = w2 + 40w + 10ic + 400; 800 = 20io; w — 40 ft, w + 30 = 70 ft, Ans.
37. a + 1 38. a:2 - 5a: — 1
a + 1 a:2 — 5a; — 1
a2 + a a:4 — 5x3 — x2
a + 1 - 5a;3 + 25a;2 + 5a;
a2 + 2a + 1 _— x2 + 5x + 1
x4 - 10x3 + 23a:2 + lOx + 1
x2 — 5a: — 1
x6 - 10a;5 + 23a;4 + 10a:3 + x2
- 5a;5 + 50a;4 - 115a:3 - 50a;2 - 5a;
_- x4 + 10a;3 - 23a;2 - lOx - 1
x6 - 15x5 + 72x4 - 95x3 - 72x2 - 15x - 1

.
39 Let r = length of inner radius of wheel; r + .35 = length of outer radius of wheel; irr2 = area of
inner ring; tt(r + .35)2 = area of outer ring; 7r(r + .35)2 — irr2 = 5.115; ^-(r2 + .7r + .1225) •
^r2 = 5.115; ^r2 + 2.2r + .385 - ^r2 = 5.115; 2.2r = 4.73; 22r = 47.3; r = 2.15; r + .35 =
2.5; d = 2(2.5) = 5 cm, Ans.
2 n3
40. 41. 42. 1 43. 1
5m3 2st2
.. 5a 3 5a , 5a
^4" —3 —3 = 3 (_1) = “ 7 + 1
5m2n 25mn2 __1 10mn, /_1_\ _ 1 \
5* — 50m3n3 + —50m3n3 ~ —50m3n3 ~ 10mn2 ^ \ 5m2n2) \ 2m2n)
= __i_i_ + -i-
10mn2 5 m2n2 2 m2n
60 Key to Chapter 6, pages 229-230

46. increasing, decreasing 47. _2a — 7 Q: 2a — 7

3a - 2) 6a2 - 25a + 14
6a2 — 4a
- 21a + 14
- 21a + 14
0

48. 4c2 — 4c + 1 49. 2 a2 — 5 ab — 362

2c — 1) 8c3 — 12c2 + 6c — 1 a + 2b) 2a3 — a2b — 13a62 — 663
8c3 — 4c2 " 2a3 + 4a2fr
— 8c2 + 6c — 5 a2b — 13 ab2
- 8c2 + 4c — 5 a2b — 10a52
2c — 1 — 3ab2 — 6b3
2c - 1 — 3ab2 — 6b3
0 0
Q: 4c2 — 4c + 1 Q: 2a2 — 5ab' — 362

50. 3r2 + 4rs — s2

Q: 3r2 + 4rs — s2 + --—
3r — 2s) 9r3 + 6r2s — llrs2 + s3 3r — 2s
9r3 — 6r2s
12r2s — llrs2
12r2s — 8rs2
— 3rs2 + s3
- 3rs2 + 2s3

Pages 230-232 • CUMULATIVE REVIEW

1. proper subset, or, subset 2.

0

3. (2 • 3 + 4) (2 • 3 - 4) = (6 + 4) (6 - 4) - (10)(2) = 20
4. closed, multiplication 5. distributive
6. equivalent, same. 2x — 2 = 3; 2x — 5; x — §. {f}. y = f. {f}
7. associative (for add.) 8. {—2, 0, 1, 2}, since x —1 9. 2n3

.
10 n + n2 11. n-
n
.
12 a2 + b2

13. 5m3 - 5a2 - 9m3 + 5n2 = -4m3 14. .6y = -48; Qy = -480; y = -80. {-80}
15. 3n - + 4 = 2; 3[3n - + 4] = 3(2); 9n — lOn + 12 = 6; — n = -6; n = 6. {6}

16. 12x + 20 — 2x = 12x - 15 + 25; lOx + 20 = 12x + 10; 10 = 2x; 5 = x. {5}

17. 3t — [2t — St — 5 — 7] = 0; St - [—t - 12] = 0; St + t + 12 = 0; 41 = -12; t = -3. {-3}

18. —6 < 2x — 3 and 2x — 3 < 5; —3 < 2x 3

and 2x < 8; —f < x and x < 4; —§ < x < 4 2
*■
-2 -1 0
19. (2r - 3) > 5 or -(2r - 3) > 5; 2r - 3 > 5
or 2r — 3 < —5; 2r > 8 or 2r < —2; r > 4 -3-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
or r < — 1

20. 4(fm + 6) > 4 (f + 3); 5m + 24 > 2m + 12; 3m > —12; m > —4

H-+
-5 0 5
Key to Chapter 6, pages 230-232 61

.
21 (—3)3 = -27 22 factor . 23. -1
24. 0 (2a b) — 0 -f- (—2a -)-&) = —2a -f- b = b — 2a 25. (2a - b) 0 = 2a — b
1 12a" 15a6
26. 27. = -4a
V —3a -3a ~ “ (~56) = ~4<I + 56 = 56 “ 4a
28. -8 rV 29. (a3 + f>3) + (a3 - 63) = 2a3
30. (a3 + b3) — (a3 — 63) = (a3 + 63) -f (—a3 -j- b3) = 263
31. a3 + b3 32. n2 — 8w + 2n2 — 3 = 3n2 — 8w
a3 — 53
a6 + a3b3 33. —6a2x3 + 30a3a;2 — 4 a4x
— a363
a 3^4
34. 4m5 — 12m2n4 — bm4n3 -f- 10m3n
—6x 2„,2
y 3a;?/2 2 x2y
C 35.
—6x2y2
+ —6x2y2 —6x2y2 1+ (-£)-{- k) 1 - — -f —
2a: ^ 3y
36. x2 — 5x
+ 2 37. 2x - 3 Q: 2a: — 3
3a: - 2_ 4x _5)8x2 - 22a: + 15
3x3 — 15x2 + 6x 8a:2 — 10a:
- 2a:2 + 10a: - 4 12a: + 15
3a:3 — 17a:2 -f- 16a: — 4 12a: + 15
0
38. 2 r — 3s 39. 2a:2 + 3a:
2r — 3s 3x — 5) 6a;J x 27x + 10
4r2 — 6rs 6a:3 — 10a:2
6 rs 9 s^ 9a:2 27x
4r2 — 12rs + 9s2 9a:2 15a:
2r — 3s - 12a: + 10
8r3 - 24r2s + 18rs2 - 12a; + 20
— 12r2s + 36rs2 - 27s3 -10
8r3 — 36r2s -f- 54rs2 — 27s3 -10
Q: 2x2 + 3x - 4 +
3x
40. P = 8a + 2b + 2c
41. A — (b + 2 a)(c + 2a) — 4a2 = be + 2 ab + 2ac -f- 4a2 — 4a2 = be + 2 ab + 2 ac
or A = b(c + 2a) + 2(ca) = be + 2ab + 2ac
42. C = 27rr; P = 4\\(2ivri)} — 2irn
43. 2n — length of side of square; (2n)2 = area of square; 57rn2 = area of each quarter-circle;
A — (2 n)2 — 4(^7rn2) = 4n2 — 7in2
_ 3 (Iwh) . rp 3 Iwh
44. 1 Ci/i 1 1
94

45. t{L) = t (m-- -/c^ ; tL = mt - k-; k = mt - tL; k = 100(4) - 4(99) = 4(100 - 99) = 4(1) = 4

5 bF - 160
46. F ~ 32 = ^ ; § (F - 32)
(t) -
9 \ 5
f (F - 32) or C =
9
C = f(40 - 32) = f(8) = ^ = 4|°
Iwd
47. m 48. 5 =
(f) = L <1} 2^5
49. Let p = rate of plane headed east; p + 25 = rate of plane headed west; 4p -j- 4(p + 25) = 4900;
4p + 4p + 100 = 4900; 8p — 4800; p = 600 mph, p -f- 25 = 625 mph, Ans.
50. Let n = larger part; 75 — n = smaller part; 3(75 — n) — 2n — 5; 225 — 3n = 2n — 5;
—5n = —230; n — 46, 75 — n = 29, Ans.
51. Let n = first no.; 3n = second no.; n -f- 20 = third no.; n + 3n + (n -\~ 20) = 360; bn + 20 = 360;
bn = 340; n = 68, 3w = 204, n + 20 = 88, Ans.
52. Let n = no. of nickels; 23 — n = no. of dimes; 10(23 — n) — bn = 95; 230 lOn bn = 95;
230 — 15w = 95; — 15n = —135; n = 9; 23 — n = 14. 9 nickels, 14 dimes, Ans.
53. Let w = width of flower bed; 2ic = length of flower bed; w -f- 6 = width of flower bed and walk;
2w + 6 = length of flower bed and walk; w • 2w + 216 = (w + 6)(2w + 6);
2w2 + 216 = 2w2 + 6w + 12w + 36; 216 = 18w + 36; 180 = I810; w = 10 ft; 2w = 20 ft.
10 ft X 20 ft, Ans.
62 Key to Chapters 6, 7, pages 232-242

54. Let x — cost per lb of black tea; x + 75 = cost per lb of orange tea; 20(x + 75) + 40x = 150(60);
20x + 1500 + 40x = 9000; 60x + 1500 = 9000; 60x = 7500; * = 125 cents = $1.25;
x + 75 = 200 cents = $2.00. Black, $1.25; orange, $2.00, Ans.

Page 233 • EXTRA FOR EXPERTS

2_
1.1.6’=*!
a a
2 2-\ .
a3 a3
3. 463 •
k
= 4^ak
3;.2

4
—l 1 _ J_ 1 4 _ 3n
4. 3m 5. a • 7^- = ab 2 6. 2r~2 • ——r = 2r“V
2n~4 m 2 U 2m b* s~5
1 1 1 —2 1
8. p
2—3 4 —2 1 1 —2 .3
7. x2 = x x y z
y3z~4 q-U- 3 P ‘^i-T=S=P
«- #
1 1 1
1
9 TTyT 1
= X = 64 10 .
( 4)3 -64 64
11. 105 100,000
or .00001
U4 64

1 16
12. .3\ 2 _9_
13. 9c-8
(-1)' T6 9 4

14. — 3o1_(-3)6_2_(_6> = —3a454 15. 2.4 X iO“8-(-10) = 2.4 X 102 = 240

CHAPTER 7. Special Products and Factoring

Page 240 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1.2 -3-5 -7 2.2-7-13 3. 2-3-5-7-11 4.3-5-7-11 5. 22 • 3 • 53

6. 24 • 53 7. prime 8. prime 9. 1, 5, 7, 35 10. 1, 7, 13, 91
11.1,3,7,9,21,63 12.1,2,4,13,26,52 13.1,2,4,5,10,20,25,50,100
14. 1, 3, 7, 9, 21, 49, 63, 147, 441 15. 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 22, 33, 66, 121, 242, 363, 726
16. 1, 2, 5, 10, 13, 26, 65, 130, 169, 338, 845, 1690
17. 144 = 24 • 32; 630 = 2 • 32 • 5 • 7; greatest common factor is 2 • 32 = 18
18. 231 = 3-7-11; 294 = 2 • 3 • 72; greatest common factor is 3 - 7 = 21
19. 180 — 22 • 32 • 5; 1368 = 23 • 32 • 19; greatest common factor is 22 • 32 = 36
20. 4200 = 23 • 3 • 52 • 7; 3850 = 2 ■ 52 • 7 • 11; greatest common factor is 2 • 52 • 7 = 350
21. xy 22. 3ab 23. 5abc2 24. 7d2e 25. 3mn2p
26. —3r3s 27. -19p3d2q4 28. -13u2v 29. —4mj 30. —5m3
B 31. (x)5 = x5 and 7x5y2 — (x5)(7y2)] (x)5 32. (y)7 — y7 and —3x2y7 = (Sx2)(y7); (y)7
33. (Jo2)2 = b4 and 15b5c4 = (64)(156c4); (b2)2 34. (h2)3 = hG and 34a5h‘ = (34a5h)(h6); (h2)3
35. (5r)3 = 125r3 and 250rV = (125r3)(2rf3); (5r)3
36. (Sv)3 = 27v3 and 27v6w2 = (27v3)(v3w2)] (3v)3
37. (3rp)1 = Srp and 192r4p6 = (3rp)(64r3p5); (Srp)1
38. (7rq3)2 — 49r2g6 and 9Sr3q7 = (49r2q6)(2rq); (7rq3)2
39. (2x2y2)1 = 2x2y2 and 6xey° = (2x2y2)(3x4y4); (2x2y2)1
40. (3u3v3)2 = 9m6i;6 and 9uV = (9u6v6)(u3v3); (3u3v3)2
41. (5o263)2 = 25a456 and 625aV = (25a456)(25a45); (5a2b3)2
42. (4r3s2)3 = 64r9s6 and 256r12s6 = (64r9s6)(4r3); (4r3s2)3
43. (2pq4)4 = 16p4?16; (2p?4)4 44. (7m3n)3 = 343m9n3; (7m3n)3
45. (2c5d3e)3 = 8c15d9e3 and 8c20d12e4 = (8c15d9e3)(c5d3e); (2c5d3e)3

Pages 242-243 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 3(x2 + 4y2) 2. 7(a2 + 2b2) 3. 6x(3x — 2) 4. 9r(3r — 10)

5. x(x + 7) 6. n(n + 13) 7. 3x2(1 — 7x) .
8 562(1 — 146)
9. 2x(3x — 2) .
10 4a(2a + 3) 11. b(b2 + 6 + 1) 12 . a(a2 — a — 1)
13. ab(a + b) 14. xy(y — x) 15. 3c(5a2 — 1) 16. 2y(Qx2 + 1)
17. 5rs(r — 2s) 18. 3o6(a — 3b) 19. *(1 + 2m) 20. x(3n - 1)
Key to Chapter 7, pages 242-246 63

21. 6x(2x + 1) 22. (y + 2){y - 1) 23. (a + 9) (a - 8) 24. (4c + 5d)(x - y)

25. (x + l)(2x + 3 - 1) = (x + l)(2x + 2) = 2(x + 'l)(x + 1)
26. (x — y + x + y) (x — y) = (2x) (x — y)
27. [2m — (m + w)](w — n) — (2m — m — ri)(m — n) = (m — ri)(m — ri)
28. (6 - 3c) Or2 + y2) 29. (A; + 2)fc + (k + 2)t = (k + 2)(/c + *)
30. (x l)x + (x 1)2/ — l)(z + y) 31. d(g + m) + (S){g + m) = (d — f)(g + m)
32. r(s - 0 + (-fc)O — t) = (r — k)(s - 0 33. (36 + 2)6 + (36 + 2)4 = (36 + 2)(6 + 4)

B 34. 4x(3x3 — 2x + 5) 35. 6y(Sy3 + 5y2 — 7) 36. 5rf(r -2 + 0 37. 3ac(6a2c -3a + 2c)
38. x(3x — 2) + 2(3x — 2) = (x + 2) (3a: - 2)
39. 10y2 - 2y + 15p - 3 = 2y(5a/ - 1) + 3(5y - 1) = (2y + 3)(5y - 1)
40. x(x + a + 6) 41. 3a[a + 2(x — y)] = 3a(a + 2a: — 2y)
42. m2 + 2w + 7am + 14a = m(m + 2) + 7a(m + 2) = (m + 7a) (m + 2)
43. 2p2 + 4ap + p + 2a = 2p(p + 2a) + (p + 2a) = (2p + l)(p + 2a)
44. x3 - 3x2 + 7x - 21 = x2(x - 3) + 7{x - 3) = (x2 + 7)(x - 3)
45. r3 — sr2 + rs2 — s3 = r2(r — s) + s2(r — s) = {r2 + s2)(r — s)

Page 244 • PROBLEMS

1. A = area of circle — area of square; A = 7rr2 — r2 = r2(iv — 1)

2. A = area of square — area of circle; A = (4r)2 — -jrr2 = 16r2 — irr2 = r2( 16 — 7r)
3. A — area of circle — area of square; A = tt(2S)2 — S2 — 4irS2 — S2 = S2(4tt — 1)
4. A — area of outer circle — area of inner circle; A = ttR2 — 7rr2 = 7r(R2 — r2)
5. A = area of large circle — 4(area of a small circle); A = ttR2 — 4ivr2 — 7r(R2 — 4r2)
.
6 A = area of square — 2(area of a circle); A = (4r)2 — 2(7rr2) = 16r2 — 2tvr2 = 2r2(8 — 7r)
7. A = area of square + area of semi-circle; A = (2r)2 + r2) = 4r2 + |-7rr2 = ^r2(8 + ir)
8. A = area of rectangle — area of semi-circle; A = (4r)(2r) — K71'7’2) = 3r2 — ^7rr2 = +2(16 — t)

Page 246 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. a. (10 — 1)(10 + 1) = 100 - 1 = 99; .

2 a. (50 + 1)(50 - 1) = 2500 - 1 = 2499;
b. 9(10) + 9(1) = 90 + 9 = 99 b. 50(49) + 1(49) = 2450 + 49 = 2499
3. a. (20 + 2)(20 - 2) = 400 - 4 = 396; 4. a. (60 - 2) (60 + 2) = 3600 - 4 = 3596;
b. 20(18) + 2(18) = 360 + 36 = 396 b. 58(60) + 58(2) = 3480 + 116 = 3596
5. a. (30 + 3) (30 - 3) = 900 - 9 = 891; 6. a. (70 - 3) (70 + 3) = 4900 — 9 = 4891;
b. 30(27) + 3(27) = 810 + 81 = 891 b. 67(70) + 67(3) = 4690 + 201 = 4891
7. a. (40 - 4) (40 + 4) = 1600 - 16 = 1584; 8. a. (80 + 4) (80 — 4) = 6400 - 16 = 6384;
b. 36(40) + 36(4) = 1440 + 144 = 1584 b. 80(76) + 4(76) = 6080 + 304 = 6384
9. a. (50 + 5) (50 - 5) = 2500 — 25 = 2475; 10. a. (90 + 5) (90 - 5) = 8100 - 25 = 8075;
b. 50(45) + 5(45) = 2250 + 225 = 2475 b. 90(85) + 5(85) = 7650 + 425 - 8075
11. a. (40 + 6)(40 - 6) - 1600 - 36 = 1564; 12. a. (100 - 6) (100 + 6) = 10,000 - 36 = 9964;
b. 40(34) + 6(34) = 1360 + 204 = 1564 b. 94(100) + 94(6) = 9400 + 564 = 9964

B 13. a. (1000 + 10) (1000 - 10) = 1,000,000 - 100 = 999,900;

b. 1000(990) + 10(990) = 990,000 + 9900 = 999,900
14. a. (500 + 20) (500 - 20) = 250,000 - 400 = 249,600;
b. 500(480) + 20(480) = 240,000 + 9600 = 249,600
15. a. (5 + i)(5 - i) = 25 - | = 24f;
b. 5(4*) + *(4|) = 22* + 2i = 24f
16. a. (1100 + 30)(1100 - 30) = 1,210,000 - 900 = 1,209,100;
b. 1100(1070) + 30(1070) = 1000(1070) + 100(1070) + 30(1070) =
1,070,000 + 107,000 + 32,100 = 1,209,100
17. a. (600 + 40) (600 - 40) = 360,000 - 1600 = 358,400;
b. 600(560) + 40(560) = 336,000 + 22,400 = 358,400
18. a. (9 - |)(9 + §) = 81 - I = 80f;
b. 8(9§) + *(9§) = 8(9) + 8(|) + *(9) + *(§) = 72 + 5* + 3 + f = 80|
64 Key to Chapter 7, pages 246-251

19. a. (1200 - 50)(1200 + 50) = 1,440,000 - 2500 = 1,437,500;

b. 1150(1200) + 1150(50) = 1000(1200) + 100(1200) + 50(1200) + 1150(50) =
1,200,000 + 120,000 + 60,000 + 57,500 = 1,437,500
20. a. (300 + 60) (300 - 60) = 90,000 - 3600 - 86,400
b. 300(240) + 60(240) = 72,000 + 14,400 = 86,400
21. a. (4 + i) (4 - i) = 16 - * = 15*f;
b. 4(3f) + *(3f) = 4(3) + 4(f) + f(3) + f(f) = 12 + 3 + f+ j%- = 15-ff

Pages 247-248 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. (x + 4)(x — 4) 2. (r + 3) (r — 3) 3. (x + 2 y)(x — 2 y)
4. (a -f 2b) (a —■ 2b) 5. (R + r)(R — r) 6. (a + by3) (a -- by3)
7. (4a + 52)(4a ~b2) 8. (16x2 + y)( 16x2 — y) 9. (2x2 + z) (2x2 - z)
10. (m + 4 n2){m — 4n2) 11. (145 + 1 lx) (145 — llx) 12. (17x + 26y)(17x - 26y)
13. 4 r2t2 — 9 = (2rt + 3) (2rt - 3) 14. m2n2 — 144 = (■mn + 12) (mn ~ 12)
15. (1 + 3n)(l -- 3 n) 16. (5m + l)(5m - 1) 17. (,3a + 2) (.3a — 2) 18. (.25 + 7)(.25 -
19. (c + .8)(c — •8) 20. (.9 + d)(.9 - d) 21. (x + i)(x — i) 22. (* + y)(k - y)
24. dl ^-1(d
23.
(a+£Ka' -i) 36 25 " V6 +!)(!-!)
B 25. 25x6 - x4 = x4(25x2 - 1) = x4(5x + l)(5x — 1)
26. s2(16 — s2) = s2(4.+ s)(4 — s) 27. a2(l — a2) = a2(l + a)(l — a)
28. c3(l — c2) = c3(l + c)(l — c) 29. xy(x2 — y4) — xy(x + y2)(x — y2)
30. a25(a4 — b2) = a2b(a2 + 6)(a2 — b) 31. 2pq2(p2q2 — 36) = 2pq2(pq + Q)(pq — 6)
32. 3x2?/(49 — x2y2) = 3x2y(7 + xy)(7 — xy)
33. 2(o4 - 16) = 2(a2 + 4)(a2 — 4) = 2(a2 + 4)(a + 2)(a - 2)
34. n( 1 — n4) = n(l + n2)( 1 — n2) = n( 1 + n2)( 1 + n)(l — n)
35. 1 - a2n = (1 + on)(l - an) 36. t2 - n2x = (t + nx)(t - nx)
37. m° — m5a = m°( 1 — m4a) = ma( 1 + m2a)(l — m2a) = ma( 1 + m2a)( 1 + ma)( 1 — ma)
38. b6x - b2x = b2x(b4x - 1) = b2x(b2x + 1)(521 — 1) = 62x(621 + 1)(5X + 1)(6X - 1)
39. .02(9r4 - 4s6^2) = ,02(3r2 + 2s80(3r2 — 2s3t)
C 40. (a + 2b + z2)(a + 2b — x2) 41. (3a — 1 + y3)(Sa — 1 — y3)
42. (x — l)2 — 1 = (x — 1 + l)(x — 1 — 1) = x{x — 2)
43. (x + 3)2 — 9 = (x + 3 + 3)(x + 3 - 3) = x(x + 6)
44. a. Let n = an integer; then n + 1 = the next consecutive integer;
(n + l)2 — n2 = n2 + 2n + 1 — n2 = 2n + 1 = n + (w + 1)
b. Let 2n + 1 = an odd integer; then 2n + 3 = the next consecutive odd integer; 2(4n + 4) = 8n + 8
= twice sum of integers; (2n + 3)2 — (2n + l)2 = 4n2 + 12n + 9 — 4n2 — 4n — 1 = 8n + 8

Pages 250-251 • PROBLEMS

A 1. Area of entire square = sum of areas of nine regions;

(a -f- b + c)2 = a2 + ab + ac + ba + b2 + be + ca + cb + c2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
2. Area of white region = area of entire square — areas of remaining three regions;
(a — b)2 = a2 — (a — b)b — b2 — b(a — b) = a2 — ab + b2 — b2 — ba + b2 — a2 — 2 ab + b2

B 3. Area of entire region — area of white region = area of remaining four regions;
(a + 6)2 — (a — b)2 — ba + ba -f- ab + ab = 4ab
4. Area of entire region + area of white region = sum of areas of upper left square, lower right square;
upper right square and lower left square;
(a -f- b)2 + (a — b)2 — a2 + a2 -f- 62 + b2 = 2a2 + 252 = 2(a2 + b2)
5. Area of entire square — area of dark red region = sum of areas of remaining three regions;
(a -f b)2 — b2 = ba + a2 + ab — a2 + 2ab
6. Area of entire square — area of white region = sum of areas of remaining three regions;
a2 — (a — b)2 = b{a — b) + b2 + (a -- b)b = ba — b2 + b2 + ab — b2 = 2ab — b2

C 7. Part 1. The shaded areas of the first column on the left and the first column on the right are equal
to one complete shaded column. The areas of the second from the left plus the second from the right
Key to Chapter 7, pages 251-254 65

also equal one complete shaded column. Continuing-in this way gives four complete shaded columns
with 9 squares in each column. Thus, l + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8or(l+8) + (2 + 7) +

(3 + 6) + (4 + 5) = 4(9) = ~ .

Part 2. Consider a region with n columns and (n + 1) rows. There is 1 shaded square in the first
column on the left, 2 in the second, . . . , n in the last column on the right. Following the process
71/
described in part 1 gives - complete shaded columns with (n + 1) squares in each column. Thus,
A
n(n + 1)
l + 2 + 3 + -- -n = ^(n+l)
~2~

8 . Part 1. The area of the first region in the upper left plus the area of the first region in the lower right
is equal in area to 2 • 8. The area of the second from the upper left plus the second from the lower
right also equals 2 • 8. Continuing in this way gives four regions, each equal in area to 2 • 8. Thus,
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15or(l + 15) + (3 + 13) + (5 + 11) + (7 + 9) = 4(2-8) =
8 • 8 = 82.
Part 2. Consider n such regions placed together as shown in the figure. The dimensions of the entire
n
region will be nhy n. Following the process described in part 1 gives — regions, each equal in area to
JLi

n
2 • n. Thus, 1 + 3 + 5 + (2n — l) — - {2 • n) — n2.

Pages 252-253 WRITTEN EXERCISES

1. (® + b)2 2. (g — h)2 3. (a - 6)2 4. (y + 8): 5. (b + 7)2

.
6 (n + 9)2 7. (2 a — b)2 .
8 (5a — b)2 9. (3® + 1): 10. (4® + l)2
.
11 (1 + n)2 .
12 (1 + 2b)2 13. (7® - 2)2 14 (5® - 3)2 15. (5a + 66)2
16. (12w + 5®): .
17 (12® - l)2 18. (4® — 3 y)2 19. (6a + 55)2 20. (4r + 50 2
21. r2 — lOr + 25 = (r - 5)2
2
22. 4m2 + 4mn + n2 — (2m + n)2
23. (lla& - 1): 24. 3(81m2n2 + 18mn + 1) = 3(9mn + l)2
25. 3fc(l + 14/s + 49/s2) = 3/c(l + 7k)‘ 26. 2w(4 + 4n + n2) = 2n(2 + n)2
27. (z - 2a2)2 28. (®2 + y)' 29. (y3 - 4)2
30. (n2 - l)2 = [(n + l)(n — l)]2 = (n + 1 )2{n — l)2

B 31. (®2 - 9)2 - [(® + 3)(® - 3)]2 = (® + 3)2(® - 3)2 32. (a4 - 3)2
33. (® - 2y)2 - 9 = (® - 2y + 3)(® - 2y - 3) 34. (a + 36)2 - 1 = (a + 36 + l)(a + 36-1)
35. m2 — (®2 — 2® + 1) = to2 — (® — l)2 = [m + (® — l)][m — (® — 1)] = (m + ® — 1 )(m — ® + 1)
36. n2 — (y2 + 6y + 9) = n2 — (y + 3)2 = [n + {y + 3)][w — (y + 3)] = (n + y + 3)(n — y — 3)

C 37. (® + 3)2 = ®2 + 6® + 9; k = 6 or (® - 3)2 = ®2 - 6® + 9; k = -6

38. (® - 5)2 = ®2 - 10® + 25; -10 = -2k; k = 5 or (® + 5)2 = ®2 + 10® + 25; 10 = — 2k; k = -5
39. (n - 8)2 = n2 - 16n + 64; k = 64

Pages 254-255 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 12a2 + 16a + 9a + 12 = 12a2 + 25a + 12 2. 27z2 + 9z + 6z + 2 = 27z2 + 15z + 2

3. 1062 — 206 — 186 + 36 = 1062 — 386 + 36 4. 14y2 — 10 y — 21 y + 15 = Uy2 — Sly + 15
5. 12c2 + 9c — 8c — 6 = 12c2 + c — 6 6. 42®2 + 30® — 63® — 45 = 42®2 — 33® — 45
7. 6w2 — 10vw + 33vw — 55y2 = 6w2 + 2Svw — 55v2
8. 28h2 - 48hk + 49hk - 84A;2 = 28h2 + hk - 84k2
9. 16®2 - 6xy + 40®y - 15y2 = 16®2 + 34®y - 15y2
10. 48®2 + 30®y — 56xy - 3by2 = 48®2 - 26®y - 35y2
11. —®2 + 3® — 7® + 21 = —®2 — 4® + 21 12. —®2 — 6® + 5® + 30 = —®2 — ® + 30
13. s2 + 5s + 3s + 15 = s2 + 8s + 15 14. t2 + 2t + 8/ + 16 = t2 + 10/ + 16

B 15. -2y2 + 16y + 3y - 24 = -2y2 + 19y - 24

16. -3y2 — 4y — 15y - 20 = -3y2 - 19y - 20
17. 6n2 + 10n + 12n + 20 = 6n2 + 22n + 20 18. 10m2 + 15m + 4m + 6 = 10m2 + 19m + 6
66 Key to Chapter 7, pages 254-258

19. —.48m2 + .84m + .92m — 1.61 = —.48m2 + 1.76m — 1.61

20. —6.51 h2 + 13.64/i - 6.72h + 14.08 = -6.5162 + 6.92/i -4- 14.08

C 21.. x2 - 25 = x2 + x — 42; -25 = x — 42; 17 = x. {17}

22. x2 — 16 = x2 + 2x - 48; -16 = 2x — 48; 32 = 2x; * = 16. {16}
23. 16r2 + 2r - 3 = 16r2 — 8r + 1; 2r — 3 = —8r + 1; lOr = 4; r = f. {$}
24. 3612 + 14/ — 2 = 36Z2 + 12/ + 1; 14/ — 2 = 12/ + 1; 2/ = 3; / = §. {§}
25. x2 — 1 = x2 — 2x + 1 + 2x; -1 = 1. 0
26. x2 — 3x + 2 = x2 + 2x + 1 — 5x + 1; —3a: + 2 = — 3x + 2; 0 = 0. {directed numbers}

Pages 256-257 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. (n + 3)(n + 11) 2. (z + 3) (2 + 9) 3. (x + 2)(x + 9) 4. (X + 8)(* + 2)

5. (h - 9) (h - 4) 6- (y — 7)(y — 8) 7. (x - 9) (x — 10) 8. (a - 45) (a - 2)
9. (m + 15) (m + 6) 10. (r + 30) (r + 3) 11. (33 - 6)(1 - 6) 12. (1 — A;) (14 - k)
13. (3 + c) (14 + c) 14. (4 + «)(13 + «) 15. (a: + 3)(x + 17) 16. (y + 51)(y+l)
17. (x + 2y)(x + 12y) 18. (y + 242)(y + 2z) 19. (m — 18n)(m — 4n) 20 . (s — /)(« — 20/)
21. (6 - 19c) (6 - 4c) 22. (a - 35) (a - 196) 23. (z - 56) (z - 246) 24. (z — 15d)(z — 8c/)

B 25. 20 = 1 • 20, 2 • 10, 4 • 5, (—1)(—20), (—2)(—10), (—4)(—5). Values for 6: 21, 12, 9, -21, -12, -9
26. 63 = 1 -63, 3-21, 7-9, (—1)(—63), (-3)(-21), (-7)(-9). Values for 6:64, 24,16,-64,-24,-16
27. 1 = 1-1, (—1)(—1). Values for 6: 2, —2
28. 4 = 1 • 4, 2 • 2, (—1)(—4), (-2)(-2). Values for 6: 5, 4, -5, -4
29. 36 = 1 • 36, 2 - 18, 3 • 12, 4 • 9, 6 • 6, (—1)(—36), (—2)(—18), (—3)(—12), (—4)(—9), (—6)(—6);
values for 26: 37, 20, 15, 13, 12, —37, —20, —15, —13, —12. Integral values for 6: 10, 6, —10, —6
30. 44 = 1-44, 2-22, 4-11, (—1)(—44), (—2)(—22), (—4)(—11); values for 26: 45, 24, 15, —45,
—24, —15. Integral values for 6: 12, —12
31. 5 = 1 + 4, 2 + 3. Values for c: 4, 6 32. 7 = 1 + 6, 2 + 5, 3 + 4. Values for c: 6, 10, 12
33. -6 = -1 + (-5), -2 + (-4), -3 + (-3). Values for c: 5, 8, 9
34. 7 = 1 • 7, (—1)(—7); 1 + 7 ^ 3, -1 + (-7) ^ 3
35. 9 = 1 - 9, 3-3, (—1) (—9), (—3)(—3); 1 + 9 ^ 15; 3 + 3 ^ 15, -1 + (-9) ^ 15, -3+(-3) 5^ 15
36. 1 = 1 • 1, (-1)(-1); 1 + 1 ^ -4, -1 + (-1) ^ -4
37. 3 = 1 • 3, (—1)(—3); 1 + 3 ^ -3, -1 + (-3) 5* -3
38. x2 + Ox + 4; 4 = 1 • 4, 2 • 2, (-l)(-4), (—2)(—2); 1 + 4 ^ 0, 2 + 2 ^ 0, -1 + (-4) ^ 0,
-2 + (-2) 5* 0
39. x2 + Ox + 9; 9 = 1 • 9, 3-3, (—1)(—9), (—3)(—3); 1 + 9 ^ 0, 3 + 3 ^ 0, -1 + (-9) 5^ 0,
-3 + (-3) 0

Pages 258-259 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. (x + 5)(x — 2) 2- (y + 7)(y - 2) 3- (y - 7)0/ + 3) 4. (x — 5)(x + 3)
5. (h - 9)(h + 7) .
6 (n + 8)(n — 7) 7. (fc + 11) (k — 10) 8. (w — 12)(w + 8)
9. (r — 11) (r + 9) 10 . (x - 15) (x + 2) 11. (m — 11)(m + 5) 12. (6 + 12) (6 - 11)
13. (x — 11) (x + 3) 14. (n — 12) (n + 4) 15. (x - 10) (x + 9) 16. (6 - 8) (6 + 3)
17. (z — 4Z)(z + /) 18. (/ — 5m) (/ + 2m) 19. 0/ + 2z)(—y + z) 20 . (x + 3y)(—x + 2y)
21. (a + 8) (a - 5) 22. (c + 12) (c - 3) 23. (d -8)(d + 2) 24. (m — 6)(m -f- 5)

B 25. -12 = (1)( 12), (2)(-6), (3)(-4), (—1)(12), (-2)(6), <—3)(4).

Values for 6: —11, —4, —1, 11, 4, 1
26. -14 = (1)(—14), (2)(—7), (— 1)(14), (-2)(7). Values for 6: -13, -5, 13, 5
27. —4 = (1)(—4), (2)(—2), (—1)(4). Values for 6: —3, 0, 3
28. -16 = (1)(—16), (2)(—8), (4)(—4), (—1)(16), (—2)(8). Values for 6: -15, -6, 0, 15, 6
29. -28 = (1)(—28), (2)(—14), (4)(—7), (-1)(28), (—2)(14), (-4)(7); values for 26: -27, -12, -3,
27, 12, 3. Integral values for 6: —6, 6
30. -20 = (1)(—20), (2)(—10), (4)(—5), (—1)(20), (-2)(10), (—4)(5); values for 26: -19, -8, —1,
19, 8, 1. Integral values for 6: —4, 4
31.5=6 + (-1), 7 + (-2). Values for c: -6, -14
Key to Chapter 7, pages 258-262 67

32. 7 = 8 + (-1), 9 + (-2). Values for c: -8, -18

33. -6=1 + (-7), 2 + (-8). Values for c: -7, -16
C 34. -7 = (1)(—7), (—1)(7); 1 + (-7) 7* 8, (-1) + 7*8
35. —4 = (1)(—4), (2)(—2), ( 1)(4); 1 + (—4) A 5, 2 + (—2) A 5, (—1) +4^5
36. -3 = (1)(—3), (— 1)(3); 1 + (-3) * -4, (-1) + 3^-4
37. -5 = (1)(—5), (— 1)(5); 1 + (-5) + -6, (-1) + 5^-6
38. -3 = (1)(—3), (—1)(3); 1 + (-3) ^ 0, (-1) + 3^0
39. -6 = (1)(—6), (2)(—3), ( 1)(6), (—2)(3); 1 + (-6) * 0, 2 + (-3) * 0, (-1) + 6^0,
(-2) + 3^0

Page 260 -WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. (2y+ 1)0 + 3) 2. (3s + 1)0 + 2) 3. (3n - 1 )(n — 1) 4. (3s — 2)0 — 1)

5. (5s - 7)+ + 1) 6. (2x + 1)0 - 5) 7. (3a - l)(a + 1) 8. (5a - l)(a + 1)
9. (4s - l)(2s - 3) 10. (3x - 1)0 + 7) 11. (7y - 3)00 - 1) 12. (13i/+ 6)(y - 1)
B 13. (6z + 7)0 + 3) 14. (14x + 5)0 + 2) 15. (7x - 11) (2s + 1) 16. (2s + 5y)(6s — y)
17. (4s — 3y)(6x + y) 18. (6n + 7s) (n - 9s) 19. (4m - 3) (2m + 5) 20. (5y + 2) (2y - 3)
C 21. (3s + 4) and (2s — 3) 22. (4n — 5) and (n + 2)
23. A = %bh = 15a2 + 38a - 21; %bh = (15a — 7)(a + 3); 2[±bh\ = 2[(15a - 7)(a + 3)];
bh — (30a — 14) (a + 3) or (15a — 7) (2a + 6); [(30a — 14) and (a + 3)] or
[(15a — 7) and (2a + 6)], Ans.
24. A = ibh = 1462 - 25b - 25; %bh = (7b + 5)(26 - 5);
2[tf>h] = 2[(76 + 5) (2b - 5)]; bh = (146 + 10) (26 - 5) or (76 + 5) (46 - 10)
[(146 + 10) and (26 — 5)] or [(76 + 5) and (46 — 10)], Ans.

Pages 262-263 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 3(s2 - 9) = 3(s + 3)(s - 3) 2. 14(y2 - 4) = 140 + 2)0 - 2)

3. 2(w2 + 18is + 81) = 2(w + 9)2 4. 802 + 14z + 49) = 8(z + 7)2
5. (6s - 5)(s - 1) 6. (5r - 3)(r - 2) 7. (7n - l)2 8. (5s - 2)2
9. —5a(s2 + y2) 10. —rt(t2 + r2) 11 . (3s - 4)2 .
12 (2s - 7)2
13. (13a + 762)(13a - 7b2) 14. (7y2 + \2z)(7y2 - 12z)
15. (n + 2)(n - 20) 16. (n - 12)(n + 2) 17. (s - 7)(s + 12)
18. (s - 6)(s + 8) 19. (7 + m)(3 - m) 20. (161 + u)(l - u)
21. 104 + 5s - 22 = (8 + s)(13 - s) 22. 180 + 3r - r2 = (12 + r)( 15 - r)
23. 5(1 - 5y - 6y2) = 5(1 - <5y)(l + y) or -5(6y2 + 5y - 1) = —5(6?/ - 1)0 + 1)
24. 3(1 -7y - 8y2) = 3(1 - 83/)(1 + y) or -3(8y2 A Ay - 1) = -3(8y - 1)0 + 1)
25. (7n + 6)(4n + 9) 26. 6(w2 - 16m; - 57) = 6(m> - 19) (w + 3)
27. 402 -71 — 120) = 40 - 15)0 + 8)
B 28. a(z2 — 12zw + 36w2) = a(z — 6w)2 29. 6(s2 — 14xy + 49y2) = 6(s — 7y)2
30. 3y(2y2 + y - 1) = 3y(2y - 1)0 + 1) 31. 2v(3v2 + 13w + 4) = 2v(3v + 1)0 + 4)
32. — 1 (s2 - 26s + 62) = 1 (s — 6)2 33. -1 (k2 - 2kh + h2) = -1 (k - h)2
34. — l(n2 — 2n + 1) = -1 (n — l)2 35. —1(462 - 46 + 1) = -1(26 - l)2
36. -1(14 + 9z + z2) = -1(7 + z) (2 + z) 37. -1(16 + 10A; + k2) = -1(8 + k)(2 + k)
38. (7a2 - 5a - 2)(a + 1) = (7a + 2)(a - l)(a + 1)
39. (462 - 36 - 1)(6 + 2) = (46 + 1)(6 - 1)(6 + 2)
40. (18s2 + 24s + 8)(s+l) = 2(9s2 + 12s + 4)(s + 1) = 2(3s + 2)2(s + 1)
41. (147y2 - 42y + 3)0 - 1) = 3(49y2 - 14y + 1)0 - 1) - 3(7y - 1)20 - 1)
42. (s2 - 1)(1 + 5s + 4s2) = (s + l)(s - 1)(1 + 4s)(1 + s) = (s + l)2(s - 1)(1 + 4s)
43. 02 - 4)(1 Ay- 2y2) = 0 + 2)0 - 2)(1 + 2y)(\ - y)
44. 2(w4 - 81) = 2(w2 + 9)(w2 - 9) = 2(w2 + 9)(m; + 3)(w - 3)
45. 3(m4 - 625) = 3(m2 + 25)(m2 - 25) = 3(m2 + 25)(m + 5)(m — 5)
46. —1(20y2 — 43 xy + 14s2) = —1(4 y — 7s) (5 y — 2s)
47. —l(8m2 - 50mn + 33n2) = — l(4m - 3w)(2m - lln)
68 Key to Chapter 7, pages 262-266

C 48. (x2 + 5) (x2 - 12) 49. (n2 + 15) (n2 - 2) •

50. (y2 — 4)(y2 — 1) = (2/ + 2)(y — 2)(y + l)(y — 1)
51. (m2 — 9)(m2 — 4) = (m + 3)(m — 3)(m + 2)(m — 2)
52. 5ax2 — 5ay2 + bx2 — by2 — 5a(x2 — y2) + b(x2 — y2) = (5a + b)(x2 — y2) =
(5a + 6)(x + y)(x — y)
53. m2r2 + m2s2 — 9r2 — 9s2 = m2(r2 + s2) + (—9)(r2 + s2) — (m2 — 9)(r2 + s2) =
(m + 3 )(m — 3 )(r2 + s2)
54. y2(y — 1) + (y — 1) = (y2 + 1 )(y — 1)
55. x2(x + 1) + (—l)(x + 1) = (x2 — 1)(x + 1) = (x + 1)(x — 1)(x + 1) = (x -f 1)2(x — 1)
56. 10x2 — 3x + c = (2x — 3)(5x + ?); if (2x)(f) + (—15x) = —3x, then ? = 6;
if 10x2 — 3x + c — (2x — 3)(5x + 6), then c — (—3)(6) = —18
57. 21 y2 - y + c = (3y + 2)(7y + f); if (3y)(f) + 14y = -y, then f = -5;
if 21y2 — y + c = (3y + 2)(7y — 5), then c = (2)(—5) = —10
58. cw2 + 3w — 1 = (5w + l)((f)w — l); if (—5xt>) + (l(?)w) = 3w, then ? = 8;
if cw2 + 3w — 1 = (5w + l)(8w — 1), then c — (5)(8) = 40
59. cn2 — 5n — 21 — (n — 3)((?)n -(- 7); if 7n + (—3(?)n) — —5n, then f = 4;
if cn2 — 5n — 21 = (n — 3)(4n + 7), then c = (1)(4) = 4

Pages 263-264 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. (a - 2) = 0; a = 2. {2} 2. (a - 8) = 0; a = 8. {8} 3. (5 + c) = 0; c = -5. {-5}

7. 12 + c = 0;c= —12. { —12} 8. 0 — 0. {directed numbers} 9. 0 = 0. {directed numbers}

10. (l8 - I) = 0; 18 = 2 ; 18y = 3; y = £. {«

11.0 = 0. {any number other than 0} 12. 0 = 0. {any number other than 0}

B 13. (x — 3) = 0 or (x — 5) = 0; x = 3 or x = 5. {3, 5}
14. (x + 2) = 0 or (x + 7) = 0; x = -2 or x = -7. {-2, -7}
15. (y + 10) = 0 or (y — 7) = 0; y = -10 or y = 7. {-10, 7}
16. (y — 8) = 0 or (y + 3) = 0; y = 8 or y = —3. {8, —3}
17. v = 0 or (2v + 1) = 0; v — 0 or 2v = — 1; v = 0 or v = —{0, —
18. v = 0 or (3v + 1) = 0; v = 0 or 3v = —1; v = 0 or v = — J. {0, —^}
19. (5r + 1) = 0 or (2r — 6) = 0; 5r = —1 or 2r = 6; r = —^ or r = 3. {—3}
20. (6r + 3) = 0 or (7r + 14) = 0; 6r = -3 or 7r = -14; r = -J or r = -2. {-£, -2}

Pages 266-267 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. (w + 10)(w — 9) = 0; (w + 10) = 0 or (w — 9) = 0; w = —10 or w = 9. {—10, 9}

2. (w + 7)(w — 2) = 0; (w + 7) = 0 or (w — 2) = 0; w — —7 or w — 2. {—7, 2}
3. t2 - 2t - 15 = 0; (* — 5)(* + 3> = 0; (t - 5) = 0 or (t + 3) = 0; t = 5 or t = — 3. {5, -3}
4. s2 — 3s — 18 = 0; (s — 6)(s + 3) = 0; (s — 6) = 0 or (s + 3) = 0; s = 6 or s = —3. {6, —3}
5. x2 + 8x -f- 15 = 0; (x 4* 3)(x + 5) = 0; (x + 3) = 0 or (x + 5) = 0; x = —3 or x = —5.
{-3,-5}
6. y2 + 11 y + 18 = 0; (y + 2)(y + 9) = 0; (y + 2) = 0 or (y + 9) = 0; y = — 2 or y = —9.
{-2, -9}
7. y2 — 4y + 3 = 0; (y — 3)(y — 1) = 0; (y — 3) = 0 or (y — 1) = 0; y = 3 or y = 1. {3, 1}
8. x2 — 6x + 5 = 0; (x — l)(x — 5) = 0; (x — 1) = 0 or (x — 5) = 0; x = 1 or x = 5.' {1, 5}
9. x2 — 3x — 108 = 0; (x + 9)(x — 12) = 0; (x + 9) = 0 or (x — 12) = 0; x = —9 or x = 12.
{-9, 12}
Key to Chapter 7, pages 266-267 69

10. m2 — 5m — 66 = 0; (m — 11)(m + 6) = 0; (m — 11) = 0 or (m + 6) = 0; m = 11 or m — —6.

{11, -6}
11. y2 — 4 = 0; (y + 2)(y — 2) = 0; (y + 2) = 0 or (y — 2) = 0; y =■ — 2 or y = 2. {—2,2}
12. (ft + 16)(ft - 16) = 0; (ft + 16) = 0 or (ft - 16) = 0; ft = -16 or ft = 16. {-16, 16}
13. 422 - 25 = 0; (22 + 5)(22 - 5) = 0; (22 + 5) = 0 or (22 - 5) = 0; 2 = -f or 2 = f.
{-Ml
14. 922 - 16 = 0; (32 + 4)(3z - 4) = 0; (32 + 4) = 0 or (32 - 4) = 0; 2 = —f or 2 = £.
4 4)
t 3, 3)

15. x(x — 24) = 0; x = 0 or (x — 24) = 0; x = 0 or x — 24. {0, 24}

16. y(y — 16) = 0; y = 0 or (y — 16) = 0; y = 0 or y = 16. {0, 16}
17. (r + 2)(2r + 5) = 0; (r + 2) - 0 or (2r + 5) = 0; r = -2 or r = —f. {-2, —f}
18. (r + 2)(3r + 7) = 0; (r + 2) = 0 or (3r + 7) = 0; r = -2 or r = -J. {-2, -£}
19. 2n2 — lln + 5 = 0; (2n — l)(n — 5) = 0; (2n — 1) = 0 or (n — 5) = 0; n — \ or n = 5.
{15}
20. x2 + 2>x = 0; x(x + 3) = 0; x — 0 or (x + 3) = 0; x — 0 or x — —3. {0, —3}
21. 2n2 — 5n = 0; n(2n — 5) = 0; n = 0 or (2n — 5) = 0; n = 0 or n = f. {0, f}
22. 2r2 - 17r + 21 = 0; (r - 7)(2r - 3) = 0; (r - 7) - 0 or (2r - 3) = 0; r = 7 or r = f. {7, f}
23. 3k2 - 17ft + 10 = 0; (ft - 5)(3fc - 2) = 0; (ft - 5) = 0 or (3ft - 2) = 0; ft = 5 or ft = §.
{5,§}

24. 1012 — Hi + 3 = 0; (51 - 3) (21 - 1) = 0; (5t - 3) = 0 or (2< — 1) = 0; * = for* = i-ii, 2}

25. 3x2 + Gx - 144 = 0; x2 + 2x — 48 = 0; (x + 8)(3 - 6) - 0; (x + 8) = 0 or (x — 6) = 0;
x = —8 or x = 6. {—8, 6}
26. 4x2 + 8x — 140 = 0; x2 + 2x — 35 = 0; {x + 7)(x — 5) = 0; (x + 7) = 0 or (x — 5) = 0;
x = —7 or x = 5. {—7, 5}
27. 712 - 351 - 168 = 0; t2 - 5t - 24 = 0; (t - 8){t + 3) = 0; (t - 8) = 0 or (t + 3) = 0;
t — 8 or t = —3. {8, —3}
28. 8y2 - 48y - 216 = 0; y2 - 6y - 27 = 0; (y - 9)(y + 3) = 0; (y - 9) = 0 or (y + 3) = 0;
y = 9 or y = —3. {9, —3}
29. x2 — 6x + 9 = 0; (x — 3)(x — 3) = 0; (x — 3) = 0 or (x — 3) = 0; x = 3 or x — 3. {3}
30. (4 + m)(4 + m) = 0; (4 + m) = 0 or (4 + m) = 0; m = —4 or m = —4. {—4}
31. 0 = m2 — 4m; 0 = m(m — 4); m = 0 or (m — 4) = 0; m = 0 or m = 4. {0, 4}
32. s(6s + 1) = 0; s = 0 or (6s + 1) = 0; s = 0 or s = — {0, —£}

B 33. n{n2 — 6n — 40) = 0; n(n — 10)(w + 4) = 0; n = 0 or (n — 10) = 0 or (n + 4) = 0; n = 0

or n = 10 or n = —4. (0, 10, —4}
34. t(t2 + 81 — 84) = 0; t(t + 14)(t — 6) = 0; t = 0 or (< + 14) = 0 or (t — 6) = 0; t = 0 or
t — —14 or t = 6. {0, —14, 6}
35. r(4r2 + 4r + 1) = 0; r(2r + l)(2r + 1) = 0; r = 0 or (2r + 1) = 0 or (2r + 1) = 0; r = 0
or r = — i or r = {0, — £}
36. s(9s2 - 12s + 4) = 0; s(3s - 2)(3s - 2) = 0; s = 0 or (3s - 2) = 0 or (3s - 2) = 0; s = 0
or s = § or s = §. {0, §}
37. (x2 - 16)(x2 - 1) = 0; (x + 4)(x - 4)(x + l)(x - 1) = 0; (x + 4) = 0 or (x - 4) = 0 or
(x + 1) = 0 or (x — 1) = 0; x = — 4 or x = 4 or x = — 1 or x = 1. {—4, 4, —1, 1}
38. (y2 - 9)(y2 - 1) = 0; (y + 3)(y - 3)(y + 1 )(y - 1) = 0; (y + 3) = 0 or (y - 3) = 0 or
(y + 1) = 0 or (y — 1) = 0; y = —3 or y = 3 or y = —1 or y = 1. {—3, 3, 1, 1}

C 39. 4x2 — 4x + 1 + 3x2 — 9x= 3(x2 — 3x + 2) — 5; 4x2 — 4x + 1 + 3a:2 — 9a; = 3a:2 — 9a; + 6 — 5;
7x2 — 13a: + 1 = 3a;2 - 9a; + 1; 4a;2 - 4a; = 0; a;2 - x = 0; x(x — 1) = 0; x = 0 or (x - 1) = 0;
x = 0 or x — 1. {0, 1}
40. 9y4 — 12y2 + 4 — 2 - 5y2 - 5y4 - 9y2 - 2; 9y4 - 17y2 + 2 = 5y4 - 9y2 - 2;
4y4 - 8y2 + 4 = 0; y4 - 2y2 + 1 = 0; (y2 - 1 ){y2 - 1) = 0; (y + 1 )(y - l)(y+ l)(y - 1) = 0;
(y + l) = 0 or (y - 1) = 0 or (y + 1) = 0 or (y - 1) = 0; y = -1 or y = 1 or y = -1 or
y= 1. {-1,1}
41. x(x4 — 5a;2 + 4) = 0; x(x2 — l)(x2 — 4) = 0; x(x + l)(x — 1)(» + 2)(x — 2) = 0; x — 0 or
(x + 1) = 0 or (x - 1) = 0 or (a: + 2) = 0 or (x - 2) = 0; x = 0 or x = -1 or x = 1 or
x = —2 or x = 2. {0, —1, 1, —2, 2}
70 Key to Chapter 7, pages 267-270

42. y(y4 — 8y2 + 16) = 0; y(y2 — 4)(y2 — 4) = 0; y(y + 2)(y — 2)(y + 2)(y — 2) = 0; y = 0 or
(y + 2) = 0 or (y — 2) = 0 or (y + 2) = 0 or (y — 2) = 0; y = 0 or y = —2 or y = 2 or
V = — 2 or y = 2. {0, —2, 2)
43. Since y = 1 or y = 3, then y — 1 = 0 or y — 3 = 0; (y — l)(y — 3) = 0; y2 — 4y + 3 = 0
44. Since z — —1 or z = —2, then z + 1 = 0 or 2 + 2 = 0; (2 + l)(2 + 2) = 0;22 + 32 + 2 = 0
45. Since w = 0, w = 1, or ic = —2, then n> = 0, w — 1 = 0, or w + 2 = 0; w(w — l)(ie + 2) = 0;
w(tc2 + w — 2) = 0; w3 + w2 — 2w = 0
46. Since r = 0, r = 2, or r = 4, then r = 0, r — 2 = 0, or r — 4 = 0; r(r — 2)(r — 4) = 0;
r{r2 — 6r + 8) = 0; r3 — 6r2 + 8r = 0
47. Since p = — 1, p = 1, or p = 3, then p + 1 = 0, p — 1 = 0, or p — 3 = 0;
(p + 1)(P — 1)(P — 3) = 0; (p2 — l)(p — 3) = 0; p3 — 3p2 — p + 3 = 0
48. Since y = —3, y = —2, y = 2, or y = 3, then y + 3 = 0, y + 2 = 0, y — 2 = 0, ory — 3 = 0;
(V + 3)(y + 2)(y - 2)(y - 3) = 0; (y2 - 9)(y2 - 4) = 0; y4 - 13y2 + 36 = 0

Pages 269-270 • PROBLEMS

A 1. Let w = width of rectangle; w + 5 = length of rectangle; 5) = 66; w2 + 5w — 66 = 0;

(u> + 11) (w — 6) = 0; (w + 11) = 0 or (w — 6) = 0; w — —11 (reject) or w — 6 ft,
w + 5 = 11 ft, Ans.
2. Let w = width of rectangle; w + 2 = length of rectangle; w(w + 2) = 99; w2 + 2w — 99 = 0;
(w + ll)(ic — 9) = 0; (w + 11) = 0 or (w — 9) = 0; w — —11 (reject) or w = 9 yd,
w + 2 = 11 yd, Ans.
3. Let t = time it takes to hit ground; 7680 = Q4t + 16£2; 480 = At + t2] t2 + 4t — 480 = 0;
{t + 24) (t — 20) = 0; (t + 24) = 0 or (t — 20) = 0; t = —24 (reject) or t = 20 sec, Ans.
4. Let t = time it takes to reach ground; 11,200 = 481 + 16£2; 700 = 3£ + £2; t2 + St — 700 = 0;
(t + 28) (t — 25) = 0; (t + 28) = 0 or (t — 25) = 0; t = —28 (reject) or t = 25 sec, Ans.
5. 325 = +i(n — 1); 650 = n2 - n; n2 - n - 650 = 0; (n + 25)(n — 26) = 0; (n + 25) = 0 or
(n — 26) = 0; n = —25 (reject) or n = 26, Ans.

6. 15 = PiV-^ ^ ; 30 = p2 - p; p2 - p - 30 = 0; (p + 5)(p - 6) = 0; (p + 5) = 0 or

(p — 6) = 0; p = —5 (reject) or p = 6, Ans.
7. Let x = first integer; x + 2 = second integer; x2 + (x + 2)2 = 202; x2 + x2 + 4x + 4 = 202;
2x2 + 4x — 198 = 0; x2 + 2x — 99 = 0; (x + ll)(x - 9) = 0; (x + 11) = 0 or (x — 9) = 0;
x = —11, x + 2 = —9 or x = 9, x + 2 = 11, Ans.
8. Let x = first integer; x + 2 = second integer; x2 + (x + 2)2 = 100; x2 + x2 + 4x + 4 = 100;
2x2 + 4x — 96 = 0; x2 + 2x — 48 = 0; (x + 8)(x — 6) = 0; (x + 8) = 0 or (x — 6) = 0;
x = —8, x + 2 = —6 or x = 6, x + 2 = 8, Ans.
9. Let n = height of triangle; n + 1 = length of base of triangle; +i(n + 1) = 36; n2 + n = 72;
n2 + n — 72 = 0; (n + 9)(n — 8) = 0; (n + 9) = 0 or (n — 8) = 0; n = —9 (reject) or
n = 8m, n + 1 = 9m. Base, 9m; height, 8m, Ans.
10. Let h = height of triangle; 19 — h = length of base of triangle; 42 = ^(19 — h)h] 84 = 19/i — h2\
h2 - 19h + 84 = 0; (h - 12)(ft - 7) = 0; (ft - 12) = 0 or (ft - 7) = 0; ft = 12 cm,
19 — ft = 7 cm or ft = 7 cm, 19 — ft = 12 cm, Ans.
11. Let t = number of seconds; 64 = 64£ — 16£2; 4 = At — t2\ t2 — 4£ + 4 = 0; (£ — 2)(£ — 2) = 0;
(£ — 2) = 0 or (t — 2) = 0; t = 2 sec, Ans.
12. Let t = number of seconds; 144 = 96£ — 16£2; 9 = 6£ — £2; t2 — 6f + 9 = 0; (t — 3)(£ — 3) = 0;
(t — 3) = 0 or (£ — 3) = 0; t = 3 sec, Ans.
13. Let t = number of seconds; 4656 = 1600£ — 16£2; 291 = 100£ — £2; t2 — 100£ + 291 = 0;
(t — 97) (£ — 3) = 0; (t — 97) = 0 or (£ — 3) = 0; t = 97 (reject) or t = 3 sec, Ans.
14. Let t — number of seconds; 2080 = 2096£ — 16f2; 130 = 131£ — f2; t2 — 131£ + 130 = 0;
(t — 130)(£ — 1) = 0; (t — 130) = 0 or (t — 1) = 0; t = 130 (reject) or t = 1 sec, Ans.

B 15. Let x = width of strip; 2x = total no. of feet added to each dimension; (80 + 2x)(120 + 2x) = new
plowed area; (80 + 2x)(120 + 2x) = 2(80)(120); 9600 + 400x + 4x2 = 19200;
4x2 + 400x - 9600 = 0; x2 + lOOx — 2400 = 0; (x + 120)(x - 20) = 0; (x + 120) = 0 or
(x — 20) = 0; x = —120 (reject) or x = 20 ft; 2x = 40 ft, Ans.
Key to Chapter 7, pages 270-274 71

16. Let x = total no. of feet to reduce each dimension; (30 — a;) (40 — x) = new area;
(30 - a;)(40 — x) = £(30)(40); 1200 - 70a: + a;2 = 600; a;2 - 70a; + 600 = 0;
{x — 60) (x — 10) = 0; (x — 60) = 0 or (x—10) = 0; x = 60 (reject) or x = 10 ft, Ans.
17. a. Let t = time at which it is 32 ft above ground; 32 = 48£ — 16£2; 16f2 — 48£ -f- 32 = 0;
t2 — 3t + 2 = 0; (t — 2)(t — 1) = 0; (t — 2) = 0 or (t — 1) = 0; t = 2 sec or t = 1 sec;
there are two roots because the ball is at given height on the way up and on the way down.
b. Ball returns when h — 0; let t = time at which it returns; 0 = 48t — 16t2] 1612 — 481 = 0;
t2 — St = 0; t(t — 3) = 0; t — 0 or (t — 3) = 0; t = 0 (reject) or t = 3 sec, Ans.
18. a. Let t = time when bullet is 3200 ft above ground; 3200 = 3216< — 1612) 1612 — 3216t + 3200 = 0;
t2 — 201* + 200 = 0; (t — 200)(t - 1) = 0; (t — 200) = 0 or (* — 1) = 0; t = 200 sec or
t = 1 sec; explanation: see #17
b. Let t = time at which it returns to ground; 0 = 3216£ — 16t2) 1612 — 3216£ = 0; t2 — 20It — 0;
t(t — 201) = 0; t = 0 or (t — 201) = 0; t = 0 (reject) or t = 201 sec = 3/0 mhb Ans.
19. If the product of two numbers equals a nonzero number, it does not follow that each factor equals
a factor of the number. It is only true for 0 that if a • b = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0, for one of the
factors must be 0 if the product is zero. Further, {3, 5} does not satisfy the original equation.
20. n2 + 8 = 2(n + 8); n2 + 8 = 2n + 16; n2 - 2n - 8 = 0; (n + 2)(n — 4) = 0; (n + 2) = 0
or (w — 4) = 0; n = —2 (reject) or n = 4, n2 = 16 yr, Ans.
21. Let x = length of one leg of triangle; x + 2 = length of hypotenuse of triangle;
60 — (x + x + 2) = 58 — 2x = length of third leg of triangle; £(x)(58 — 2x) = 120;
£(58x - 2x2) = 120; 29z - z2 = 120; z2 - 29x + 120 = 0; (x — 24)(* - 5) = 0;
{x — 24) = 0 or {x — 5) = 0; x = 5 (reject, since hypotenuse must be longest side) or x = 24,
x + 2 = 26 ft, Ans.
22. Let n = any whole number; n + 1 = next whole number; n2 + (n + l)2 = n2 + n2 + 2n + 1 =
2w2 + 2n + 1 = 2(n2 + n) + 1. Since 2(n2 + n) is even, then 2(n2 + n) + 1 is odd.

Page 273 CHAPTER TEST

1. 792 = 23 • 32 • 11; 2520 = 23 • 32 • 5 • 7. Greatest common factor of 792 and 2520:23 • 32 = 72, Ans.
2. 7yz2 3. 16a(5a - b) 4. (x - 2)(x + 1)
5. y3 - 15 - 5y2 + 3y = (y3 - by2) + (3y - 15) = y2(y - 5) + 3(y - 5) = (y2 + 3){y - 5)
or y3 — 15 — by2 + 3y = (y3 + 3y) — (by2 + 15) = y\y2 + 3) — b(y2 + 3) = (y — b){y2 + 3)
6. 81x6 7. (rs)2 - (t2)2 = r2s2 - t4 8. 2(4m2 - 25) = 2(2m + 5)(2m - 5)
9. x2 - 144 = (x + 12) (a; - 12) 10. 9a2 + 6ab + b2
11. 2bk2 — 20km + 4m2 12. (5a: + 9y)2
13. 12a:2 — 17a: — 5 = 12a:2 - 20a: + 7; 3a: = 12; x = 4. {4}
Check: (3 • 4 - 5)(4-4 + 1) J= (6 • 4 - 7)(2-4 - 1); 7 • 17 J= 17-7; 119 = 119
14. (n + 14)(w + 3) 15. (r — 18s)(r — 5s) 16. (m + 9)(m — 4) 17. (k — 9)(k + 2)
18. (9w + 8)(4n + 7) 19. (3a + 45) (a - 95) 20. 10(3t2 + t - 10) = 10(3* - 5)(f + 2)
21. x — 2 = 0ora: + 5 = 0; a: = 2 or a: = —5. {2, —5}
Check: x = 2, (2 - 2)(2 + 5) =L 0, 0 • 7 = 0; x = -b, (-5 - 2)(-5 + 5) =L 0, (-7) -0=0
22. y(2y - 1) = 0; y = 0 or 2y - 1 = 0; y = 0 or y = £. {0, £}
Check: y = 0, 0(2 • 0 - 1) J= 0, 0 • (-1) = 0; y = £, £(2 • £ - 1) =*= 0, £(1 - 1) 0, \ • 0 = 0
23. z2 - 2 — 90 = 0; (z — 10)(z + 9) = 0; (z — 10) = 0 or (z + 9) = 0; z = 10 or z = —9. {10, -9}
Check: z = 10, 102 - 10 =L 90, 100 - 10 = 90; z - -9, (-9)2 - (-9) J= 90, 81 + 9 = 90
24. (7 n + 13)(7n - 13) = 0; 7 n + 13 = 0 or (7 n — 13) = 0; n = — orn = ^. {—Jf, ^}
Check: n = 49(-^)2 - 169 =?= 0; 49 • W - 169 ± 0; 169 - 169 - 0;
n = 49(Jf)2 - 169 =?= 0; 49 • ^ - 169 =L 0; 169 — 169 = 0
25. Let x = width in feet; x + 8 = length in feet; a:(a; + 8) = 105; x2 + 8a: — 105 = 0;
a:2 + 8a: - 105 - 0; (x + 15)(a: - 7) = 0; (x + 15) = 0 or (x - 7) = 0; x = -15 (rejected);
x = 7 ft, x + 8 = 15 ft, Ans.

Pages 274-276 CHAPTER REVIEW

1. 23-32-51 2. (-56c2) 3. 360 = 9 -40; 400 = 10 -40; 40, Ans.

4. (2x3y3)1 = 2x3y3] (2x3y3)2 = 4a;cy6, not a factor of 6a;9y9) (2x3y3), Ans.
72 Key to Chapter 7, pages 274-278

5. 5x2(x2 — 2x + 3) 6. x(x — 2x2 + 1) = —x(2x2 — x — 1) = —x(2x + l)(x — 1)

7. n2, 2 8. (y + 5)(y — 3) 9. r(r + 3) + s(r + 3) = (r + s)(r + 3)
10. (2x — l)(3x + 1 - 1) = (2x - l)(3x) = 3x(2x - 1)
11. t(2r + 5s) - (3w)(2r + 5s) = (t - 3m) (2r + 5s) 12. (-16)2 - 256 13. (8x)2 = 64x2
14. (—7a253)2 = 49o466 15. 25n2 — x2 16. 9y2 — &
17. (2x + 5)(2x - 5) 18. 8(x2 - 4y2) = 8(x + 2y)(x - 2z/) 19. d{2d2 - 1)
20. (x2 + 9)(x2 - 9) = (x2 + 9)(x + 3)(x - 3) 21. a2 + 2ab + b2
22. a2 - 2ab + b2 23. 4x2 — 4x + 1 24. 25h2 + 30hk + 9k2
25. (a) x2 — 20x — 100 is not a trinomial square because the third term is not a square.
(b) 4m2 — 24m + 9 is not a trinomial square because the middle term is not double the product
of 2m and 3.
(c) y2 + 2y + 1 = (y + l)2
26. (4x - l)(4x — 1) = (4x - l)2 27. (3z + 5a)(3z + 5a) = (3z + 5a)2
28. quadratic 29. linear 30. constant 31. 8x2 + 59x + 21 32. 5n2 — 64n + 48
33. (5x - 8)(2x - 3) = (x + 2)(10x - 9); 10x2 - 31x + 24 - 10x2 + llx - 18; 42 = 42x;x = 1. {1}
34. 12, 8 35. positive, negative 36. r = 6, s = 2 37. (n + 11) (n + 4)
38. (x — 21)(x — 2) 39. —42, 1 40. opposite 41. r = 7, s = —6
42. (x + 6)(x - 7) 43. (x + 5)(x - 7) 44. (x + 7)(x - 5)
45. (3x + 1)(x + 2) if b = 7; (3x - l)(x - 2) if b = -7; (3x + 2)(x + 1) if b = 5;
(3x - 2)(x - 1) if 6 = —5. 6 e {7, -7, 5, -5}
46. (142/ “ 1 )(y ~ 3) if b = 43; (14y + 1 ){y + 3) if b = -43; (14t/ - 3)(y - 1) if b = 17;
(Uy + 3)(y + 1) if b = -17; (7y - 1)(2y - 3) if b= 23; (7y + 1)(2y + 3) if b = —23;
(7y - 3)(2y - 1) if b = 13; (7y + 3)(2y + 1) if b = -13.
b e {43, -43, 17, -17, 23, -23, 13, -13}
47. (lOn + 6)(n — 1) = 2(5n + 3)(n — 1) if b = 4; (lOn - 6)(n + 1) = 2(5n — 3)(n + 1) if b = -4;
(lOw + l)(n - 6) if b = 59; (10n - l)(n + 6) if b = -59; (lOn + 3)(n — 2) if b = 17;
(lOn — 3)(n + 2) if b - -17; (lOn + 2)(n — 3) = 2(5n + l)(n - 3) if b = 28;
(lOn - 2)(n + 3) = 2(5n - l)(n + 3) if b = -28; (5n - 6)(2n + 1) if b = 7;
(5n + 6)(2m — 1) if b = -7; (5n + 2)(2n - 3) if b = 11; (5n - 2)(2n + 3) if b = —11.
b E {4, -4, 59, -59, 17, -17, 28, -28, 7, -7, 11, -11}
48. (4y — 3) (5y — 1) 49. (2z + l)(13z — 6) 50. difference, squares
51. perfect square, not a perfect square 52. x + 2 = 0; x = —2. {—2}
53. ?/ + 2 = 0or2?/ — 5 = 0;t/ = —2 or ?/ = f. {—2, f} 54. x2 — 5x — 50 = 0
55. x2 + 9x — 70 = 0; (x + 14)(x — 5) = 0; x + 14 = 0 or x — 5 = 0; x = —14 or x = 5. {—14, 5}
56. x2 — 19x + 84 = 0; (x — 12)(x — 7) = 0; x — 12 = 0 or x — 7 = 0; x = 12 or x = 7. {12, 7} |
57. x(x2 — lx — 30) - 0; x(x — 10)(x + 3) = 0; x = 0, or x — 10 = 0, or x + 3 = 0; x = 0 or
x = 10 or x = —3. {0, 10, —3}
58. Let x = the integer; 2x2 = 7x — 3; 2x2 — 7x + 3 = 0; (2x — l)(x — 3) = 0; 2x — 1 = 0 or'
x — 3 = 0;x=| (rejected); x = 3, ^4ns.

Page 278 • EXTRA FOR EXPERTS

1. 1.86 X 108 2. 1.7 X 10~7 3. 2.5 X 10-5 4. 6.02 X 1023

5. 1.3 X 1011 6. 1.6 X 10~19 7. 93,000,000 8. 186,000
9. 96,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 10. .0000095
11. .0000000667 12. .00000000000000000016

13 ^xiOT6 = 3X 10-6-(_2) 3 X 10
—4
14. (5.83 X 1.39) X (10-9 X 10~8) = 8.1037 X 10
v— 1 7
2.3 X 10-2
-12
15. IT X = 2 x 105-17 = -2 X 10
16. (9.72 X 4.8) X (108 X 10_2°) = 46.656 X 10-12 = 4.6656 X 10-u
17. (8.3 - 6.7)103 + (2.7 + 3.1 - 8.1)104 = (1.6)103 + (-2.3)104 (.16 - 2.3)10 = -2.14 X 10
Key to Chapter 8, pages 282-285 73

CHAPTER 8. Working with Fractions

Page 282 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. — ; y 0 2. — ; 2 5* 0 3. 3^; no exclusions
y z
_ 2x x , .
4. no exclusions 5. — = - ; no exclusions 6. ; no exclusions
1U o
6 1 a k
7.
-
; b 0 8. a
; a — 1 p^ 0; a p^ 1 9.
6 k - 12
; 6k — 12 p* 0; k p* 2

10.
/ J3/+21 ^ 0;/ p* -7
„ 12x 4- 4
11. -5-; no exclusions
3/+ 21
15r - 10 Sy- 2 . .
12. —2— -= -JZ—;-; no exclusions
5 1 13' 14g + 7 5 14d + 7 ^ ^ i
h — 5
14. ; 33A — 11 p^ 0; 6 p^ £
33/i — 11
_1_
15. ; x(x — 1) p^ 0; x p^ 0 and x — 1 p^ 0; x p^ 0 and x 9* 1
x(x — 1)
1
16. ; y(y + 4) p^ 0; y p^ 0 and y 4- 4 p^ 0; y 9* 0 and y 9^ —4
y{y 4- 4)
B 17. c2 — 8c 4- 12 = 0; (c — 6)(c — 2) = 0; c — 6 = 0 or c — 2 = 0; c = 6 or c — 2. {6, 2}
18. d2 4“ 9d —(— 14 = 0; (d + 7)(d + 2) — 0; d -|- 7 = 0 or d 4~ 2 = 0; d = —7 or d — —2.{—7, —2}
19. 5p2 4- 14p — 3 = 0; (5p — 1 ){p + 3) = 0; 5p — 1 = 0 or p + 3 = 0; 5p = 1 or p = —3;
V = i °r P = —3. {£, —3}
20. 7g2 - 5g -2 = 0; (7? + 2)(<7 - 1) = 0; 7g + 2 = 0 or £-1 = 0; 7g = -2 or <7 = 1;
g = -f or g = 1. {-f, 1}
21. a2 — 4 = 0; (a 4- 2)(a — 2) = 0; a 4- 2 = 0 or a - 2 = 0;a = —2 or a = 2. {—2, 2}
22. 62 - 9 = 0; (6 4- 3)(6 - 3) = 0; b + 3 = 0 or b - 3 = 0; b = -3 or b = 3. {-3, 3}
23. y2 + 9 = 0; 0 24. x2 + 4 = 0; 0
25. x2 — 16 = 0; (x + 4)(x — 4) = 0; x 4~ 4 = 0 or x — 4 = 0;x = —4 or x = 4. {—4, 4}

C 26. a(a — b) 4 0;a ^ 0 and a-&4 0;a40 and a 9^ b

27. c2 + 2cd 4- d2 p* 0; (c + d)(c 4“ d) p^ 0; c + d p^ 0 and c + d p^ 0; c p^ —d
28. r2 — 2rs + s2 9* 0; (r — s)(r — s) 9£ 0; r — s 9£ 0 and r — s 9* 0; r 9* s

Pages 284-285 WRITTEN EXERCISES

_ 30hk • h , . , „ 7 , n n 5st- t t , „ . , „
1.
30 hk
— = h; h 9^ 0, k 9^ 0 .
2 ——— = -;sp^0, t
5st • 6 6
9^ 0

-3 • 7mV —5z2 • 7x2 _5z_

3. ] m 9£ 0, n 9^ 0 4. ; x p^ 0, y 9^ 0
4mn • 7m2n2 4mn 9xy3 ■ 7x2 9x?/3

5. 4^-{|r ^ |; 4(a 4- 6) ^0;a + M0;a^ —b

6. 45^(c—;—=
+ d)
-—t—4 ; 5(c 4- d)
c 4~ d
4 0;c4-d 4 0;c 4 —d

4(x 4- d) 4
7. (x — y){x 4- y) ^ 0; x — y 9^ 0 and x 4- y 9* 0; x p^ y and x p^ —y
(x — y)(x + y) x — y
or |x| p^ \y\

8. (r °*t5) = ; 3(r 4- 5) 4 0;r + 540;r4 -5

3(r 4- 5)
2a 4~ 36 n i s r\ __ 5r + 36 . n , A
9. —77—;— ; a p^ 0, 6 p^ 0 10. —^ ; r 9* 0, s p* 0
2a6 ’ “ ^ v’ " ^ ~ 5rs
When necessary to use —1 as a factor, either the numerator or the denominator may be expressed as a
product of —1. Only one of these alternatives is used in any one of the solutions given here.

(x 4~ 4) (x — 4) _ x 4- 4
11. (—l)(x - 4) -1
—x — 4; 4 — x p^ 0; x p^ 4

12. (1 + a)(l-a) = l_+_a = _j _ fl;a _ 2 ^ 0;a 4 1

(—D(1 - a) -1
74 Key to Chapter 8, page 285

13. (m- ^~ ow~~-5 (m - 2)(m -2)+0;m-2 + 0;m + 2

(m — 2)(m — 2) m — 2

14. [X + 4^-~-4? = ~--i ; (x — 4)(x - 4) + 0; x — 4 + 0; x + 4

(x — 4) (x — 4) x — 4
3 (a + 1)
15 . (a + l)(a + 1) a + 1
; (a + l)(a + 1) ^ 0; a + 1 ^ 0;a 5^ —1

5 (a; + 2) 5
16. ; (a; + 2)(x + 2) + 0; x + 2 + 0; x + —2
(x + 2)(x + 2) a;+ 2
s(r2 — 1) s(r — l)(r + 1)
17. = s(r + 1); r — 1 ^ 0;r 5^ 1
r — 1 (r — 1)
2(d2 1) 2(d+l)(d-l)
18. = 2(d - 1); d + 1 + 0; d + -1
d 4“ 1 (d + 1)
a: 4- 1
19. -~7~- ; x + 1 + 0; x + -1
x + 1
x — 4
20 .
x2 — 4
; (x + 2)(x — 2) + 0; x + 2 + 0 and x — 2 + 0; x + —2 and x + 2 or |x| + 2

6(a2 - 9) 6(a + 3)(a - 3) _ 3(a - 3)

21. 2(a2 + 4o + 3) 2 (a + 3)(o +1) a + 1
; 2(a + 3)(a + 1) + 0; a + 3 + 0 and a + 1 + 0;

a + —3 and a ^ -1

22. 8++ 5a + 4) = + + + t 4' = - + 1} ; 2(4 - a)(4 + a) ^ 0;

2(16 — a2) “ 2(4 — a) (4 + a) 4 — a
4 - a ^ 0 and 4 + a + 0;a + 4 and a + —4 or |aj + 4
5(c2 - 9c + 18) 5(c - 3)(c - 6) 5(c - 3)(c - 6) c - 3 c—3 c — 3
23. or
5(36-c2) 5(—l)(c2 — 36) 5(-l)(c + 6)(c - 6) -l(c + 6) c+6 -c - 6 ’
5(—l)(c + 6)(c — 6) + 0;c + 6 + 0 and c — 6 4 0;c ^ —6 and c + 6 or |c| ^ 6
3(d2 - 9) _ 3(d + 3)(d — 3) _ 3(d + 3) . . _ _
d2 - lid + 24 (d — 8) (d — 3) d-8 ’ {d 6) ^ U’
d — 8 + 0 and d — 3 + 0; d + 8 and d 9* 3

(c + 2d) (c + 2d) _ c + 2d
B 25. ; (c + 2d)(c — 2d) + 0; c + 2d + 0 and c — 2d + 0;
(c + 2 d)(c — 2d) c — 2d
c + —2d and c 9^ 2d or |c| +£ 2d
(3o + 6) (3a + 6) 3a + b
26. ; (3a + b)(3a — b) + 0; 3a + b + 0 and 3a — b + 0;
(3a + 6) (3a — b) 3a — b
b + —3a and b + 3a or |6| 9* 3a
r(r — 3) r
27. ; (r — l)(r — 3) 9* 0; r — 1 +0 and r — 3 + 0; r + 1 and f + 3
(r — l)(r — 3) r — 1
t(t — 7) t
28. ; (t — l)(i — 7) + 0; t — 1 + 0 and t — 7 + 0; t 9* 1 and t + 7
ct — 1)(* - 7)~ t - 1
(a — 4) (a + 1) _ a — 4
29. ; (a + l)(a + 1) + 0; a + 1 + 0; a + —1
(a + l)(a + 1) a + 1
(b + 6)(6 - 1) 6 + 6 ,
30. ; (6 — 1)(6 — 1) + 0; 6 — 1 + 0; 6 + 1
(6 - 1 )(6 - 1) 6-1
(2 - 3)(z - 5) _ 2-5 .
31. ; (2 — 3)(2 + 4) + 0; 2 — 3 + 0 and 2 + 4 + 0; 2 + 3 and 2 + —4
(2 — 3) (2 + 4) 2 + 4

(m — 4)(m + 2) m — 4
32. ; (m — 3)(m + 2) + 0; ra — 3 + 0 and m + 2 + 0;
(m — 3)(m + 2) m — 3
m + 3 and m + —2
(x — 2)(x — 2) (x — 2)(x — 2) x x — 2 x — 2
33. or —
-l(x2 — 4) —l(x + 2)(x-2) — l(x + 2) -x-2'" x + 2’
— l(x + 2)(x — 2)+0;x + 2 + 0 and x — 2 + 0; x + —2 and x + 2 or |x| +2
34. Irreducible; x is not a factor of the numerator
35. Irreducible; r and 5 are not factors of the numerator or the denominator

36. Omitted second term; ^a-^~ ^ = a + 1

y 1
37. Irreducible; 6 is not a factor of the numerator or the denominator
38. Irreducible; 3 and t are not factors of the numerator or the denominator
Key to Chapter 8, pages 285-288 75

39. Irreducible; x is not a factor of the numerator

(3ra + l)(2n — 5) 3n + 1
C 40. (3n — l)(2n — 5) 9^ 0; 3n — 1 9^ 0 and 2n — 5 ^ 0;
(3n - l)(2n - 5) 3n - 1
n 9^ \ and n 9^ f
(4n — l)(2n + 3) 2n + 3
41. (4n — l)(2n — 3) ^ 0; 4n — 1 0 and 2n — 3 9^ 0;
(4n - 1)(2n — 3) “ 2n - 3
n i and n 9^ §
,2>
3m(2 + m — m ) _ 3m(—l)(m — m — 2) _ 3m(—l)(m — 2)(m + 1) _ (—1 )(m — 2)
6 m(m2 + 3m + 2) 6m(m + 2 )(m + 1) 6m(m + 2)(m +1) — 2(m + 2)
—m + 2
2(;- 2^ > 6m(m + 2)(m + 1) ^ 0;m ^ 0 and m + 2 ^ 0 and m + 1 ^ 0;

m 5^ 0 and m 9^ —2 and m 9^ — 1
5*(2*2 — 3< - 2) 5*(21 +!)(< — 2) 5(t - 2)
43. ;4<(1 + 20(1 - 20 ^ 0;
4<(1 - 4t2) 4t(l + 20(1 - 20 4(1 - 20
t 9^ 0 and 1 + 2t 9^ 0 and 1 — 2t 9^ 0; t ^ 0 and t 9^ — % and t ^ ^ or t 0 and |£| 9^ %
2x(x + 10a: + 25) 2x(x + 5)(x + 5) (x + 5)(x + 5) . ( 2 , , n.
4x(x2 + 25) 4x(x2 + 25) 2(x2 + 25) ’ ^ ^ ^ U’
x 9* 0 and x2 + 25 5^ 0; x 9^ 0

45. 5p(j? t; 4) = ; 25p(p2 + 4) 5^ 0; p 5* 0 and p2 + 4 ^ 0; p 9^ 0

25 p{p2 + 4) HP2 + 4)
62s(2“ + 9x2 + 20x2) _ 622(2 + 4x)(z + 5x) _ 2z2(z + 5x)
46. ; 3(2 + 4x)(z — 3x) 0;
3 (22 + xz — 12x2) 3(2 + 4x)(z — 3x) z — 3x
2 -f- 4x 9^ 0 and 2 - 3x ^ 0; 2 ^ —4x and 2 ^ 3x

4mn(m2 — 2mn — 8n2) _ 4mn(m — 4ri)(m + 2n) _ 2n(m — 4n)

47. ; 6m2(m — 3n)(m + 2w) ^ 0;
6 m2(m2 — mn — 6n2) 6m2(m — 3 n)(m + 2n) 3 m(m — 3w)
m2 9^ 0 and m — 3n 9^ 0 and m + 2n 9^ 0; m 9^ 0 and m 9^ 3n and m 5^ —2n

Pages 287-288 WRITTEN EXERCISES

1
1. 8-12
4-36
4-2-12
4-3-12
2
2 . 6-9
9 • 12
6 • 9
9-2-6 2
12-24 4 • 3 • 2 • 4 • 3 9
3. 1 ft = 12 in; 2 ft = 24 in;
8 • 20 ~ 4 • 2 • 5 • 4 - 5
9-9 _ 1
4. 1.5 ft = 1.5(12) = !8in;^ = 9.2.9>2
4
25 25 1 15 5 • 3 3
5* 100 “ 4 • 25 ~ 4
6 . 25 5- 5 = = 5
360 12 3 • 10
7,250,000 25 • 29 • 10,000
7’ 2,500,000 _ 25 • 10 • 10,000
29
10
8 . 1200 12 • 10 • 10
_3
10
9. No. of men = 10,500 — 3500 = 7000; .
10 No. of lb of chlorine = 290 — 175 = 115;
7000 3500 ■ 2 2 175 5 • 35 35
3500 3500 ~ 1 115 “ '5-23 " 23
3 -4- 6 4 *(14 • 20) 14-2-5-2 2
11 1I. *(12 • 6) 19
*(18 • 5) “ 3 • 6 • 5 _ 5 *(28 •5) 14-2-5 1
13. 1 ft == 12 in; 1^ ft = 18 in; 14. 4 yd = 4(3) == 12 ft; 3 yd = 3(3) = 9 ft;
*(12 • 9) 4 • 3 • 9 3 *(12 • 2) 3 •4-2 2
*(18 • 4) _ 2 • 9 • 4^2 *(»• 4) 3 -3-4 3
3y . x 3 5y m x 5 X
15. x = 16. x = 17. x —
4 'y ~ 4 ~2’y “ 2 ly’v = T
1 ,8‘ 2
y = T
1
2y x 2 0 . 2y x 2
19. 3x = 2 y,x = 20. 6 y = 9x; 2y ■
3 ’y ~ 3 3x,x 3 ’y 3

„ /3x + 2y\ = 22.

B 21.
6H 2u j6y ; 9x + 6y = 8 y;
*(c£L) = 4x (—

2y x 2
; 4x — 2y = —3x;

2y x 2
7x = 2y; x -
9x = 2 y;x = "T;y~7
9 ;y 9
0.. (4x + &y\
23. 1 = 6y (f) ; 9* — 4 y ■= 32 y; 24. 1 = 3y (y) ; 4x + 6» == 10y;
3y\ 3 y )
76 Key to Chapter 8, pages 288-291

X 4
9x = 36y; x = 4y; - = j 4x = 4y; x = p; ^ = y

x2 — 2y2 = 2xy — 3y2) x2 — 2xy + y2 = 0; a;2 +• 7y2 = 3y“ — 4xy, x2 + 4xy + 4y2 = 0;
(x — y)(x — y) — 0] x — y = 0 and (a: + 2p)(x + 2p) = 0; x + 2y = 0 and
n X 1
X — y = 0; X = y; - = y x + 2y = 0; x = —2y\^ = -p

Pages 288-289 • PROBLEMS

A 1. Let5n = larger number; 2n = smaller number; 5n — 2n = 56; 3n = 56; n = 18§;5n = 93J, Ans.
2 . Since both numbers will be negative, n represents a negative number. Thus, let 5n = smaller number;
3 n = larger number; 5n + 3n = —24; 8 n = —24; n = —3; 5 n = —15, A ns.
3. Let 2x = number from one city; 5x = number from the other city; 2x + 5x = 35; 7x — 35;
x — 5; 2x — 10, 5x = 25, Ans.
4. Let 12x = weight of tin; x = weight of silver; 12x + x = 78; 13x = 78; x = 6 lb, Ans.
5. Let 8x — land height; 5x = sky height; 8x + 5x = 104; 13x = 104; x = 8; 8x = 64 in, Ans.
6 . Let 3x = cups of whole wheat flour; x = cups of white flour; 3x + x = 8; 4x = 8; x = 2 cups, Ans
7. Let x = weight of copper; 9x = weight of silver; x + 9x = 45; lOx = 45; x = \\ lb, 9x = 40^ lb, Ans.
8 . Let 500x = amount Ross invests; 600x = amount Morgan invests; 500x + 600x = 24,200;
llOOx = 24,200; x = 22; 500x = $11,000, 600x = $13,200, Ans.
9. For Mr. A: J^r= f = 5; for Mr. B: f§ = 4^ = 5^; 5 < 5^. $1.05 for 21 pounds is better buy.
10. First worker: H — ff^; second worker: ^ < fff. Second worker is faster
11. Let 2x = shorter part; 3x = longer part; 2x + 3x = 30; 5x = 30; x = 6; 2x = 12 cm, 3x = 18 cm, Ans
12. Let 3x = shorter part; 4x = longer part; 3x + 4x = 21; 7x — 21; x = 3; 3x = 9 cm, 4x = 12 cm, Ans.

B 13. Let 2x = number built after 1950; 5x = number built before 1950; 2x + 5x = 1,343,790;
7x = 1,343,790; x = 191,970; 5x = 959,850, Ans.
14. Let 3x = number of primary miles; 14x = number of secondary miles; 3x + 14x = 41,140;
17x = 41,140; x = 2420; 14x = 33,880 mi, Ans.
*15. Let x — weight of hydrogen: 16x = weight of sulfur; 32x = weight of oxygen; x + 16x + 32x = 490;
x = 10; 16x = 160; 32x = 320. 10 lb hydrogen, 160 lb sulfur, 320 lb oxygen, Ans.
16. Let 9x = weight of clay; 2x = weight of sand; 9x = weight of silt; 9x + 2x + 9x = 500;
20x = 500; x = 25; 9x = 225 lb; 2x = 50 lb. 50 lb sand, 225 lb clay, 225 lb silt, Ans.
17. Let 3x = smallest part; 5x = middle part; 7x = largest part; 3x + 5x + 7x = 1200; 15x = 1200;
x — 80; 7x = $560, Ans.
18. Let 2x = Jack’s share; 3x — Walt’s share; 4x = Randy’s share; 2x + 3x + 4x = 6.75; 9x = 6.75;
x — .75; 4x = $3.00, Ans.

Pages 290-291 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

1. p = .07(250); p = 17.5 2. p = .02(2.5); p = .05 3. p = .32(12.5); p = 4

4. p = .90(1000); p = 90 5. p = .75(6); p = 4.5 6. p = 1.00(72) ;p - 72
7. p = 2.00(12); p = 24 8. p = 1.50(38); p = 57 9. p = 3.00(1); p = 3
.
10 p = .0225(16); p = .36 11. p = .002(635) ;p = 1.27 12. p = .0003(1000); p = .3
13. 24 = .306; 306 = 2400; 6 = 80 14. 17 = .256; 256 = 1700; 6 = 68
15. 2.1 = .056; 56 = 210; 6 = 42 16. 5.2 = .806; 806 = 520; 6 = 6.5
17. 195 = 1.006; 6 - 195 18. 63 = 1.506; 1506 = 6300; 6 = 42
19. .72 = .00ib; ib = 72; 6 = 216 20. 20.4 = .0126; 126 = 20400; 6 = 1700

21. 39 = r
52.r — 39 — 3. 13 3
75% 22. 21 = r • 35; r = Q = f; r = 60%
5J’r ~ 52 ~ 4 13 = 4;r
23. 12 = r 3; r = = f; r = 400% 24. 15 = r • 6; r = *£■ = f; r = 250%
1 .5
25. 1 = r • 200; r = 2QQ = its
1Q() i r = -5% or r = £%

26. 3 = r • 240; r = = so', r = 1.25% or r = l\%

27. 60 = r • 5; r = ^ = Jj2; r = 1200% 28. 500 = r • 25; r = r = 2000%

*For problem concerning sulfuric acid.

Key to Chapter 8, pages 291-294 77

Page 291 • PROBLEMS

A 1. Let d = defective output; d = .02(1500); d = 30; good output = 1500 — 30 = 1470, Ans.
2. Let x = weight of copper; x — .05(25); x = 1.25 lb, Ans.
3. Let x = amount of hydrogen chloride; x = .40(1); x = A qt, Ans.
4. Let x — increase in weight; x = .08(140); x — 11.2;
World War II average = 140 + 11,2 = 151.2 lb, Ans.
5. Let x = total monthly income; 116 = .20x; 20x = 11,600; x = $580, Ans.
6. Let x = price of car; 47.50 = .05a:; 5x = 4750; a; = $950, Ans.
7. Let x = cost of suit; 42.40 = .80.x; 80x = 4240; x = $53, Ans.
8. Let x = list price; 7.50 = .60x; 60x = 750; x = $12.50, Ans.
9. Let x = cost of car for Ben; 1120 = 1.60x; 160x = 112,000; x = $700, Ans.
10. Let x = cost of coat; 105 = 1.75x; 175x = 10,500; x = $60, Ans.
62.50 6250 6250 1
11. Let r — rate of commission; 62.50 = r • 1250; r =
25,000 ~ (6250) (20) ~ 20’
r = 5%, Ans.
1960 40 • 49 49
12. Let r tax rate; 1960 = r • 8000; r = ^ = —; r = 24.5% or 24|%, Ans.
8000 40 • 200 200’
B 13. Let r = rate of depreciation; 2500 — 2000 = 500 = amount of depreciation; 500 = r • 2500;
500 500 1 _
r= 2600 = 5007i = 5;r = 20%- AUS■

14. Let r = per cent of increase; 13,800 — 12,000 = 1800 = amount of increase; 1800 = r • 12,000;
1800 600-3 3 ^
r _ 12,000 _ 600 • 20 “ 20 ’ r _ 15%’ m'
15. Let x = original price; actual cost is 70% of original price; 11.55 = .70x; 70x = 1155; x = $16.50, Ans.
16. Let x = weight of rice; 5 = .05x; .25 = .05x; 5x = 25; x = 5 lb, Ans.
17. Let x = selling price; 100% — 15% — 30% = 55% is per cent of selling price which cost is;
330 = .55x; 55x = 33,000; x =■ $600, Ans.
18. Let x = amount of profit; article will sell for 100% — 15% = 85% of marked price;
x - .85(13) — 8; x = 11.05 — 8; x = $3.05, Ans.

Pages 293-294 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 15
2. 21
3. 12 _
4. 70 _ 2
5. 60 _ 1 6 252 _
196 80 72 — 6 175 — 5 120 — 2 1260 —

5c5 7x4 abc 1 rst 1 462xy 14 2526c 4

7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
12 16 a2bc a r2st r 165xy 5 1 • 5676c " 9
105a6c2d2 3cd 90r2s2tu 5rs f 9r — wi
13. 14. 15. 16.
140 a2b2cd 4 ab 126 rst2u2 7 tu t2 — 4v2 r2 — w2
12(a + 6) (a — 6) 3 (a ~ b) 2(1 - x) 1
17 . 4(a + b) 1
= 3 a — 36 18.
2(1 + x)(l — x) 1 + x
7(2 + y)(2 - y) 2 + y 3 (m + n)(m — n) m —n 10 • 2(w ~(~ v)
19.
14(2 - y) 2
20. 6(m + n) 2
21 . 5 (u + v) = 1 = 4

(r + s)(r — s)(m + n) (■r — s)(m + n)(r + s) r + s

B 22.
(m -j- n)(m — n)(r — s) (r — s)(m + n)(m — n) m — n
(a + 7) (a - 7) (6 -5) (a + 7) (6 - 5) (a - 7) a - 7
23.
(6 + 5) (6 - 5) (a + 7) (a + 7)(b - 5) (6 + 5) " 6 + 5

24. (y — i)20) (y — i)0)(2/ — i) _ y —J-

(3+0)0 — 1) (y — 1)0) (3+ 3x
(6 + l)2(a) (6 + l)(6+l)(a) 6+1
25.
(a)(62)(6 + 1) (6 + l)(62)(a) 62
k(k + 1)(3)0 - 1) k(k + 1)0 - 1)(3) _ 3
26.
k(k)0 + 1)0 - l) ~ k(k + 1)0 - 1)0) k
3(2)(m + n)(m)(m — n) _ (2)(m + n)(m)(m — n)(3) _ ^
27.
(m + n)(m — ri)(2)(m) (2 ){m + ri)(m)(m — n)(l)
(3x + l)(3x - 1)(2) (3x + l)(3x - 1)(2) _
28. (2)(3x + l)(3x - 1) (3x + l)(3x - 1)(2)
78 Key to Chapter 8, pages 294-295

(3) (2a - 6) (2a + 6) (3) (2a - 6) (2a 4 b)

29. = 1
(2a 4 b) (2a - b) (3) (3) (2a - 6) (2a 4 b)
(j - Q(2) (2) (8 + t) (2)(s + t)(s - 0(2) 2s — 2t
30.
(2 )(s 4 02 (2)(s 4 0(s 4 0(1) s 4 t
(x 4 1)2(5)(3) (x + l)(s+ 1)(5)(3) 3x + 3
31.
5(x - l)(x + 1) (x 4 l)(x - 1)(5)(1) x — 1
(Sr + l)(8r - l)(8r 4 1) (8r 4 l)(8r - l)(8r 4 1)(1) 1
32.
(8r + l)2(2)(8r - 1) (Sr 4 l)(8r - l)(8r + 1)(2) 2
(x -(- 2)(x 4 l)(x -|- 3) (x 4 2)(x 4 l)(x 4 3)
33. = 1
(x + 1)(# 4 3)(x 4 2) (x + 2)(x+ l)(x + 3)
(a H~ 4)(a —l)(a 4- 5) (a 4 4) (a 4 l)(a + 5)
34. = 1
(a + 4) (a 4 5) (a 4 1) (a -(- 4)(a 4 l)(a 4 5)
(c + 1 )(c - 6)(c + 3) (c+l)(c-6)(c + 3)(l) c + 1 c+1
35. or —
c(c 4 3)(—l)(c - 6) (c)(c-6)(c + 3)(-l) —c

(-l)(x - 2)(x + 2) _ _ (x - 2)(x 4 2)(—1)

C 36. = -1
(x + 2)(x - 2) (x - 2)(x + 2)(l)
■1)(& - 2)(6 + 2)(4) (6 - 2) (6 + 2)(—1)(4) 4
37. (-
5(b - 2)(b + 2) (b - 2)(6 + 2)(5) 5
2(x + 5)(z — 5)(4)(x + 4) (x - 5)(x + 4)(2)(4)(x + 5) 8(x + 5)
38.
5(x + 4)(x — 4)(3)(x — 5) (x - 5)(x + 4)(3)(5)(x - 4) 15(x - 4)
a(a + b)(a)(a — b) _ (a + b)(a — b)(a2)
39. -a
(—l)(a — 6) (a + 6) (a + 6) (a — &)(— 1)
3(n + 3)(n - 3)(2)(-l)(n - 2)(n)(n + 3) _ 3(n + 3)(n - 3)(2)(-l)(w - 2)(n)(n + 3)
40.
(-l)(n + 3)(n-2)( l)(n - 3)(3)(2) 3(n + 3)(n - 3)(2)(-l)(n - 2)(-l)
n(n + 3)
n(n + 3) or —n2 — 3n
1
(2fc + 3)(2* - 3)(-l)(fc - 2)(k)(k)
41.
(-1)(2k + 3)(k - 2)(—l)(5)(k)(2k - 3)(2k + 3)
(2fc + 3) (2k - 3)(—1 )(k - 2)(k)(k) k k
or —
(2k + 3) (2k - 3)(-l)(k 2) (k) (-1) (5) (2k + 3) -5(2 k + 3) 5(2 k + 3)
(2x + l)(x + 3)(x)(x — 3) (2x + l)(x + 3)(x — 3)(x) x
42.
(x + 3)(x — 3)(2x + 1) (x 4 5) (2x 4 l)(z 4 3)(x — 3)(x 4 5) x 4 5
(3n 4 l)(n 4
2)(3n - l)(n - 2) (3n 4 l)(n 4 2)(3n - l)(n - 2)(1)
43. = 1
(-l)(3n4 l)(3n - 1)(- ■l)(n 4 2)(n - 2) (3n 4 l)(n 4 2)(3n - l)(n - 2)(—1)(—1)
(-l)(2)(2)(2x 4 l)(2x - l)(4x — 3)(x - 2)(x2)(x4)
44.
(2)(4x - 3)(2x 4 1) (1) ( 1) (2) (2) (x2) (2x - 1)
(—1)(2) (2)(2x 4 l)(2x - l)(4x - 3)(x2)(x - 2)(x4) x4(x - 2)
(-l)(2)(2)(2x 4 l)(2x - l)(4x - 3)(x2)(l)(2) “ 2
3(2) (5a - 2b) (3a 4 6) (a2) (3a2 - &2)(9a2 4 b2)
45.
3(5a - 2b)(9a2 4 b2)(3a 4 b)(3a - b)( 1)
3(5a - 2b)(3a 4 b)(9a2 4 b2)(2)(a2)(3a2 - b2) _ 2a2(3a2 - b2)
3(5a - 26)(3a 4 b)(9a2 4 62)(l)(3a - 6) 3a — b

Pages 295-296 WRITTEN EXERCISES

. 3 14 _ (3) (14) _ (3) (2) 6 12 7 (7) (12) _ (7) (2) 14

711 (11)(7) (11)(1) 11 116 (H)(6) (H)(1) 11
a &2 (a) (62) . c^d (d)(c2)
&' a (a)(6) d'c (d)(c)
36 16c3 (36) (16c3) (l)(4c) 4c 13r2 5a _ (13r2)(5a) _ (1)(1) _ 1
5* 4c2' 1562 _ (1562)(4c2) — (56)(1) _ 56 20a2 39r3 (39r3)(20a2) (3r)(4a) 12ar
3^ 25 = (3g2)(25) = (1)(5) 5 12x3 77 (12x3)(77) (1)(11) 11
* 10 9g2 (9g2)(10) (3)(2) 6 8* 35 '48x3 ~ (48x3) (35) ~ (4) (5) “ 20
a — 6 2 _ (a — 6) (2) _ 1 10 2x+ 1 6 _ (2x 4 1) (6) _
4 a — 6 (a — 6) (4) 2 2 '2x41 (2x 4 1) (2)
_9_ J_ = (9)(1) (1)(1) = J_ 4a^ J_ = (4a2) (1) _ (a)(1) _ ^
1 lx 18 (18)(llx) (2)(llx) 22x 7 8a (8a) (7) (2) (7) 14
Key to Chapter 8, pages 295-297 79

(m2 — n2) (m + n)(m — n)(l) m + n

13.
mn m — n (m — n)(mn) mn
2
a -)- 2ab -f- b 1 (a + 6)2(1) a + b
14.
ab a + b (a + b)(ab) ab
x X 2 (x — 2)(x) x m m 4- 3 (m + 3)(m) m
15. 16.
(x - 2)2 1 (x - 2)2(1) x — 2 m2 + 6m + 9 1 (m +3)2(1) m + 3
1_ x
17 . x2 — 16 x — 4
(X 4- 4) (1)
(x + 4)(x — 4)(x — 4) (x - 4)2
1

2x + 4 5x + 15 (1)(5) 2(x + 2)(5)(x + 3) 5

18.
3x + 9 ‘ 4x + 8 ~ 4(x + 2)(3)(x + 3) ~ (2)(3) " 6
ax — 2a dx — 3d a(x — 2)(d)(x — 3) (a)(e?) ad
19.
bx — 3b cx — 2c c(x — 2 )(b)(x — 3) (c) (6) be
m2 — n2 mn (m 4~ w)(m — n)(mn) m 4- n
20 . 9m2n2 3m — 3 n 3 (m — n)(9)(mn)2 27 mn
5a2 - 5b2 10a6 5(a 4~ b)(a — 6)(10)(a&) 50(a — b)
21 . a2b2 a 4~ b (a + b)(ab)2 ab
2
x — y
2 2 i
x 4- xy (x + y)(x — y)(x)(x + y) x
22 . ax — ay x2 + 2xy + ?/2 a(x — y)(x + y)‘ a
x2 + 4x + 3 x — 5 (x + 3)(x + l)(x — 5) (x + 3)(x + l)(x — 5)
23. = 1
x2 — 4x — 5 x + 3 (x - 5)(x + l)(x + 3) “ (x + 3)(x + l)(x - 5)

a “j- 2a 3a -j- a rz( 1 —}— 2a)(a)(3 -|- a) (1 -f- 2a)(a2)(3 -(- a)

B 24.
9 — a2 1 — 4a2 (3 + a)(3 - a)(l + 2a)(1 - 2a) (1 + 2a)(1 - 2a) (3 + a)(3 - a)
a2
(1 — 2a) (3 - a)
3 2
r — rs 3rs + 3s2 r(r2 - s2)(3s)(r + s) 3(r2 - s2)
25.
r2s r2 + rs r2s(r)(r + s) r2
4 4
x — y 6 (x2 + 2/2)(x + ?/)(x — t/) (3)(2) _ (x2 + ?/2)(x 4- y)(3)(2)(x — y)
26. = x — y
3x + 3y 2x2 + 2y2 3(x + y)(2)(x2 + 2/2) (x2 + y2){x + 2/) (3) (2) (1)

x 3x + 2 1 x (x — 2)(x — 1)(1 — x) -1)(2 — x)(x — 1)(1 — x) _ (- 1)(1 — x)

27.
xi 1 2 — x (x + l)(x — 1)(2 — x) (2 — x)(x — l)(x + 1) (x + 1)
x — 1
X + 1

5c" - bed cd' (5)(c)(c - d)(c)(d)(d) (c - d)(<0(d)(5)(c)(c)

28.
cd + d2 d3 — dc2 d(c + rf)(— l)(d)(c 4- d)(c — d) (c — d)(d){d){c + d){—l)(c + d)
5c' 5c'
or —
— 1 (c + d) 2 (c + rf)2

14 u4 — t (7) (2)(u2 + <2)(w2 - *2) _ (7)(2)(w2 + *2)(a + t)(u - «)

29. w — t
7t2 + 7u2 2u + 21 7(«2 + u2) (2) (u + t) (7) (2) (a2 + *2) (a + *) (1)

Pages 296-297 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

« 3 x2 xy _ (3)(x2)(xy) _ y_ « a(a3) 3_b_ _ (a3)(3a)(6) _ &

x(x2) 5 6 (6)(x2)(5x) 10 4 a3 6a (a3) (6a) (4) 8

(a2)(6) (c3)W 1 (a2)(b)(c3)(d) _ c2

' c ' a3 ' (&»)(d) (o»)(6«)(c)(d) ab

6(r2s3) 1 3(f4) (6)(rV)(3)((4)(l) _ 2«3

i ' (3)2(r2s4)' s2 (3)(r2s4)(3)(/)(s2) s2

x2 — 1 x 5 _ (x + l)(x — l)(x)(5) _ 5
X2 ’ X — 1 X + 1 — (x + l)(x — l)(x)(x) X

, 3a 6a+ 4 2 (3) (a) (2) (3a + 2) (2) (a) (2) (2) (3a + 2) (3) 3
3a 4- 2 4a 'a+ 2 (3a + 2) (4) (a) (a + 2) (a) (4) (3a 4-2) (a + 2) a + 2
9m + n 3m 12 (3m) (3) (4)(9m + n) __ 4(9m 4- n)
7‘ 9mn ' 3m — n' 3m + n (3m)(3)in)(3m — n)(3m 4- n) n(3m — n)(3m 4- n)
80 Key to Chapter 8, pages 297-301

2c — d8 cd 16c + 2d (2c - d) (8cd) (2) (8c + d) (8cd)(8c + d)(2c - d)(2)

8 . 2c 8c + d 4 (2c) (8c + d) (4) (2c) (4) (8c + d) (1)
2d(2c - d)
= 2d (2c - d)
~ 1
(a + 6) (a — 6) a + b ab _ (a + b) (a — b)(a + b)(ab) _ b
9.
a — b (a + b)2 (a + b) (a — b)(a + 6)(a2) a
jq (r — s)2 r + s r2 _ (r — s)(r — s)(r + s)(r2) _ r
rs r — s (r + s)(r — s) (r — s)(r — s)(r + s)(rs) s
.. m 2(m + 3) (m — 3)(m + 1) _ m(2)(m + 3)(m — 3)(m + 1)(1) _ 1
m + 1 2m2 (m + 3)(m — 3) m2(2)(m + 3 )(m — 3 )(m +1) m
3x - 1 3z (3a; + l)2 (3a; - l)(3x)(3x + 1)(3* + 1)(1) 1
* 3x2 ‘ 3x + 1 ' (3x + l)(3x - 1) (3x - l)(3x2)(3x + l)(3x + 1) ~ x
a(a2) _b_ 3(ab — 3) _ a(a2)(b)(3)(ab — 3) _ a
3a (ab + 3 )(ab — 3) (a)(b) a(a) (b) (3) (ab — 3 )(ab + 3) ab + 3
4(Q st 4 (st — 2) (4) (Q (st) (4) (st — 2)(1) 1
(st + 2)(st - 2) ' (4)2 (st)(t) (4)(t)(st)(4)(st - 2)(st + 2) st + 2

a (X + 5)2 10(x) x+10 (x + 5)(x + 5)(x)(x+10)(10) 10

“ ■ x(x + 10)' (x + 5)(x + 10)' x + 5 ~ (x + 5)(x + 5)(x)(x + 10)(a; +10) x + 10
(a — 8) (a — 4) a(a — 8) a — 4 _ (a — 8) (a — 4) (a) (a — 4) (a — 8) _ a — 8
8(a) (a — 4)2 a — 8 (a — 8) (a — 4) (a) (a — 4)(8) 8
3a2(a) (3a + c)(3a — c) 3(ab) _ 3a2(a)(3a + c)(3a — c)(3)(a6) _ ,
3a + c 3(3a2) a(3a — c) 3a2(a)(3a + c)(3a — c)(3) a
18 (xy)3 x(x — y) y(x + z) _ (xy)(xy)(x)(x — y)(xy)(y)(x + z) __ xy2(x + z)
’ x(x y)(x + y) xy(z) xy (xy)(xy)(x)(x — y)(x + y)(z) z(x + y)
a(b + c — d) bc(d2) 1 _ a(b + c — d)(bc)(d2)( 1) _ 1
a(bc) d(b + c — d) d2 a(b + c — d)(bc)(d2)(d) d
2Q (vw)2(x3) u(v — w — x) 1 _ (vw)(x)(x2)(u)(v — w — x)(vw) _ vW
x(v — w — x) u(vw) x2 (vw)(x)(x2)(u)(v — w — x)

Pages 298-299 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

, 4-8 — 7 -11 11 3-29 + 1 -25 -1 1

L 15 “ 15 °r 15 50 50 ~2~ or 2

3.
8-1 + 2 _9 3
4.
10 + 15-4 21 3
3z 32 z 7a 7a a
12 a — (2a + 5) 10a — 5 5 (2a - 1) 2a — 1
5.
5r 5r 5+) r
2b - (3 - 7b) 96-3 3(36 - 1) 36 — 1 ^ 2a +1+4 — 2a 5 1
6.
91 91 3(30 31 ' 5 = 5 = 1
36 + 5 + 2 — 36 _ 7_ , 3 r + 3s 3 (r + s) x
8. y-- 7 - 1 9.
r + s (r + s)
10 . x — 3
= 1

(z + 4) (2 - 4)
11. a 62
a + 6
(a - 6)(a + 6)
(a + 6)
= a — 6 12 . *2 - 16
4 (* - 4) - * + 4
3x 3y — (2x + 5y) + 8y — x = 0_ = Q 5 + 1 - 2a - (6 - 2a) _ 0
13. 14. = 0
2xy 2x?/ 3a6 3a6
2 1 2
2xy + x2 + y2 _ (x + y)s m + n 2 mn (m — n)2
B 15. = x + y 16. = m — n
x + y (x + y) m — n (m — ft)

3 + x — 2 (x -f- 1) 2x - (x + 2) = _ (x — 2) 1
17. 18.
x2 — 3x — 4 (x + l)(x — 4) x — 4 x2 — x — 2 (x - 2)(x + 1) x + 1
1 + a — (2a + a2) _ 1 — a- a 5 - 6 - (62 - 3) 8 6 62
19.
a2 + 3a — 4 a2 + 3a
20 . 62 - 16
-

62 - 16
-

Pages 301-302 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

j 86 a _ 86 — a _x.6a x + 6a _7.2 6c 9 — 6c 3(3 — 2c) 2c

’ 2a 2a 2a
.
2 — + — = —5-
3x 3x 3x
3. — + —
6c 6c 6c 3 (2c) 2c
Key to Chapter 8, pages 301-302 81

1 10a + 25 _ -10a - 24 —2(5a + 12) 5 a + 12

4.
10a 10a 10a 2 (5a) 5a
4a + 2 5a 15 -a + 17 21n - 12 12n + 8 9a — 20
5. 6.
10 10 10 12 12 12
6/i + 3 2/i-6 8/i-3 6 h - 10 6/i + 3 -13 13
7. + 8. -= -or — —
12 12 12 18 18 18 18
x~2 zx
2x 1 _ x — 2x + 1 in A 2a a2 _ 3 2a + a‘
9.
x3 x3 x3 x3 a3
c a — 2a c + a2 — 2a 4Z 2s — st _ At — 2s + sZ
11. abc abc abc
12.
rsZ rst rst
ax 6x + be cx + be ax + bx — cx ax ay + yz az + //2 ax — ay + az
13. 14.
abc abc abc abc xyz xyz xyz xyz
3x 2y — xy 3x + 2 y — xy 4s 2 r — r2 4s 2r + r1
15. x2y2
16.
x2y2 x2y2 r2s2 r2s2 r2s2
(a — b) a a — b + a 2a — b
17 . (a + b)(a b)
+ (a + 6) (a — b) L.C.D. " a< b2
d -(c + d) <Z + c + d c + 2d
18.
(c + d)(c — d) (c + d)(c d) L.C.D. c2 - d2
15 — 12fc 8 — 12 k 7 12 Ilk
19. 20. 12 + 9/b + —

24 24 - 24 24 24 24
2 9x - 3 6x + 12 9 , 9x — 9 4 + 3x
21 . 12 + 12 12
-13 + 3x
12
22 . 4
18
6x
18 ' 18 18
—2(2x - 5) x —4x + 10 + x 3x + 10 —Zx + 10
23.
2(x - 2)
+1 2(x - 2) L.C.D. L.C.D. 2x - 4
3a 2 (a — 1) 3a — 2a + 2 a + 2
24.
2 (a + 3) 2 (a + 3) L.C.D. 2a + 6

4x - 7 3(x — 2) 4x — 7 — 3x + 6 (x — 1) 1
B 25.
(x — 2)(x — 1) (x — 2)(x — 1) L.C.D. (x — 2)(x — 1) x - 2
6m — 13 5(m — 2) 6m — 13 — 5m + 10 _ (m — 3) __ _1
26. m — 2
(m — 3)(w — 2) (m - 3)(to - 2) = L.C.D. ~~ (m - 3)(m - 2)
2x x — 5 _ 2x — x + 5 _ x + 5 __1_
27.
2(x — 5)(x + 5) _ 2(x — 5)(x + 5) ” L.C.D. _ 2(x - 5)(x + 5) _ 2x - 10

2(27) 3(x - 9) 54 + 3x - 27 __ 3x + 27 _ 3(x + 9)_3_

28.
2(x + 9)(x - 9) + 2(x + 9)(x - 9) L.C.D. L.C.D. 2(x + 9)(x - 9) 2x — 18

46 (2a + 36) 3a(a + 26) 2ab 4n2(3) n(2m) 2m(3m + n) _

29. 30.
12a262 12a262 12a262 8m2n2 8m2n2 8m2n2
8a6 + 1262 3a^ 6ab — 2ab 12n2 + 2 mn — 6m2 — 2 mn
L.C.D. L.C.D.
1262 - 3a2 3(462 - a2) _ 462 - a2 12 n" 6m 2(6n2 -3m2) 6n 3ml
L.C.D. ~ 3(4a262) “ 4a262 L.C.D. 2(4m2w2) Am2n2

(— 1)(2)(1 + x) 3(1 - x) x — 5 —2 — 2x — 3 + 3x — x + 5
31. LOR
(1 + x) (1 — x) (1 + x) (1 — x) (1 + x)(l x)
0
= 0
L.C.D.
3(2 - n) [ (—1)(2)(2 + n) | 5n — 2 6-3 n 2 n + 5n
32. L.C.D.
(2 + n){2 - n) ^ (2 + n){2 - n) (2 + n)(2 - n)
0
= 0
L.C.D.
2(3 - y) (-D(5) (3 + y) (2y - 1) _ 6_ 2y - 5 + 2y2 + 5y - 3
33.
(3 + y){3 - y) + (3 + y){3 - y)
+v (3 + y)(3 - y) L.C.D.
2 yA + 3 y
9-2/2
3 2 - 5 (-DCg + 5)(z + 1) _ 3 - z +5+ z +6^ + 5 =
34 . (z + 5)(z - 5) ~ (z + 5)(2 - 5) (z + 5)(2 - 5) L.C.D.
z2 + 5z + 13
z2 - 25
82 Key to Chapter 8, pages 302-304

35 25(a - 2) 5a(a + 2) (a 4 2)2 25a - 50 + 5a2 4 10a a — 4a — 4

25(a + 2)2 1 25(a 4 2)2 25(a 4 2):2 L.C.D.
4a2 4 31a - 54
25(a 4 2)2
(x 4 l)(x 4 1) x(x — 1) (x 4 l)(x — 1) x2 4 2x 4 1 — x2 4 z 4 x2
36. 4
(x 4 l)(x — l)2 (x 4 l)(x — l)2 (x 4 1) (x — l)2 L.C.D.
x 4 3x
(x 4 l)(x — l)2
a — 66 3 (a 4 26) 7 (2a 4 6) a — 66 4 3a 4 66 — 14a — 76
37. 4
(2a 4 6) (a 4 26) (2a 4 6) (a 4 26) (2a 4 6) (a 4 26) L.C.D.
-10a - 76
(2a 4 6) (a 4 26)
(x — y)2 x(x 4 2/) (x 4 2/)2
38.
(x4i/)4-^) (z 4 ?/)2(z — y) (* 4 y)2(* — y)
x 2xy 4 y2 — x2 — xy — x2 — 2xy — t/2 —x 5x?/
L.C.D. (x 4 y)2(x — y)

Pages 303-304 WRITTEN EXERCISES

, y(v 4 1) , 1 r 4 2/ 41 2 &(a + &) + a a6 4 6 4 a

(2/4 1) + (2/ 4 1) y 4 1 (a 4 6) (a 4 6) a 4 6
3 (x 4 y) + (X y) x 4 y 4 x — y 2x
(x 4 y) (x 4 y) £ 4 2/ * 4 y
3 (a — 6) (a 4 6) 3a — 36 4 a 4 6 _ 4a — 26
(a - 6) ^ (a - 6) a a — 6
5 (a 4 l)(a — 1) + 1 a2 - 1 4 1 a2
(a - 1) (a — 1) a 1 a — 1
(x — 2) (x 4 2) 4 x2 - 4 4 4 x2
6 . (*4 2)
4
(4 2) x 4 2 x 4 2
a (x — 1) 2 4 z — 1 x 4 1 (x — 2) 442-2 x 4 2
7. 4 8. 4
(x — 1) (x — 1) x 1 x — 1 (x — 2) (x — 2) x — 2 x - 2
x~ , 2xy y x2 4 2xy 4 y2 2 2a6 , 62 a2 4 2a6 4 62
9.-(- H-—
X2/ xy xy xy a6 a6 a6 ab
}f (a - 3) (s - 2) (5s - 6) _ s2 - 5s 4 6 4 5s - 6
(« - 2) (« ~ 2) s — 2 s - 2
(x 4 5)(x — 4) (x — 20) x2 4 2 - 20 - x 4 20 x
12 . (x — 4) (x — 4) x — 4 x — 4

13. 88i% 14. 199A 15. 4x 4 -

x '6-y~y
1
17. 2 18. ~ - 2c4 19. 1 4
3a3 2c4 ab rs
21 . x 4 4 22. a 4 6
x 4 l)x2 4 5x 4 6 a 4 l)a2 4 7a 4 8
x2 4 x a2 4 a
4x 4 6 6a 4 8
4x 4 4 6a 4 6

x2 4 5x 4 6 a “f- 7 a -j- 8
= x 4 4 4 = a 4 6 4
x 4 1 x 4 l a 4 1 a 4 1

23. 6x 4 5 24. 3a 4 2
2x - 3) I2x2 - 8x - 17 4a 4 2) 12a2 4 14a - 17
’ 12x2 - 18x ' 12a2 4 6a
lOx - 17 8a - 17
lOx - 15 8a 4 4
— 2 - 21
12x2 — 8x - 17 -2 12a2 4 14a - 17 -21
= 6x 4 5 4 — 3a 4 2 4
2x - 3 2x - 3 4a 4 2 4a 4 2
Key to Chapter 8, page 305
83

Page 305 WRITTEN EXERCISES

r2
1(16) 14 2 , H(64) 60 4 b x
1. 3 ^ a6 4 x
ft(16) 21 ~ 3 * tf(64) " " 45 “ 3 a xy y
’ P (^) ^ • +*>

8a26 . , .
9c (96c) 8 aV 4a(2a62) 2 ab2 66 r2 ll(6r2) 6r_
5. O. —- ==
4a(3c2) 3c2 11s lls3 11 (s3) s3
(9 be) (21 rs2t)
36 21 rt
k — m x -{- 2
(3m) (2x)
m 3 (k — m) 2x x + 2
7.
k + m k + m
8
x
. 2(x - 2)
(3m) (2x)
3m X

9.
(44
(x — 4)x
x2 — 16 _ (x + 4)(x — 4)
x(x — 4) x(x — 4)
x + 4
x
(a2 - 25)a a(a2 — 25) _ a(a + 5)(a — 5)
10. = a(a — 5)
a + 5 a + 5
?-¥)•

H. (f + *)30 = 25 + 15 = 40 2(20) 20
(| - 4)30 6 - 120 -114 2(57) 57

(I + f)20 15 + 8 23 23
12. ~ 14 - 40 “ -26
(A - 2)20 " 26

m + 2
[(m + 2)(m — 2)]
m — 2 (m + 2)2 _ (m,+ 2)(m + 2) _ m + 2
13.
2m + 4 2m + 4 2(m + 2) — 2
[(m + 2)(m — 2)]
(m + 2)(m — 2)
ax + a6
[(* + &)(* — 6)]
(x + 6)(x — 6) ax + ab a(x + 6) a
14.
x + 6 (x + b)2 (x + b) (x + b) x + b
[(x + &)(x — b)]
x — 6

1) n V
(M m — n .. (H t + v
15.
(— + A n m + n t - p
\n ) (- - A V
Vp J
(a2 + b2 , An L
\ ab + ) _ 2a2 + 2b2 + 4ab _ 2(a2 + 2ab + b2) _ 2(a + 6) (a + 6) _ 2(a + 6)
B 17.
a2 — 62 (a + b) (a — b) (a + b) (a — b) a — b
+ ~ + 2
V 2ab )
(x2 - 92/A
6x2/
V 6xy / x2 - 9y‘ (x + 3y)(x — 3y) _ (x + 3y)(x — 3y) x + 3y
18.
rx2 + 3y2 3x2 + 9 y2 — 12x?/ 3(x2 — 4x// + 32/2) 3(x — y) (x — 3?/) 3(x — 2/)
2 ) 6x2/-
2xy

(v2 + q2 ~ g) g ^ _ pg(p + g) — v(v2 + q2) _ p2q + pq2 — p3 — pq2 _

19.
P9(p + 9) — ?(p2 + q2) v2q + vq2 — v2q — q2
- *)lM(p2 + *2)]
p2q p p2(? — p) p
pq2 (—1 )(q2)(q-p)
r — s
^ [rs(r2 + s2)] 2 3
( r2 + s2 rs(r — s) — s(r2 + s2) r2s — rs2 r s — s
20. rs2 — r3 — rs2
rs(r — s) — r(r2 + s2) r2s
) [rs(r2 + s2))
j2 + s2
2 3 2 1 3
—rs — s (—l)(rs2 + s3) rs + s
r2s _ 2rs2 — r3 (— l)(r3 — r2s + 2rs2) r3 — r2s + 2rs2
84 Key to Chapter 8, pages 305-307

21. (rh + f+t) l(a +I)(o -1)1 2 (a —f— 1) —(— (ct — l)2 2a -f- 2 -f- a2 — 2a + 1
(a + l)(a — 1) -(- (a -f- l)^ a2 — 1 a^ -J- 2a + 1
0+f=4) 1(°+i)(<* i)]

a2 + 3
2a2 + 2 a
(b - 3
22 . \6 + 3 0
1 K& + 3)(6 - 3)]
(6 - 3)2 - (6 + 3) (6 - 3) _ 62 - 66 + 9 - 62 + 9
(6 + 3)2 + 2(6 - 3) 62 + 66 + 9 + 26 -6
(F^l + FTs) "6 + *>& - 3)1
—66 + 18
62 + 86 + 3
(1)3
23. 1 + = 1 + = 1 + f = ^
(2 + i)3 6 + 1
1 (l)(a + 1) a2 + 1
24. 1 + = 1 + a = 1 = i +
(l)a a + a3 + a + a
a + a2 + 1 (a + +ft) (“2 +1}
(a + s)a
a2 + 1 a -f- 2a . a 1 a a -\- 2/d -f- 1
1 + a3 + 2 a a3 + 2a a3 + 2a a3 + 2a

25. 1 +
1 1 (1)(62 + 1) +1
62
— = 1 + = 1 + = i +
(1)6 h 62 +1+ 6
i + 1 +
62 + 1
1 +
62 + T) +1)
(>+i) 6

62 +6+ 1 62 + 1 262 + 6 + 2
62 +6+1 +1 62 + 6 + 1 62 +6+1
X
1 + H)
1 2s + 6 _1 2(» + 3)_l 2_1,1_ Lf i;
26.
(x + 3)x x ’ ' x(x + 3) x ’ ' x(x + 3) x ’ ' x x ’x ’

y
-I.i | 4y - 8 1 | 4(y — 2) 1 ,4=1.3= 2/ =
27-i+V^ 2)2/ y ’ ^ y(y — 2) y ' ^ y{y — 2) y ’ ^ y y ’ y ’3
2/ = -3. {-3}

Pages 307-308 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 26 — 6 = 1; 6 = 1. {1} .
2 2k - k = 3; k = 3. {3}
3. 12(&/ + h) > 12(f); 4y + 3t/ > 42; 7y > 42; 2/ > 6

■ I 1 I II I I I t M'»
0 5

4. 20(ix + fx) < 20(f); 5x + 4x < 90; 9x < 90; x < 10

<11111111111’
—2 0 2 10

5. 15(& - ig) = 15(1); 10? - 9^ = 15; g= 15. {15}

6. 21(ffir - ig) = 21(4); 9g — 7g = 84; 2g = 84; g = 42. {42}

7. 2c > c — 10; c > -10

'■«(! + 0 ^6@; 4c + 6 < 3c; c < -6
.i if — 10 —2 0 2
I I I + 1 I I 1 I ■ —6 —2 0 2

9. 3(30 - lz) = 3(1); 9z - 7z = 3; 2z = 3; 2 = f. {§}

10. 5s - 14s = 9; -9s = 9; s = —1. {—1}
11. 15 Q - ^ < 15(f); 3n - 5n < 18; -2n < 18; n > -9

■ r H | I 1 | | I I 1 I
- 12- 10 - 8 - 6 - 4-2 0 2
Key to Chapter 8, pages 307-309 85

.
12 28 (f ~ |) > 28(f); 4x - 7x > 24; -3x > 24; x < -8

-8 -2 0 2

13. 6(%h) = 6(%h + 45); 8h = Sh + 270; 5h = 270; h = 54. {54}

14. 12(fw) = 12(26 - £ro); 9n = 312 - 4n; 13n = 312; n = 24. {24}

B 15. 6 - j) = 6(8); 9m - 15 - 2m = 48; 7m = 63; m = 9. {9}

16
(377?
^
8 _ 4m\
-) = 14(3); 21m + 16 - 8m = 42; 13m = 26; m = 2. {2}

n — 8
17
•10 C4-5) *10 ( + 1 ) ; 5n + 15 > 2n - 16 + 10; Sn > -21; n > -7

-6 -2 0 2

3 ' < 20 f2n

18. 20 (?+-?) + 1 ) ; 5n - 15 < 8n - 20 + 20; -Sn < 15; n >

-4-2 0 2

19. 8[f(2r + 5) - f (Sr - 1)] =. 8(1); 6(2r + 5) - 5(3r - 1) = 8; 12r + 30 - 15r + 5 = 8;

—Sr + 35 = 8; -Sr = -27; r = 9. {9}
20. 9[f(s - 3) - 3] = 9[^(2s + 5)]; 2(s - 3) - 27 = 3(2s + 5); 2s - 6 - 27 = 6s + 15;
2s - 33 = 6s + 15; -4s = 48; s = -12. {-12}
n + 3 n — 2
21. 24 24[1]; 3(n + 3) - 4(n - 2) = 24; 3w + 9 - An + 8 = 24;
8 6
n + 17 = 24; —n = 7; n = -7. {-7}
n + 5 w + 3
22. 24 = 24[1]; 2(n + 5) - 3(n + 3) = 24; 2n + 10 - Sn - 9 = 24;
12 8
—n + 1 = 24; — n — 23; n = —23. {—23}
23. 100[.04a; + .06(20,000 - x)] = 100(960); 4x + 6(20,000 — x) = 96,000;
4a; + 120,000 — 6x = 96,000; —2x = -24,000; x = 12,000. {12,000}
24. 100[.03fc + .05(1000 — A;)] = 100(34); 37c + 5(1000 — k) — 3400; 3k + 5000 — 5k = 3400;
-2k = -1600; k = 800. {800}
2m; + 5 10m; + 13s
C 25 8(2w + 1); 4m; + 10 lOw 13 = 16m; + 8; -6m; - 3 = 16m; + 8;
4 8 !) =
—22w = 11; to = {—|}

26. 6 = b(sw+ 2 - 3w ; 6m; + 10 = 18m; + 12 - 3m; + 4; 6m; + 10 = 15m; + 16;

—9m; = 6; w = — f = —§. {—f}

27. 100[. 15(7/ - 5) - .02(4t/ - 3) + .9] = 100(0); 15(y - 5) - 2(4t/ - 3) + 90 - 0;
15t/ - 75 - 87/ + 6 + 90 = 0; 7y + 21 = 0; 7y = -21; y = -3. {-3}
28. 100[.08(4t/ + 5) - .03(2t/ - 3)] = 100(.36); 8(4?/ + 5) - S(2y - 3) - 36;
S2y + 40 - 67/ + 9 = 36; 26t/ + 49 = 36; 26t/ = -13; y = —= -+ {-£}
(2t + 3 _ 41 — 1 9 - 8*N
29. 18 A = 18(0); 4t + 6 - 12* + 3 - 9 + 8t = 0; 0 = 0.
V 9 6 18
{directed numbers}

30. 60 - 2t ^ 3 - = 60(0); 6 - 36* - 20* - 30 - 195 - 90* = 0;

219 3(73) 3 3|
— 146* - 219 = 0; -146* = 219; * = - = 2(73) 2 2|

Pages 309-310 • PROBLEMS

A 1.7= (500) (.04) (2) = $40, Ans. 2. i = (600) (.05) (3) = $90, Ans.
3. 20 = (p)(.04)(J); .02p = 20; 2p = 2000; p = $1000, Ans.
86 Key to Chapter 8, pages 309-313

4. 360 = (p)(.06)(5); .3p = 360; 3p = 3600; p = $1200, Ans.

5. a = 1200[1 + (.06) (2)]; a = 1200(1.12); a = $1344, Ans.
.
6 a = 750[1 + (.03) (4)]; a = 750(1.12); a = $840, Ans.
7. Mb + .065 = 40; .15 = 40; b = $400, Ans.
8. .035 + .045 = 189; .075 = 189; 75 = 18,900; 5 = $2700, Ans.
9. 5(.07) + 25(.03) = 390; .075 + .065 = 390; .135 = 390; 135 = 39,000; 5 = $3000, 25 = $6000, Ans.
10. 5(.09) + 75(.03) = 750; .095 + .215 = 750; .35 = 750; 35 = 7500; 5 = $2500, 75 = $17,500, Ans.
11. 5(.05) + (5 + 2000)(.05) = 250; .055 + .055 + 100 = 250; .15 = 150; 5 = $1500,
5 + 2000 = $3500, Ans.
12. 5(.02) + (5 + 100) (.02) = 12; .025 + .025 + 2 = 12; .045 = 10; 45 = 1000; 5 = $250,
5 + 100 = $350, Ans.
13. 5(.04) + (10,000 - 5)(.06) - 500; .045 + 600 - .065 = 500; -.025 = —100; 25 = 10,000;
5 = $5000, 10,000 — 5 = $5000, Ans.
14. 5(.05) + (b - 800) (.035) = 210; .055 + .0355 - 28 = 210; .0855 = 238; 855 - 238,000;
5 = $2800, 5 — 800 = $2000, Ans.

B 15. 35,000(.08) + 5(. 10) = 5000; 2800 + .105 = 5000; .15 = 2200; 5 = $22,000, Ans.
16. 7000(.04) + 5(.06) = 1000; 280 + .065 = 1000; .065 = 720; 65 = 72,000; 5 = $12,000, Ans.
17. (5 + 500).05 - 5(.04) + 33; .055 + 25 = .045 + 33; .015 = 8; 5 = $800, 5 + 500 = $1300, Ans.
18. 5(.035) = (6000 - 5)(.06) + 67.50; .0355 = 360 - .065 + 67.50; .0955 = 427.50;
955 = 427,500; 5 = $4500, 6000 - 5 = $1500, Ans.
19. Let 5 = no. of dollars in the fund; .305 = no. of dollars invested at 5%; .705 = no. of dollars in¬
vested at 4%; (.05)(.305) + ,04(.705) = 860; .0155 + .0285 = 860; .0435 - 860; 435 = 860,000;
5 = 20,000; .305 = $6,000, .705 = $14,000, Ans.
20. Let 5 = no. of dollars in estate; .605 = no. of dollars left to wife; .405 — no. of dollars left to son;
(.045) (.405) = 5400; .0185 = 5400; 185 = 5,400,000; 5 = 300,000; (.60) (300,000) = 180,000;
(.055) (180,000) = $9900, Ans.

Page 311 • PROBLEMS

A 1. 2(.30) = (2 + x)(.20); .6 = .4 + .2x; ,2x — .2;x — 1 qt, Ans.

2. 16(.25) = (16 + x)(.10); 4 = 1.6 + .lx; .lx = 2.4; x = 24 oz, Ans.
3. 48(.10) = (48 + a;) (.06); 4.80 = 2.88 + .06x; ,06x = 1.92; 6a; = 192; x = 32 lb, Ans.
4. 100(.04) = (100 - a;)(.05); 4 = 5 — .05a;; .05a; = 1; 5a; = 100; x = 201b, Ans.
5. 200(.03) = (200 - a;)(.036); 6 = 7.2 - ,036a;; .036a: = 1.2; 36a; = 1200; x = 33^ lb, Ans.
.
6 200(.048) = (200 + x)(.032); 9.6 = 6.4 + ,032a;; .032a; = 3.2; 32a; = 3200; x = 100 lb, Ans.
7. 1(.20) = (1 + a:)(.10); .2 = .1 + .la;; .lx = .1; x = 1 pt, Ans.
8. l(.l) = (1 + a:)(.02); .1 = .02 + .02a;; .02a: = .08; 2a; = 8; x = 4 qt, Ans.

B 9. Amount of original solution = 200 + 40 = 240 g; (240 + a;)(.50) = 40 + x; 120 + .5a; = 40 + x;

.5x = 80; 5a; = 800; x = 160 g, Ans.
10. Amount of original solution = 45 + 3 = 48 lb; (48 + a;)(.10) = 3 + x; 4.8 + .la; = 3 + x;
.9x = 1.8; 9a; = 18; x = 2 lb, Ans.
11. (24 + a;)(.90) = 14 + x; 21.60 + .90x = 14 + x; .lx = 7.6; x = 76 oz, Ans.
12. (185 + a;) (.925) = 185; 171.125 + .925a: = 185; .925a; = 13.875; 925a; = 13,875; x = 15 oz, Ans.
13. Let .50a; = amount of pure acid from one solution; .80(300 — x) — amount of pure acid from other
solution; .72(300) = amount of pure acid in final solution; .50x + .80(300 — x) = .72(300);
50a; + 80(300 - x) = 72(300); 50a; + 24,000 - 80.t = 21,600; -30a; = -2,400; x = 80 oz,
300 — x — 220 oz, Ans.
14. (.15) (16) - (.15)a; + .90a: = (.65) (16); 2.4 + .75a; = 10.4; .75a: = 8; 75a; = 800;
x = ^ = 10§ qt, Ans.

Pages 313-314 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A '• (s2 - 4) • 7T2 = (s2 “ 4)' 7^2 ; 12(8 “ 2> = 4<s + 2); 12s - 24 = 4s + 8;
8s = 32; s = 4. {4}
Key to Chapter 8, page 313 87

2. (1 - 3)(< + 2) • = (1 - 3)(t + 2) ■ ; 7(1 + 2) = 2(1 - 3); 71 + 14 = 2t - 6;

51 = -20; t = -4. {-4}

3. 2x ' X = 2x ‘ "~2 3 ; 10 = — 3); 10 = - 3x; a:2 — 3x — 10 = 0; (x - 5)(x + 2) = 0;

x — 5 = 0orx + 2 = 0;x=5orx = —2. {5, —2}

4. 2(2 - 1) • = 2(2 - 1) • | ; 12 = 2(2 - 1); 12 = 22 - 2; z2 - 2 - 12 = 0;

(z — 4)(2 + 3) = 0; z — 4 = 0 or z + 3 = 0; z = 4 or 2 = —3. {4, —3}

t t + 4
5. 6(« - 4) t _ 4 = 6 (t - 4) 6 ; 6* = (* - 4)(t + 4); 6t = t2 - 16; t2 - 6* - 16 = 0;

(< - 8)(* + 2) = 0; * - 8 = 0 or t + 2 = 0; t = 8 or * = -2. {8, -2}

v — 6
.
6 v(v + 6) V +6 = v(v + 6)
■ • - y
; 5v = (v + 6) (v — 6); 5v 36; v2 — 5v — 36 = 0;

(v — 9)(v + 4) = 0; v — 9 = 0 or v + 4 = 0; v = 9 or v = —4. {9, —4}

7. 8x ^ = 8x(£); 6 + 8 = 7x; 7x = 14; x = 2. {2}

8. 9a; = 9a;(f); 6 + 9 = 5a;; 5x = 15; x = 3. {3}

9. 12n C^T - = 12n(&); 6n + 30 - 28 = 5n; 6n + 2 = 5n; n = -2. {-2}

10 * 6n Qn ~ = 6n^; 8 — n — 4 = 12n; 4 — n = 12n; 13» = 4; w = {^}

— l(o - 1) . 2
11. a —
a 3 - -1(3 - a) ’ a a - 3 3) (“ - = (• - 3> (+rf);
a (a — 3) — 2 — 1 — a; a — 3a — 2 = 1 — a; a — 2a — 3 = 0; (a — 3) (a + 1) = 0;
a 3 = 0ora+l — 0; a = 3 (reject, gives denominator 0); a — —1. {—1}
2 — c
•1(c) c 2 -
12. c - ; c + {■,(C~ 1)' (2 + 44 ) = (c - 1) (4rr) ;
— 1(1 — c)
c — 1 c — 1 c — 1 \ c
(c — l)c + c = 2 — c; c2 — c + c = 2 — c; c2 + c — 2 = 0; (c + 2)(c — l) = 0;c + 2 = 0
ore — 1 = 0;c = -2 or c = 1 (reject, gives denominator 0). {—2}

13. 31(31 - 2) (gj4-2 + I - l) = 3t(3' - 2)(°); 12( + 7(3i - 2) - 3(31 - 2) = 0;

12* + 21* - 14 - 9* + 6 = 0; 24* - 8 = 0; 24* = 8; t = £. {£}

14. 4/c(3/c _ d (A+ 4 _gj =

4k(3k - 1)(0); 3(3k - 1) + 16fc - 8(3k - 1) = 0;
4k ^ 2>k
-1 V« 3k - 1 k)
9k - 3 + 16fc — 24k + 8 = 0; k + 5 = 0; k = -5. {-5}

15. (x + 2)(* - 2) - 2) = (x + 2)(x - 2)(|Tr|) ; 2*(x - 2) - 2(x + 2)(* - 2) =

(x + 2)(a; — 8); 2x2 — 4x — 2(x2 — 4) = x2 — 6x — 16; 2x2 — 4x — 2x2 + 8 = x2 — 6x — 16;
_4X + 8 = x2 — 6x — 16; x2 — 2x — 24 = 0; (x — 6)(x + 4) = 0;x — 6 = 0orx + 4 = 0;
x = 6 or x = —4. {6, —4}

16. (y + 3)0 - 3)(^3 - 3) = (y + 3)0 - 3)(|^4) ; iy(y + 3) - 30 + 3)0 - 3) =

0 - 3)(3y - 1); 4y2+ 12y - 3(y2 - 9) = 3y2 - 10y + 3; 4/+12y - 3y2+ 27 = 3y2 - 10y + 3-,
y2 + 12y + 27 = 3y2 — lOy + 3; 2y2 — 22y — 24 = .0; y2 — 11 y — 12 = 0; (y — 12)(y + 1) = 0;
y — 12 = 0 or y + 1 = 0; y = 12 or y = —1. {12, —1}
17. 5c — 1 + 6 = 0; 5c + 5 = 0; 5c = —5; c = — 1 (reject, gives denominator 0). 0

18. 47c — 1 = 3; 4k = 4; k 1 (reject, gives denominator 0). 0

.2 +z P+2
9(p — 2)(p + 2)[0]; -
19. -if + 4- - ,1 19^ + 5 = °; 9(P - 2>(p + 2>
3(p — 2) 3(p + 2) 9 3(p - 2 ) 3(p + 2 ) ' 9
3(p + 2)2 — 6(p — 2) + 7(p — 2)(p + 2) = 0; 3(p2 + 4p + 4) — 6p + 12 + 7(p2 — 4) — 0;
3p2 + 12p + 12 — 6p + 12 + 7p2 — 28 = 0; 10p2 + 6p — 4 = 0; 5p2 + 3p — 2 = 0;
(5p — 2)(p + 1) = 0; 5p 2 =*0 or p + 1 = 0; 5p = 2 or p = -1; p = f or p = —1. {f, 1}
88 Key to Chapter 8, pages 313-316

3n 16 — 3 n
20. 15(n + 6)
15 n + 6
) = 15(n + 6) );(n + 6) (3n 2) - 15(16 - 3n) -

3in + 6)(n + 3); 3nz + 16n - 12 — 240 + 45n = 3(n2 + 9w + 18); 3nz + 61n — 252 = 3n* + 27n
+ 54; 34n = 306; n = 9. {9}
3 2m — 3
C 21.
2 (m 3) (2m + l)(m — 3)
+1 2(2m + 1)
= 0;

2 (m
Qw0 i i\ ( 3 2m — 3
3)( m + 1) \^2(m _ 3) (2m+l)(m — 3) + 2(2m + 1)) 2^W 3) (2m + 1)(0);
3(2m + 1) — 2(2m — 3) + (m — 3) = 0; 6m + 3 — 4m + 6 + m — 3 = 0; 3m + 6 = 0;
3m = —6; m = —2. {—2}

1 m — 2
22. = 0;
3(m + 4) 3(3m - 1) (3m — l)(m + 4)
2 1
3(m + 4)(3m - 1) ( (S^TxIhr) = 3(» + 4)<8» - X)(0)i
3(m + 4) 3(3m - 1)
2(3m — 1) — (m + 4) — 3(m — 2) = 0; 6m — 2 — m — 4 — 3m + 6 = 0; 2m = 0; m = 0. {0}

21 + 1 t 71
23. 1 =
2t - 3 * 22 + 3 (—1)(422 - 9) ’
72
(22 - 3) (22 + 3) - i) - (22 - 3) (22 + 3) (—
\22
22 + 3 1 (22 + 3) (22 3) + +
(22 + 3) (22 + 1) - (22 — 3) (22 + 3) = (22 3) (2 - 4) + (72);
42 + 82 + 3 — 42 + 9 = 2tz — 112 + 12 + 72; 82 + 12 = 2r - 42 + 12; 2tz - 122 = 0;
2 — 62 = 0; 2(2 — 6) = 0; 2 = 0 or 2 — 6 = 0; 2 = 0 or 2 = 6. {0, 6}

22 4- 3 5-62
24. ----4 —
2 — 1 2 + 3 (2 1)(2 + 3) ’
2 5 — 62 \
(2 - 1)(2 + 3) “ 4 “ 7^-3) = (* “ 1)« + 3) (
2 + 3/ v“ 1 \(t - 1)(< + 3)) ’
(2 + 3)(22 + 3) - 4(2 - 1)(2 + 3) - 2(2 - 1) = 5 - 62;
222 + 92 + 9 — 4(22 + 22 — 3) — 22 + 2 = 5 — 62 ; 222 + 92 + 9 — 422 — 82 + 12 — 22 + 2 = 5 — 62;
—222 - 2 + 23 = 5 — 62 ; 222 — 52 — 18 = 0; (22 - 9)(2 + 2) = 0; 22 — 9 = 0 or 2 + 2 = 0;
22 = 9 or 2 = —2; 2 = f or 2 = —2; {f, —2}

1,1 6
25.
3s —
+
2 1 3s + 4 (3s - 2) (3s + 4) ’
6
(3s - 2)(3s + 4) (—
2 + 3s +
+l)
4, = ^3S ~ 2)(3S + 4) ((3s
\(3s - 2) (3s + 4),
3s + 4 + 3s - 2 = 6; 6s + 2 = 6; 6s = 4; s § (reject, gives denominator 0). 0

1 1
26.
2d + 3 1 2d + 1
+ (2d + 3) (2d + 1) ’

(2 d + 3) (2d + 1) (_L_ + = (2d + 3) (2d + 1)

\2d
,2d + 3 ' 2d + l/
1/ v““ 1 \(2d + 3)(2d + 1), G
2d + 1 + 2d + 3 = 2; 4d + 4 = 2; 4d = —2; d = — f (reject, gives denominator 0). 0

Pages 315-316 • PROBLEMS

1. Let x = no. of hours needed to fill tank together;
1 = fx + fx; 15(1) = 15(fx + fx); 15 = 3x + 5x; 8x = 15; x = If hr, Ans.
2. Let x = no. of hours needed for presses to do job together;
1 — fx + fx; 4(1) = 4(fx + fx); 4 = x + 2x; 3x = 4; a; = If hr, ^4ns.
3. Let x = no. of hours needed for slower to do job alone;
1
1 = A(6)+^(6);10x(l) = 10x( + - ) ; lOx = 6x + 60; 4x = 60; x = 15 hr, Ans.
1U Xj

4. Let x = no. of minutes needed for second device to do job alone;

1 = iV(4) + - (4); 12x(l) = 12x ( Ans.

+ -) ; 12x = 4x + 48; 8x = 48; x = 6 min, A
x \ 12 x/
5. Let x = no. of hours needed for lathes to do job together;

1 = 3X + 3X + 4X5 12(1) = 12 | ^ J 12 = 4x + 4x + 3x; llx = 12; x = lj+ hr, Ans.

Key to Chapter 8, pages 316-318 89

.
6 Let x = no. of hours needed for third incinerator to do job alone; 1 = 2*0(6) + 20(6) + - (6);
x
20x(l)
(62q H- 2q6 fi\
“) > 20x = 6x + 6x + 120; 8x = 120; x = 15 hr, Ans.

.
7 Let x = no. of hours needed for larger bulldozer to do job alone; then 2x = no. of hours needed
1 1 / q q\
for smaller bulldozer to do job alone; 1 = - (l£) + — (1+); 4x(l) = 4x I — + — ) ; 4x = 6 + 3;
x zx \2x 4x/
4x = 9; x = 2\ hr, Ans.
8. Let x = no. of minutes needed for larger pump to do job alone; then 2x = no. of min needed for

smaller pump to do job alone. 1 = - (16) + (16); 2x(l) = 2x (— + ^) ; 2x = 32 + 16;

x zx yx Zx /
2x — 48; x = 24 min, Ans.
B 9. Let x = no. of hours needed to fill pool; 1 = ±x + — \x;

12(1) - 12 ^ ^ ^ ; 12 = 4x + 2x — 3x; 3x = 12; x = 4 hr, Ans.

10. Let x — no. of minutes needed to fill tub; 1 = x + ^x — ^gx;

120(1) = 120 ^ ; 120 = 3x + 4x — 6x; x = 120 min or 2 hr, Ans.

11. Let x = no. of hours needed for painter to do job alone;

1 = i(l) + i(3) + ^ (3); 8x(l) = Qr + | + ^ ; 8x = x + 3x + 24; 4x = 24; x = 6 hr, Ans.

12. Let x = no. of hours slower machine works; x + 1 = no. of hours faster machine works;
8200 = 1200+ + 1) + 900x; 8200 = 1200a: + 1200 + 900a:; 2100a: = 7000; x = 3^ hr;
x + 1 = 4jy hr, Ans.
C 13. One man does g of job in 3 hr; one man does ^ of job in 1 hr; one boy does +- of job in 5 hr; one
boy does yg of job in 1 hr; let x — no. of hours needed for 3 men and 25 boys to do job together;

1 = 3 • *x + 25 • -hx- 1 = | +| ; 24(1) = 24 (j + §) ; 24 = 3a; + 8a;; 11* = 24; * = 2^ hr, Ans.

14. One man does of job in 72 days; one man does 4320 °f job in 1 day; let x — no. of days the 30
11 m 1 1 orv 1 i 3600 30x , . . oon /3600 30x \
men work; 1 = 50 ■ 4320(^2) + 30 • 43W0 1 = ^0 + 4320 5 4320(^ = 4320 ^4320 + 4320) ’
4320 = 3600 + 30a;; 30a; = 720; x = 24 days, Ans.
15. Let x = no. of minutes needed for each son to do job alone;

1 = ++ <12) +2 • b2);1 = A +1; *<* ~10»« = *<* -10) fc=To + f) -

a;2 - 10* = 12* + 24x - 240; x2 - lOx = 36x - 240; x2 - 46x + 240 = 0;
(x — 6)(x — 40) = 0; x — 6 = 0 or x — 40 = 0; x = 6 (reject) or x = 40 min. 20 min, Ans.
16. Let x = no. of hours needed for third man to do job alone; then x + 6 = no. of hours needed for
second man to do job alone; and 2(x + 6) = no. of hours needed for first (slowest) man to do job alone;

1 =
2(x + 6)
(6)+^(6)+i(6);l = 46-3 T
+ +- •
I + 6 T * ’
_J>_6
x(x + 6)(1) = x(x + 6)
^x + 6 x + 6
+ x,
; x2 + 6x = 3x + 6x + 6x + 36;

x2 + 6x = 15x + 36; x2 - 9x - 36 = 0; (x - 12)(x + 3) = 0; x - 12 = 0 or x + 3 = 0;

x = 12 hr or x = —3 (reject); x + 6 = 18 hr; 2(x + 6) = 36 hr, Ans.

Pages 318-319 • PROBLEMS

A Let s = rate in still water, and let c = rate of current. Then s + c = rate with current, and s — c =
rate against current. Use the rule d = rt; that is, t — d/r.

1. ■ 9 ■ = —3— ; 9s — 54 = 3s + 18; 6s = 72; s = 12 mph, Ans.

s + 6 s — 6

2. —; 25s - 125 = 15s + 75; 10s = 200; s = 20 mph, Ans.

s + 5 s — 5
10 4
3. ——;— = --; 48 — 12c = 16 + 4c; 16c = 32; c = 2 mph, Ans.
4 + c 4 — c

4. 300= 940 - ; 800(180 - c) = 640(180 + c); 5(180 - c) - 4(180 + c);

180 + c 180 — c
900 — 5c — 720 + 4c; 9c = 180; c = 20 mph, Ans.
90 Key to Chapter 8, pages 318-322

36 24
5. ; 36s — 36c = 24s + 24c; 12s = 60c; s = 5c; s = c + 12; c + 12 = 5c;
S + C s — c
4c = 12; c = 3 mph, Ans.
15 , 15 , . 15 . 15 .5.3 ,8
4; 8 = 4c; c = 2 mph, A ns.
s — c s + c 3c 5c cc c
4 / 4 \ 4 16
7. -= 4 ( ——) ; s = 5; ^-= _ ; 20 + 4c = 80 — 16c; 20c = 60; c = 3 mph, Ans.
s c \s + c/ 5 c 5 + c

.75
; 25(2 + c) = 75(2 - c); 50 + 25c = 150 - 75c;
2 + c
100c = 100; c = 1 mph, Ans.

_
B
A i .
9. Let s = rate in air; 15s = rate in metal; —+ 7 = —— ; 15s 1
. , 8250 . _
15s
8250
s '
/8250 , _
^ + 7
\ ins / ) .^?)
15 \ s
8250 + 105s = 123,750; 105s = 115,500; s = 1100; 15s = 16,500 ft/sec, Ans

.1 1 13
10. Let 6 = no. of ohms of smaller resistance; a = b + 2; R — §6*; — = ?--- -- + ^ ^ = + -
6 + 2 b ’ 2b 6 + 2 ' 6 *

26(6 + 2) = 26(6 + 2) 5 3(6 + 2) = 26 + 2(6 + 2); 36 + 6 = 26 + 26 + 4;

36 + 6 = 46 + 4; 6 = 2; 6 + 2 = 4 ohms, Ans.

36
11. 36 ~.._3
+ 1; c = 3; 36 Fq++l;(--3)(, + 3)(F|^3)= (S-3)(S + 3> ;
36(s + 3) = 36(s — 3) + (s — 3)(s + 3); 36s + 108 = 36s — 108 + s2 — 9; s2 — 225 = 0;
(s + 15)(s — 15) = 0; s + 15 = 0 or s — 15 = 0; s = —15 (reject); s = 15 mph, Ans.

12. 1
+
10 ,
— l3> si — 4; s2 — 12;
_ 1 .
+
10 5 .
«1 — c ■ s2 + c 4 — c 12 + c 3 ’
10
3(4 - c)(12 + c) ) = 3(4 - c)(12 + c)(|);
c + 12 + c
3(12 + c) + 30(4 - c) = 5(4 - c)(12 + c); 36 + 3c + 120 - 30c = 5(48 - 8c - c2);
156 — 27c = 240 - 40c — 5c2; 5c2 + 13c - 84 = 0; (5c + 28)(c — 3) = 0; 5c + 28 = 0 or
c — 3 = 0; 5c = —28 or c = 3; c = —^ (reject) or c = 3 mph, Ans.

6400 6400
13. Let s = rate of first rocket; s + 40 = rate of second rocket;
s + 40
+ 8;
+ 8 j ; 6400(s + 40) = 6400s + 8s(s + 40);
+ 40
2
6400s + 256,000 = 6400s + 8s2 + 320s; 8s2 + 320s — 256,000 = 0; s* + 40s — 32,000 = 0;
(s + 200)(s — 160) = 0; s + 200 = 0 or s — 160 = 0; s = —200 (reject) or s = 160;
s + 40 = 200 km/min, Ans.
14. Let x = no. of cartons first machine handles in a minute; x + 5 = no. of cartons second machine
5500 5500
handles in a minute ; + 10
5500(x + 5) = 5500x + 10x(x + 5); 5500x + 27,500 = 5500* + 10x2 + 50*;
10x2 + 50* - 27,500 = 0; *2 + 5* - 2750 = 0; (* + 55)(x - 50) = 0; * + 55 = 0 or
* — 50 = 0; * = —55 (reject) or * = 50; * + 5 = 55, Ans.

Pages 322-323 - CHAPTER TEST

v2
1. ^ is not defined when v2 — 16 = 0; t>2 — 16 = 0; (v + 4)(v — 4) = 0;i> + 4 = Oor

v — 4 = 0. v = —4 or v = 4. {—4, 4}
7(3r - 5s) 3r - 5s + 3){z - 3)
(z z + 3
* 7(r + 2s) r + 2s 3' (z + 5)(z - 3) z + 5

4 2 - t = 2 - t 1 -(!)(* ~ 2) -(< - 2) _-l__1__

*12-81 + t2 (2 - f)(6 - 0 6 - t t2 _ St + 12 (t — 2)(« - 6) t - 6 t - 6
5. 2 :3
6. Let 3* = length of one part in meters; 5* = length of second part in meters; 3* + 5* = 16;
8* = 16; * = 2; 3* = 6 m, 5* = 10 m, Ans.
Key to Chapter 8, pages 322-323 91

7. Let r = rate of discount; 6 = $3.75; p = percentage or markdown = $3.75 — $3.30 = $.45;

| = r; = r \r = 12%, Ans.

8 . 22• • 3q2t2
5p2
~
5p2
3q2t2
(a + 5)(a - 5) 2b = (a - 5)(a + 5)(25) _ a - 5
9.
4a • 26 a + 5 4a(a + 5) (26) — 4a
(m — n)(m — n) _ m + n _ (m — n)(m — ri)(m 4 n) _ m — n
10 . (m 4 n) m(m — n) m(m — n)(m 4 n) m
1 2y - 10 1 2(y - 5) (1) 2(y - 5) 1
11. 2y2 — 50 y + 5 2(y 4 5)(y — 5) y + 5 (y + 5)2 • 2(y — 5) (?/ 4 5)2

12 . 6a262
a2 — 62
a2 - 2a6 4 62 _
3a262
2 • 3aV
(a+ 6) (a-6)'
(a - 6)(a - 6) _ 2 • 3a262(a - 6)(a - 6)
3a262
2(a - 6)
~ (a + 6)(3a262)(a - 6) “ a + 6
c -(- d c — 3d c2 4 2cd — 3d2 c 4 d c — 3d (c 4 3d)(c — d)
13.
c — d c + 3d c2 — 2cd — 3d2 c — d c + 3d (c — 3d)(c -f d)
(c + d)(c — 3d)(c + 3d)(c — d) _
(c + d)(c — 3d)(c + 3d)(c — d)
4y + 4 — (y — 5) _ Ay + 4 — y + 5 _ 3y + 9 _ 3(y + 3)
14.
d + 3 2/ + 3 27 + 3 2/4-3
(m + p)2m (2m + 3)p _ 2m2 + 2mp — 2mp — 3p _ 2m2 — 3p
15.
3mp • 2m 6m2 • p 6m2p Qm2p
(h 4~ 2)(fe 4~ 2) . (h -f 3)(fe -f 3) (h 4~ 2)(fo 4~ 2) -f- (6 -f- 3)(6, -j~ 3)
16.
(/i -(- 3) (6. 2) (6. 4 2)(/i 4 3) (6 4 2)(/i 4 3)
_ ii2 44A444^246H9 _ 2 A2 4 10A 4 13
(6, 4 2)(/i 4 3) (h 4 2)(h 4 3)
x 4 1 , 3a:2 - 1 = x 4 1 , 3x2 - 1 = (x 4 l)(s 4 1) , 3x2 - 1
17.
x — 1 x2 — 1 x — 1 (x 4 l)(x — 1) (x — l)(x 4 1) (x 4 l)(x — 1)
_ (x 4 l)(g 4 1) 4 3x2 - 1 _ X2 4 2x 4 1 + 3x2 - 1 = 4x2 4 2x
(x 4 1)(* — 1) _ (x + 1)(» — 1) _ (x 4 l)(a- — 1)
(w 4 v)(2w 4 v) — (wv 4 v2) _ 2tc2 4 3wv 4 v2 — wv — v2 _ 2w2 4 2wv
18.
2w 4 v 2w 4 v 2w 4 v
Ax2 , 8x , 5 . 0 . 5
19.
1/ + Tx + 45 ~ x + 2 + Tx
- a) 2(x ~ a) (r i
T2 > JL , (x 4 a)2 _ (x 4 a)2 ^ _ 2(x — a) _ 2
20 a. . y2t x ~~ a ~ x — a . x2 _ (x — a)(x + a)~ x + a
x4« x 4 a
5k — n 5fc
(k2)
k k (5k — n)k (5k — n)k _ k
‘ 25k2 — n2 ~~ /25k2 — n2\ 7 2 25/c2 — w2 (5/c — w)(5fc 4») 5fc 4 n
—p— t—p—)k
21 . 6 (^)<6(f + i): ; 2(x 1) < 3x 4 6; 2x - 2 < 3x 4 6; -8 < x; x > -8

I -8H 11 M II I I »
-2 0 ‘2

22 . Let x = the number of dollars invested at 3%; 1000 — x = the number ofjdollars invested at 5%;
.03x = yearly income from investment at 3%; .05(1000 — x) = yearly iricome from investment
at 5%; .03x = .05(1000 — x) 4 6; 3x = 5(1000 — x) 4 600; 3x = 5000 — 5x 4 600; 8x = 5600;
x = $700, Ans.
23. Let x = number of pounds of salt to be added; 75 4 x = number of pounds of final solution;
4% of 75 = amount of salt in original solution; 10% of (75 4 x) = amount of salt in final solution;
.04(75) 4 x = .10(75 4 x); 4(75) 4 100x = 10(75 4 x); 300 4 100x = 750 4 10x; 90x = 450;
x — 5 lb, Ans.
x2 — 7_x — 3
24 . (x 4 4)(x — 4) x — 4
= 0; x2- 7 - (x - 3)(x 4 4) - 0;

x2 - 7 - (x2 4 x - 12) = 0; x2 - 7 - xs — x 4 12 = 0; —x 4 5 = 0; x = 5. {5}

92 Key to Chapter 8, pages 323-324

25. Let x = number of minutes needed for George; - = rate of George; ^ — rate of Henry; 15 =
CO

1 15 5
number of minutes needed if the boys work together; - • 15 + ^ • 15 = 1;-|- tt = 1;
CO X o
15 • 8 + 5a: = 8a;; 120 = 3x; x = 40 min, Ans.
26. Let a: = the rate of the boat in still water; x + 2 = the rate downstream; 48 = distance downstream ;
48 32
x — 2 = the rate upstream; 32 = distance upstream; :J 48(a: — 2) = 32(a: + 2);
x + 2 x
48a: — 96 = 32a: + 64; 16a: = 160; x = 10 mph, Ans.

Pages 323-326 - CHAPTER REVIEW

1. zero
2. y2 — 9 = 0; (y — 3 ){y + 3) = 0; y — 3 = 0or2/ + 3 = 0;?/=3ori/ = —3; y ±3, Ans.
3. a: — 2 = 0; a: = 2, Ans. 4. x = 0, Ans.
5. a2 — 2ab + 6 2 = 0; (a — 6) (a — 6) = 0; a — 6 — 0; a = b, Ans.
2xy • 2x _ 2x ^ 1 (a — b) 1 _ 4a: + 3y . . ,
6 . 2 xy ■ 3 y ~ 3y (a + 6) (a — 6) a + 6
.
8 —;-is m lowest terms.
4 xy
-l(a - 2) (x X
1) (a; — 1)__ 1
9. a - 2 10 . (a - 2)
= —1 11. — l(a: — 1) —1
1—x

(2 + y){2 - y) -1(2 + y)(y - 2) 1(2 + y)

- y
12. or ’if V & {2, — f}
(2y + 3){y- 2) (2y + 3)(y- 2) 2y + 3 ~ 2y + 3
13. same unit 14. 3:1
15. 50 cm : 3 M = 50 cm: 300 cm =1:6 16. (8)2: (12-6) = 64:72 = 8:9
17. 17 18. | • 100% = 75%; 75, Ans.
19. f-100% = 150%; 150, Ans. 20. .28(18000) = $2240, Ans.
500 - 249
21 100% ^ • 100% = ^f-% = 48.2%, Ans.
500
xu 10 a3x2zt 10 a3x2
22. — 23.
tv 21 b2t2zt 21 b2t2
25 (r + t)(r — t) r + t
24. 25.
m2 — n2 t{r — t) t
6z2 + 5z - 6
26.
6z2 — 5z — 6
(a + l)(a + 1) 2(a - 1) 2(a + l)(a + l)(a — 1) 2 (a +1) 2a + 2
27.
(a — l)(a — 1) 5 (a + 1) 5 (a — l)(a + l)(a — 1) 5 (a — 1) 5a - 5
r2t2 12 _ 3 • 4r¥ _ _3
28.
4 r2s2t2 s2 • Ar2t2 s2
<1“ — 4 a + 1 (a + 2) (a — 2) a —)— 1 (a -f- 2) (a — 2) (a -f- 1) _ a -f- 2
29.
2a d- 2 a — 2 2(a + 1) 0 — 2 2 (a — 2) (a + 1)
x2 + 10a: + 25 x — 6 (x + 5) (a: + 5) x — 6 _ (x + 5)(x + 5) (a; — 6) _ x + 5
30.
x2 — 12x + 36 x + 5 (x — 6) (a: — 6) x + 5 {x — 6) (a: + 5) {x — 6) x — 6
(r + 3k) (r — 3k) k k{r — 3k) (r + 3k)
31.
9r 3r + k 9r(3r + k)
9s + 3s 12s 3s • 4 3s 33 fy? + 3 _ 3(2g + 1) _ ^
32.
M 41 t■ 4 “ T 2^ + 1 2g+ i
b2 + 1 — 2b b2 - 2b + 1 (b - 1 )(b 1) 6 — 1
34.
62 — 1 b2 - 1 (6 + 1)(6 - 1) 6 + 1
4 (a + 2b) 2(2 a + 6) 4a + 86 — 2(2a + 6) 4a + 86 — 4a — 26
35.
(2a + 6) (a + 26) (a + 26) (2a + 6) (2a + 6) (a + 26) (2a + 6) (a + 26)
66
(2a + 6) (a + 26)
s(r + s) , r 5 —|— y* t — |— §

36.
(r — s)(r s) + r r — s
+
Key to Chapter 8, pages 325-326
93

37 ~ 1)0^ + 1) _ (x — l)(x + 1) _ x — 1 (x — 1) (x — 1)4 (x — 1)3

3(x + 1) 4(x + 1) 3 4 3-4 4.3
_ 4(x — 1) — 3(x — 1) _ 4x — 4 — 3x + 3 x — 1
12 12 ~ 12
38 2n ~ 3 i ~2 _ 2n — 3 — 2 _ 2w — 5
' n — 5 — 5 n — 5 ~ n — 5
39. _4__ 8_= a(a — 2) + 6(a + 2) — 8 _ a2 — 2a + 6a + 12 — 8
a + 2 a — 2 (a + 2) (a — 2) (a + 2) (a — 2) — (a + 2) (a — 2)
_ a + 4a + 4 _ (a -f- 2) (a + 2) _ a + 2
(a + 2) (a 2) (a 2) (a + 2) a — 2

40. 1_4_4 ; (y + l)(y + 4) - 2(y + 2) + 4

V + 2 y + 4 (y + 2)(y + 4) (y + 2)(y + 4)
_ y2 + 5y + 4 — 2?/ — 4 + 4 _ y2 + 3y + 4
(y + 2)(y + 4) ~ (y + 2)(y + 4)

41. £ _ Q3 — 1) = a3 — (a3 — 1) __ a3 — a3 + 1 _ 1
1 a a a a a
2 I 2
42. + y) _ 2xy _ (x + y)(x + y) — 2xy _ x2 + 2xy + y2 — 2xy x + y
x -V y x + y x + y x + y X + y

8 m2 16 m 1
43. + — = m — 2 + 44. w + 3 : w + 3 +
8m 8m 8m 4m w + 2
2)-2
w“ + 5w + 7
w2 + 2w
3w + 7
3ta + 6
1
nx x ■■ n X
45.
n2 n• n n

46.
(9 ~ p) ft' = _ ffi2 (3h — a)(3/i + a) 3h — a
(3 +^ 3/l2 + ah /i(3/i + a) h

47. 5z + 3^ = 45 • 15 - 2; 82 = 675 - 0; = 675; 2 = 75. {75}

48. 6(fa) > 6(§n + 9); 9n > 8n + 54; n > 54. (nos. > 54}
49. Let x — the number of dollars in each investment; .03x = the income from the investment at 3%;
.05x = the income from the investment at 5%; .03a; + .05a: = 120; .08a: = 120; 8a: = 12,000;
x — $1500, Ans.

50. Let x = the number of dollars invested at 5%; .05a: = the income from the inve*stment at 5%;
.04(2500) = the income from the $2500 investment at 4%; .05a: + .04(2500) = 325;
5a; + 4(2500) = 32,500; 5a: + 10,000 = 32,500; 5a:>= 22,500; x = $4500, Ans.

51. Let x = the number of dollars invested at 5%; then 2a; = the number of dollars invested at 6%;
.05a: = the income from the investment at 5%; .06(2a:) = the income from the investment at 6%;
.05a: + .06(2a:) = 289; 5a; + 12a; = 28,900; 17a: = 28,900; x = $1700, 2a: = $3400, Ans.

52. Let x = the number of dollars invested at 3\%] then 7000 — x = the number of dollars invested
at 7%; .035a; = the income from the investment at 3j%; .07(7000 — x) = the income from the
investment at 7%; .035a; + .07(7000 — x) = 350; 35a; + 70(7000 — x) — 350,000;
35a: + 490,000 - 70a: = 350,000; -35a; = -140,000; x = $4000, 7000 — x = $3000, Ans.

53. 100 54. 3 55. 3, 3 56. 4 57. 100 - x

58. Let x = the number of milliliters of water added; 100 + x = the number of milliliters of 20% acid
solution; 100 = the number of milliliters of acid in the original and final solutions; .20(100 + x) =
the number of milliliters of acid in the 20% acid solution; 100 = .20(100 + x); 1000 = 2(100 + a;);
1000 = 200 + 2a;; 800 = 2a;; x = 400 milliliters, Ans.

3_ (2m — 3) m + 1
59. 6m = 6m[0]; 18 + (2m - 3) - 3(m + 1) = 0;
m 6m 2m
18 + 2m — 3 — 3m — 3 = 0; -m -12; m = 12. {12}
94 Key to Chapter 8, pages 326-328

60. (»2 - 4) + («2 - 4) (3) (n2 - 4) (1) ;. — l(n + 5) + 3(n + 2) = n - 2;

4 — n2 n — 2 n -f- 2
-n 5 + 3n + 6 n 2) n — -3. {-3}
6*1 40 nr
24
61 • 40> 40 62. 1 oj. or i
5,
x re
1
64. Let x — the number of minutes needed by Arno; - — rate of Arno; ^ — rate of Joe; 18 = the
00

1 1 18 3
number of minutes needed for both boys. - ■ 18 + ^ • 18 = 1;-j- - = 1; 90 + 3x = 5.x;
x 30 x 5
90 = 2x; x = 45 min, Ans.
65. s + 4, s - 4
66. Let s = rate in miles per hour of the plane in still air; s + 25 = rate with the wind; s — 25 = rate

against the wind; —= time with the wind; —_ time against the wind; —_ —^50
s + 25 s — 25 s + 25 s — 25;
600(s - 25) = 450(s + 25); 600s — 15,000 - 450s + 11,250; 150s - 26,250; s = 175 mph, Ans.

Pages 326-328 - CUMULATIVE REVIEW 1-8

1. multiplication (The product of two squares is also a square.)

2. -3 < y < 3 3. {-4} (If r = 2, r - 2 = 0.) 4. a < b
5. sometimes 6. —2a + k 7. 10r2
8. {3, —4} 9. a < 0 .
10 2t = 0; t = 0
11. 5 s(t — 3) ^ 0;s ^ 0 and t — 3 9^ 0; s 0 and t ^ 3. {£ ^ 3}
12. 6s2£3 < 0; since s2 is never less than zero, t3 must be less than zero which means t < 0.

13. ^ ^ — 1; f + 1 0] . .t 1 14. False; jy — jy jy — 2 jy

15. False; 5(6x2 + x) — 2(4x2 — 3x) = 30x2 + 5x — 8x2 + 6x = 22x2 + llx

16. True; y4 + 7y3 + 10y2 = y2(y2 + 7y + 10) = y2(y + 2)(y + 5)
17. False; if A = x3 + 5 and B — —x3 + x, A + B = x + 5, so that A + B has degree one in this case
18. False; 2A;2 + k = 1; 2A;2 + k - 1 = 0; (2/c — 1 )(k + 1) = 0; 2k — 1 = 0 or k + 1 = 0;
Jc = — 1; 2k = 1; k = J, not an integer.
27(2 - 3)2 27(2 - 3) (2 - 3) 27(2 - 3)
19. (2 + y)(2 - y)2 20. If 2 <g {-3, 3),
9 (2 + 3)(2-3) 2 + 3
12 _ 12
21. 22. x2 -+■ 2x •+■ 4
12 + 16 28
x - 2) x 8
x3 2x2
~2?
2x2 — 4x
4x - 8
4x - 8
7 xy
11 ab _ 7xy 11a2 _ 7xy 7x 49 x2y
23. 24. 1 and — 1
11a2 lla6 7x 11ab 11a2 121a35
7x
21(2)(n - 3) 21(2 - n) _ 3n - 2
25.
3 21
6(n - 3) - 7(2 n) = 3n — 2; 6n — 18 — 14 + 7n = 3n — 2; lOn 30; n = 3. {3}
26. (3x 4) (x + 1) — (x + 4)(x — 4) = 2(x — 4)(x + 1);
.2
3x" — x - 4 - (x2 — 16) = (2x — 8)(x + 1); 3x2 x — 4 — x2 + 16 = 2x2 — 6x — 8;
5x = -20; x = -4. {-4}
27. (t — 3)2 + 2(t — 3) = 3; t2 - 6t + 9 + 2t - 6 = 3; t2 - it = 0; t(t — 4) = 0;
t — 0 or t = —4; t = 0 or t = 4. {0, 4}
28. 7/ + 1 — y — 1; 1 = 1. {all directed numbers except 0 and —1}
29. 7k2(k2 - 9) = 7k2(k - 3)(fc + 3)
Key to Chapter 8, page 328 95

30. (12 - h)(5 + h) or -1 (h - 12)(h + 5)

31. 4c(3r - 2s) - 5d(3r — 2s) = (4c - 5d)(3r - 2s)
32. zt(4z2 — 20zt + 2512) = zt(2z — 51)2

33. [7(n — k) — 5][7(n - /c) f 5] = (7n - 7k - 5) (7n - 7k + 5)

34. ^-(6x2 — x — 1) = ^(3x + l)(2x — 1)

35 _J_( 3y 2y \ _ __1_3g_ _ 2g _L_3g_ 2g

’ 2/ + 2 ly2 — 4^2 — 2/j y + 2 g2 — 4 2 — y y + 2 1/2 — 4 + 7/ — 2

1(2/ — 2)_3g , 2y(y + 2) _ y — 2 — 3y + 2g2 + 4y

(:V + 2)(y - 2) (2/ + 2)(g -2) ^ (y - 2){y + 2) y2 - 4
= 2g2 + 2y - 2 = 2(y2 + y ~ 1)
?/2 — 4 ?/2 — 4
i 12 8 _ 1 12 8
(x - 3)2 (x + 3)2 x2 - 9 (x - 3)2 ^ (x + 3)2 (x + 3)(x - 3)

l(x + 3)2 12(x — 3)2 8(x + 3)(x — 3)

= (x - 3)2(x + 3)2 + (x + 3)2(x - 3)2 (x + 3)2(x - 3)2

(x + 3)2 + 12(x - 3)2 - 8(x + 3)(x - 3) _ x2 + 6x + 9 + 12(x2 - 6x + 9) - 8(x2 - 9)

(x + 3)2(x - 3)2 (x + 3)2(x - 3)2

X2 + 6x + 9 + 12x2 - 72x + 108 - 8x2 + 72 5x2 — 66x + 189 (5x — 21) (x ■- 9)

(x + 3)2(x - 3)2 ‘ (x + 3)2(x - 3)2 °r (x + 3)2(x -- 3)2
2 72
4a2 - 962 2 a2 + 5ab + 362 4a2 - 962 a — 6
— 2ab + b2 a2 - 62 a2 — 2a6 + 6 2 2a2 + 5ab + 362
(2a + 36) (2a — 36) (a + 6) (a — 6) (2a — 36) (2a + 36) (a + 6) (a — 6) 2a -- 36
(a — 6) (a — b) (2a + 36) (a + 6) (a — 6) (2a + 36) (a + 6) (a — 6) a — 6
/2g\2 48k2s . /6gsV _ 4g2 48&2s . 216g3s3 4g2 48&2s 125/6
38‘ \ k) ‘ (5tq2)2 : \5t2) - 25£2g4 • 125£6 ~ k2 ' 25t2q* ' 216g3s3
2„2 .6 2 2 .2
192 • 125k q st 8 5r-24-25kYst
• 4014
216 • 25k2q7s3t2 9 • g5 • s2 • 24 • 25A;2g2 . s; <2 9 g5s2

1 1 /_!_1_V/2_1)2n
— t; / + v _ y — v t + v)_ (< + ») — (< — v) t + v — t + v 2v
39.
2 _ 2 2 — 2
~~ V

(f - V*)
t2 — v2 t2 — v2
40. Let x = the list price in dollars; .75x = selling price at a discount of 25% of list price;
.75x - 150 = profit; .75x - 150 = .20(150); .75x - 150 = 30; .75x = 180; x = $240, Arts.

41. Let x = the radius in cm of the larger circle; then x — 3 = the radius in cm of the smaller circle;
7Tx2 = area of larger circle; 7r(x — 3)2 = area of smaller circle; 7rx2 — 7r(x — 3)2 = 367r;
x2 — (x2 — 6x + 9) = 36; x2 — x2 + 6x —- 9 = 36; 6x = 45; x = 7\ cm, Ans.

42. Let x = number of lb of 75% silver; then 20 — x = number of lb of 70% silver; .75x = number of
lb of silver in the 75% pure silver; .70(20 — x) = number of lb of silver in the 70% pure silver;
.73(20) = number of lb of silver in the mixture; .75x + .70(20 — x) = .73(20);
75x + 70(20 — x) = 73(20); 75x + 1400 - 70x = 1460; 5x = 60; x = 12; 20 - x = 8.
12 lb 75% pure, 8 lb 70% pure, Ans.
1 • • , l/ 1 l\ 17 x 1 17 1C 2 1 1C oa
43. Let x = the number; then - = its reciprocal; 2\xJrx)==T5’2^2x~T5’ ^ _

15x2 - 34x + 15 = 0; (5x - 3)(3x - 5) = 0; x = f or x = §; f < g. f, Ans.

r t d

600
1st 600 miles x + 100 600
44. Let x = average speed in miles per hour for the x + 100
last 600 miles.
600
2nd 600 miles X 600
X

(continued on p. 96)
96 Key to Chapter 8, pages 328-330-

GOO + — = 3i; 600(2+ + 600(2) + + 100) = 7x(x + 100);

x + 100 x
1200x + 1200a; + 120,000 = 7x2 + 700*; 7x2 - 1700* - 120,000 = 0; (7* + 400)(x — 300) = 0;
-400
x (reject); x = 300 mph, Ans.
7
X
45. Let x = the number of minutes it takes to fill the tank when all three pipes are opened; = part
X X
that the first tank fills in x minutes; = part that the second tank fills in x minutes; — = part that
uU oU
X X X
the third tank empties in x minutes; — ^ = 1; 3* + 2* — 4x = 120; x = 120 min, Ans.
4U bl) oU

Page 328 • EXTRA FOR EXPERTS

1. a. 5 + 2 + 0 + 8 = 15; 15 4- 3 = 5; 5208 4- 3 is an integer

b. 08 -j- 4 = 2; 5208 -s- 4 is an integer
c. 8 7^ 0; 8 5^ 5; 5208 4- 5 is not an integer
d. 5 + 24-0 + 8= 15; 15 4- 9 is not an integer; 5208 4- 9 is not an integer
e. 809 — 147 = 662; 662 4- 7 is not an integer; 147,809 4- 7 is not an integer
f. 9 + 8+ 1 + 9 = 27; 27 4- 9 = 3; 9819 4- 9 is an integer
g. 2 — 9 + 8 — 7 + 6 — 3 = —3; —3 4- 11 is not an integer; 367,892 4- 11 is not an integer
h. 810 — 147 = 663; 663 4- 13 = 51; 147,810 4- 13 is an integer

2. a. iV = a0 + 10ax + 10+2 + IO+3 + • • • + 10” +n_x + 10”an

N = clq + 10+x + 10^2 + 10+3 + • • • + 10” 2an_x + 10” +re
v—^ ' ; v

? a multiple of 2
N is divisible by 2 if, and only if, a0 is divisible by 2.
b. From part (a), N — a0 + 10(ax + 10a2 + 10+3 + • • • + 10n_2a„_x + 10ra—+„)

? a multiple of 5
N is divisible by 5 if, and only if, a0 is divisible by 5, i.e., if a0 is 0 or 5.
c. N = <Xq + 10ai + 102(i2 + 103fl3 + 10+4 + 10+5 + * ■ *
N = a0 + 10ax + 100a2 + (1001 - l)a3 + (10,010 - 10)a4 + (100,100 - 100)a5 +
(999,999 + 1+6 + (9,999,990 + 10)07 + (99,999,900 + 100)og + • • •
N — (a0 + 10oi + 100a2) + (7 • 143- l)a3 + (7 • 1430 - 10)a4 + (7 • 14,300 - 100)a5 +
(7 • 142857 + l)a6 + (7 • 1,428,570 + 10)a7 + (7 • 14,285,700 + 100)a8 4-
N — (oo + lOaj + IOO02) + 7(143o3 + 1430o4 + 14,3000s) — (03 + 10o4 + IOO05) +
v
s
7(142,857o6 + 1,428,570o7 + 14,285,700o8) + (06 + 10 o7 + 100o§) + • • •
v__/ v

t
N = (oo + 10oi + IOO02) — (03 + 10a4 + lOOas) + +6 + 10o7 + lOOflg) — • • • +
v-'
?

7(s + t + • • •) •’
V V' V

a multiple of 7 *
N is divisible by 7 if, and only if, [(o0 + 10ox + 100o2) — (o3 + 10a4 + 100o5) + (a6 + 10a7 -
100ag) — • • •] is divisible by 7.

d. N = Oo + 10Oi + 10“O2 + IO+3 + 10+4 + IO+5 + ■ ’ ’

iV = a0 + 10a 1 + 100a2 + IOOO03 + 10,000a4 + 100,000a5 + • • •
N = o0 + (11 - l+i + (99 + I+2 + (1001 - I+3 + (9999 + l)a4 + (100,001 - l)a5 + • ■
N = +0 — Ox + 02 — 03 + a4 — 05 + •••) + (lloi + 99o2 + 1001a3 + 9999o4 + 100,001as + • •
N = (oo — Ox + 02 — 03 + a4 — 05 + • ■ ■) + 11+1 + 902 + 9I03 + 909g4 + 909105 + • ■ •)
v> V ^ -

? a multiple of 11
N is divisible by 11 if, and only if, a0 — Ox + a2 — o3 + a4 — a5 + • • • is divisible by 11.
e. N — Oo + lOax + 10“a2 + 103a3 + 10+4 + 10°O5 + 10^06 + 10+7 + lO^og + • • •
N = a0 + 10oi + 100a2 + (1001 - l)a3 + (10,010 - 10)a4 + (100,100 - 100+5 +
(999,999 + l)a6 + (9,999,990 + 10)a7 + (99,999,900 + 100)a8 4-
Key to Chapters 8, 9, pages 330-336 97

N = (a0 + 10a! + 100a2) + (13 • 77 - l)a3 + (13 • 770 - 10)a4 + (13 • 7700 - 100)a5 +
(13 • 76,923 + l)a6 + (13 • 769,230 + 10)a7 + (13 • 7,692,300 + 100)a8 H-
N = (clq “I- lOaj -f- 100a2) “l- 13(77a3 /70a4 7700a5) — (a3 10a4 + lOOas) +
-y ^
S

13(76,923a6 + 769,230a7 + 7,692,300a8) + (cl§ + 10a7 + 100a8) + • • •

v__V
V

t
N — (ao + 10ai + 100a2) — (a3 10a4 + lOOas) -f- -|- 10a7 + 100a8) — • • • -f- 13(s + t -j- • • •)
v-y-' "-y-"

? a multiple of 13
N is divisible by 13 if, and only if, [(a0 + 10ai + 100a2) — (a3 + 10a4 + 100a5) + (a6 + 10a7 +
100a8) — • • •] is divisible by 13.

3. If N is divisible by prime number P}, then N = a • Pi for a an integer; if N or aPi is also divisible
by prime number P2, then since Pi is prime, a is divisible by P2, or a = 5 • P2 for b an integer. There¬
fore N — aPi = (5P2)Pi = 5(P\P2), for b an integer, i.e., N is divisible by (PiP2). A number is
divisible by 6 if it is divisible by 2 and by 3, i.e., if its last digit is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 and the sum of its
digits is divisible by 3.

4. A number is divisible by 12 if it is divisible by 4 and by 3, i.e., if the number represented by its last
two digits is divisible by 4 and the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. 46 4- 4 is not an integer;
1346 12 is not an integer.

5. N = ao T 10ai -f- 102a2 + 103a3 -T 104a4 -)-•••

N — clq -(- 10ai + 100a2 + 1000a3 -|- 10,000a4 -)-•*•
N — ciq 10ai -f- 25(4a2 + 40a3 -)- 400a4 -(-•••)
v-S.-/ V-v-'

? a multiple of 25
N is divisible by 25 if, and only if, a0 + 10ai is divisible by 25. 75 -4- 25 is an integer; 67,475 4- 25
is an integer.

6. a. From Example 5 in text,

N = (ao + 10ai) + 4(25a2 + 250a3 H-(- 2n“2 • 5nan)
N = (ao + 2ai) + 8ax + 4(25a2 + 250a3 H-h 2n“2 • 5nan)
N — (ao P 2ai) -j- 4(2ai -(- 25a2 -j- 250a3 2n 2 • 5nan)
v-v-' '--V-'

? a multiple of 4
N is divisible by 4 if, and only if, 2ai + a0 is divisible by 4.
b. N = cl$ + 10ai T- 102a2 + 103a3 T" 104a4 -f- 105as + • • •
N = a0 + (8 + 2)ai + (96 + 4)a2 + 8 • 125a3 + 8 • 1250a4 + 8 • 12,500a5 -
N = a0 -(- 2ai -)- 4a2 -j- 8(ai + 12a2 + 125a3 + 1250a4 + 12,500as + • • •)
V-v-X V--V-"

? a multiple of 8
N is divisible by 8 if, and only if, 4a2 + 2ax + a0 is divisible by 8.

CHAPTER 9. Graphs
Pages 336-337 WRITTEN EXERCISES

1. a — li = 12a; 11a = —11; a = — 1 and 5 + 8 = 35; 2b = 8; b = 4

2. 3a == a — 6; 2a = —6; a = --3 and 2b — i = 35; 5 = -1

3. 1 - a := 5 — 7a; 6a = 4; a == f and 3 == l&l; 3 = 5 or 3 = —5; 5 = 3 or 5 = 3

4. 2a + 4 = 3a T 7; a - 3; a - —3 and b2 = _6; 52 + 5 = 0; 5(5 + 1) = 0; 5 = 0 or

b + 1 == 0; b = 0 or b = —1
5. 2 - a2 = a; —a2 — a + 2 = 0; a2 + a — 2 = 0; (a + 2)(a — 1) = 0; a + 2 0 or
a — 1 == 0; a = —2 or a = 1 and b2 =- 36; b‘^ _ 36 = 0; (5 + 6)(5 - 6) = 0 ; 5 + 6 = 0 or
b - 6 == 0; b = —6 or b — 6
6. I a T-1| = 2; a T 1 = 2 or (a + 1) = 2; a = 1 or —a — l = 2;a-= 1 or --a = 3; a = 1 or
a = 3 and b3 = 0; (b)(b)(b) = 0; b = 0 or b == 0 or 5 = 0; 5 — 0

7. {(- 6,--3), (0. 3), (6, 9)} 8. {(-6, 10), (0, 4), (6, -2)}

9. y = 8 - 5x. {(-6, 38), (0, 8), (6, -22)} 10. y = 3x + 7. {(—0, --11), (0, 7) , (0, 25)}
98 Key to Chapter 9, pages 336-340

11. y = %x - 10. {(-6, -24), (0, -10), (6, 4)} 12. y = -fx + 6. {(-6, 15), (0, 6), (6, -3)}

13. y = + £; x = —10, y = 0; x = 2, t/ = 2. {(2, 2)}

14. y = fce — J#; x = —1, y = —2; * = 15, y = 0. {(—1, —2)}

15. y = —§x + 2; x = 0, y = 2; x = 5, y = 0. {(5, 0)}

16. y = fx — 7; x = 0, y = —7;x = 3,y = 1. {(3, 1)}

B 17. y = — \x + i; X = — 4, y = 3; » = —1, y = f. {(—4, 3)}

18.2/= — fz + 3 = 1, y = —f; x = 2,y= —3. {(2, —3)}

19. y > 2x — 1; x = 0, y > —1; x = 1, y > 1. {(0, —1), (0, 1), (1, 1)}

20. y < 3x + 1; x = -1, y < -2; x = 0, y < 1. {(-1, -3), (0, -3), (0, 0)}

21. —y < 3 — \x\] y > \x\ — 3; x — —1, y > —2; x = 3, y > 0; x — 4, y > 1.
{(-1, 0), (-1, 1), (-1, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 2)}

22. — y > 2 — |*|; y < |x| — 2; x = —2, y < 0;x = —1, y < —l;x = 3, y < 1. {(—2, 0), (3, 1), (3, 0)}

C 23. y = 4 — |x|; x = —3, y = 1; x = 0, y = 4; x = 4, y = 0. {(—3, 1), (0, 4)}

24. 42/ = M — 12; y = ^ — 3; z = —1, y = —Z = 0, y = —3; z = 4, y = — 2. {(0, —3), (4, —2)} I

25. ?/2— 8y + 10 + 2z = 0; x = —5, y2 — 82/ + 10 — 10 = 0; y2 — 8t/ = 0; y(y — 8) = 0; y = 0 or

2/— 8 = 0; y = 0 or y = 8. x = 1, y2 — 8y + 10 + 2 = 0; y2 — 8y + 12 = 0; (y — 6)(y — 2) = 0; )
y — 6 = 0 or 2/ — 2 = 0;2/=6or?/ = 2. {(1, 2)}

26. y2 — 7y + 3 + 3x = 0; x = —1, y2 — 7y + 3 — 3 = 0; y2 — 7y = 0; y{y — 7) = 0; y = 0 or

y — 7 = 0; y = 0 or y = 7. x = 3,2/2 — 72/ + 3 + 9 = 0; y2 — 7y + 12 = 0; (y — 3)(y — 4) = 0; j
y — 3 = 0 or 2/ — 4 = 0;2/=3or2/ = 4. {(—1, 7), (3, 3)}

27. Let N — no. of baseballs, N E {0, 1, 2, ... , 33}; 1.5iV = cost, in dollars, of N baseballs; P = no. of
bats, P e (0, 1, 2, . . . , 14}; 3.5P — cost, in dollars, of P bats; .1.5A^ + 3.5P < 50; 15^ + 35P < 500;
15iV < 500 - 35P; N < - %P. P = 0, JV < P = 1, N < 31, . .. , P = 14, JV < §; t
{(P, N)} = {(0, 33), (1, 31), (2, 28), (3, 26), (4, 24), (5, 21), (6, 19), (7, 17), (8, 14), (9, 12), (10, 10),
(11,7), (12, 5), (13, 3), (14, 0)}

28. Let N = no. of cupcakes and no. of ice cream bars, N E (20, 21, ... , 30}; 5A^ = cost of N cupcakes; 1

10./V = cost of N ice cream bars; P = no. of qt of punch, P e (12, 13, ... , 18}; 25P = cost of P qt
of punch; 5JV + 10N + 25P < 750; 15iV < 750 - 25P; N < 50 — fP. P = 12, JV < 30, P = 13,
N < #, . . . , P = 18, N < 20; {(P, N)} = {(12, 30), (13, 28), (14, 26), (15, 25), (16, 23), (17, 21),
(18, 20)}

Page 340 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A
4

•7.
10.#
9.-»# 8
 Key to Chapter 9, page 340 99

16. 17.
ii
y y1
•-4 p -
(-1, 4)< h- ii

i -1 >
J 1_1_1_1_1 1 1 -L 1 l» | 1 1 1 1 1 1
—*-►
X X

i <
(-8 , -3)
I
!

Note: In Ex. 19-22 the coordinates of any point on the lines drawn will satisfy the given requirements.
We have indicated three such points on each line.

19. 20 .
100 Key to Chapter 9, page 342

Pages 342-343 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1 . 2. 3.

y
,i

J-1_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_I_L*.
X

4. 5. 6.

J I I I I I L
X

7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12 .

x
Key to Chapter 9, pages 342-343
101

B 13. (a) 5x - 3(0) - 30 = 0; 5x = 30; x = 6; (6, 0)

(b) 5(0) — Zy — 30 = 0; —3y = 30; y— —10; (0, —10)
14. (a) 7(0) + 4x - 28 = 0; 4x = 28; x = 7; (7, 0) (b) 7y + 4(0) — 28 = 0; 7y= 28; y = 4; (0, 4)
15. (a) 12x 60 = 5(0); 12x = 60; x = 5; (5, 0) (b) 12(0) — 60 = 5y; 5y = — 60; y = —12; (0, —12)
16. (a) 9(0) - 36 = 2x; 2x = -36; x = -18; (-18, 0) (b) 9y - 36 = 2(0); 9y = 36; y = 4; (0, 4)
17. (a) 3(0) = 7x; 7x = 0; x = 0; (0, 0) (b) 3y = 7(0); 3y = 0; y = 0; (0, 0)
18. (a) (0) = |x|; x = 0; (0, 0) (b) y = |0|; y = 0; (0, 0)

1=1 1+4=5
5 = 5
102 Key to Chapter 9, pages 343-345

25. 26.
i
y‘

i i i i i i • ■I iii
X

Pages 345-346 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 2.

3 - 1 1
m —
10-6 2

I
£-1 co

-6 - (-2) -6 + 2 4 -2-1-3
4-1 3 3 m 2 — (-2) ~ 2 + 2 “
Key to Chapter 9, pages 345-346 103

5. 6.

J—I_I_L l_L J I I I L*.

X

0
m=I5 = °
ft

-1 - (-1) -1 + 1 o
m 5 - (-5) 5 + 5 10 °
5 + 5 10. , , ,
= -7T is undefined
-1 + 1 0

9.

3a — 2a la 1 . _ i 5a — a 1 4a 1 a
14. = -1
B 13. -5 - 3 2 -8 2 > _2 2 ’ a
-1 - (-3) 2 ’ 2 2 ’ a '

a — 0 _
15.
a — 5 o. a = 2; a — 5 = 2; a = 7 16. -l.« = — 1; a — —5
4 - 3 7-2 “ ’ 5

3a - 6 3a — 6
17. = —2; 3a — 6 = —6; 3a = 0; a = 0
1 - (-2) '
2a —- (-4)
18
3 - 1 2
104 Key to Chapter 9, page 348 >

Page 348 -WRITTEN EXERCISES

Note: In Ex. 1-10, substitute the given values for m and b in the slope-intercept form of a linear equa¬
tion: y — mx + b.
1. y — 3x + 1 2. y = —2x + 5
3. y = —lx + (—2); 4y = — x — 8 4. y = lx + (—3); 3y = x — 9
5. y = — jx + 0; 7 y = —4x 6. y = 0- x-\-7;y=7 7. y = 0 • x + (—10); y — —10
8. y = —x + 2 9. y = l ■ x + (—1); y = x — 1 10. y = 7a; + 0; y — 7x

11 . 12.
i / ,, 4
y
/ y\ "
6 1-
1
2
2/
iiii i i / _ _1_1_1_1_1
2 ! 7
' — i

J_L l_1_1_1 1_1_1 II

1 X
-

13. 14.

J L i
5 x
Key to Chapter 9, pages 348-350

17. 18.

Page 350 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A l.y=3x + b; (-2) = 3(-3) + 6; -2 = -9 + b] b = 7; y = 3z + 7

2. t/ = 5z + b] (0) = 5(—1) + 6; 0 = —5 + &; & = 5; y = 5a: + 5
3. y — —2x + 6; (8) = -2(2) + b; 8 = -4 + 6; & = 12; 3/ = -2z + 12
4. y = fz + b; (0) = f(-5) + b; 0 = + b; b = ±?-; y = fx + or 7y = 2x + 10
5- y = jx ~h b; (—5) = f(—2) + 6; —5 = —7 + 6; 6 = 2; 2/ = fz + 2 or 2y = 7z + 4
6* V = — + 6; (0) = —1(0) + 6; & = 0; y = —fz or 3y = —8z
7- y = —fa; + 6; (0) = —f(0) + 6; & = 0; y = — fz or 8y = —3z
8. y = 0 • x + b; (—5) = 0(1) + b; 6 = —5; y — —5
9. y = 0 • x + &; (3) = 0(—2) + 6; 6 = 3; y = 3
r» q Q

10. to — ^ _z 2 = 3= 1; V = 1 • z + &; choose (2, 3): 3 = 1 • 2 + &; b = 1; y = x + 1

11. m = g ^ = |= 1; y = 1 • x + 6; choose (1, 4): 4 = 1 • 1 + 6; b = 3; y — x + 3

12. to = q — q = ~ ; m is undefined and line is vertical through origin (0, 0);

x = 0 (the eqn. of y-axis)

,0 0 - (-1)
13. to = —-— ; same as 12; x = 0

14. to = —j-—^ = —2; y = —2x + b; choose (0, 0): 0 = —2(0) + 6; b = 0; y = — 2z

15. to = ° Q ^ = -^ = — | ; y = —fz + 6; choose (0, 0): 0 = —f(0) + 6; b = 0; y =

or by = —3z

16. to = —~r—^ ^ ; y — fz + 6; choose (—2, 1): 1 = f(—2) + 6; 1 = —5 + b\ b — 6

z (4) Z
2/ = fz + 6 or 22/ = 5z + 12

17. m = = -4 = - ! ; » = -|* + 6; choose (0, -2): (-2) = -§(0) + 6; b =

y — —fz — 2 or by — —3z — 10

18. m = = =? = - i; y = -Js + 6; choose (0, -1): (-1) = ~i(0) + i>; b =

y = —fz — 1 or 2t/ = —z — 2

B 19. a(l) + 3(4) = 5; a + 12 = 5; a = -7 20. 2(3) + a(l) = 4; 6 + a = 4; a = -2

21. 5(—1) - 2(3) + a = 0; -5 - 6 + a = 0; a = 11

22. 4(—3) - a(—2) = 2; -12 + 2a - 2; 2a = 14; a = 7

23. y = —z + 5; to = —1; 2/ = —1 • z + 6; 4 = 1(3) + b; 4 = 3 + b; 6 = 7; y — z 4-
24. y = x — 3; to = 1; y = 1 • z + b; 1 = 1 (—2) + 6; 6 = 3; y — z + 3
25. y = —fx -(- 3; to = —f; y = —fx “1“ 3 = f(2) + 3 = 1 + b = —2,
2/ = — §z — 2 or 22/ = —z — 4
106 Key to Chapter 9, pages 350-352

26. y = — 2; m = y = + 6; — 2 = £(—6) + 6; — 2 = — 2 + 6; 6 = 0; y = %x or 3y = x
27. 5* + 7(0) - 35 = 0; 5x = 35; x = 7; (7, 0) 28. 7(0) - 2x + 14 = 0; -2x = -14; x = 7; (7, 0)
29. 6(3) - 5y - 3 = 0; 15 - 5y = 0; by = 15; y = 3; (3, 3)
30. 3(—1) - 8y + 27 = 0; 24 - 8y = 0; Sy = 24; y = 3; (-1, 3)

Pages 352-353 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

6.
Key to Chapter 9, pages 352-353 107

10. 11. 12.

 I

Page 354 -WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 2.

J L

J L

8.
Key to Chapter 9, page 354
109

19. 20.
no Key to Chapter 9, page 356 i

Pages 356-357 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

2 .
Heights of Structures
Millions of Square Miles

*<s>
e

Ocean

Great Pyramid
Structure

4.
Average Monthly Temp, of Galveston
90

80
Per Cent Change

70
*<s»

£ 60
•

O 50 ■
CO 40 ■
o
05
o
30 ■
20 ’

10
l
Dec. r

0
C X! s-i s-I >5 <D
C3
>> bfi >
e3 0> a a c3 H a o O
13 •-J
►-5
►”3 ►“5 <1
0>
m
o
Month
Key to Chapter 9, pages 357-358 111

5. 6 .
Scholarships Awarded in Each Decade Rainfall in New York City

7. 8.
Membership Distribution in UN 15th Assembly Median Price of Used Cars, 1951-58

1958 • ft ft ft ft ft ft
1957 ■ ft ft ft ft ft ft ft
1956 • ft ft ft ft ft ft ft

1955 • ft ft ft ft ft ft
1954 • ft ft ft ft ft ft ft
1953 • ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft
1952 • ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft 4
1951 • ft ft ft ft ft ft

Key: $ =$100

Pages 357-358 WRITTEN EXERCISES

Bonville’s Tax Dollar
1. a) 33^% = mi X 360 - 120°
Yqo X 360 = 90°
3^ X 360 = 54°
16f% = 35&; ^ X 360 = 60°
Yo() X 360 = 36°
b) Let x = total budget;
.15x = 31,500;
15x = 3,150,000;
x = $210,000
112 Key to Chapter 9, pages 358-360 \

3. T4<£> X 360 = 166° Average American Diet

100 X 360 —
3^ X 360 =
liro X 360 =

Pages 360-361 ■ CHAPTER TEST

1. y = —4; 3x + 4(—4) = 17; 3x — 16 = 17; 3x = 33; x = 11; c = 11, Ans.

2. 3a - 1 = 5a - 7; 6 = 2a; 3 = a and b2 = 2b - 1; b2 — 2b + 1 = 0; (b — 1 )(6 — 1) = 0;
6 — 1 = 0or& — 1 = 0, 6 = 1. a — 3 and 6=1, Ans.
3. When x — —1, 2(— 1) + y < 3; —2 + y < 3; y < 5. When z = 0, y < 3. When x = 1,
2(1) + y < 3, y < 1. {(-1, 0), (-1,1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0)}
4. a. (-6, 9) b. (3, 5) c. (0, 2) d. (-3, -2) e. (5, -6)
Key to Chapter 9, pages 360-361

5.

7. (2, 7): 2 • 7 — 3 • 2 =L 8; 14 — 6 =±= 8; 8 8. (7, 2): 2*2 — 3-7 =L 8; 4 — 21 =L 8; -17 ^ 8.

(2, 7) does belong to the graph of 2y — 2,x 8, but (7, 2) does not.

0 18-2 16
«• SI°Pe = 1 _ (—7) = 8- = 2-

10. 2(3) + a(—1) = 4; 6 — a = 4; a = 2, Ans.

11. 5x — 3y = 24; — 3y = — 5x + 24; y — %x — 8. Slope = y-intercept = —8, Ans.
.
12 y = 10„r + 6; the point (0, —4) gives the ^-intercept, b, as —4; y — lOx — 4, Ans.
13. y = —^x + b) 0 = — \ • 8 + b] b = 14; y — —\x + 14 or 4y = —7x + 56, Ans.

14. Slope = = —— = —2; y = — 2x -f b; 1 = —2(5) + 6; 6 = 11;?/= —2x’ + 11, Ans.

15. ?/ + 2x < 6; ?/ < — 2x + 6 16. 2y > 3x + 4; y > f.r + 2 17.

114 Key to Chapter 9, pages 361-362

18. Sale of Bonds

10 15 20 25
Amount of Sales (Dollars)

19. 20. Labor: 30%; X 360° = 108°

Daily Calorie Needs of Children Operations: 10%; X 360° = 36°
Materials: 60%; X 360° = 216°

Use of Dollar in Business

Pages 361-364 • CHAPTER REVIEW

1. ordered pair 2. a = c, b = d 3. 10(3) + y = 7; y = -23; -23, Ans.

4. * = -1, 5(— 1) -2y= 11; -5-2y= 11; -2y = 16; y = —8. x = 0; 5(0) — 2y = 11;
—2y = 11; y = —Vs & {integers}, x = 1; 5(1) 2y = 11; -2y = 6; y = —3;
{(-1,-8), (1,-3)}
5. number lines, origin 6. abscissa; ordinate 7. 3, x
8. first, fourth 9. third 10-13.

14. satisfy 15. 5 + 2y = 7; 2y = 2; y = 1; 1, Ans.

16. constant, one 17. straight line
Key to Chapter 9, pages 362-363 115

18. 19. steepness

oi ai —6 — 4 —10
21. Slope = -y — ■ = —^— = —5

22. zero 23. no 24. positive

25. negative 26. m, b 27. ordinate, y
28. y = 4a: — 5; —5, 4, Ans. 29. y = —7x + 1
30. 1 = 2(—5) + 6; 1 = -10 + b; b = 11; 11, Arts.
31. y — — 4x + b; —6 = —4(2) + b; b = 2; y = —4a; + 2, Ans.
1 _ (_2) 3 1
32. Slope = 2~—= e = 2 » y = ^ + 6; 1 = £ • 2 + 6; 6 = 0; y = \x or 2y = x, Ans.

33. Find slope of: 4a: — 2y = 1; —2y = —4a: + 1; y — 2x — m = 2. Required line: y — 2x b)

—4 = 2(—1) + 6; b = —2; y = 2a: — 2, Ans.

34. half-planes, y > Sx — 1; y < 3x — 1 35. =. below, solid 36. y

37. Transform each inequality into one having y as one member. 5a; + 3y > 6; 3a/ > — 5a: + 6;

y > —fa; + 2 and 5a: — 3y > 6; — 2>y > —5x + 6; y < fa: — 2

X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

y -9 -4 -1 0 -1 -4 -9
116 Key to Chapter 9, pages 363-364

40. Ordinate is least at point where x = 0: y = (0)2 + 2; y = 2; (0, 2), Ans.

41. Ordinate is greatest at point where x = 0: y — 3 — (0)2; y = 3; (0, 3), Ans.
42. plotted
43.
Movie Admission Prices Over 40 Years Movie Admission Prices Over 40 Years

1959

1949

11939

1929

1919

x
0 25 50 75 100

Average 'price in cents

44. parts, total

45. central
46. ^ X 360° 72° Jane’s Budget
100 X 360°
ip X 360°
100

Page 364 • EXTRA FOR EXPERTS

1. MT 2 3^T5 7 W 2. (a) 7, because 7 is the largest prime less than

11 A% 13 X 17 19 V100. Stop as soon as you reach a prime p
23 JK 25 2% 3FT Mf such that p > \AN, because the cancellation
of every pth number from p will be a repeti¬
41 43 M Ati 47 M A& tion of cancellations already effected.
Mf 53 M Art A# A>% 59 M (b) 13, since 17 > \/200
61 M M AX' M 67 S& M MT 3. (a) 15 (b) 10 (c) 10 (d) 11
71 73 AK J7fT JTff jyr 79 M 4. None has been found, p — n2 — n + 41 yields
#2 %3 M J<« M M 89 9T primes for all n such that n < 41, but when
Arf Arf Arf M AX Ati 97 ilS' J9ff 1MT n - 41, p = (41)2, a composite number, p =
101 J02 103 to* JM J06 107 J08T 109 iMf n2 — 79n + 1601 yields primes for all n < 80.
Ml M^ 113 H4T J45' JlH \yf IAS \A% M#
5. Yes, 2.Since 2 is the first even integer (posi¬
J2fl22'12^J2^125'426'127 128'^9'^0r
tive) and is divisible only by 1 and itself; all
131 )Ati \ZX )Atf \A(S lAti 137 MS’ 139 UtT
other even numbers are divisible by 2 and are
Mf MS' J43” J4S MS' J47 MS' 149 450"
therefore not prime.
151 MS' MS Mf Mff 157 Mff M€f
Mf MS' 163 l#f MS' MfT 167 M# jM p#
Mf J7S 173 \A< MS' pff pT MS' 179
181 MS MS ]M 186 1ST ]M M# J9(f
191 MS 193 MT MS' MS 197 MS’ 199 20S
Key to Chapter 10, page 370 117

CHAPTER 10. Sentences in Two Variables

Page 370 WRITTEN EXERCISES

Unless otherwise indicated the scale is one division to one unit.

{(-2, -3)}
(-2, -3)
118 Key to Chapter 10, page 370

05

to

2y = 3 — x
«s;

H
II

X y X y

0 3 3
2 0 2
3 0 3 0

1 1 1 1

{all real nos.} (the lines coincide)

2y = 5 — x X = = 3y

X y X y

0 5 0 0
5 0 3 i
1 2 6 2

{(3.1)}
Key to Chapter 10, page 370 119

X = = y 3y = 0 3x

X y X y

0 0 0 0
2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4

{all real nos.) (lines coincide)

120 Key to Chapter 10, page 370
Key to Chapter 10, pages 370-372 121

y = 2x + 4 y = 10 — x y == -2

x V X V X 2/

0 4 0 10 0 -2
-2 0 10 0 2 -2
1 6 5 5 -2 -2

Altitude = CD =10
Base = AB = 15
Area A ABC = ^(10) (15) = 75 sq units

Page 372 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 2x = 90; x = 45; (45) + y = 74; y = 29. {(45, 29)}

2. 2w = 150; w = 75; (75) + z = 122; 2 = 47. {(75, 47)}
3. 4r = 68; r = 17; 2(17) + s = 48; 34 + s = 48; s = 14. {(17, 14)}
4. 6m = 78; m = 13; 3(13) + n = 60; 39 + n = 60; n = 21. {(13, 21)}
5. V = 3; 2(3) - g = 7; 6 - g = 7; -g = 1; g = -1. {(3, -1)}
6. 2A — 2; A = 1; 5(1) - B = 7; 5 - B = 7; -£ = 2; B = -2. {(1, -2)}
7. 2s = 12; s = 6; 3(6) + 21= 17; 18 + 2t = 17; 2$ = —1; t = — {(6, -£)}
8. Qw = 0; «; = 0; 2(0) + 52 = -10; 0 + 52 = -10; 2 = -2. {(0, -2)}
9. 7m = 14; m = 2; 2(2) + 3n = -5; 4 + 3ft = -5; 3ft — -9; n = -3. {(2, -3)}
10. —2* = 0; t = 0; 2p - 5(0) = 12; 2p = 12; p = 6. {(6, 0)}
11. -2s = 2; s = —1; 3r - 4(—1) = 1; 3r + 4 = 1; 3r = -3; r = -1. {(—1, -1)}
12. -2x = 2; z = -1; 2(—1) - 3y = -4; -2-3y = -4; -3y = -2; y = §. {(-1, §)}
13. -10 = — 2n; 5 = w; 2 = p - 3(5); 2 - p - 15; 17 = p. {(5, 17)}
14. -14 = -21; 7 = t; 6 = s - 3(7); 6 = s - 21; 27 = s. {(27, 7)}
15. 6s = -36; s = -6; 3(-6) + 5t = 2; -18 + 5t = 2; 5t = 20; t = 4. {(-6, 4)}
16. 14x = 42; x = 3; 3(3) + y = 0; 9 + y = 0; y = -9. {(3, -9)}
17. -4w = -72; w = 18; 3(18) + 82 = 158; 54 + 82 = 158; 82 = 104; 2 = 13. {(18, 13)}
18. -3m = -51; m = 17; 2(17) + llw = 265; 34 + lln = 265; lln = 231; n = 21. {(17, 21)}

B 19. y -A x = 8. 2/ + x = 8 20. 2x - 3y = 16. 2x - 3y = 16

x — y = 4’ — y + x — 4 3y + 2x = —8’ 2x + 3y = —8
2x = 12] x = 6; 4a; = 8; a; = 2;

y+ (6) = 8; z/ = 2. {(6, 2)} 2(2)- 32/ = 16; 4 — 32/ 16; -3y = 12;
y = -4. {(2, -4)}
21. 3r - 5s = 0 3r — 5s = 0
5s + 3r = -60’ 3r + 5s = -60
6r : —60; r - -10;

-10 s 30; s = -6. {(-10, -6)}

0; —30 — 5s 0; —5s
3
22. 3m — 2n = 18 3m — 2n = 18
4n — 3m = — 24* —3m + 4ft = —24
2ft = —6; ft = —3;

~ - ^-5^ = 3; 3m + 6 = 18, 3m = 12, m = 4. {(4, -3)}

A O

23. 50[.7(r - c)] = 50[7]. 35r - 35c = 350

70[.5(r + c)] = 70[7]; 35r + 35c = 490
70r = 840; r = 12;
.7(12 — c) = 7; 10[.7(12 — c)] == 10[7]; 84 — 7c = 70; -7c = —14; c = 2. {(2, 12)}
122 Key to Chapter 10, pages 372-374

24. 200[.75(r — c)] = 200[3]. 150r - 150c = 600

300[.50(r + c)] = 300[3]; 150r -f- 150c = 900
300c = 1500; r = 5;
.75(5 - c) = 3; 100[.75(5 - c)] = 100[3]; 375 - 75c = 300; -75c = -75; c = 1. {(1, 5)}

25. 4p — 3q = 1 26. 5u - 3v 0
6p — 3q = 2 5u -f- Qv -3
—2 v = — i; V = h — 9v 3j v — -J;
2(i)_3?= .1 _ % 1
1; 2 — 3 q
5u _ (_ l\ 5m , 1
0; 5u + 1 = 0
5 10 ’5 10 3 \ 3) ~ U; 3 + 3
= 1; g = 3. {(^, 3)} 5u = 1; u = 5-. {( 5-, 3)}

Page 374 • PROBLEMS

A 1. I + w = 72
Z — w = 12
21 = 84; l = 42 ft; 42 + w = 72; w = 72 - 42 = 30 ft. 30 ft, 42 ft, Ans.

2. Let x — Mr. Alden’s acreage; let y = Mr. Bradford’s acreage;

x — y — 82
x + y = 276
2x = 358; x = 179 A; 179 + y = 276; y = 276 - 179 = 97 A. 179 A, 97 A, Ans.

3. Let x = smaller no.; let y = larger no.;

2y — x = 21
2y + x = 27
4y — 48; y — 12; 2(12) — x — 21; 24 — x = 21; — x = —3; x = 3. 3, 12, Ans.

4. Let x = Mary’s age; let y — Ann’s age;

2x — y — 19
2x + y = 41
4x = 60; x — 15 yr; 2 • 15 + y = 41; y — 41 — 30 = 11 yr. 11 yr, 15 yr, Ans.

5. Let x = lb of white flour; let y — lb of whole-wheat flour;

Sy = x + 11
2y = x — 2
y = 13 lb; 2-13 = x - 2; x = 26 + 2 = 28 lb. 13 lb, 28 lb, Ans.

6. Let x = cost of each cheaper magazine; let y — cost of each more expensive magazine;
5x = y + 25
3x = y — 5
2x = 30; x = 15*!; 3-15 = y - 5; y = 45 + 5 = 50^. 15yf, 50^, Ans.

7. Let x = doz at 53^; let y = doz at 59ff;

53x + 59y = 1550
53x - 59y = 252
106x = 1802; x - 17 doz; 53-17 + 59y = 1550; 59y = 1550 - 901 = 649; y = 11 doz.
11 doz, 17 doz, Ans.

8. Let x = doz at $52; y = doz at $40;

52x + 40y = 224 52x + 40y = 224
40y — 52x = 16’ -52x + 40y = 16
80y = 240; y = 3;
52x + 40(3) = 224; 52x -)- 120 = 224; 52x = 104; x = 2. 2 doz, 3 doz, Ans.

9. Let t = cost of each mitt; s = cost of each glove;

t + 8s = 41.60
t -f- 12s = 59.00
-4s = -17.40; 4s = 17.40; s = $4.35
t + 8(4.35) = 41.60; t + 34.80 = 41.60; t = $6.80. $4.35, $6.80, Ans.
Key to Chapter 10, pages 374-376 123

10. Let X = dresses at $5.95; let y = dresses at $3.95;

5.95a; + 3.95y = 287.00
5.95a: — 3.95y = 10.50
11.90a: = 297.50; 119a: = 2975; x = 25; 5.95-(25) + 3.95y = 287.00;
3.9by = 287.00 - 148.75 = 138.25; 39by = 13,825; y = 35. 25, 35, Ans.

Pages 376-377 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 2a: — 2y = 146 2. 3m — 3n — 156

2x — 7y = 21 3 m — 8n = 6
5y = 125; y = 25; 5n — 150; n = 30;
x - (25) = 73; x = 98. {(98, 25)} m - (30) = 52; m = 82. {(82, 30)}

3. 2m + 6n — 3 2m + 6n = 3
4m — 3n = 1 ’ 8m — 6n = 2
10m = 5; m = 1;

+ 2n— 1; 3 + 2n = 1; 1 + 6n = 3; 6n = 2; n = £. {(£, £)}

4. 2c + 5d = —10. 4c + lOd - -20

3d — 4c — —6’ —4c + 3d = —6
13d = -26; d = -2;

l + = -1; | - 1 = -1; c - 5 = -5; c = 0. {(0, -2)}

5. 6s — 9t 3
6s — 8£ 14
—t = —11; t - 11; 2s - 3(11) = 1; 2s - 33 - 1; 2s = 34; s = 17. {(17, 11)}

6. 6a + 156 = 54
—6a — 86 = —54
76 = 0; 6 = 0; 2a + 5(0) = 18; 2a + 0 = 18; 2a = 18; a = 9. {(9, 0)}

7. 5c — lOd = 25
—5c + 4d = —22
—6 d 3; d = — i; c - 2(-i) = 5; c + 1 = 5; c = 4. {(4, -*)}

.
8 3a: — 2y = 0. 15z 10y = 0 —

9x + 10y = -96’ 9a: + 10y = -96

24a: = —96; x = —4;
(-4) _ y = 0; — 1 — | = 0; — 6 — y = 0; -6 = y. {(-4, —6)}
4 6

9. 27g - 24r = 3
12g + 24r = 10
39^ = 13; q = h 9(J) - 8r = 1; 3 - 8r = 1; 2 = 8r; \ = r. {(J, i)}

10. 20c - 5d = -50

3c + 5d = 4
23c — —46; c = —2; 4(—2) — d = —10; —8 — d = —10; 2 — d. {(—2, 2)}

11. 5p — 3ic = 6
—5p — 35w = 260
— 38w = 266; w = —7; 7(—7) + p = -52; —49 + p =■ —52; p = -3. {(-3, 7)}

12. 3a: + 2a/ = 12

—3x — y = —9
y = 3
| + ^ = 2;|+l = 2;|=l;* = 2. {(2, 3)}
124 Key to Chapter 10, pages 376-377

B 13. 2(a) + (6) = 3. 4a + 26 = 6

3(a) - 2(6) = 8; 3a - 26 = 8
7a = 14; a = 2;
1
2(2) + 6 = 3; 4 + 6 = 3; 6 = —1; then x = \ ~ \ and ^ ~ \ -i. {(i,-D3
(-D “

Let a = - , m = - 4a + f 6 = 0 8a + 36 = 0
5 8a + 396 = 12
and 6 = — > n = \- §a + “+6 =1 366 = —12; 6 = +
n 6

4a + §(£) — 0; 4a + ^ = 0; 4a — —+ a — —£;
then m = - = — —8 and n — = -y- = 3. {(—8, 3)}
a ( 8/ & 3

f(a) - |(6) = 1. 6a - 36 = 4. -12a + 66 = -8

4/_N 1WIA J i0_ 11L 105 12a - 116 = 18
3(®) J§L(^) — 2 12a 116 — 18 __ 2Q. & = —

|a - f (—2) = 1; fa + # = 1; 3a + 3 = 2; 3a = -1; a =
then m = ^ = — 3 and n — ^ = — + ((~3. ~ £)}

17. 2a; + 4y — 6a; + 3y = -18. —Ax + 7y = —18. -60a: + 105?/ = -270

Qx — Ay — 21a; — 14?/ = 21’ — 15a; - 18?/ = 21’ -60a; - 72y = 84
177 y = -354;?/ = -

x + 2(—2) 2a: + 2
—3; 2x — 8 — 6x — 6 = —18
3 2
—Ax - 14 = -18; -Ax = —4; re = 1. {(1, -2)}

18. 3a; — 2t/ + 27a; + 3?/ = -10. 30a; + y = —10 120a; + 4?/ = —40
18a: + 27y - 42a; + 2Ay = 8’ -24a; + 51 y = 8’ -120a; + 255y = 40
259y = P; y = 0
2a; + 3(0) 7a; - 4(0) 4.2a; 7 a; 4 ,c c.
9 ’ 2 3 — 9 > 18x 42x — -2 Ax 3; # — 3- {( £, 0)}

19. 4aa: — 6by = 26a6

15aa; + 6by = 12ab
19 ax = 38ab;x = 26;
2a(26) — 3by = 13a6; 4a6 — 3by = 13a6; —3by — 9ab; y = —3a. {(26, —3a)}
Key to Chapter 10, page 377 125

20 . 12rx + 8sy = —76 rs

12 rx — 21 sy = 69rs
29sy = —145rs; y — —5r;
3rx + 2s(—5r) = —19rs; 3rx — lOrs —19rs; 2>rx = —9rs; x = —3s. {(—3s, — 5r)}

Page ^77 • PROBLEMS

1. Let y = savings; x = rent;

x + y = 100 x + y — 100 x + y — 100
x 2y -f- 10 = x -x + 2y = -10
v + 5 = -
3y — 90; y = 30
x + (30) = 100; x — $70, Ans.

2. Let x =no. of cars; y = no. of trucks; 3. Let x = aunt’s age; y = uncle’s age;
x y = 30 x + y — 30 a: + y = 68 . x + y = 68
x + 2 = 3 y’ x — 3 y = —2 2y — x = 40 ’ —x + 2y = 40
4y = 32; y = 8; 3y = 108; y = 36;
x + (8) = 30; x = 22. 8 trucks, 22 cars, Ans. x + (36) = 68; x 32 yr, Ans.

4. Let x = town’s share; y = charity’s share;

x + y = 10,000 x + y = 10,000
3 y — 4000 = x ’ —x + 3 y — 4,000
4y *= 14,000; y = 3500; x + (3500) = 10,000; x = $6500, Ans.

5. Let x = width of park; y = length of park; 4(45) = 180 — perimeter of garden;

y — x = 150 y — x = 150 y — x = 150

2y + 2x = 4(180) - 20’ 2y + 2x = 700’ y + x = 350
2y = 500; y — 250 M;
(250) - x = 150; —x = -100; x = 100 M. 100 M, 250 M, Ans.

6. Let x — width of each print; y — length of each print; 2x + 2y = perimeter of each print;
2(2x + 2y) = total perimeter of prints;
2x + 4 = y 2x — y — —4
4x + 4y — 16 = 4(30)’ x + y = 34
3x = 30; x = 10; 2(10) + 4 = y; 24 = y. 10 in, 24 in, Ans.

7. Let x — price of 1 pad in cents; y — price of 1 pencil in cents;

3x + 2y = 34 —12x — Sy — —136
4x + by = 57’ 12a; + 15y = 171
7y = 35; y = 5; 3z + 2(5) = 34; 3x = 24; x = Si, Ans.

8. Let x = price per lb of butter; y = price per doz of eggs;

2x + 3y = 290. 2x + 3y = 290
x + 2y = 171’ -2x - 4y = -342
—y - —52; y = 52i
x + 2(52) = 171; x + 104 = 171; a? = 67i- eggs, 52^f/doz; butter, 67^/lb, Ans.

9. Let x = cost of each ball; y — cost of each drink;

3 X + y = 210. 3x + y = 210
x + 4y = 125’ —3x - 12y = -375
— lly = —165; y = 15i;
x + 4(15) = 125; x + 60 = 125; x = 65^. 65^/ball, 15^/drink, Ans.

10. Let x — cost per bat; y — cost per ball;

7a: + 5 y = 16.95. 42a; + 30y = 101.70
3a: + 6y = 13.05’ —15a; - 30y = -65.25
27a; = 36.45; x = $1.35;
3(1.35) + Gy = 13.05; 4.05 + 6y = 13.05; 6y = 9.00; y = $1.50. $1.35/bat, $1.50/ball, Ans.
126 Key to Chapter 10, pages 377-379

11. Let a; = amt. at 4%; y = amt. at 6%;

x + y = 600 x + y = 600 —4x — 4y = —2400
.04x + .06y = 33' 4x + Gy = 3300’ 4x + Gy = 3300
2y= 900; y = $450;
x + 450 = 600; x = $150. $150 at 4%, $450 at 6%, Ans.

12. Let x = amt. at 6%; y = amt. at 5%;

y — x = 500 —x -f- y = 500 —6x + Qy = 3,000
•05i/ + .06a; = 113’ 6a; + by = 11,300’ 6a; + 5 y= 11,300
11 y = 14,300; y = $1300;
(1300) — x = 500; —x = -800; x = $800. $800 at 6%, $1300 at 5%, Ans.

Page 378 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. (3a/) + 2y = 5; by = 5; y = 1; * = 3(1) = 3. {(3, 1)}
2. 2a; + (5a;) = 7; 7a; = 7; x = 1; y = 5(1) = 5. {(1, 5)}
3. r = 1 + s; 2(1 + s) - s = 7; 2 + 2s - s = 7; s = 5; r - (5) = 1; r = 6. {(6, 5)}
4. r = 2 + s; 3(2 + s) - s = 20; 6 + 3s - s = 20; s = 7; r - (7) = 2; r = 9. {(9, 7)}
5. r = 12 + s; 2(12 + s) + 3s = 19; 24 + 2s + 3s = 19; 5s = -5; s - -1; r - (-1) = 12;
r+1 = 12; r= 11. {(11,-1)}
.
6 r = 5 + s; 3(5 + s) + 2s = 5; 15 + 3s + 2s = 5; 5s = -10; s = -2; r — (-2) = 5;
r + 2 = 5; r = 3. {(3, -2)}
7. —n = 18 — 3m; n = 3m — 18; 2m — 3(3m — 18) = 5; 2m — 9m + 54 = 5; —7m = —49;
m = 7; 3(7) — n = 18; —n = -3; n = 3. {(7, 3)}
8 . —n = 8 — 2m; n = 2m — 8; 3m — 2(2m — 8) = 11; 3m — 4m + 16 = 11; —m = —5;
m = 5; 2(5) — n = 8; -n = -2; n = 2. {(5, 2)}
9. 2/ = 2a: — 8; 3x + 2(2x - 8) = 33; 3a; + 4a; - 16 = 33; 7a: = 49; a; = 7; y - 2(7) = -8;
0=6- (P, 6)}
.
10 a/ = 2a; — 6; 2a; + 3(2x — 6) = 22; 2a; + 6a; — 18 = 22; 8a; = 40; x = 5; y — 2(5) — —6;
y = 4. {(5, 4)}

11. + 3s = 33; 9s + 6s = 66; 15s = 66; s = 2r - 3[^] - 0;

10r — 66 = 0; lOr = 66; r = {(3£, $£)}

12 . s = 33 - 2r; 3r - 4(33 - 2r) = 0; 3r - 132 + 8r = 0; llr = 132; r - 12; 2(12) + s = 33;
24 + s = 33; s = 9. {(12, 9)}

B 13. w + z = 9, 3w — z = 15; w — 9 — z; 3(9 — z) — z = 15; 27 — 32 — z = 15; — 4z = —12;

2 = 3; w + (3) = 9; w = 6. {(6, 3)}
14. r — c = 8, r + c — 12; r = 8 + c; (8 + c) + c = 12; 2c = 4; c = 2; r — (2) = 8; r = 10. {(2, 10)}
15. s — t = 8, 2s — 3« = 6; s = 8 + t; 2(8 + 0 — 3< = 6; 16 + 2< — 3< = 6; —t = —10; t = 10;
s - (10) = 8; s = 18. {(18, 10)}
16. x — y = 2 ,x + y = 6; a: = 2 + y, (2 + y) + y = 6; 2 + 2 y = 6; 2 y = 4; y = 2;x — (2) = 2;
x = 4. {(4, 2)}
17. w + z — 9, 4w — z = 16; w = 9 — z; 4(9 — z) — z = 16; 36 — 4z — 2 = 16; —52 = —20;
2 = 4; aw + (4) = 9; w = 5. {(5, 4)}
18. r — c = 6, r -f c = 8; r = 6 + c; (6 -f c) + c = 8; 6 + 2c = 8; 2c = 2; c = 1; r — (1) = 6;
r = 7. {(1, 7)}

Page 379 • PROBLEMS

A 1. Let x = larger no.; y = smaller no.; £(x + t/) = — £, £(x — t/) = §; x + ?/ = —1, x — y — 3;
x = 3 + t/;(3 + 2/) + Z/ = — 1; 3 + 2y = —l;2y= —4; t/ = —2; x — (—2) = 3; x + 2 = 3;
x = 1. 1, —2, Ans.
2. Let x = distance traveled by Mr. Wright; y — distance traveled by Mr. Black; x + y — 300,
x -f 12 = 2y; y = 300 - x; x + 12 = 2(300 — x); x + 12 = 600 - 2x; 3x = 588; x = 196;
(196) -f y = 300; y = 104. 196 mi, 104 mi, Ans.
Key to Chapter 10, pages 379-380 127

3. Let x = distance traveled by Frank; y = distance traveled by James; x + y = 9, x + 1.5 = 2y;

x + y = 9, 2x + 3 = 4y; x = 9 - y; 2(9 - y) + 3 = 4?/; 18 - 2y + 3 = 4y; 21 = Qy; y = 3.5;
% + (3.5) = 9; x — 5.5. Frank, 5.5 blocks; James, 3.5 blocks, Ans.

4. Let n = no. of adults; * = no. of students; n + * = 500, 60n + 35* = 25,450; n — 500 — *;
60(500 — *) + 35* = 25,450; 30,000 — 60* + 35* = 25,450; —25* = —4550; * = 182;
n + (182) = 500; n = 318 adults, Ans.

5. Let x = amt. invested at 3£%; y = amt. invested at 6%; x + y = 3000, .035a; — .06y = 10;
x + y = 3000, 35a; - 60y = 10,000; x = 3000 - y; 35(3000 - y) - 60?/ = 10,000;
105,000 - 35?/ - 60?/ = 10,000; -95y = -95,000; ?/ = $1000; x + (1000) = 3000; x = $2000.
$2000 at 3i%, $1000 at 6%, Ans.

.
6 Let x = cards/min by 1st sorter; y = cards/min by 2nd sorter; x + y = 1200, 2x + V- = 1200;
2

X = 1200 - y\ 2(1200 — y) -f | = 1200; 2400 - 2y + | = 1200; 4800 - Ay + y = 2400;

—3y = —2400; y = 800; x + (800) = 1200; x = 400. 800 cards/min, 400 cards/min, Ans.

x + y
7. Let x = 1st no.; y = 2nd no.; 5 x-y = J_ . 24x + 24?/ = 5, 24x - 24?y = 1;
2 48 4 96
1 + 24 y 1 + 24 y
24x = 1 + 24?/; x = —-- ; 24 + 24?/ = 5; 1 + 24?/ + 24?/ = 5; 48y = 4;
24 24
V — T2] 24x — 24(fj) = 1; 24x — 2 = 1; 24x = 3; x = Ans.

8. Let x = sum at 6%; ?/ = sum at 4%; .06x + .04?/ = 57, .04x + .06y == 57 + 6; 6x + 4y = 5700,
5700 - 4y '5700 - 4y
4x + 6y = 6300; 6x = 5700 — 4?/; x = - ; 4 + Qy = 6300;
6
22,800 - 16?/ + 36?/ = 37,800; 20?/ - 15,000;?/ = $750; 4x + 6(750) = 6300; 4x + 4500 = 6300;
4x = 1800; x = $450. $450, $750, Ans.
n
9. Let x = no. of dollars invested; n = no. yr at 6%; - = no. yr at 5%; (.06x)n = x + 150,
2
n
(,05x) - = x - 375; (1) 6nx = lOOx + 15,000, (2) 5nx = 200x - 75,000;

200x 75,000 _ 15,000 , . n 15,000

from (2): n = ——--- = 40-; subst. in (1): 6x 40 - = lOOx + 15,000;
5x 5x x x
240x - 90,000 = lOOx + 15,000; 140x = 105,000; x = $750, Ans.

10. Let x = lb 66^ tea in original blend; y = lb 48^ tea in original blend; x + y = 100,
(66x + 48y) - (48x + 6Qy) = 600; x + y = 100, 18x - 18y = 600; x -f y = 100, 3x - 3y = 100;
x = 100 - ?/; 3(100 - y) - 3y = 100; 300 - 3y -3y = 100; -6y = -200; y = 33^;
66-

x + (33£) = 100; x = 66f; —f = 2:1, Ans.

oo3

Pages 380-381 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. (for boundary)

y = 2x X == 1

X y X y

0 0 1 0

2 4 1 2

4 8 1 -2

x > 1; y may have any

real value
128 Key to Chapter 10, page 380

2. (for boundary) 3. (for boundary)

4. (for boundary) 5. (for boundary) 6. (for boundary)

x may have any real value; x > 1; y may have any x > —3; y > —5
y > -1 real value
Ht
Key to Chapter 10, page 380 129

7. (for boundary) 8. (for boundary)

y = 3x — 6 y — 2x + 4

X y X y

0 -6 0 4
1 -3 1 6
-1 -9 -1 2

x < 10; y < 24

Scale: 1 x-unit = 2 Scale: 1 x-unit = 1

1 y-unit = 4 1 y-unit = 2

B 9. (for boundary) 10. (for boundary) 11. (for boundary)

x == 1 x == 3 y - 3 = 0 y + l = 0 x + 2y = 2 x + 2y = 6

X y X y X 2/ X 2/ X y X 2/

1 0 3 0 0 3 0 -1 0 l 0 3
1 -2 3 -3 -2 3 2 -1 2 0 6 0
1 2 3 5 3 3 -2 -1 4 -l 4 1

1 < x < 3; y may have — 1 < y < 3; x may have x and y may have any
any real value any real value real value
130 Key to Chapter 10, pages 380-381

12 . (for boundary) 13. (for boundary) 14. (for boundary)

2x - V = 2 2x - y = o x + 2y = 4 2x + 4y = 8 y = Sx — G 2y = 6x — 12

X y X y X y aj 2/ X y X y

0 —2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 -6 0 -6
2 2 1 2 4 0 4 0 2 0 2 0
-1 -4 2 4 2 1 2 1 1 -3 1 -3

x and y may have any (boundary lines coincide, so (boundary lines coincide, so the
real value the line is the graph of soln. line is the graph of soln. set)
set) x and y may have any x and y may have any real
real value value

C 15. (for boundary)

16. (for boundary)

Key to Chapter 10, page 381 131

17. (for boundary)

x + 3y — 6 X == 0 y == 0
X y X y X y
0 2 0 -2 -3 0
6 0 0 0 0 0
3 l 0 2 3 0

0<x<6;0<?/<2

18. (for boundary)

20 . (for boundary)
132 Key to Chapter 10, page 381

21. (for boundary)

x + y = 0 y = x + 2

X y X y

0 0 0 2
3 -3 —2 0
—2 2 1 3

Graph is the heavily-shaded half-line [excludes point at (— 1,1)].

X + y = 0; * = — y; y < (—y) + 2; 2y < 2; y < 1; since

x = —y, y — —x and —x < 1; then (—1)(—x) > (— 1)(1),

and x > — 1. . '. x > — 1 and y < 1

22 . (for boundary)

x — 2y — 2 x + 2y = 6

X 2/ X y

0 —1 0 3
2 0 6 0
4 1 2 2

Graph is the heavily-shaded ray [includes point at (4, 1)].

x - 2y = 2; x = 2y + 2; (2y + 2) + 2y > 6; 4y + 2 > 6;

4j/ > 4, y > 1; but since x — 2y — 2, then —2y = —x + 2;
x x X
2y — x — 2; and V — ~ 1 > 2[1]; —
1 2 1 - 1>2 2
;" ~

x 2 > 2; and x > 4. x > 4 and y > 1

23. (for boundary)

y = 2x x == 0

X y X y

0 0 0 -2
2 4 0 0
—2 -4 0 2

Graph is the heavily-shaded half-line [excludes point at (0, 0)].

y
x < 0 and x (y = 2x); < 0; 2 < 2[0]; and

y < 0. .'. x < 0 and y < 0

24. (for boundary)

2x + 3y + 6 = 0 y == 0

X y X 2/

0 2 -2 0
3 0 0 0
6 -2 2 0

Graph is the heavily-shaded ray [includes point at (3, 0)].

y > 0; 2x + 3y -f 6 = 0; 3y = 6 — 2x] y — 2 — fa;;
2 - §x > 0; 3[2 - fx] > 3[0]; 6 - 2x > 0; —2x > -6;
—1[—2x] < — 1 [—6]; 2x < 6; x < 3. x < 3 and y > 0
Key to Chapter 10, pages 382-383 133

Pages 382-383 • PROBLEMS

A 1. Let n = tens digit in original no.; y = units digit in original no.; lOn + y — original no.;
10y + n = new no.;
n + y =13 _ n -\- y = 13 n 4~ 2/ = 13
lOn + y + 27 = 10 y + n’ 9n — 9y = —27’ n — y — — 3
2n = 10; n — 5;
(5) + y = 13; y = 8. lOn + y = 58, Ans.

2. 'Let n = units digit in original no.; t — tens digit in original no.; 101 -\- u = original no.;
10m + t = new no.;
n + t = 12. n + t = 12 u + t — 12
(10m + t) - (10* + m) = 36’ 9n — 9* = 36’ u - t = 4
2m = 16; m = 8;
(8) 4- * = 12; £ = 4. 10* + m = 48, Ans.

3. Let m = units digit in no.; * — tens digit in no.; 10* + u = the no.;
m -1~ t = 9 m 4“ t == 9
10£ + m = 121’ u — 2t = 0
31 = 9; t = 3; m + (3) = 9; u = 6. 10£ -f- u = 36, Ans.

4. Let x — tens digit in original no.; y = units digit in original no.; lOx + y = original no.;
10z/ + x = new no.;
x + z/=12_ £ + y — 12
10?/ + a; = 13?/’ x — 3y — 0
4?/ = 12; y — 3; x + (3) = 12; x = 9. lOx + y = 93, Ans.

5. Let m = units digit in no.; t = tens digit in no.; 10£ + u = no.;

m =2£ + l_ m — 2t = 1
m -j- t 7 ’ m -f- t = 7
— 3t — —6; t = 2; m 4~ (2) = 7; n = 5. 10£ 4~ m = 25, Ans.

.
6 Let r = tens digit; p = units digit; lOr 4~ V — the no.;

V I ■.o7'’ r + (2r) = 121 3r = 12; r = 4; p = 2(4); p = 8. lOr + p = 48, Ans.

r 4~ V — 12

7. Let m = units digit in original no.; t = tens digit in original no.; 10£ 4- m = original no.;
10m 4- t — new no.;

xZVtZvr Wuu-U==v / = 8-«;10U-6(8-U) = 0;10M 48 4- 6m = 0;

16m = 48; m = 3; (3) 4- t = 8; t = 5. lOt 4- m = 53, Ans.

8. Let w = units digit in original no.; t = tens digit in original no.; 10£ 4~ w = original no.;
10m? 4- t = new no.;
w 4~ t = 6_ w 4- t — 6
10m> + t = 12k;’ —2m; 4~ £ = 0
3w — 6; w = 2; (2) 4~ t — 6; t = 4. 10£ 4~ m; = 42, Ans.

9. Let m = units digit on original check; t — tens digit on original check; 10£ + n = original no. on
check; 10m 4- t — new no.;
m 4“ ^ — 9 m 4- t = 9' u A t = 9
(10m + t) - (10< + m) = 9’ 9m - 9t = 9’ u - t= 1
2m = 10; m = 5;
(5) 4~ t z= 9; t = 4. 101 4“ m = S45, Ans.

10. Let t = tens digit in original no.; u = units digit in original no.; 10* 4-«* = original no.;
10m 4- t = new no.;
* — 2m = 1 . t — 2m = 1 . * — 2m = 1 .
(10m 4~ *) — 4 = 3(m 4“ *) ’ 10m + * 4 = 3m 4~ 3* 7m 2t — 4
t = 1 4- 2m; 7m — 2(1 + 2m) = 4; 7m — 2 — 4m = 4; 3m = 6;m = 2;t — 2(2) = 1;< — 4 = 1;
* = 5. 10* 4- m = 52, Ans.
134 Key to Chapter 10, page 383

B 11. Let * = hundreds digit; u = units digit; (2u) — tens digit; 100* + 10(2m) + u = the no.;

, , x , 2u = lU 7 SI1 = h = 11 - 3m; 2m - 3(11 - 3m) = 0; 2m - 33 + 9m = 0;

* + (2m) + « = 11 3« + ft = 11
11m - 33; u = 3; 3(3) + A = 11; 9 + * = 11; * = 2. 100* + 10(2m) + u = 263, 4ns.

12. Let u = units digit; * = tens digit; 3* — hundreds digit; 100(3*) + 10* + u = original no.;
u + * + (3<) - 19
[100(30 + 10* + u\ — 198 = [100m + 10* + (3015
m 4" 4* = 19 m 4' 4* = 19.
m + 310< — 198 = 100m + 13«’ -99m + 2971 = 198’
m = 19 - 40' -99(19 - 40 4- 2971 = 198; -1881 + 396i 4- 2971 = 198; 693* = 2079;

1 7 l) u + 4(3) = 19; m 4- 12 = 19; u = 7; 100(30 + 10* 4- u = 937, Ans.

ot — y

13. Let m = units digit in original no.; * = tens digit in original no.; 10* + u — original no.;
10m 4- * = new no.;
10* + M 10* + M
= *
* *

10m 4- * 10m + *
10 + = M
M M M "io+£

10* + u — 11* + 4_ m — * = 4
t + 10m = 10m + 5’ * = 5
m =9; 10(5) + 9 = 10* + m = 59, Ans.

14. Let h = hundreds digit in original no.; * = tens digit in original no.; u = units digit in original no.;
lOO/i + 10* + m = original no.; 100m + 10* + h = new no.;
(100* + 10* + m) — (100m + 10* + h) 100* + 10* + m - 100m - 10* - *
99 “ 99
99* — 99m _ 99 (* — m) _ ^

C 15. Let * = tenths digit in original fraction; h = hundredths digit in original fraction;
.1* + .01* = original fraction; .1* + .01* = new fraction;
*+*=9_ *+*=9
(.1* + .01*) - (.1* + .01*) = .09’ 100[(.l* + .01*) - (.1* + .01*)] = 100[.09]’
* + * — 9 * + *— 9 * + * = 9
10* + * - 10* - * = 9’ 9* — 9* = 9’ -* + * = 1
2* =10; * = 5;
* + (5) = 9; * = 4. .1* + .01* = .45, Ans.

16. Let x = tenths digit in original fraction; y — hundredths digit in original fraction;
Ax + .01 y = original fraction; Ay + .01a: = new fraction;
x A- y = 9 _ x y = 9
.ly + .01x = A(Ax + .01?/)’ 700[.l?/ + .01x] = 700[f(.lx + .01?/)]’
x A~ y = 9 _ x + y = 9 x A- y = 9
70 y + 7x = 40x + 4?/’ —33a: + 66 y = 0’ —x + 2y = 0
Sy = 9; y = 3;
x + (3) = 9; x = 6; .la; + .01?/ = .63, Ans.

17. Let n — tenths digit in original fraction; p = hundredths digit in original fraction;
.1??. + .01 p = original fraction; .lp + .01n = new fraction;
M + p=13 n + p=13
Ap + .01m + .04 = 2(.ln + .01p); .lp + .01m + .04 = .2m + ,02p’

M + p=13 M + p— 13 M+p=13_
100[.lp + .01m + .04] = 100[.2m + .02p]’ lOp + n + 4 = 20m + 2p’ -19m + 8p = -4’
n = 13 — p; -19(13 — p) + 8p = —4; -247 + 19p + 8p = -4; 27p = 243; p = 9;
m + (9) = 13; m = 4. .1m + .01p = .49, 4ms.
Key to Chapter 10, pages 383-384 135

18. Let t = tenths digit in original fraction; h = hundredths digit in original fraction;
At .01 h = original fraction; Ah + -0L = new fraction;
t — 2h = 1 . t — 2h = 1
At + .01 h + .01 = 2(Ah + -010’ At + .01 h + .01 = .2h + .02V

t — 2h = 1 t — 2h = 1
100[.1£ + .01 h f .01] = 100[.2h + .020’ lOt + h + 1 = 20h + 2V

t — 2h= 1. -8[t — 2h]=-8[l]' —8t + 16h = —8

8« - 19/i = 1’ 8< - 19h = -1 ’ 8t - 19ft - -1
— 3h= -9; h = 3;
t - 2(3) = 1, t - 6 = 1, * = 7. At + .01h = .73, Ans.

Pages 384-385 • PROBLEMS

A 1. Let x = rate of boat in still water; y = speed of water;

!(z + y) = 6. 4[f(x + y)] = 4[6]. 3® + 3y = 24. a; + y = 8
f(x — y) = 6’ 2[f(x — y)] = 2[6]’ 3x — 3y = 12’ x — y = 4
2x = 12; x = 6 mph, Ans.
2. Let x = speed without wind; y — speed of wind;
hix + y) = 1. 20[^(x + y)\ = 20[1]. x + y = 20
tf(z — 2/) = !’ — V)] = 15[1]’ x — y = 15
2x = 35; x = 17J mph, Ans.
3. Let x = speed of wind; y = speed of plane without wind;
f (y -x) = 450. 2[f (y - x)] - 2[450]. 3(y - x) = 900. y — x = 300
|(y + a;) = 450; 4[f(y + x)] = 4[450]; 5(y + x) = 1800’ y + a; = 360;
2y = 660; y = 330;
■§■[(330) — x] = 450; 2 (f [330 - x]} = 2(450); 3(330 — x) = 900; 990 - 3x = 900; -3x = -90;
x = 30 mph, Ans.

4. Let t = speed of plane without wind; v = speed of wind;

f(t + v) = 540 2[f(t + w)] = 2[540]. 3(< + v) = 1080. t + v = 360
f(< - v) = 540’ 5[|(t - »)] = '5[540]’ 9it - v) = 2700’ t - v = 300
21 = 660; 2 = 330 mph, Ans.

5. Let n = speed without current; y = speed of current;

f(n + y) = 3. 5[§(n + y)] = 5[3]. 3(n + y) = 15. n + y = 5
f(n — y) = 3’ 2[f(n — y)] = 2[3]’ 3(n — y) = 6’ n — y = 2
2n = 7; n = ;
|[© - y] = 3; ^ - fy = 3; 4[^ - fy] = 4[3]; 21 - 6y = 12; -6y = -9; y = 1J mph, Ans.
6. Let £ = speed in still water; y = speed of current;
§[x + 2/1 = 6. 3{f[x + y]} = 3(6}. 2(x + y) = 18. a; + y = 9
3[x — y] = 6’ x — y = 2 ’ a; — y = 2’ x — y = 2
2x = 11; x = 5f mph, Ans.

B 7. Let x = speed in still water; y = speed of current. ■

Then— time to go downstream;
F x + y
4 1 3
—-= time to go upstream; -= time to go one mile against current; —:— = time to
x — y x — y x+ y
go three miles with current;
4,4.8
x -\~ y ' x — y 3 4- y = 3(x - y); x + y = 3x — 3y; 4y = 2x; 2y = x.
x
1
x — y x + y

------ + —-— = | ; + - = I ; 4 + 12 = 8y; y = 2; x = 2(2) = 4 mph, Ans.

2y + y 2y — y 3 3y y 3

Average rate 72 = ; 72 = — = 3 mph, Ans.

time 3
136 Key to Chapter 10, pages 384-385

.
8 Let x = rate in still air; y = speed of wind. Then x + y = rate with wind; x — y = rate
against wind;

—X 1-—— = 3^
x + y X— y ( 5 \ 15 7 / 2 \ 15 _ 7 21 __ 7 .
2 _ 5 ’ \x + y) + x — y 2’°r’ \x — y) ^ x — y 2 'x — y 2 ’
x — y ~ x + y
42 = 7x 7?/; 6 = x — j/; j/ + 6 = x; ; 2y + 6
(y + 6) - y (y + 6) + y ’ 3 2y + 6

= 15;y = 4§ mph, 4ns. Average rate = y = = mph, 4ns.

9. Let x = speed of plane in still air; y = speed of wind. Then (x *T y) = speed with wind; (x — y) =
speed against wind, t = time with wind; w = time against wind;
( + m f. t + w =
w — t — 1’ —t + w — 1
17 . 15 1_5 1_7 13
2w W =
2 > (&) 2 — 2
. f
4 ‘
_
4 •
_ _ .

Then, £(x +1/) = ^-(x + y) = distance with wind; w(x — y) = ^(x — y) = distance against wind;
Tr(x + y) = 4[^-(x + y)] = 13(x + y) = 2(1105). x + y = 170
- 2/) = 4[^(x - y)\ = 4[^]’ 17(x - y) = 2(1105)? x - y = 130
2x = 300;x - 150;
W150) +y] = ^;4ffll50 + y}} = 4{^}; 13(150 + y) = 2(1105); 150 + y = 170;
y — 20. 150 mph, 20 mph, 4ns.

10. Let d = distance upstream in one unit of time; then 2d = distance downstream in one unit of time;

S , ° rf' s + c = 2(s — c); s -f- c — 2s — 2c; 3c = s; c — - or s = 3c, 4ns.

s + c = 2d’ v ’ ’ 3

Pages 385-386 • PROBLEMS

A 1. Let x = man’s age now; y = son’s age now. Then x + 5 = man’s age in 5 yr; y + 5 = son’s age
in 5 yr;

x + 5= 3Q/ + 5)’' (%) + 5 = 3(2/ + 5); 5y + 5 = 3y + 15; 2y - 10; y = 5 yr, 4ns.

2. Let x = Ruth’s age now; y = father’s age now. Then x — 1 = Ruth’s age 1 yr ago; y — 1 =
father’s age 1 yr ago;

( _ 1) Z 9(x _ i)! — 1 = 9(x — 1); 7x — 1 = 9x — 9; —2x = -8; x = 4 yr, 4ns.

3. Let x = Joe’s present age; y = Jill’s present age. Then x — 3 = Joe’s age 3 yr ago; y — 3 = Jill’s
age 3 yr ago; x + 6 = Joe’s age 6 yr hence; y + 6 = Jill’s age 6 yr hence;
(x - 3) = 2(y - 3) + 1 x - 3 = 2y - 6 + 1 x - 2y = -2
(x + 6) = i(y + 6) + 10’ 2(x + 6) = 2 (£[y + 6] + 10)’ 2x + 12 = y + 6 + 20’
x — 2 y = —2 x — 2y = —2 . x — 2 y — —2
2x — y = 14’ -2[2x - y] = —2[14]; -4x + 2y~ = -28
—3x = —30; x = 10;
(10 — 3) = 2{y — 3) + 1; 7 = 2y — 6 + 1; 12 = 2y; y = 6. Joe, 10 yr, 4ns.

4. Let x = Jerry’s present age; y = Jeff’s present age. Then.x — 5 — Jerry’s age 5 yr ago; y — 5 =
Jeff’s age 5 yr ago; x + 10 = Jerry’s age 10 yr hence; y + 10 = Jeff’s age 10 yr hence;
(x - 5) = §(y - 5) . 3[x - 5] = 3[f(y - 5)] 3x - 15 = 2(y - 5)
(x + 10) = Uy + 10)’ 6[x + 10] = 6[f(y + 10)]’ 6x + 60 = 5(y + 10)’
3x — 15 = 2y — 10. 3x - 2y - 5. — 2[3x - 2y] = — 2[5]. —6x + 4y = -10
6x + 60 = 5y -(- 50’ 6x — 5y = —10’ 6x — 5y = —10 ’ 6x — 5y = —10
— V = —20; y = 20;
(x — 5) = §[(20) — 5]; x — 5 = §(15); x — 5 = 10; x = 15. Jerry, 15 yr; Jeff, 20 yr, 4ns.
Key to Chapter 10, pages 385-387 137

5. Let p — Janet’s present age; q — Phil’s present age. Then p — 4 = Janet’s age 4 yr ago; q — 4 =
Phil’s age 4 yr ago;

(p _ 4^ I I(g _ 4)5& - 4 = h - 3; 20[fq - 4] = 20[%q - 3]; 16g - 80 = 15q - 60;

g = 20; p — f(20) = 16. Janet, 16 yr; Phil, 20 yr, Ans.

6. Let n = daughter’s age; a: = son’s age. Then 3(n + x) = wife’s age; 3(n + x) + x = father’s age;
x, —~

n + z + [3(n + a;)] + [3(n + x) + x] = 69’ n + x + t3w +-3xl + t3n + 3x + *] = 69;

w + x + 3n + 3a; + 3n -(- 4x = 69; 7n -f- 8a; — 69; 7n -f- 8(2n) — 69; 7n -f- 16n = 69; 23n = 69;
n = 3; x — 2(3) = 6 yr, Ans.

B 7. Let R = Ray’s age; J = Joyce’s age;

%R + %J = R + 3. 20[fR + £/] = 20[R + 3] 12R + 15/ = 20R + 60
%R + i/ = R - 3’ 10[|fl + \J] = 10[R - 3]’ 4# + 5/ = 10R - 30’
-8R + 15/ - 60. -8R + 15/ = 60 —8R + 15/ = 60
-6R + 5/ = -30’ —3[—6i2 + 5/] = —3[—30]; 18R - 15/ 90
10/2 = 150; R = 15 yr, Ans.

8. Let M = Mary’s age now; / = Jane’s age now; / = no. yr ago when Mary was as old as Jane is now;

M _Md [ 2jJ ~ rf); -d = / - M]d = M - J-M = 2[/ — (M — J)];M = 2(J - M + /);

M = 2(2/ - Af); M = 4/ - 2Af; 3Af = 4/; / = pf or Af = §/, Ans.

9. Let / = Jane’s age now; Af = Mary’s age now. Then Af + 3 = Mary’s age in 3 yr; / -f 3 =
Jane’s age in 3 yr; / — 4 = Jane’s age 4 yr ago; from preceding problem, Af = §/;
then since Af + 3 = 3(/ - 4), §/ + 3 = 3(/ - 4); 3[f/ + 3] = 3[3/ - 12];
4/ + 9 = 9/ — 36; 45 = 5/; 9 = /; Af = f (9) = 12. /, 9 yr; Af, 12 yr, Ans.

10. Let B — Bob’s present age; 6 = brother’s present age; d = no. yr hence when twice brother’s age
will equal Bob’s present age;

2(6 + = Bb + d) d = 86 - B; 2[(6 + [86 ~ B])] = B; 2{b + 86 - B\ = B; 2[96 — B] = B;

186 — 2B — B) 186 = 3B] 66 = B or 6 = \B, Ans.

Page 387 • PROBLEMS

x
1. Let - = original fraction;
V
x + 1
l+ 1 + 2; (3)(2/+1) .y + l. (3)(y + !)[§]; 3(x + 1) - 2(y + 1); 3z + 3 = 2y + 2;

2/ + 1 3
-2y = — 3x - 1; —l(-2y) = —1(—3® - 1); 2y = 3® + 1; 2(® + 3) = 3x + 1;
x 5
2x + 6 = 3x + 1; —x = -5; x = 5; y = (5) + 3 = 8 - = -, Ans.

.
2 Let ^ = original fraction;
n
p + 5 = n p + 1 = 2(n + l)[i]; 2(p + 1) = (n + 1)(1); 2p + 2 = n + 1;
p + 1 1 i 2(n + 1)
n + 1_
n + 1 = 2
2p — n — —1; 2p — (p + 5) = —1; 2p — p — 5 = 1; p = 4; (4) + 5 = n; 9 = n.

2n = ^«-
9
138 Key to Chapter 10, page 387

x
3. Let - = original fraction;
y
y ~ 3 = x
x __1 _ 1 ; = 2v(i); 2(x - 1) = yW, 2x - 2 = y- (2* - 2) - 3 = x;
y “ 2
X 5
2x — 5 = x) —5 — —x; 5 = x; y — 3 = (5); y — 8. - = ~ > Ans.
y o
4. Let — = original fraction;
r
r — 55 —= ^ w (w — ] \
w 1 _ 1 ; 3r (= 3r(J); 3(t» - 1) = r( 1); 3u> - 3 = r;
r ~ 3
(3w — 3) — 5 = w; 3w — 8 = w; —8 = —2w; w — 4; r — 5 = (4); r = 9.
w 4 .
— = — > Ans
9
T)
5. Let — = original fraction;
$
P _ 3 3q
4g = 4g(£) 4p = 3g
P = T
+ 21 = 4g;
^ = 4’
5 3
3g (-= 35(|) ’ 3 (p + 7) = g(4) ’ -I'*®
3p + 21 = 4g

9?
+ 21 = 4g; 4 f+ 21 = 4[4g]; 9g + 84 = 16q; 84 = 7g; 12 = g; ^ = |; 12 (jQ - 12(f);

P = 3(3); p = 9. | ^» 4ns.

6. Let - = original fraction;

y
x _ 2

* + 10
y 3 .
3 ’
3y
(x + 10
=3y®(i) = y^ 2y 3*
= 2y(f) ’ 2(x + 10) - y(3) ’ 2x + 20 = 3g
y ~ 2
* = ft/; 2(&) + 20 = 3y; %y + 20 = 3y; 3(fp + 20) = 3(32/); 4y + 60 = 9p; 60 = 5y; 12 = y;
3x = 2(12); 3x = 24; x = 8. - = 4, Ans.
y 12

B 7. Let p — tens digit in original fraction’s num.; q — units digit in original fraction’s num.; then
10p + q
= original fraction;
10g + p
10p + q 4 I0p + g
7(10g + p) = 7(10g + p)[f]
10g + p 7 10g + p.
10p + g + 11 I0p + g + li'
- 22) = 4(10g + p - 22) [f]
10g + P ~ 22 4 4^10? + V _10g + p 22
7(10p + g) = (10g + p)(4) < 70p + 7g = 40g + 4p _ 66p = 33g
4(10p + g + 11) = (10g + p - 22)(7)’ 40p + 4g -f 44 = 70g + 7p - 154’ 33p - 66g = -198’,
2p = g.
P 2(2p) = —6; —3p = —6; p = 2;
p — 2g = 6’
10(2) + g _ 4 . 20 + g 20 + g
j i 7(10g + 2) = 7(10g + 2)[fl; 7(20 + g) = (lOg + 2)[4];
lOg + (2) 7 ’ lOg + 2 LlOg + 2J
10p + g 10(2) + 4 24 .
140 + 7g = 40g + 8; 132 = 33g; 4
' lOg + p 10(4) + 2 ~ 42 ’ AnS'

8. Let x = tens digit in denom. of original fraction; y — units digit in denom. of original fraction
• x "“I- y
then 10z -f ydenom. of original fraction; , \ = original fraction;
lOx + y
x + y _ 1 x + y
7(10x + y) = 7(10x + y)m
lOz + y 7 lOx + y_
x + y + 3 = 1 ’ x + y + 3
4(10x + y + 3) = 4(10x + y + 3)[f]
lOx + y + 3 4 LlOx + y + 3J
Key to Chapter 10, page 387 139

7(# + y) (10a: + ?/)(l) . 7* + 7y — 10* -\- y Qy = 3x

4(* + y + 3) = (10* + y + 3)(1)’ 4x + 4y + 12 = 10* + y + 3’ 3y — 6* + 9 = 0 ;

0; 3y - 12y = -9; -9y = -9; y = 1; * + (1) 1.

3y — 6* + 9 = 0 ; 3y 6(2^ + 9 10* + (1) 7 5
* + 1
7(10* + 1) = 7(10* + 1)[|]; 7(* + 1) = (10* + 1)1; 7x + 7 10* ~|— 1 j
.10* + 1
* + y _ (2) + (1) 3
—3* = —6, x — 2.
io* + y 10(2) + (l) ~ 21 ’ Ans-

9. Let * — tens digit in num. of original fraction; y = units digit in num. of original fraction; then
10* + y
— original fraction;
10?/ + *

io* + y + li 10 x + y + ll
2 2(10 y + * + 7) = 2(10y + * + 7)ffl
10?/ + * + 7 . 10y + * + 7 _
x + y
= 2 (y - x) ^ y = (y — x)[2]
y — x Ly x
2(10* + y + 11) = (10y + * + 7)(1). 20* + 2y + 22 = lOy + * + 7. 19* -8y = -15.
l(z + y) = 2y — 2* ’ * + y — 2y — 2* ’ 3* — y = 0 ’
19* — 8 y — —15 19* — 8 y = —15
-8(3* - y) = -8(0)’ -24* + Sy = 0
10(3) + y + 11 1 30 + 2/ + 11 1 .
— 5* = -15; * = 3;
102/ + (3) + 7 2 ’ 102/ + 10 2 ’

41 + 2/
WT15 = I; 2[l0v + 101 .10 y + 10J
= 2[10?/ + 10][i]; 2(41 + y) = 1(10?/ + 10);
10* + y 10(3) + (9) 39
82 + 2y = 102/ + 10; -8?/ = -72; y = 9. 4ns.
102/ + z 10(9) + (3) 93

10. Let * = tens digit in num. of original fraction; y units digit in num. of original fraction; then
(100)2 + 10 * + 2/
= original fraction;
100(2/) + 10* + 2
200 + 10* + y 1 200 + 10* + y
2(1002/ + 10* + 18) = 2(1002/ 4- 10* + 18)[J]
100?/ + 10* + 2 + 16 2 100 y + 10* + 18J
10* + y + 89 1 ’ 10* + y + 89
4(100 y + 10* + 2)
100?/ + 10* + 2 4 100?/ + 10* + 2J = 4(100^ + 10x + •
2(200 + 10* + y) = (100?/ + 10* + 18) (1). 400 + 20* + 2y = 100 y + 10* + 18.
4(10* + 2/4- 89) - (100?/ + 10* + 2)(1) ’ 40* + 4y + 356 = 100y + 10* + 2 ’
10* - 98y = -382. -3(10* - 98y) = -3(-382) -30* + 294y = 1146
30* - 96y - -354’ 30* - 96?/ = -354 30* - 962/ = -354
198?/= 792;?/= 4;
200 + 10* + (4) 1 . 204 + 10* 1 . 204 + 10*“
= 2(418 + 10®) [^];
100(4) + 10* + 2 + 16 2 ’ 418 + 10* 2 ’ 2(418 + 10 1 418 + 10*
2(204 + 10*) = (418 + 10*) 1; 408 + 20* = 418 + 10*; 10* = 10; * = 1
(100)2 + 10(*) + (y) _ 200 + 10(1) + (4) 214
100(2/) 4- 10(*) + 2 100(4) + 10(1) + 2 412 ’

10* + y
C 11. Let * tens digit in num. of fraction; y = units digit in num. of fraction; then fraction;
10 y + *
10* + 2/ 4 _/irv10* + y
, ,
w+i - 7; 7(Wv +x)
10 y + *.
= 7(10y + *)[f]; 7(10* + y) = (10?/ + *)(4);

70* + 7y = 40y + 4*; 66* = 33?/; 2* = y, x £ {1, 2, . . . , 9}, y E {1, 2, . . . , 9}. y == 2*

10* + y 12 24 36 48 . x y
l0FM = 21,i2,63,84’AnS*
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
140 Key to Chapter 10, pages 387-390

12. Let x = hundreds digit in num. of fraction; y = units digit in num. of fraction;

100a; + (10)0 + y c ..
then ,— = fraction;
100?/ + (10)0 + x
100a: + y 34 100a: + y
^ ; (67) (100i/ + x) (67) (100// + x)[f*];
100?/ + x 100 y + x
67 (100a: + y) = (100?/ + a;) (34); 6700a; + 67y = 3400y + 34a;; 6666a: - 3333?/; 2x = y;

x e (1, 2, 9} y = 2a; 100a: + (10)0 + y 102 204 306 408

y e {l, 2, 9}' X
100?/ + (10)0 + x ~ 201 ’ 402 ’ 603 ’ 804 ’ AnS'
y
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8

2. 2x = 45; x - -4#; (^) + y = 37; 2[%f + y] = 2[37]; 45 + 2y= 74; 2y = 29; y = ^)}

3. —6w — 6; w = —1; 5r — 4(—1) = 14; 5r + 4 = 14; 5r = 10; r = 2. {(2, —1)}

4. 21 = 44; t = 22; 2s + (22) = 78; 2s = 56; s - 28. {(28, 22)}

5. Let x — no. correct questions; y — no. incorrect questions; then x + y — no. questions on test;
3a: — ly — 40 —2 [3a; — y] = —2[40]_ —6a; + 2 y = —80
4a; — 2y = 50’ 4a: — 2y= 50 ’ 4x - 2y = 50
—2a: = —30; x = 15;
3(15) — y = 40, 45 — y — 40; —y = —5; y — 5. x + y = (15) + (5) — 20, Ans.

6. —3[x — y] = —3[26] —3a; + 3 y = —78

3x — 8y = 3 ’ 3x — 8 y = 3
— 5y = -75; y = 15; x - (15) = 26; x = 41. {(41, 15)}

7. 2[8w + 5z] = 2[31] 16w + 10« = 62

5[3w? - 2z] = 5[0] 5 15to —102= 0
3\w = 62; w = 2;
3(2) - 22 = 0; 6 — 2z - 0; -2z = -6; 2=3. {(2, 3)}

8. m = 2 + n; 3(2 + n) — 2n = 1; 6 + 3n — 2n = 1; n = —5; m — (—5) = 2; m + 5 = 2;

w = -3. {(—3, -5)}

9. s = (3 - 2r); 3r - 2(3 - 2r) = 57; 3r - 6 + 4r = 57; 7r = 63, r = 9; 2(9) + s = 3;

18 + s = 3; s = -15. {(9, -15)}

10. r = 30 — 2s; 2(30 — 2s) - s = —45; 60 — 4s — s = -45; -5s = - 105;

s = 21; r + 2(21) = 30; r + 42 = 30; r = -12. {(-12, 21)}
Key to Chapter 10, pages 390-391 141

.
12 Let x = tens digit; y = units digit; then lOx +y= number
x + y = 15 _ y = 15 — x . y = 15 — x
(10 y + x) == (lOx + t/)+9’ 9y — 9a; =9’ y — x = 1 '
(15 — x) - x = 1; 15 — 2x = 1; -2x = -14; x=7;(7) + y = 15; y = 8.
10x + y= 10(7) + (8) = 78, Ans.

13. Let x = speed of boat in still water; y = speed of current;

4(x — y) = 48. x — y — 12
3(x + y) = 48’ x + y = 16
2x = 28; x = 14;
4(14 — y) = 48; 56 — Ay = 48; —4y = —8; y — 2 mph, Ans.

14. Let x = George’s present age; y = Henry’s present age. Then x + 5 = George’s age in 5 yr;
y + 5 = Henry’s age in 5 yr;
y — x = 20 y — x — 20 . y — x = 20
2(x + 5) = y + 5; 2x + 10 = y + 5’ —y + 2x = -5
x = 15; 2/ - (15) = 20; 2/ = 35.
George, 15 yr; Henry, 35 yr, Ans.
x
15. Let x — num. of original fraction; y = denom. of original fraction; then - — original fraction;
y
x 3 X
4y - 4y[f] 4x = 3y 4x = 3 y
y 4 yiy.
5 5 »
x + 3 'x + 3
I’ 5fe + 3) = 5(y + 3)[f] 5(x + 3) = (y + 3)4 5x + 15 = 4y + 12
y + 3 Vy + 3j
4x = 3y t 4.x — 3y = 0 _ —4[4x — 3y] = —4[0] —16x + 12y — 0
5x - 4y = —3’ 5x - 4y = -3’ 3[5x - 4y] = 3[—3]’ 15s - 12y = -9
— x = —9; x = 9;

4(9) = 3y; 36 = 3i/; 12 = y. | Hws.

Pages 390-393 - CHAPTER REVIEW

1. same axes 2. ordered pair or solution set 3. root

4. (6, 2) 5. (-6, -4) 6. (3, 5)

7. 4x = 20; x = 5; 2(5) — y = 9; 10 — y — 9; —y = -1; y = L {(5, 1)}

8. r = —30; 2(—30) — < = 40; —60 — t = 40; — t = 100; < = —100. {(-30, —100)}
9. 10m = 40; m = 4; 5(4) —3n= 11; 20 — 3n— 11; —3n = -9; n = 3. {(4, 3)}

.
10 equals
11. Let x = 1st no. (smaller); y = 2nd no. (larger); y + 5 = 2x, x + y = 100, Ans.
12. Let Z = length, in ft; w = width, in ft; l = 5w, 21 + 2w = 72, Ans.
13. Let x = length of longer part; y — length of shorter part;
x + y = 7 . 3 + y = 7. = 7 _ 3a. _ 5(7 _ x) = 9; 3x - 35 + 5x = 9; 8x = 44;
3x - 9 = by' 3x - by = 9’ y
x = 5|; (^) + y = 7, y = f = 1*. 5* ft, l£ ft, Ans.
142 Key to Chapter 10, pages 391-393

.
14 -3(® + 3y) = -3(26). -3® -9y = -78
3a; + 2y = 29 5 3® +-2y = 29
-7y = -49; y= 7; x + 3(7) = 26; x + 21 = 26; x = 5. {(5, 7)}

15 . — 4(7r - 10s) = -4(1). -28r + 40s = —4

56r - 40s = 28 5 56r - 40s -- 28;
28r = 24; r = f;
7(f) - 10s = 1; 6 - 10s = 1; -10s = -5; s = £. {(f, §)}

.
16 7(9w + 52) = 7(33) . 63w + 352 = 231
5(6w - 7z) = 5(—9) ’ 30w - 352 = -45
93w = 186; w = 2;
9(2) -f 5z = 33; 18 + 52 = 33 ; 52 = 15; 2 = 3. {(2, 3)}

.
17 u = 11 + i>; 2(11 + v) + 3w = 7; 22 + 2v + 3v = 7; 5v = -15; w = -3; 2u + 3(—3) = 7;
2u — 9 = 7; 2u = 16; u = 8. {(8, —3)}

18. —2 = 18 — 2ic, z — 2w — 18; 3w — 2(2w — 18) = 38; 3w — 4u> 36 = 38; —w — 2; w = —2;

2(—2) — z = 18; —4 — 2 = 18; -2 = 22; 2 - -22. {(—2, —22)}

.
19 p = 10 - 2q; 6(10 - 2q) + 3q= -3; 60 - 12g + 3q = -3; —9? = -63; q = 7; p + 2(7) = 10;
V + 14 = 10; V = -4. {(-4, 7)}

.
20 half-plane 21. (0, 10) 22. (0, —5) .
23 position (place) .
24 3; 1

25. Let x — tens digit; y — units digit; 10a; + y — the no.;

x — y = 2
x -f y = 16
2x = 18; x = 9; 9 — y = 2; — y = -7; y = 7. 10a; + y = 10(9) + (7) = 97, Ans.

.
26 Let x = tens digit in original no.; y = units digit in original no.; then 10a; + y = original no.;
a; -(- a/ = 12 . x + y = 12. x + y = 12
lOy + a; + 36 = 10a; + y’ —9x 9y = —36’ —x + y — —4
2y = 8; y = 4;
® + (4) = 12; a; = 8. 10® + y = 10(8) + (4) = 84, Ans.

.
27 greater .
28 205

29. Let x = Norman’s speed without wind; y — speed of wind;

Ux ~ V)■ = 15. 4[f(® — y)] = 4[15j. 5(x — y) = 60. x — y = 12
f(x + p) = 15’ 4[f(® + i/)] = 4[15]’ 3(® + y) = 60’ x + y = 20
2a; = 32; a; = 16 mph, Ans.
.
30 Let y = rate in still water; x = rate of current;
1#(?/ — ®) = 91 2[^(2/ — *)] = 2[91] 13(y — ®) = 182 y — ® = 14
1(2/ + ®) = 91’ 2[i(y + ®)] = 2[91]’ 7{y + ®) = 182’ 2/ + s = 26
2y — 40; y = 20 mph, Ans.

31. Let n = Bertrand’s present age; p = Allen’s present age; then n + 4 = Bertrand’s age in 4 yr;
p + 4 = Allen’s age in 4 yr;

(p 4- 4) Z !n(n + 4)’ p + ^ = + 4)1; 6p + 24 = 5(n + 4); 6p + 24 = 5n + 20;

6(|n) + 24 = 5n + 20; ^n + 24 = 5n + 20; 5[^n + 24] = 5[5n + 20];

24n 120 = 25n 100; 20 = n; p = f(20); p = 16. Bertrand, 20 yr; Allen, 16 yr, Ans.

.
32 Let x = Jack’s present age; y — June’s present age; then x — 3 = Jack’s age 3 yr ago; y — 3 =
June’s age 3 yr ago; x + 2 = Jack’s age in 2 yr; y -f 2 = June’s age in 2 yr;
(y - 3) = §(® - 3) 3(y - 3) = 3[§(® - 3)] 3y - 9 = 2x - 6 3y - 2x = 3.
(V + 2) = f(® + 2)5 4(y + 2) = 4[f(® + 2)]’ 4y + 8 = 3a; + 6’ 4y - 3x = -2’
—3(3i/ - 2®) = -3(3). —9y + 6a: = -9
2(4y - 3®) = 2(—2) ’ Sy - 6x = -4
-y = -13; y = 13; (13) - 3 = §(® - 3); 10 = §x - 2;
§x = 12; f[§z] = §[12]; x = 18. Jack, IS yr; June, 13 yr, Ans.
Key to Chapter 10, pages 393-394
143

33. Let * Mr. Granger s present age; y — Tim’s present age; then * — 1 = Mr. Granger’s age last yr-
y — 1 — Tim’s age last yr;
x = 2y + 10
(x — 1) + 4 = 3(y — 1)’ x 3 = ~ 3; * — 3y = —6; (2y + 10) —3y — —6; — y = —16;

V = 16; x = 2(16) + 10 = 32 + 10 = 42. Mr. G., 42 yr; Tim, 16 yr, Ans.

X
.
34 Let - = fraction;
y
x 5 X
8 (y + 1) = 8(y + l)[f] 8* = 5y + 5 8x — 5y = 5
y + l 8 _y + l.
* — 4 2 * — 4 > > )
Sy = 5y[ f] 5* — 20 = 2 y 5x — 2 y = 20
y 5 y
-2(8* - 5y) = -2(5). -16* + lOy = -10
5(5* — 2y) — 5(20) ’ 25* — lOy = 100
9* = 90; * = 10;

= | J 8(2/ + !) = 8(y + *)[f]j 80 = 5y + 5; 75 = 5y; y = 15- “ = jr?» Ans.

X
.
35 Let - = fraction;
y

5* — 2 y — 0

—5* + y = —10
— y = —10; y = 10;

Pages 393-395 EXTRA FOR EXPERTS

1. Let * = no. of 3| yd pieces and y = no. of 4J yd pieces where * and y e {nonnegative integers}.
HO — 9 v
3J* + 4Jy = 55; 7* + 9y = 110; * = ---Since 110 + 9 = 119 is 7 • 17, let y = 7s — 1,

f . , ml 110 — 9(7s — 1) 119 — 7 • 9 • s s l

s E {positive integers), lhen * = ——---= ---
X 8
— 17 — 9s. 8 3^ yd pieces, 6 4j yd pieces, Ans.
y 6

2. Let * = no. of loaves of bread. If k and n E {positive integers}, * = Ak + 1 and * = 5n + 4.

Then 4fc + 1 = 5n + 4; 4k — 5n + 3. Since 5 + 3 = 8 = 4 • 2, let n = 4s + 1 where s E {non¬
negative integers}. Then 4k = 5(4s + 1) + 3 = 4(5s + 2); k = 5s + 2, and * = 20s + 9. Since
* is near 72, take s = 3; then * = 69 loaves, Ans.
.
3 Let * = the integer. If l, m, n E {positive integers}, * = 21 + 1; * = 3m + 2; * = In 4- 6.
Then, 21 + 1 = 3m + 2; 21 = 3m + 1. Since 3 + 1 = 2 • 2, let m = 2r + 1, r E {nonnegative
integers}. Then 21 = 3(2r + 1) + 1 = 2(3r + 2); l = 3r + 2, and * = 6r + 5. But * = 7n + 6.
Hence, 6r + 5 = 7n + 6, 7w = 6r — 1. Because 6 • 6 — 1 = 35 = 7 • 5, let r = It + 6,
t E {nonnegative integers}. Then, 7n = 6(7£ + 6) — 1 = 7(6£ + 5); n = Qt + 5, and * = 421 + 41.
For t = 0, * = 41, Ans.
4. Let * = no. of roosters, y = no. of hens, and z = no. of chicks.
Then * + y + z = 100 3* + 3y + 3z = 300
5* + 3y + iz = 100’ 5* + 3y + jz = 100
-2* + §z = 200; §z = 200 + 2* = 2(100 + *); 2 = £(100 + *).
Let 100 + * = 4t, t E {positive integers} ; * = 4< — 100, 2 = 31, and y = 100 — (* + z) = 200 — It.
Since * > 5, take t = 27 and 28.
t 27 28

X 8 12 8 roosters, 11 hens, 81 chicks or

y 11 4 12 roosters, 4 hens, 84 chicks, Ans.

z 81 84
144 Key to Chapters 10, 11, pages 395-399

5. Let x = no. of dimes, y = no. of nickels, z = no. of pennies; x,y, z E {integers > 1}.
Then x + y + z = 15
10x -\~ 5y + z = 100
85 - Ay
—9x — 4 y = —85; 9x = 85 — 4y, x =
9
85 - 4(91 + 1)
Since 85 — 4 = 9 • 9, let y = 9t + 1, t E {nonnegative integers}. Then, x
9
9 - At. Also * = 15 — (x + y) = 15 — (5t + 10) = 5 — 51

t 0 9 dimes, 1 nickel, 5 pennies, Ans.

X 9

y 1

z 5

6. 4a — 115 + 12c — 22
4a + 205 — 16c = 68
2(14c + 23)
- 315 + 28c = -46; —315 = -28c - 46; 5
31
2(31t) 3i£_ 23
Let 14c + 23 = 31t, where t E {nonnegative integers}. Then 5 = —-— = 21) c = -—-•
01 -Lt:

Since 31 • 3 — 23 = 70 = 5 • 14, let t = 14s + 3 where s e {nonnegative integers}. Then c =

31(14s + 3) — 23 31-14s+ 70
- == - = 31s + 5 and 5 — 28s + 6.
14 14
115 -12c+ 22 11 (28s + 6) - 12(31s + 5) + 22
a = -= -----——-— -= —16s + 7.
4 4
Thus s can only be 0. For s = 0+ = 3; and a = 7, 5 = 6, c = 5, Ans.

7. Let x = no. of 3j£ stamps and y = no. of 5^ stamps, x and y e {integers > 1}. Then 3x + 5y — 50;
50 - 5y 5(10 — y) T , . . . 5(31)
x — -; x =-. Let 10 — y = 3£, t e {nonnegative integers}, then x = —-— = 5t
3 3 3
and y — 10 — 3t with 0 < t < 3.

t 3 2 1 15 3^ stamps, 1 5^ stamp;
10 3<k stamps, 4 5^ stamps;
X 15 10 5
or 5 3^ stamps, 7 5jt stamps, Ans.

y 1 4 7

8. Let x — no. of atoms of carbon, y = no. of atoms of hydrogen, z = no. of atoms of oxygen;
x, y, z E {positive integers}. Then 12x + y + 16z — 46) y — 46 — 12x — I62.

C X 1 1 2 2 3 •••CiHxgOi, C!H202, CaHeOi, Ans.

H y 18 2 6 No No

O z 1 2 1 2 1

CHAPTER 11. The Real Numbers

Pages 399-400 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. (8)(16) ? (7)(15); 128 > 105;* > *

2. (—22)(25) ? ( 12)(45); -550 < -540; -f§ < -&
3. (19)(35) ? (56)(12); 665 < 672; ^ < ff
4. (—46)(56) ? (—53)(49); -2576 > -2597; -|f > -ff
5. (200)(126) ? (240)(105); 25,200 = 25,200; f-gg =
Key to Chapter 1 1, pages 399-403
145

6. (138)(216) ? (184)(162); 29,808 = 29,808; HI = Ml

7. -S2 ? (—52)(12) ? (-400)(3); -624 > -1200; - . 11 71 \ _400
* f» 12
8- ¥r ? (321)(5) ? (106)(15); 1605 > 1590;-3^ > 21£
9. (1)(31) ? (16)(2); 31 < 32; * < {—t, i, M)
10. (2)(14) ? (9)(3); 28 > 27; f > {-f, *, §}

n- M = f» If = f; (5)(7) ? (8)(4); 35 > 32; f > f; (5)(3) ? (4)(4); 15 < 16, f < f. (ff, fi I)
12 . = 3y, M = 3+ J^7- = 3^; (1)(3) ? (1)(7); 3 < 7; j < i; (1)(50) ? (7)(7); 50 > 49;
1 \ _Z_. _7_ <^1^1 fo 157 22 10\
7 ^ 50; 50 ^ 7 ^ 3- Vh W) T") ~TS

13. 11
' 4 -2f, -M = -2ff, = —2f; (-3)(32) ? (-23)(4); -96 < -92, -f < —§f;
(-3)(3) ? (-2)(4); -9 < -8, -f < -f; (-23)(3) ? (-2)(32); -69 < -64, -§f < -§.
/_11 _8.7 _16\
t 4 ) 32) ~6 /

14. -f = -li, -M = -1M, -I = -If, -rl = -1^; (—1)(70) ? (—29)(2);

-70 < -58,-i < —ff; (—29)(5) ? (-2)(70);-145 < -140,< —f; (—1)(12) ? (-5)(2);
-12 < -10; -i < -&; (-29)(12) ? (—5)(70); -348 > -350; -U > 12)
5
— h < — 12 s' 29 / 3 17 99
^ 70 ^ -l {- 2) 12’ 70) -1}
11 _ . 12 11 _ 1 _ 23
Hoi

<n|<n

15.
+

1 12 —“ 12 12 — *;tt +
II

24 — 24
16. 5 9 _. 10 9 _ 1.91 1 _ 19
7 14 ~ " 14 14 — 14) 14 l *(*) = M + 28 — 28
17. 1 1 10 1 _ 9 . _ 2 _ 11
10 100 = ' 100 100 100) 100 “i" 2(100) — 200 + 200 200

18. 1 ( 1 4 — 10 c 1 'l 9
100 \ 1000/ — 1000 V 1000^ — 1000)
1 4_ 1( 9 ^ — 2 1C 9 'l 11
1000 1 2 \ 1000/ — 2000 1 ^ 2000/ — 2000
19. -6* - (-7*) = -6* - (-7W = 1*;
-644
—7f + 40*) = -74f + m) = -74* + t* = -64f + M = -us*
20. 54 - 4| = 5* - 441 = 4M - 44f = ft; 4§ + 4(44) = 4» + 44 = 414
*48

B 21. 1 4 __7. 10 —. 3_. 7. _l .1/3 \

8 — 8 8 — 8)
8 ) 8 T I 3V8)
3 \8/ — 8 4“ 8 — 1
99 1 ( 31 — 1 ( 61 5 . 3. I 1V5\ 6 I J, 5
4 t 2/ 4 V 4/ — 4) 2\ 5 V4/ — 4 14 — 4

2a+ 6 — a a + 5
23. If a < b: a + |(5 — a) =
2 2
25 + a — b _ a + 5
If 6 < a: 5 + J(a — 6) =
2 — 2 '

2p + g V 3p — p + g _ 2p + g
24. (a) p + 9 “ p - 3p + « “ p (b) p
3 3 3 ^ 3 3 3
25. For each integer there is a next larger one, obtained by adding 1 to the given integer; 2+1 = 3.
26. The property of density implies that no matter how small you choose the rational number greater
than 2, it is possible to find another rational number between 2 and this number, i.e., greater than
2 and less than the number chosen.
27. a. True b. False c. False d. True

28-31. In each case - and - represent rational numbers by definition. Since the system of rational num-
c d
bers is closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division (except by 0), each of the
given expressions represents a rational number.

Page 403 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. .08 2. .06 3. .21875 4. 1.125 5. -.90 6. 1.6 7. -.285714 8. -.2125 9. 2.025

666 333 14 _4_ - 2.
10. .7428571 11. -.26 12. -.380952 13. yooo - 500 10 — 5

15. 1(W = 3.377 16. lOOiV = 33.737 17. lOOiV = 27.27

N = .337 N = .337 N = .27
9 N = 3.040 99 N 33.400 99N = 27.00
304 76 33.4 334 167
N
9 900 225 99 990 495 99 11
146 Key to Chapter 1 1, pages 403-406

18. lOOOiV = 303.303 19. lOOOiV = -2567.567 20. 10# = —12.022

N = .303 N = -2.567 N - —1.202
999W 303.000 999JV = -2565.000 9N = -10.820
303 101 -2565 95 _ —10.82 _ 1082
N N -
999 ~ 333 999 37 ~ 9 “ ” ”900
541
" 450
B 21. .27 — .2727 = —.0027; any no. N such that .27 < N < .2727 will be between them, e.g., .2727
22. .33 — .3333 = —.0033; any no. N such that .33 < N < .33 will be between them, e.g., .3325
23. .9 — .99 = —.09; any no. N such that .9 < N < .9 will be between them, e.g., .95
24. .16 — .1616 = —.0016; any no. N such that .16 < N < .16 will be between them, e.g., .161
25. Y2 — .083; .08333 — .0833 = .00003; any no. N such that .0833 < N < .083 will be between them,
e.g., .08332
26. jj = .09; .090909 — .0909 = .000009; any no. N such that .0909 < N < .09 will be between
them, e.g., .090905
27. {.I, .2, .3, • • •, .8}; 2(.T) - .2, 3(.I) = .3, • • •, 8(.T) = .8
28. {.09, .18, .27, • • •, .90}; 2(.09) = .18, 3(.09) = .27, • • •, 10(.09) - .90
29. {.142857, .285714, .428571, • • •, .857142}; 2(.142857) - .285714, 3(.142857)■= .428571,
6(.142857) = .857142

30. {.076923, .153846, .230769, • • • , .923076}; 2(.076923) = .153846, 3(.076923) = .230769,

12(.076923) = .923076

Pages 405-407 • W R I T T E

A 1. V4(121) - V22(ll2) = 2(11) = 22 .

2 V3.2(72) = 3(7) - 2.1
3. V42(92) = 4(9) = 36 4. V82(62) = 8(6) = 48
. -V2 6. \/22(142) = -[2(14)] = -28

■-4 /32(112)
52
[3(H)'
5
33
5 \
/22(112)
32
12(11)
L
1
3
22
3

9. ± , 1 _ , 1 10. ± ^ 1 = ±
V22(92) 2(9) 18 / 32(132) 3(13) 39

11. dh

13. x =
4 42
52(72)
±

±6.
4
5(7)
{6, -6}
± 4
35
12. ± ^
/ 72
= db
/92(42) '
14. y = ±Vi9
7
9(4)
— db
7
36
(N
rO

15. 4a2 = 1; a2 i; o = = ±f. {j, —|} 16. 9b2

11

17 . 3t2 = 27; t2 = 9;t= dz\/9 = ±3. {3, -3}

18. 5k2 = 125; k2 = 25; k = =b\/25 = dz5. {5, -5}

B 19. (r + s)2 = r2 -f 2rs + s2 = (r2 -j- s2) + 2rs = 12 + 2(2) = 16; r + s = \/l6 = 4
20. (r — s)2 = r2 — 2rs + s2; (5)2 = r2 + s2 — 2(3); r2 + s2 = 25 -f 6 = 31
21. (x — y)2 = 5; x2 — 2xy + y2 — 5; x2 — 2(1) + y2 = 5; x2 + y2 = 7;
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 = x2 + y2 + 2xy = 7 + 2(1) = 9; x + y = —y/9 = —3
22. (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2; (8)2 = (x2 + y2) + 2xy; 64 = 40 + 2xy; 2xy = 24;
(x — y)2 = x2 — 2xy -j- y2 = x2 + y2 — 2xy = 40 — 24 = 16; x — y = \/l6 = 4
23. V(—a)2 9^ —a since V(—a)2 = |—a| = a
24. The fallacy occurs in the reasoning: (x — l)2 = (1 — x)2; .’. x — 1 = 1— x. Ifx>l then
x — 1 is positive and V(x — l)2 = x — 1, whereas 1 — x is negative and V(1 — x)2 —
— (1 — x) = x — 1. This leads to x — 1 = x — 1. If x < 1 then x — 1 is negative and
V(z — l)2 = — (x — 1) = 1 — x, whereas 1 — x is positive and \/(l — x)2 = 1 — x. This
leads to 1 — x = 1 — x.

C 25. v/x2 = x + 18; x2 = x2 + 36x + 324; 36x = -324; x = -9. {-9}

26. Vy2 = y - 50; y2 = y2 - lOOy + 2500; lOOy = 2500; y = 25 (reject, 625 ^ 25 - 50). 0
Key to Chapter 1 1, pages 406-410 147

27. Prove: If a > 0 and b > 0, then

a
To show that > 0:
Vb b 1
If a > 0, then \/a > 0 Defn. of principal root
Defn. of a power
If b > 0, then \/b > 0 Defn. of principal root
Va Quotient of 2 positive (v/a)(y/ a) Defn. of the product
> o
" Vb nos. is positive (v/6)(\/&) of fractions
Va2 Product prop, of
x/62 square root

= - Defn. of square root

b
28. (Va)3 = Va • Va • Va Defn. of a power
= Va • a a Product prop, of square roots
73
= vcr Defn. of a power
29. If a > b and b > 0, then a ■ a > a • b Mult. prop, of inequality
and a • b > b • b Mult. prop, of inequality
a• a > b • b Transitive prop, of inequality
a2 > b2 Defn. of a power
To show that a positive no. cannot have two different positive square roots: assume the two positive
square roots of x2 are p and q. If p > q, then p2 > q2. Since p2 and q2 = x2, this implies that
x2 > x2 which is a contradiction. If q > p, the same contradiction develops.
30. If b < a and a < 0, then b • b > a - b Mult. prop, of inequality
and a • b > a • a Mult. prop, of inequality
b •b > a•a Transitive prop, of inequality
a2 < b2 Defn. of a power
To show that a positive no. cannot have two differentne gative square roots: assume the two negative
square roots of x2 are p and q. If p > q, then p2 < q2. Since p2 and q2 — x2, this implies that
x2 < x2 which is a contradiction. If q > p, the same contradiction develops.

Pages 410-4J1 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. v^6l = VM = = 1.9 2. VT4I = VUh - 21 _ O 1

10 —
_ 55. _ r, c
3. V1024 = V-Vrnf = ff = 3.2 4. V3025 = — 10 —
5. x/1764 = 42 6 V5329 = 73 .
7. -V316.84 = —v/22(79.21) = -2V79.21 = -2\/^^ = -2(f§) — -2(8.9) = 17.8
8. -V408.04 = —\/22(102.01) = -2V102.01 = -2(10.10) = -20.2
To find V102.01: Let a2 = 102.01 Vmol = 10.10
a = 10
102.01 v 10 = 10.20
2)20.20
a = 10.10
102.01 ^ 10.10 = 10.10
9. V24,336 = V22(6084) = \/22(782) = 2(78) = 156
.
10 Vl 10,889 = V92(1369) = V92(372) = 9(37) = 333
V2 = 1.41 12. \/3 = 1.73
Let a2 = 50.3 14. Let a2 == 10.7
a = 7 a = 3
50.3 -r- 7 = 7.1 10.7 - 3 = T5
2)14.1 2)6.5
a = 7.05 a = 3.25
50.3 4- 7.05 = 7.13 10.7 - 3.25 = 3.292
2)14.18 2)6.542
a = 7.09 a = 3.271
50.3 7.09 = 7.094 10.7 - 3.271 = 3.2711
V503 = 7.09 V107 == 3.27
148 Key to Chapter 1 1f pages 410-41 1

15. —\/356 - — V22(89) = — 2v/89 = -2(9.434) = —18.87

16. -V279 = -VP(3l) = -3\/3l = -3(5.568) = -16.70
17. \/27 = 5.196 = 5.20 18. V35 = 5.916 = 5.92

B 19. * = ±\/960 = =b\/82(15) = ±8v/l5 = ±8(3.873) = ±31.0. (31.0, -31.0}

20. y = ±V405 = ±v/92(5) = ±9\/5 = ±9(2.236) = ±20.1. {20.1, -20.1}
21. t2 = 3.2; t = ±y/S2 - ±V.16(20) = ±V.‘42(22)(5) = ±.4(2)V5 = ±.8^5 =
±.8(2.236) = ±1.8. (1.8, -1.8}
22. u2 = 12.6; u = ±\/l2£ = ±>/.09(140) = ±V-32(22)(35) = ±.3(2)>/35 = ±.6V35 =
±.6(5.916) = ±3.5. {3.5, - 3.5}
23. z2 = 160; z = ±Vl60 = ±\/42(T()) = ±4\/l0 = ±4(3.162) = ±12.6. {12.6, -12.6}
24. w2 = 125; w = ±Vl25 = ±VE^j = ±5^5 = ±5(2.236) = ±11.2. {11.2, -11.2}

21 -4- 4.55 = 4.61 90 -f- 9.45 = 9.52

2)9.16 2)18.97
a = 4.58 a = 9.485
21 4- 4.58 = 4.585 90 -4- 9.485 = 9.488
y/21 = 4.58 \/90 = 9.49

27. = 1.18; „ = ±vni = ± ^ * Mvnwm * ±L1. {u, _u}

28. x2 + 2x + 1 + x2, - 2x + 1 = 55; 2a;2 + 2 = 55; 2a:2 = 53; a:2 =

/53 _ ±V53 ±7-280 ^ 5 j r5 j _5 o
x = ±
2 v^2 1-414 ±5‘L |5'lj 5,1>

36 /36 ±6
29. lly2 = 36; y2 = ±1.8. {1.8, -1.8}
11 5 ^ _ ± \TT “ 3.317
O 9 11 fu ^ ±^17 ^ ±11 {Ui_11}
30. 9z2 = 11; z2 = — ; z = ±

31. Assume a + y/b is rational: then (a + y/b) — a is rational (set of rational nos. is closed under sub¬
traction). Since (a + y/b) — a = y/b, y/b is rational, which is a contradiction. Thus, a + y/b must
be irrational.
a
32. Consider some positive integer n. Assume that its cube root is a fraction - in lowest terms, i.e.,
b
3 _ a
y/n = - , where a, b, n are positive integers, and a and b have no common factors,
o
Q Q
3 _ a a a . ... ~
If y/n = - , then n = , where ^ is in lowest terms. Since n is an integer, b6 must equal 1, and

a a
6=1, which means that - = - = a. Thus, for the cube root of a positive integer n to be rational,
6 1
_ , . a
the root must be an integer, - •

As there are many positive integers which have no integral cube roots, the symbol y/n may repre¬
sent an irrational number.
Key to Chapter 11, pages 411-414 149

Page 411 PROBLEMS

A 1 x2 = 75; x = V75 = 8.7 in, Ans. 2. a;2 = 46; x = a/46 = 6.8 ft, Ans.
3. 87.92 = 3.14r2;r2 = 28; r = V28 = 5.29 cm, Ans.
4. 15.708 == .7854d2; d2 = 20; d — \/20 — 4.47 cm, Ans.
= 35 ^ 5.916
.
5 s2 = 35
9
x =
9 3
— 2.0 M, Ans.

63 6~3 VtT 3(2.646) 7.938

= 2.0 M, Ans.
6' X = 16 5 X = 16 4 4
7. Let x = width; 3a; = length;
3a;2 = 225;
x2 = 75;
x = a/75 = 8.7 M;
3a; = 3(8.7) = 26.1 M. 26.1 M, 8.7 M, Ans.
8 . Let x = width; 2a; = length; To find V907:
2a;2 = 1814; Let a2 = 907
a;2 = 907; a = 30
x = V907 907 -4- 30 = 30.23
2)60.23
a = 30.115
907 30.115 = 30.117
V907 = 30.1. 30.1 cm, 60.2 cm, Ans.

Page 413 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

1. 102 1 62 + 82; 100 = 36 + 64; yes 2. 15 =L 92 + 12 ; 225 = 81 + 144; yes

3. 522
l2 1 202 + 482;
482 2,704 = 400 + 2,304; yes 4. 512 J= 242 + 452; 2,601 = 576 + 2,025; yes
:2 = 152 + 202; cz = 225 + 400 = 625; c = 25.00 in
5. c2
6. c2 = 322 + 24i2 ■ c2 1024 + 576 1600; c = 40.00 M
7# c2 _ i 2 '7\2 _
49 _ 625.
= 62 + (If)2; c2 = 36 + (f)2 =36 + ff=W + ff = W;c = ^=6f= 6.25 mi
8 c2 . = (2f)2 + 32; c2 = (^)2 + 32 = W + 9 = ^ + -49 441 _
'
841.
49 >
29
7 4y = 4.14 yd
9. 412 a2 + 92; 1681 a2 + 81; a2 = 1600; a = \/l600 = \/42 • 102 = 40.00 M
.
10 252 = 102 + b2; 625 = 100 + 52; b2 = 525; b = V525 = V52(21) = 5V2l = 5(4.583) = 22.92 ft

Pages 413-414 • PROBLEMS

A 1. c = 17, a = 8; 172 = 82 + b2; 289 = 64 + b2] b2 = 225; b = 15 ft, Ans.

2. c = 34, a = 16; 342 = 162 + b2; 1156 = 256 + b2; b2 = 900; b = 30 ft, Ans.
3. a = 80, b = 50; c2 = 502 + 802 = 2500 + 6400 = 8900;
c - a/8900 = Vl02(89) = 10\/89 = 10(9.434) = 94.34 ft, Ans.
4. a = 16, b = 16; c2 = 162 + 162 = 256 + 256 = 512;
c = V512 = \/l62(2) = 16a/2 = 16(1.414) = 22.62 in, Ans.
B 5. Let x = a, x -\- 2 = b, x + 4 = c;(a; + 4)2 = x2 + (x -f- 2)2; a;2 -f- 8a; + 16 = x2 + x2 + 4a; 4* 4;
x2 — 4a; — 12 = 0; (x + 2)(a; — 6) = 0; x + 2 = 0 or x — 6 = 0; x = —2 (reject);
x — 6 in, x + 2 = 8 in, x + 4 = 10 in, Ans.
6. Let a;=a, x+l = 5, a; + 2 = c;(a; + 2)2 = x2 + (x + l)2;
a;2 + 4a; + 4 = x2 + a;2 + 2x + 1; a;2 — 2x — 3 = 0; (x + l)(a; — 3) = 0; x + 1 = 0 or
x — 3 = 0; x — —1 (reject), x — 3 ft, x + 1 = 4 ft, x + 2 = 5 ft, Ans.
7. Let 3a; = a, 4x = b; 352 = (3a;)2 + (4a;)2; 1225 = 9a:2 + 16a;2; 25a;2 = 1225; a;2 = 49; x = 7;
3x — 21 ft, 4a; = 28 ft, Ans. 5 mj
8. Let x = no. of miles he travels south; x + b = 30; 152 = 52 + b2;
225 = 25 + b2; b2 = 200; b = V200 = Vl02(2) = 10\/2 = 10(1.414) = 14.14;
x = 30 — 14.14 = 15.86 mi, Ans. x

30 mi

15 mi b
150 Key to Chapter 1 1, pages 414-416

C 9. Let x — amt. by which height of truck exceeds 10 ft; 102 = x2 + 72;

100 = x2 + 49; x2 = 51; x = y/5l = 7.14 ft;
height of truck = 10 + 7.14 = 17.14 ft, Ans.

10. Let c = length of diagonal of base of box, d = length of diagonal of box;

c“ — OA2 + 182; c2 - 576 + 324 = 900; c = V900 = 30.
- 242
d2 = 152 + c2; d2 = 152 + 900; d2 = 225 + 900 = 1125
/ /
d = \/ll25 = 15\/5 = 33.54 in, Ans. 15

/ /
18

Pages 415-416 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. (3 • 8)\/l72 = 24 • 17 = 408 2. (5 • 13)V262 = 65 • 26 = 1690

3. \/3 -2-6 = VV~6 = 6 4. 2V3 -7*2 = 2\/42
5- VFf = \/T_= 1 6. (2 • 3)VFf = 6VI = |V3 = 3V3
8(2 . iy /5 ■ 7~
7. Vlr ■ i — Vn> ~ ^To ' r§ = t5'V/30
_ _a/T _ _ . JL
2 _1_ 2
• V3 /V 5 7 20 — 15 V 4 — 15 2 — 15

9. ^ = V36 = 6 10. W • ^ = \/25 = 5 11. —10Va2 - —10a

12. —12 s/b2 = —125 13. ±§-VW = 3V5 14. W¥ = iVn
15. V81 • 2 = 9\/2 16. 2\/9 • 2 - Qy/2 17. 4V49 • 2 = 28V2
18. V^r - V25 = 5 19. VS = 20. |V4^3 = |V3 = |V3
6V9^ 6V -~5 3V5
21. = 3 • 3\/3 - 9\/3 22. 2 • 2V5 = 4V5 23. y =

l27 2 12V54
24. ^ = V^ = a2 25. 12 = 6V9^6 - 18\/6
a 2 2' ~ 2
4Vl0 6V33
26 = VTO 27 - V33 28. = V3
.<nR- 6
1 VTo
29 30. V36c2 • 2 = 6cV2 31. V4d4 • lOd = 2d2Vl0d
3 \ 6 3
32. 3V9/c2 • 10k = 9/cVl0fc

B 33. 15Va262 = 15a5 34. —14 Vc2^2 = — 14cd 35. V^ — 3Vx = a: 3Vx

36. 2Vy — Vy2 = 2Vy — y

37. -2V6 -3-8 = -2V62 • 22 = —2 • 6 • 2 = -24
38. 5V14 -7-8 - 5V72 • 42 = 5 • 7 • 4 = 140 39. V21y y 7 = V3 • 72 • y2 - 7yVs
40. Vx • 3x • 24 = V23 • 32 • x2 = 6xV2 41. 4a2 • 5a = 20a3 42. 96 2 • 2b = 1863
43. 6V6L2 + 2v/6T3 = 6\/22 ■ 3 + 2V32 • 2 = 12\/3 + 6>/2
44. 10Vl0 • 5 - 5V10 • 15 = IOV52 • 2 - 5V52 • 6 = 50\/2 — 25V6

«• -6 Vn =^¥ii=-vi2
47. —5V(.04) (60) = -5(.2)V60 = —V4 • 15 = — 2VI5
46.5.0=^=
v5 0 5
V35

647 [35 647V35 647V35

= .647V35
’ 100 V100 100 10
• 1000

49. 2 V7 + = 2<j7 + ^=2VI+V2 = 2 + V2

V7 V7
Key to Chapter 1 1, pages 416-417 151

50. 5Qv^ = 25 x/p = 25V2 (Note: 5\/l7 — 3Vl7 = (5 — 3)\/l7 = 2^17)

2Vl7

51.
V5 + VI'=
+ ^! 54 + \f = 5Vr + ^ = 5 + 2 = 7

V3 Vl2 12
V3 Vs

53.
7Vo3 , Va = 7 4" = 7\/a2 + \/l = 7a -j- 1
Va Va
Vb VP
54.
V&
4
\/6 Vl-Wf=vT-4v^=i-41
Pages 416-417 • PROBLEMS

B 1. (3a:)2 - x2 = 9a;2 - x2 = f; 8a:2 = f; a:2 =

, / 3 . 2 _ ±\/6 ±2.449
— ±.3; 3a; — ±.9. ±.9, ±.3 Ans.
x ±\32‘2 8 8
2. (4a;): (3a;): 12; 16x^ 9a;2 12; 7a;2 = 12; a;2 = 4s;
, /12 7 ±V4- 21 ±2V2l . ±2(4.583) ±9.166 .
x ~ ±\7 ' 7~ 7 ~ 7 ~ 7 ~ 7 ~ ±L6;
4a; = ±5.2; 3a; = ±3.9; Ans.

3. 3a; • 2a: = 128; 6a;2 - 128; a;2 = ^;

164 3 8VS . 8(1.732) 13.856 . , „ 0 . 100. 0 . no. ,
x —= — - x ■ ■ - = —5— = 4.6; 3a; = 13.8 in, 2a; = 9.2 in, Ans.
ns's

4. Let x = length of side of square; c = length of diagonal of square; x2 = 70; x = V70;

c2 = (V70)2 + (%/70)2 = 70 + 70 = 140;
c = a/I40 = \/4(35) = 2y/35 = 2(5.916) = 11.8 in, Ans.

c 30 + 60 + 70 on
5. s = ---= 80 cm;

A = V80(80 - 30)(80 - 60)(80 - 70) = V80 • 50 • 20 • 10 = Vl6 • 5 • 25 • 2 • 4 • 5 • 5 •:

= V42 • 52 • 52 • 42 • 5 = 4 • 5 • 5 • 4\/5 = 400V5 = 400(2.236) = 894.4 sq cm, Ans.

.
6 c2 = ,52 + .82 = .25 + .64 - .89; c = \A89 = = .9 M;

r = i(.5 + .8 - .9) - £(.4) = .2 M, Ans.

C 7. (4.6)2 = s2 + s2; 2s2 = 21.16;

V1058 . 32.5
s2 = 10.58; s = VlO.58 = = = 3.3, Ans.
10 10
To find \/l058:
Let a2 = 1058
a = 33
1058 ^ 33 = 32
2)65
a = 32.5
1058 ± 32.5 = 32.55
V1058 = 32.5

8. s2 = 25; s = 5 in; d2 = 52 + 52 = 25 + 25 = 50;

d = V50 = V25-2 = 5V2 = 5(1.414) = 7.07; r = £(7.07) = 3.5 in, Ans.

2 22 2 - — 2 . 49
9. Circle: A = irr ; y- r = 77; r = 1r —
= A/fliZ#;d = 2ri7v^in
Square: A = s2;s2 = 25;s = 5;d2 = 52 + 52 - 25 + 25 = 50;d = V50 = V25 -2 = 5\/2 in
Since diameter of circle is greater than diagonal of square, square will fit in circle.
152 Key to Chapter 11, pages 417-419

10. For equilateral triangle:

s2 = (is)2 + h2 A = %bh
42 = 22 + h2 A = £(4)(2V3) = 4\/3 = 4(1.732) = 6.9 sq in
h2 = 16 — 4 = 12
h = Vl2 = y/I^S = 2V3 in
For square:
42 = s2 + s2 A = s2
2s2 = 16 A = (2\/2)2 = 4 • 2 = 8 sq in
s2 = 8
s = \/8 = a/4 • 2 = 2\/2 in 6.9 sq in <8 sq in, Ans.
11. 22 = l2 + A2; h2 = 4 - 1 = 3; h = \/3 = 1.7, Ans.

12. s2 = + 62; s2 = j + 36; 4s2 = s2 + 144; 3s2 = 144; s2 = 48;

s = V48 = V16 • 3 = 4\/3 = 4(1.732) = 6.9, Ans.

Pages 418-419 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. qVE 2. —9vTT 3. 6V2 + 4\/3 4. 3V2 - 2V5 5. V2 — V4A2 = V2 — 2y/2 = —y/2

6. V4T3 + V3 = 2\/3 + VS = 3V3 7. y/2 - Jjy | = V2 - ^ ^ V2

8. V6 + ^.|=V6+^=|V6
9. 2VI6 • 2 — 3V25 • 2 = 8V2 - 15V2 — —7y/2
10. 2V25 • 2 — sViFIZ = 10V2 - 9\/2 = V2
19V7
11. 3V9^7 + |VT7 - 9y/7 + i • 2V7 = 9\/7 + ^V7 = 4fV7 + Wl -

12. 2V25 • 6 - §V 16 • 6 = 10\/6 - f • 4V6 = 10V6 - fV6 = ^V6 - fV6 =

10 4 /3 2 in fl lo 4\/l0 lOVIO /t^j _ _ /77i

13'4\2*2 10\l0’l0“ 2 1Q — 2VI0 \/IO — a/10

14. 10 ^ + 30^1= “^ + ^ = 2^+10^15= 12V15

15. V3 — 4V16 • 3 + 3V25 • 3 - V3 — 16 V3 + 15V3 = 0

16. V7 + 4\/4^7 - 3V9^T = V7 + 8y/7 - 9y/7 = 0

B 17. y/3 + 2v/9_^3 - 6 VJTf = \/3 + 6\/3 - §V3 = V3 + 6V3 - 2V3 = 5y/3

18. 3VTo - 4V9 • 10 + = 3\/i0 - 12V10 + iWTO

= 3V10 - 12VT0 + iVm =

19. 12\/§Tf - 2v/fT| + \/V“6 = W6 - f\/6 + 3V6 = 4V6 - V6 + 3V6 - 6\/6

20. ioV§7I + \Z|T| - ivTHo = + ix/Io - f%/io = 2VT0

21. iV3 + 2V4I _ K/25T3 =iV3 + fV3-|V3 = ^ + ^- ^= ^ = ^

4-3 5 6
22 . 6
1 \ 5 5 ' 2-3
o Vl5 + f\/l5 - f\/l5 = Vl5

2x2 /36 ■ 3 x 12x2

C 23. 2\/4 • 3x V3x = 4\/3x — 4xV3x = (4 — 4x)V3x or
3a:
4(1 — a:)V3^

24. a5 a - / ■■ V 2Va6 • ca = ^ Vca + 2a3Vca = a3Vca + 2o3Vca = 3a3Vac

\ a2 • a a a2
j36n2 + 64n2 100n2 lOn 5w /25*2 — 9i2 / 16i2 4< 4f
25 26.
36 • 64 36-64 6-8 24 V 9-25 “ \9-25 ~ 3-5 “ 15
27. aV2 — V6 = V4 • 6 — aV4 • 2; aV2 — V6 = 2\/6 — 2aV2; 3aV2 = 3V6;

f.
“ = /I = V3. {V3}
a = 2v|
3V2 V2
Key to Chapter 1 1, pages 419-422 153

28. +9- 10 - bV9^5 = 6+16-5 - +121 • 10; 3+l0 - 36+5 = 46+5 - 11+10;

14+10 = 7by/5; b = -14v? = 2 = 2+2. {2+2}

7+5 5
29. 4+ic + 2+r = 6; 6+z = 6; Vs = 1; x = 1. {1}

30. 2 + 2y/y = 3Vy; 2 = +?/; y = 4. {4}

Page 420 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 22 - (+3)2 = 4-3=1 2. 42 - (+5)2 = 16 - 5 = 11

3. (+2)2 - (+3)2 = 2 - 3 = -1 4. (+7)2 - (+6)2 = 7-6=1

5. (2+3)2 + 6+3 - 10+3 - 15 = 12 - 4+3 - 15 = -3 - 4+3

6. (5+2)2 + 5+2 - 20+2 - 4 = 50 - 15+2 - 4 = 46 - 15+2

7. 1 + 2+7 + 7 = 8 + 2+7

8. 25 - 2(5+10) + (+10)2 = 25 - 10+10 + 10 = 35 - 10+10

9. (5+2)2 - 2(5+2) + 1 = 50 - 10+2 + 1 = 51 - 10+2

10. (3+7)2 + 2(6+7) + 4 = 63 + 12+7 + 4 = 67 + 12+7

11. 6+12 + 2+18 = 6+4 + + 2+9+ = 12+3 + 6+2

12. 10+50 — 5+150 = 10+25 • 2 — 5V25 • 6 = 50+2 — 25+6

B 13. 8(+3)2 - 12+3 + 2+3 - 3 = 24 - 10+3 - 3 = 21 - 10+3

14. 5(+7)2 + 10+7 - 2+7 - 4 = 35 + 8+ - 4 = 31 + 8+

15. 2(+6)2 + 6+18 - +18 - 3(+3)2 = 12 + 5+18 -9 = 3 + 5+T~2 = 3 + 15+2

16. 12(+L5)2 - 18+75 + 2+75 - 3 (+5)2 = 180 - 16+75 - 15 = 165 - 16+25 • 3 =

165 - 80+3

l(+5 + 1)
17 . 5 - 1 4
(+5 - l)(+5 + 1) “ (VS)2 - I2

l(+7 - 1) +7-- 1 +7-1 +7 - 1

18.
7-1 6
(+7 + l)(+7 - 1) " (V7)2 - I2

+2(+2 - 3) (V2)2 - 3+2 2- - 3+2 2 - 3+2 3+

19. or
(+2 + 3) (+2 - 3) _” (V2)2 - 32 2-9 -7

+6(5 + +6) 5+6 +- (V6)2 5+6 + 6 5+6 4- 6

20 . 25-6 19
(5 - +6) (5 + +6) 52 - (+6)2

2i (3 ~ +5) (2 + +5) = 6 + 3+ - 2+ - (+5)2 6 + V5 5 1 + +5

= -1 - +5
* (2 - +5) (2 + +5) ~ 22 - (+5)2 4 - 5 -1

22 (V6 ~ 1)(3 - +6) = 3+6 ■ (+6)2 - 3 + +6 _ 3+6 - 6 - 3 + +6 4+6 - 9

9-6
’ (3 + +6) (3 - +6) ' 32 - (+6):

____
2(3+2 + 2) _ 6+2 + 4 _ 6+2 + 4 _ 6+2 + 4 _ 2(3+2 + 2) = 3+2 + 2
23.
(3+2 - 2) (3+2 + 2) (3+2)2 - 22 18-4 14 2 • 7

6(3 - 2+3) _ 18 - 12+3

= 18 - 12+3 18 - 12+3 6(3 - 2+3)
24.
(3 + 2+3)(3 - 2+3) ~ 32 - (2+3)2 9-12 -3 - 3(—1)

2(3 - 2+3)
-2(3 - 2+3) = 4+3 - 6
-1

Page 422 -WRITTEN EXERCISES

2. 3.r = (+ l = — /-i-4
A 1. 2y = 22 = 4; y = 2. {2} 9 1 x
9.3 27' l27^
49 _7
JU>. x
3. 5x = (f)2 = if; * =
- +L =
4-5 4 l4/
4. 7z = a = ft; * =
)2
16-7 16
{xe-}

5. +s = 2; s = 4. {4} 6. + — 22 — 2+ —
53. .
(¥}
154 Key to Chapter 1 1, page 422

7. + l;r = 2. {2} 8. | = 4; » = 12. {12}

9. * + 10 = 9;x = —1. {-1} 10. 3 — 4 = 81; s — 85. {85}

11. 2y - 3 = 9;2y = 12; y = 6. {6} 12. 3y + 4= l;3y= -3;y=.-l. {-1}
13. +5m — 5; 5m = 25; m — 5. {5} 14. +10m = 5; 10m = 25; m — §• {§}
15. +p = —2; p — 4 16. +p = — 1; p — 1
Check: +4 + 5 = 3 Check: +T + 2 1 1
2 + 5^3. 0 1 + 2^1. 0
17. +4y - 3 = 3; Ay - 3 = 9; 4y = 12; y - = 3- {3}
18. +5p - 1 = 7; by - 1 = 49; by = 50; y = 10. {10}

19. jy = 9; y = 81; | = 9; x = 18. {18} 16; | = .4;x = 12. {12}

B 21. .. -5 = 4; 3x - 5 - 16; 3x = 21; x = 7.

4
{7}

22 . 5p+ 1 = 1; 5p + 1 = 6;5y = 5; y = 1. {1}

6
23. (+x)2 - (2+5)2; x = 4 • 5 = 20. {20}

24. (3Vk)2 = (4+3)2; 9k = 16 • 3; k = = y• {+*}

25. +5i2 + 5 = 5; 5*2 + 5 = 25; 512 = 20; t2 = 4; t = ±2. {2, -2}

26. +3s2 - 12 = 6; 3s2 — 12 = 36; 3s2 = 48; s2 — 16; s — ±4. {4, -4}
__ 2 9.E „ 2 7-i mv Imv
28. r2 JjL. (_Zl1
7- v — m '> E ~ mv '> E - 2 ' ( 2 ) * = ^r;
22/i 22hr2 = 7v;h = 22r2 {22r2j
29. a2 + 9 = a2 + 6a + 9; 6a = 0; a = 0. {0}
30. b2 - 16 - b2 - Sb + 16; 85 = 32; 5 = 4. {4}
31. n — n2; n2 — n — 0; n(n — 1) = 0; n = 0 or n - 1 = 0; n = 0 or n = 1; but since +n means
the principal (positive) root, +1 ^ —1; {0}
n2
32. n — — ; 4n = n2; n2 — 4n = 0; n(n — 4) = 0; n — Oorw - 4 = 0; n — 0 orn = 4; but since

+n means the principal root, +4 5^ -; .'. {0}

2

C 33. Vx2 + 4 = £ + 1; x2 + 4 — x2 + 2a: + 1; 2x — 3; a; = f. {§}

34. Vx2 — 4 — x + 2; x2 — 4 = x2 + 4x + 4; 4x — —8; x — —2. {—2}
35. 2k — 4 = k2 — 4A; + 4; A;2 — 6fc + 8 = 0; (k - 4)(/c — 2) = 0; A; — 4 — 0 or /c — 2 = 0;
A; — 4 or A; — 2. {4, 2}
36. 3r — 9 = r2 — 6r + 9; r2 — 9r + 18 — 0; (r — 6)(r — 3) = 0; r — 6 — 0 or r — 3 = 0;
r — 6 or r — 3. {6, 3}
37. 19 — y = y2 — 14y + 49; y2 - 13y + 30-0; (y - 10)(y - 3) - 0; y - 10 = 0 or y - 3 = 0;
y = 10 or y = 3; Check: +19 — 10 1 10 - 7 +19 - 3 1 3 — 7
3-3 4^-4. {10}
38. y + 3 — y2 — 18y + 81; + — 19y + 78 — 0; (y — 13) (y — 6) — 0; y — 13 — 0 or y — 6 — 0;
y = 13 or y - 6; Check: +13 + 3 =L 13 - 9 +6 + 316-9
4 = 4 3 + —3. {13}
39. +x + 2 — —3; x + 2 — 9;x — 7; but since +x + 2 means the principal root +7 + 2 + 3 9^;0
40. +x + 4 — — 1; x + 4 — l;x— —3; but since +x + 4 means the principal root, 1 + +—3 + 4 + 0;
• •-0

Pages 422-423 • PROBLEMS

A 1. 3+n — 30; 9n — 900; n — 100, Ans. 2. £+n — 5; Vn — 15; n — 225, i4ns.

3. +2n — 3 — 3; 2n — 3 — 9; 2n — 12; n — 6, Ans.
4. +5n + 9 - 8; 5n + 9 = 64; 5n - 55; n = 11, Ans.
32 • 32
5. p2 = (4+A)2; p2 = 16A; A = ^ ; A 2 • 32 — 64 sq in, Ans.
16
Key to Chapter 1 1, pages 423-426 155

.
6. d
,2
=
3/i 0,2 7
; 3h = 2d ; h =
2d ,
- ; /i
2-9-9
= 2 • 9 • 3 = 54 ft, Ans.
O

7. c2 = a2 + b2; a2 = c2 - b2; a = *c2 - 62; a = Vl72 - 152 = *289 - 22.5 = *64 = 8, Ans.

8. 4«=*?;/ = 16s2;/ = 16 • 62 = 16 • 36 = 576 ft, Ans.

i/ H
B >. 3 = J 1 6(6) ’ ^ = g“g ’ H = 86*4 horsepower, Ans.

10 60. ; 3600 = ; h = 120.96 = 121 ft, Ans.

11. 11,988 = 333*14.0037*; *14.0037* = 36; 14.0037* = 1296; * = 92.5°, Ans.

1^'• 1.21 = (l
“ +' J^y ;•— - ■ 10o ;’ 1^
VL21 = l + .1—1" +1 100 ’ 100 .1; r — 10%, Ans.

13. Let x and x + 1 be a pair of consecutive positive integers; *r(x + 1) = 6*2; x(x + 1) = 72;
x2 -\- x = 72; x2 -f- x — 72 = 0; (x -f- 9)(x — 8) = 0; x + 9 = 0 or x — 8 = 0; x — —9 (reject);
x = 8, x + 1 = 9, Ans.
0 6 3 3 54
14- * = 10 • 10 = 100 = 50 ; 50 = T2 ; 3^2 = 2700i f2 = 900;/ = —30 (reject); / = 30 ft, Ans.

Pages 426-427 - CHAPTER TEST

O 117 — 15. 7.9. 1 31_. 470 91
1. 8(16) ? 7(15); 128 > 105;* > * 72 — x8i 48 — 148i 288 It 44)
8(17) ? 9(15); 136 > 135;* > * 5(48) ? 31(8); 240 < 248; f < *
7(17) ? 9(16); 119 < 144;* < *. *,*,* 5(144) ? 91(8); 720 < 728; f < T9*
31(144) ? 91(48); 4464 > 4368;* > T9*;
31 91 5 7_9 470 117
48) 144) 8- 48) 288) 72
3 15 _ 1 _ 15. 14 _ 1 ■ 1 I 1/U _ 28 I 29
• 14 J- — 14

(-¥) =
14 14 — 14) 1 l~ 2 V14/ — 28 r 28 28
A 10
9
70
63
I
l
306 _
63
376.
63 )
34 I 1/376\ _
7 "1“ 2V 63 ) — 63 + 63
118
63

5. True; for any rational number >0 it is possible to find another rational number between it and 0.
.
6 False; integers do not possess the property of density.
7. .714285 8. -.86 9. 12.375
10. 100N - 72.7272 11. ION = 8.8 12. 1000N = 2345.345
N = .7272 N — .8 N = 2.345
99N = 72.0000 9N = 8.0 999N = 2343.000
XT _ 72 _ _8_ AT 2343 781
iv — 99 — 11 N = | -iv — 999 333

VI
13. V9 • 100 = *9 • *!00 = 3 • 10 = 30 14.
*576 24

15. X = ±*400 = ±20. {20, -20}

16. 3y2 = 363; y2 = 121; y = ±*121 = ±11. {11, -11}

472 V4- 118 2V59 • 2 . (7.681) (1.414)
17. *472 = J- = 2.17 ,
100 10 10 5

82314 *9-9146 3*9146 . 3(95.63) 286.89

18. -*8.2314 = - = -2.87
10,000 100 100 100 100
To find *9146: 19. c2 = a2 + b2; 252 = 202 + b2;
Let a2 = 9146 b2 = 625 - 400 - 225; b = *225 = 15, Ans.
a = 96 20. c2 = 162 + 122; c2 = 256 + 144 = 400;
9146 -4-96 = 95 c = *400 = 20, Ans.
2)191 21. (4-2)*l32 = 8- 13 = 104
a = 95.5
22. JvSR* = I • AVio = sW'To
9146 95.5 = 95.76
23. (3 • 2)*7 -12-21 = 6*72 • 22 • 32
2)191.26 = 6 • 7 • 2 • 3 = 252
a = 95.63
9146 4
- - 95.63 =
*9146 =
95.639
95.63
24-2VSI = *
25. 4*5
&L
8a2
2 = 2b
2 4a V
rr 6*2
2a
156 Key to Chapter 1 1, pages 426-428

26. 10\[^2 ~ 6%/* = - 6Vi = —4V^| = —2\/2

27. 3V32 • 3 - Vf7! = 9\/3 — ^ = ¥V3

28. fVf • § + fVi • f = i • ?\/6 + f • £>/6 = i\/6 -j- iV6 = i\/6

29. 32 - (\/2)2 = 9 — 2 = 7
1(3V3 - 2) = 3\/3 - 2 = 3V3 - 2 = 3\/3 - 2
" (3y/3 + 2)(3V3 - 2) (3>/3)2 - 22 27 - 4 23
31. 42 + 2(4\/5) + (V5)2 = 16 + 8\/5 + 5 = 21 + 8y/5
32 (V6 + 1)(3 + V6) = 3\/6 + 6 + 3 + V6 = 9 + 4V6 = 9 + 4V6
* (3 - V6)(3 + VE) 32 — (V6)2 9-6 3
33. (y/3y)2 = (—12y)2] 3y = 144y2; y = 48y2; 48t/2 — y = 0; y(48y — 1) = 0; 7/ = 0 or
48y — 1 = 0; y = ^ (reject). {0}
34. (\/3^)2 = (z + 2)2; 3z = z2 + 4z + 4; z2 + z + 4 = 0. 0

Pages 427-429 CHAPTER REVIEW

1. addition, multiplication 2 . 3 7 Cl'npp ^ r -

40, 12 —
110 q-rirt 3 7
120 d,liu 40
111
120
o 2_9. 5_7_ — 1 . _7_ I 1/l \ — 29 a Tnfirn+p s TrilP
48? 8 12 — 24; 12 I 2\24/ — 48’ J-Ilillllte x1

6. False; between any two different rational numbers, there is an infinite number of others.
7. 2ys = 2.3125 8 -H = --916 . 9. 35 _
32 = 1.09375

10. 100# = 63.6363 11. 10 A/- = 14.66 12. 1000# = 297.297

N = .6363 # = 1.46 # = .297
99# = 63 9# = 13.2 999# = 297
AT — 63. _ 7 AT _ 297. _ 1 1
iv — 99 — 1 1 13.2 132 22 iv — 999 — 37
# =
90 15
13. 8.4 14. 1.1 15. .7 16 5.0 17. 5, radicand 18. Two 19. 3; -3
20. V1024 = \Z2™ = 25 = 32 21. t »/676 _
V 25 —
,26.
= 5 22. - V 361 1
19

23. 7i2 = 64; n = ±\/64 = ±8. {8, -8}

24. s2 = 5; s = ±\/J = ± J. {^, —^
25. r — 5 = ±\/25; r — 5 = 5 or r- 5 = -5; r = 10 or r = 0. (10, 0}
26. y, v 27. real, rational, irrational 28. terminating, repeating
29. V35 30. V9.641
Let a be a no. such that Let a be a no. such that
a = 35 a2 = 9.641
a = 6 a = 3.1
35 6 = #8 9.641 3.1 = 3.11
2)11.8 2)6.21
a = 5.9 a = 3.105
35 *f- 5.9 = 5.932 9.641 = 3.105 = 3.1049
2)11.832 2)6.2099
a = 5.916 a = 3.10495
35 5.916 = 5.916 a = 3.10 to the nearest hundredth, Ans.
a = 5.92 to the nearest hundredth, Ans.
31. -Vmos 32. Let s = the no. of feet in the side of the square;
Let a be a no. such that s2 = 250; s = \/250.
a2 = .6803 Let a be a number such that
a = .82. a2 = 250
.6803 .82 = .8296 a = 15
2)1.6496 250 15 = 16.67
a =
.8248 2)31.67
.6803 .8248 = .8248 a = 15.84
—V-6803 = —.82, ^Ins. 250 = 15.84 = 15.782
2)31.622
a = 15.811
250 + 15.811 = 15.811
V250 = 15.81 ft, Ans.
Key to Chapter 11, pages 428-429 157

33. hypotenuse
34. (AB)2 = (AC)2 + (BC)2; (AB)2 = 82 + 152; (AB)2 = 289; AB = 17 cm, Ans.
35. (41)2 = (40)2 + (BC)2] 1681 = 1600 + (BC)2] 81 = (BC)2] BC = 9 in, Arts.
36. 39, 36, 15 are the sides of a right triangle if (39)2 =L (36)2 + (15)2
1521 2= 1296 + 225
1521 = 1521
39, 36, 15 are the sides of a right triangle, Ans.

37. 18, 30, 24 are the sides of a right triangle if (30)2 = (18)2 + (24)2
900 2= 324 + 576
900 = 900
18, 30, 24 are the sides of a right triangle, Ans.

38. 2\/7 • 3\/7 = 42 39. = 3V3 40. 5VT2 = 2V3 = 5

2V27
^ V4r2s3Z4 Vr2s3f4
42. V3 (2V2 - 3\/3 ) = 2V0 - 9
2V9 r6s£6 3 Vr6st&
lr2s3t4 „ V8 — 2V28 2V2 - 4V7
= ~\l 43. - = -
3 \ r6st6 2V2 2\/2
11 s2 V2 - 2V7
“ 3^ rH2 V2

s\ (V2 - 2v/7)v/2
3 \r2t) V2 • V2
s 2 - 2y/l4
3 r2t 2
= 1 - Vl4
44. denominator 45. rationalize, rational 46. §Vl62 = §V81 • 2
= §\/8l- V2
= §• 9\/2
= 6\/2

5 5 V2 6 6 V3
47. -2\/f = -2VFI 48. 49 =
V8 V8 V2 * 5\/l2 5VI2 V3
= -f Vi • V5
5V2 6V3.
= -|V5 5v/36
" Vl6
= %y/2 6\/3
5-6
Vs

50. eVTs - 2V98 + 2V9 51. 3V6 + GV^i — 8\/L5 52. distributive
= 6 • V9 • V2 - 2V49 • V2 + 2 • 3 = 3\/6 + V6 - 4V6
= 18V2 - 14V2 + 6 = 0
= 4V2 + 6
53. Let x = no. of inches in width; 54. (2y/5 + 5)2 - (2V5)2 + 2(2y/5)(5) + 52
then 3x = no. of inches in length; = 20 + 20V5 + 25
V + (3^)2 = 392. x2 + gx2 = 1521; = 45 + 20\/5
10x2 = 1521 ]x2 = 152.1; x = Vl52A.
Let a be a number such that 55. (3V2 - 1)(3V2 + 1) = (3a/2)2 - l2
a2 = 152.1 = 18-1
a = 12 = 17
152.1 = 12 = 12.68
2)24.68
a
= 12.34
152.1 4- 12.34 = 12.33
V152.1 = 12.3 in, Ans.
158 Key to Chapter 1 1, pages 429-430

56 2 = 2 (V6 - 2) 57. IQ = 10 (2V3 + V2)

* V6 + 2 (V6 4-2) (V6 - 2) ’ 2V3 - V2 (2\/3 - V2) (2\/3 + V2)
2V& - 4 10(2v/3 + V2)
“ 6 —4 12-2
2\/6 — 4 10(2\/3 4- \/2)
_ 2 10
= VQ - 2 = 2\/3 + V2
58. equivalent 59. V2x = 6; (V2x)2 = 62; 2x = 36; x = 18. {18}
60. 2\/3n =- 9; (2\/3n)2 = 92; 12n = 81; w = = %r. {tt}

61. 2 + Vr = 5; Vr = 3; (Vr)2 = 32; r = 9. {9}

62. V2s - 1 + 3 = 2; V2s - 1 = -1; (V2s - l)2 = (-1)2; 2s - 1 = 1; 2s = 2; s = 1

Check: V2 • 1 - 1 + 3 = 2; VT + 3 =’ 2; 1 + 3 = 2; 4 ^ 2. 0

63. V2x - 2 — x = 1; V2x — 2 = x + 1; (+2x — 2)2 = (x + l)2; 2x - 2 = x2 + 2x + 1;

—3 = x2; V—3 = x; V—3 is not a real no. 0

64. V3y + 13 = y + 3; (V3y+ 13)2 = (y + 3)2; 3y + 13 = y2 + Gy + 9; 0 = y2 + 3y - 4;

(y + 4)(y — 1) = 0; y + 4 = 0 or y — 1 = 0;?/= —4 or ?/ = 1

Check: y = -4: V3(-4) + 13 = -4 + 3; VI = -1; VI 5^ -1

y=l: V3(l) + 13 = 1 + 3; Vl6 4; 4 = 4. {1}

Pages 429-431 ■ CUMULATIVE REVIEW

1. If 0,
X 7^ 2. If x 5^ 3 and x 5^ —3,
2
x — y
2
x2 - (x2 - V) 2x 4 6 x2 — 6x 4 9 . ON
x — . -2--(*-3)
x X
2 2 1 2
X — X + ?/ _ 2(x + 3) (x - 3)(x - 3) 1
X (x — 3)(x + 3) 2 x — 3
1L 2(x + 3)(x - 3)(x - 3)
X 2(x + 3)(x - 3)(x - 3)
= 1
3. (a — b)2 = a2 — 2a& + 6s

4. x2 — 2x = 3;x2 — 2x — 3 = 0; (x — 3)(x + 1) = 0; x — 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0; x = 3, x = —1.

(3, -1}
5. x2z2 6. (10,000 — x) dollars 7. r — c 8. subset 9. multiplicative inverse
10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (e)

15. 3 = m2 + 2m; m2 + 2m — 3 = 0; (m + 3)(m — 1) = 0; m + 3 = 0 or (m — 1) = 0;

m = —3, m = 1. (—3, 1}

16. = a - | ; 30 + 30 (X-~ = 30(9) - 301;

6(x + 1) + 15(x - 1) = 270 - lOx; 6x + 6 + 15x - 15 = 270 - lOx; 31x = 279; x = 9. {9}
17. y2 — 3y = 0; y(y — 3) = 0; y = 0 or y — 3 = 0, y = 3. (0, 3}

18. 9x + 4y = —21.27x + 12y = -63

7x — 3y = 2’ 28x — 12y = 8
55x = -55; x = —1; 9(-l) + Ay = —21; -9 + Ay = —21; 4?/ = -12;
y = -3. {(—i, -3)>
19. 4 — 2(3r - 1) < 12; 4 — 6r + 2 < 12; -6r < 6; r > — 1

■ 1 I -1f ■ 4-
0
1 II I I I I ►
20. 3x — 2y — 12; * + y = —l; 21. 3x — 2y > 12; z + y < —l;
-2 y = — 3x + 12; y = — x — l. — 2y > —3x + 12; y < —x — 1
y = fx — 6 {(2, -3)} ?/ < f x — 6
Key to Chapter 11, pages 430-431
159

20 .

.
22 - decreases;
t
y increases

23. 4 = # and % = ;then f i- i -J- O — _1_. 1 I_1 _ _6_11

6)6 • ^ 12) 21 12 — 12 I
_
12 —
7
12

24. * = .12 25. |

26. y/En • V 10n3 = V50n4 V216

27.
= V25n4 • 2
2\/2
i\/l08
= V25n4 • V2
|V36 • 3
- 5n2\/2
%-eVs
3V3
28. (V2 + 1)(V2 - 1) = (V2)2 - l2
= 2-1
= 1

29. a; + 3y/x = 10; 3y/x = 10 — x; (3\/x)2 = (10 — a:)2; 9a: = 100 — 20a; + a;2; 0 = a;2 — 29a; + 100;
(x — 25)(x — 4) = 0; x — 25 = 0 or x — 4 = 0; x = 25 or x = 4
Check: 25 + 3\/25 =L 10; 25 + 15 =L 10; 40 ^ 10. 4 + 3a/4 =L 10; 4 + 6 = 10; 10 = 10. {4}

30. Let x = no. of inches in one edge; then x2 = area of each face;
6a:2 = 540; x2 = 90; x = y/90; x = 9.5 in, A ns.

31. Let x = measure of third side; 172 = a:2 + 82; 289 = x2 + 64; 225 = a:2; x = 15, A ns.

32. Let x = cost in dollars of 1 ton hard coal and y = cost in dollars of 1 ton soft coal;
3a: + 2y = 112; 2a; + 6y = 168; 9a: + 6y = 336; 2a; + 6y = 168; 7x = 168; x = 24.
3(24) + 2y = 112; 72 + 2y = 112; 2y = 40; y = 20. Hard coal, $24/lb, soft coal $20/lb, Ans.

33. Let x = John’s rate in mph 2a: = 9

r t d
x = mph, Ans.
John X 2 2x
Scouts 3 3 9

34. Let y = no. of votes Ruth received; then 500 — y = no. of votes Alan received;, y — x = no. of
votes Ruth would have received if x students voted for Alan instead of Ruth; 500 — y + x = no. of
votes Alan would have received if x students voted for Alan instead of Ruth; y + 2a; = no. of votes
Ruth would have received if 2a; students voted for her instead of for Alan; 500 — y — 2x = no. of
votes Alan would have received if 2a: students voted for Ruth instead of him;
500 — y + x = 4(y — x) y + 2x = 500 — y — 2x
5x — 5 y = —500 4a; + 2 y = 500
-20a: -f 20y = 2000 20a; + 10y = 2500
30y -- 4500
y = 150 Ruth, 150; Alan, 350, Ans.
160 Key to Chapters 11, 12, pages 431-437

Pages 431-432 • EXTRA FOR EXPERTS

1. a = 6 ~1~ 1 Given
Then, (a — b)a — (a — 6) (6 + 1) Mult. prop, of equality
a2 — ab = ab + a — b2 — b Distrib. prop.
a2 — ab — a — ab-j-a — a — b2 — b Subt. prop, of equality
a(a — b — 1) = 6(a — 6 — 1) Distrib. prop.
a = b Invalid step. Since a = 6 + 1, a — 6 — 1 = 0.
Dividing each member by 0 is invalid.
6+1 = 6 Subst. principle
.M = 0 Subt. prop, of equality

.
2 y + 9 _ _ 15 — 5y
Given
y — 1 y — 8
15 - 5 y _ 15 - 5y
Mixed expression written as a fraction.
y — l y — 8
_L_1_ Invalid step. Since y = 3, 15 — 5y = 0. Dividing each member by 0
y — 1 y — 8 is invalid.
y — 1 = y — 8 Mult. prop, of equality
-1 = —8 Subt. prop, of equality
.M = 8 Mult. prop, of equality and mult. prop, of —1.

3. a > 3 Given
3a > 3(3) Mult. prop, of inequality
3a — a2 > 9 — a2 Subt. prop, of inequality
a(3 — a) > (3 — a) (3 + a) Distrib. prop.
a > 3 + a Invalid step. Since a > 3, 3 — a is negative. Hence, dividing each
member of the inequality by 3 — a reverses the order of the inequality.
.-.0 > 3 Subt. prop, of inequality

4. c > lj
Given
and c = d)
Then, c — 1 = d — 1 Subt. prop, of equality
c - 1 = -1(1 - d) Mult. prop, of —1
(c - l)2 = (-1)2(1 - d)2 Squaring each member equality
(c - l)2 = (1 - i)2 Mult. prop, of 1
c — 1 = 1 — d Invalid step. It is not correct to assume that nos. whose squares
are equal must equal each other. Since c — 1 = —1(1 — d),
c — 1 ^ 1 — d.
c — 1 = 1 — c Subst. principle
2c = 2 Add. prop, of equality
c = 1 Div. prop, of equality
.M > 1 Subst. principle (c > 1)

CHAPTER 12. Functions and Variation

Pages 437-438 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. y = x
X -2 -1 0 1 2

y -2 -1 0 1 2

J I I I 1 L J L I l
X
Key to Chapter 12, pages 437-438 161

2. y = x2 — x
X -2 -1 0 1 2

y 6 2 0 0 2

3. y = M A. y ■= x2 — \x\
X —2 -1 0 1 2 a: -2 -1 0 1 2

y 2 1 0 1 2 2/ 2 0 0 0 2

ii
y

• - •
• -•
J L—i[ j—i—t fc-l-L.l L i ifc.
a;

5. Domain: {0, 1, 2} 6. Domain: {1, 2, 3} 7. Domain: {—1, 3, 0}

Range: {2, 3, 4} Range: {—1, 0, 1} Range: {4, —2, 0}

8. Domain: {5, —2, 3} 9. Domain: {—5, 4, 6, —7} .

10 Domain: {—6, —8, —9 , -io}
Range: {0, 3, 1, 6} Range: {4, —4} Range: {—1, —2}

11. c = 32n Gallons 2 3 4 5 10 12 13

Cents 64 96 128 160 320 384 416

12. A = 7h Height 4 5 7 9 10 15 20

Area 28 35 49 63 70 105 140

13. / = 3.28m Meters 1 2 3 4 6

Feet 3.28 6.56 9.84 13.12 19.68

14. p = 2.2k Kilograms 1 2 3 7 15.4

Pounds 2.2 4.4 6.6 15.4 33.88

0 X l 2 3 4 5
B 15. y = 0 • a; or y =
x
y 0 0 0 0 0

(Any value for x except 0 will complete the chart.)

/
162 Key to Chapter 12, pages 438-441

16. y = X -3 -2 -1 4 5

y 3 2 1 4 5

17. q = |p| V -2 -1 1 3 7

9 2 1 1 3 7

18. y = 2x + 3 X 1 3 5 7

1/ 5 9 13 17

21. d = n — 3;<i + 3 = n;*=n — 2;* = (c* + 3) — 2; t = d 1, Ans.

22. Sum of angles of a triangle is 180°. No. of triangles times 180° = s; s = <(180°); s = (n — 2)180°, .Ans.

Pages 447-442 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. a. p = 21 + 6 a. d = 70* 3. c = 100m

V 6 8 10 15 20 d 70 140 210 280 c

l 0 1 2 4.5 7 t 1 2 3 4

V d

4. / = 3.3m 5. k = A5p 6. d = 2.8p

f
Key to Chapter 12, page 441 163

9
7. I - 625d .
8 a.d. = 9. p = 62.4/
100
l a.d. V

10. w = 3 11. d = 5y + 100 .

12 d = 7y + 200

13. d = 10 + Aim 14. d = 25 + -12n

25.60
25.48
25.36
25.24
25.12
25

0 2

B 15. y — — 5, —3 < x < 8 16. y = 3 — - ; —2 < a; < 6

a; y X 2/

-3 -6i 0 3
0 -5 2 2
2 -4 4 1
4 -3 6 0

/
164 Key to Chapter 12, page 442

17. y = z3 — 1; x G {-2, —1, 0, 1, 2} 18. y

y = --z3; x {-2, -1,0,1, 2}
a; y X y

-2 -9 —2 8
—1 —2 -1 1
0 -1 0 0
1 0 1 —1
2 7 2 -8

19. C = ^r] 0 < r < 14 20. C = 0 < d < 7

r C d (7
0 0 0 0
7 44 7 22
14 88
Key to Chapter 12, page 442
165

21. F = -fC + 32; -100 < C < 100 22. P = 2(1 + 3) = 21 + 6; l > 0

c F l P
-100 -148 0 6
0 32 1 8
100 212 2 10
3 12
F
4 14
5 16
6 18

24. S = 1612] t > 0

t S S

1 16
2 64
3 144

X y 26- x y k
V yl
-
0 l 1 3
1 i 2 3 (\
2 l 3 3
7
-1 2 4 0 -2
-2 2 i i '- i -2 , .
l I 1 _1_1_I_1_1_1 1111 i i i it i^
-3 2 -
» —2 -2 X
166 Key to Chapter 12, pages 442-446

Pages 445-446 WRITTEN EXERCISES

y± 14 _8 15 8 13 9
1.
12 8
2. -=
18
1 3. — = —
35
4. — = —
ni 6
*2 22
Sy i 168 8x2 - 108 15*2 - 280 9 rii = 78
Vi 21 x2 = 134 22 = 18f n i = 8f

r2 2^ 7. 7(x — 3) = 4x 8. 9(w — 4) 5w
5. M 6. : ®t
7x — 21 = 4x 9 w — 36 5w
6.5 = 4.5 44 ^2
6.5 r2 = 11.70 2^2 = 30 3x = 21 4w 36
r2 = 1.8 V2 : 12 x = 7. {7} w — 9. {9}

9. 3y = 5(2/ - 16) 10. 4z - - 7 (z - 3)

3y = 5?/ — 80 4z = 7z - 21
-2 y = -80 -3 2 = -21
y = 40. {40} 2 = 7. {7}

11. 9(3x + 2) 60 12. 6(3x - 2) 297

27x + 18 60 18x - 12 297
27x 42 18x 309
x m = If (If) x 17*. {17*}

B 13. x2 = 36 14. (x + l)(x — 1) = x(x + 2) 15. x(x — 1) = (x + 3)2

x = ±6. (6, —6} x2 — 1 = x2 + 2x x2 — x = x2 + 6x +
2x =- -1 —7x = 9
* = -l (-4) * = “I- (“If}
x 6 2 4 2
16. = k; k = -J --= - ; 2y — 4 = 12; 2y = 16; y = 8, /Ins.
y-2 11 -2 9 3 7 y - 2

v 36 4
17. = ft; k = U = f; = - ; 4(2x + 3) = 180; 8x + 12 = 180; 8x = 168; x = 21, Ans.

18. 4x + lOx = 42; 14x = 42; x = 3; 5x = 15; b = 15, Ans.

97r 97r
V 2 —-97T — 47T — 4tt . — 47r7?3• F — ^tR3 Ans
19. ~ =
R3 ($)■ 2 27 ~ 3 ’ R* ~ 3 ’ ’ 3 ’

yi
20. — ; 2/2 ^ 0 Given
*i x2
(^-) Mult. prop, of equality
0 0
2/1 /*i\
— (—^ Comm, and assoc, props.
2/2 V*1/
\*i> x2 M
*2 \y/22/
Xi
Mult. prop, of 1
'V* *2
Key to Chapter 12, pages 446-447 167

21. — = 9^0 Given

Xi x2

(if) © = (if) © Mult-prop'ot equality

/m±\ X2 = tm±\ Xl Comm, and assoc, props.
\xiyj \x2y\/
'. x2 — Xi or X\ = x2 Mult. prop, of 1
, m x
4-1
Tl V
C 22. Divide both numerator and denominator of the given expression by-
ny: x riT~ ; substitute
2 *

y n
4-H — i _ o
the ratios: 0.3. 1. 7 - 0.

„
23.
r . r _ t .a
^

-7 — ? 5 • 10 — 3>
SIS
4 3 6

_ z.s + t _
7
S
t _ S 2 _ 5
— I + S0 — oq i oq — oo

24. 5y — 5 = i + l 2 + l = x-l;x = 4;-=|=2

y + 1 = x - 1 V
42/ — 6 = + 2; 4y = 8; y = 2

Pages 446—447 • PROBLEMS

2 5
A 1. -4r = — ; 52/2 = 1050; y2 = 210 lb, Arts. .
2 — = — ; 2y2 = 70; y2 = 35 bags, Ans.
150 y2

3- | ^ ; 2t/i = 234; yi = 117 tons, Ans. 4. — = ; 49x2 = 560; x2 = Ilf tons, Ans.
X2 35
iq 9f)
5. ^ ; 18y2 = 21,600; y2 = 1200 g, Ans.
JLUoU y2
6 20 = loo ; 20^2 = 5000. = 250 volts> Ans
50 2/2

7. = — ; .32/2 = 50; y2 = 166.7 ft, Ans.

50 y2
.00027
8 . 300 2/2
; y2 = 300 X .00027; y2 = .081 ohms, Ans.

9.7r=-;y2=5jxA= 1 in, Ans.

0-3 y2

1°. ^ = f| ; 28yi = If; t/1 = ^ ; Ain = 1 in, Ans.

Pi
B 11. 17° 5 fo = 170 5 Vi = 1700 lb, Ans.
5•3• § .‘. limestone is heavier by 440 lb, Ans.
P2 140 ; ^ = 140 ; p2 = 1260 lb, Ans.
4*-4-* y
Pi Pi
.
12 V — |7rr3 and r = 21 mm = 2.1 cm; 4 . 22
^(2.1)'
= 1-4;
38.8
1.4; pi = 54.3 g;

P2 = 1.9; = 1.9; p2 - 73.7 g; 54.3 - 73.7 = -19.4 g, Ans.

|-^(2.1)3 " 38.8
625 = -Ml- ; ±%yi = (I)2 X 625; ffc/i = 49 - 25; 2/! = 49 - 25 - ff = $1600, Ans.
13.
(I)2 (If)2
80 = yi ; IOO2/1 = 4800; 2/1 = 48 divisions, Ans.
14.
100 60

15. = — ; 60?/2 = 4800; 2/2 = 80 volts, Ans.

100 y2

C 16 — = — • w = 275 mi; X = ^ ; 1 = 356.25 mi; A = 275 X 356.25 = 97,969 sq mi, Ans.

' 5% w ’ ’ 7-g- /

17. - = 7 ; Z = 4 • | = £ = 3£ mi; | ^ ; w = 4 • £ = 2 mi; A = 2 • 3| = 7 sq mi;

7 X 175 men = 1225 men, Ans.

168 Key to Chapter 12, pages 447-452

50,000 X 2000 100. 50,000 X 2000 100.1 100 . ,3 10nn. 7 inft.

18, (1000)3 “ 13 ; 1000 X 1000 X 1000 ~ 13 ’10 P >1 iUUU; 1 1Ult’
Tooo = To7- Length, 10 ft; scale, 1 ft = 100 ft, Ans.

Pages 450-451 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 12 • 20 = 152/2; 15i/2 = 240; y2 = 16 2. § • f = 6x2; T2 — 6x2; 6x2 = i; x2 = tt

3. (1.6)(36) = 1.8t>2; 1.8t>2 = 57.6; v2 = 32 4. (.75)(.4) = .5v2; .5^2 = .3; v2 = .6
5. Letd = 8andr = 2; 21 — S;t = 4; if r is doubled, 4t =8 ;t = .2. t is halved when r is doubled, Ans.
6. Let k = 12 and P = 2; 2V = 12; V — 6; if P is trebled, 6F — 12; V = 2. V is divided by 3 when
P is trebled, Ans.
7. x(t + 3) = k; 6(7 + 3) = fc; 6(10) = k;k= 60; 15(< + 3) = 60; 15^ + 45 = 60; 15t = 15; t= 1, Ans.
8. y(2t - 1) = k; 8(15 — 1) = k; 8(14) = k;k= 112; y((2 X 8.5) - 1) = 112; 16y = 112; y= 7, Ans.

B 9. Id\ = k; 1 • 32 = k; k = 9; 4df = 9; d2 = f; ^2 = f = li ft, Ans.

_ o o 800,000
10. Fs2 = k; 80(100)2 = k; k = 800,000; F(40)2 = 800,000; F = -—- = 500, Ans.
1600
11. Td2 = k; let T = 2 and d = 3; 2(3)2 = k; 2 • 9 = k; k = 18; 2d = 6; T(6)2 = 18; 36P = 18;
T = = j. When T is divided by 4, d is doubled, Ans.
12. HXR\ = H2RI; let Hx = 9; H2 will then = 1; 9(8)2 = R2; R2 = VW)2 = 24, Ans.
540
13. SL3 = k; 20(3)3 = k;k = 540; SL3 = 540; S = —j , Ans.
Lj

22
14. RT2 = k; 5.5(2)2 = k; k = 22.0; RT2 = 22 ;R = ^ , Ans.

Pages 451-452 • PROBLEMS

1. d = rt = 6 • 30 = 180 mi; 180 = 401; t = hr, Ans.

2- ^ ^ ; 24?/2 = 72; y2 = 3 days, Ans. 3. 4 • 100 = 80d2; 80d2 = 400; d2 = 5 ft, Ans.

4. 5tt>i = 6 • 110; 5^! = 660; W\ = 132 lb, Ans.

5. 40 • 200 = 400d2; 8000 = 400d2; d2 = 20 cm, Ans.

6" t = 36 $ 6y2~ 180 ’2/2 = 830’ ^ns-

7. 1400r = .02(2100); r = = 4r = 03 = 3%, Ans.

8. .03Z = .04(1500); x = Mi1500^ = 4^00^ = $2000, Ans.

.03
15-6 a-2
9. Area of A \ab; ; a = 45 in, Ans.
2 2
10. c = ird; 42(307r) = (57r)r2; 5r2 = 1260; r2 = 252 rev., Ans.

11.|
8
^ ; 8F2 = 120; V2 - 15 cu ft, Ans.
40
12. o = To 5 3a2 = 90; a2 = 30 amp, Ans.
O lo

14. ^ ; 12r2 = 1800; r2 = 150 rpm, Ans.

13' T = m ’5r2 = 1500; r2 = 300 rpm’ Ans'

B. 15. Let x = Jack’s distance in feet from support; then 13.2 — x = Jill’s distance.
x 116
—--= — ; 148x = 116(13.2 — x); U8x = 1531.2 - 116x;264x = 1531.2; x = 5.8 ft, Ans.
13.2 — x 148
16. dxpi = d2p2; let p\ = 1, then p2 = 2; dx = 2d2 or d2 = %d\. Piston is moved \ the distance to
double pressure, Ans.

17
v>i =
—i. _ _
dl •.540. — (4800)2 6
= ^ ; 36u>2 = 13,500; w2 = 375 lb, Ans.
W2 d* ’ W2 (4000)2

ri d\ 12 (iL ) ir2 = A' 12 =

18. r2 = 27 ohms, Ans.
r2 d\ ’ r2 (I)2
Key to Chapter 1 2, pages 454-456 169

Pages 454-455 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

T‘ h(a + 6) = kor A = kHa + 6) 2. — = k or A = klw

Iw
7
3. = k or V — khB 4. -r-r = k or V = khr2
hB hr2

- nt , fcw; . ts kd
5. — — lc or n = —
n> £
.
6 -7 = k or t = —
a s

7.
hr2
= k or g — khr2 8 . md
k or c = kmd

fr ks2 ks2
9. -z = k or f = —
s-5 r
10 . — k or p =
d

Pages 455-456 • PROBLEMS

R
1. Let I and t each = 1, then H = — = \R. When I is doubled and t is made 3 times as large,
(2)2 X 3 R 12 R
H = —= 3/2; 3/2 is 12 times as large as 5/2. H is made 12 times as large, Ans.
T (l-Ym
.
2 Let v and r each = 1, then F = m. When v is halved and r is doubled, F = —J m.
F is made as large, Ans.

150(9) (6) 2w
3. — = k (a) 18 — 45 = k (b) wz2 — 45xy (c) = 45; 3w — 945; w = 315
xy 21 • 12

1 t 1
4. = 63 ~ 3 =
- k (b) rtu2 = | (c) = |; il = f ; 3* = 15; t = 5

5. No. of boxes picked varies jointly as no. of boys and hr. /A • I n ; 66 = 180; 6 = 30 boys, Ans.
4-15 36
-\n

6 FL - k. 4-8 _ ¥ _ 64 _ w2
; = f|; 15w2 = 30; w2 = 2 lb, Ans.
ZA *2 4 8 15 *2 ' 16

7. Centrifugal force'varies directly as square of speed of moving mass and inversely as radius of its
circular path.
ks1 inm fc(30)2 , 6-1260 0 , r 8.4(40)2 8.4(1600) 1conlu 4
f = ; 1260 = - ; k = ^ - = 8.4; / = —^—- = 1680 lb, Ans

8. Let L = the load; Z = length of beam between supports; d = beam’s depth;

^ = Jfe; 137i‘21Q = 54,000 - Zc; ^ = 54,000; 16L = 24,000; L = 1500 lb, Ans.
d \2)2 v3/

9. Let C — operating cost; w — no. of watts; h = hr of operation; c = cost per kw-hr;

C C 1
k; = k ; 1000C = 2880; C = 2.88^ = 3£ Ans.
whc 1000 -1-4 1000 ’720-1-4 1000

10. Let h = heat developed; r = resistance; t = time current flows; c = current;

h _ , 1200
— /c;
rtc2 8T2(5p = I = 3=*:;5fmpi:=3;3r = 12;r=4ohms’Ans-

B 11. Let p = wind pressure; A — surface area; v — wind’s velocity;

V_ _ k. i 1 , 4/ 1 „ 2 ri a r n . .2
k>7TY = 7Ko ; 6y2 = 3456; v2 = 576; v = 24 mph, Ans.
.2
Av‘2 1(8)2 K>
128 by-5 12o

12. Let h = heat lost; d — difference of temp.; A = window area; t = thickness of pane;
ht . 180 • \
dA ~ k> 30 • 50 • 2"24 = i5o = k’ 32- 50~-l2 = 4^0 ’ 400h = 48’000; h = 120 heat calories> Ans•
170 Key to Chapter 12, pages 457-458

Page 457 - CHAPTER TEST

1. Domain: {nonnegative real nos.} .

2 Domain: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Range: {nonnegative real nos.} Range: {—1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Formula: p — 62.4n Formula: y — 2x — 1

X 2x — x2 s Using only integral values for x, the roster is:

{(-3, -15), (-2, -8), (-1, -3), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 0)}
-3 2(—3) - 9 -15
-2 2(—2) - 4 -8
-1 2(-l) - 1 -3
0 2(0) - 0 0
1 2(1) - 1 1
2 2(2) — 4 0

4. No, because the roster has one element of the domain appearing in two ordered pairs, e.g., both — 1
and 1 of the range are assigned to the element 3 of the domain.

5. Domain: {real nos. between —3 and 3, inclusive}.

Range: {real nos. between —3 and 9, inclusive}.
This relation is a function because to each element of the
domain there is assigned one and only one element of the
range.

6. ti = Teri; t = 5.6 when r — 3.2; 5.6 = k(3.2); \ — k; t2 = kr2; 4.2 = |r2; r2 = 2.4, Ans.
7. d — kt; 576 = k • 6; 96 = k; d = 96b If t = 10, d = 96 • 10 = 960. k = 96; 960 ft, Ans.
8. Let P\ — 12, V i — 8, P2 = 16; RiFi = P 2V2; 12(8) = 16F2! U2 — 6, Ans.
9. Let Hi = 2.7, dx = 4, d2 = 3; Hid\ = H2d\\2.7(4)2 = H2{3)2; 2.7(16) = H2-§)H2 = 4.8, Tns.
. . mh
IflUi
10. Let x = no. of men needed to do the job in h — 2 hr; then mh = x{h — 2); x = --- , Ans.

11. (Optional) Lett; = volume, b = area of base, h — altitude; vx = 32, b 1 = (4)2, hx = 6, b2 = (3)2,
h2 = 8; Vi = kbihi] 32 = k • 16 • 6; jy = k; v2 = %b2h2; t>2 = ^ • 9 • 8; v2 — 24 cu in, Ans.
,„ kn
12. y = — ; yi = 42, m 14, h = 18, y2 - 36, t2 = 21; yx = ^ ; 42 = ^ ; 54 = A;
54n2 54n2
2/2 = —— ; 36 = ; n2 = 14, Ans.
t2

Pages 458-459 CHAPTER REVIEW

1. relation 2. graph, roster, rule 3. domain; range 4. open 5. domain and range

t t2 — 31 m

3 32 - 3-3 0
] l2 - 3 • 1 -2
IN
0

CO

0 0
1

-1 (-1)2 - 3(—1) 4
—3 (-3)2 - 3(—3) 18

Roster: {(3, 0), (1, -2), (0, 0), (-1, 4), (-3, 18)}

7. Domain: {—2, —1, 0, 1, 2, 3}; range: {0, 1, 2, 3}; formula: y = |x|.

8. relation 9. only once; many 10. relation 11. function
.
12 It is a function. To each element of the domain is assigned one and only one element of the range.
Key to Chapter 12, pages 458-462 171

13. The relation is not a function because to the element 2 of the domain are assigned two elements of
the range.
14. function 15. ordinate, constant function 16. kx

17. constant, proportionality 18. sx:s2 19. proportion

.
20 b, c; a, d 21. product, extremes .
22 straight line, constant, proportionality, 0

23. c = kn; cx = 30, nx = 12, c2 = 40; cx = knh 30 = k • 12, | = fc; c2 = fn2; 40 = fn2; 16 = n2
or £i = ^ ^ ; 30n2 = 12 • 40; n2 = 16, Ans.
c2 n2 40 n2 ’

la Sl 756 (450):
24. L = ks or y1 = -j- Li — 756, sx = 450, s2 - 300; ~ =
(300)2 ’

756(300):
(450) 2L2 = 756(300)2; L2 = ; L2 = 336, Ans.
(450)2
25. Let d — actual distance in mi; m = the no. of inches on the map; d =, km; dx = 30, mx = 1|, m2 = 6^;
d\ = kmi; 30 = 7c * 16 = k) d2 = 16m2; d2 = 16 • d2 = 100, Ans.
fc
26. function 27. - , 0 28. s2:si 29. hyperbola 30. multiplicative inverse
oc
12(108)
31. Let Wi = 108, di = 12, w2 = 144; d\Wi — d2w2; 12(108) = d2(144); d2‘, d2 = 9 ft, Ans.
144
32. Let Fi = 120, sx = 60,000, s2 = 40,000; FlSf = F2s|; 120(60,000)2 = F2(40,000)2;
120(60,000)2
1i5^=F2;120.I = F2;F2 = 270,

9
33. xy — k; xi = 1.5, y\ = 6; X\y\ = k\ 1.5(6) = k; 9 = /c; xy — 9; y — -
x
Rule: y is equal to 9 divided by x, x 0, Ans.

34. directly, product

35. The centripetal force / on a body varies jointly as its mass m and the square of its speed v, i.e.,
/ = kmv2; fi = 1,350,000, mi — 60, V\ = 300, f2 — 1,920,000, v2 = 400;/i = kmiv\)
1,350,000
1,350,000 = A:(60) (300)2; - k; i — k]f2 = \m2vl\ 1,920,000 = im2(400)2;
60(300)2
1,920,000 = 40,000m2; m2 = 48, Ans.

36. directly, inversely

37. Let h — no. of hr, l = no. of ft in length of trench, m = no. of men;

hi kl k ■ 150 _e_ — z..
h = ^ ; hi = 3, h= 150, mi = 12, l2 = 200, m2 = 8; hi = ^ 3 25 —
12

h2 = wE-~-]h2=2S- ziQ-] h2 = 6 hr, Ans.

ZO ifl 2

Page 462 • EXTRA FOR EXPERTS

1. .
2 From the graph, the corner points are (f, 4),
(6, 4), and (2, 2).
(I, 4) 2.5(f) + .8(4) = # + 3.2 = 6.5
(6, 4) 2.5(6) + .8(4) = 15 + 3.2 = 18.2
(2, 2) 2.5(2) + .8(2) = 5 + 1.6 = 6.6
Maximum value at (6, 4), minimum value at
(I, 4), Ans.
172 Key to Chapter 12, page 462

The linear expression R = 4x + y takes on its maxi¬

mum value at a corner point. From the graph, the
corner points are (3, 0), (0, 0) and (0, 3).
(3, 0) R = 4(3) + 0 = 12
(0, 0) R = 4(0) + 0 = 0
(0, 3) R = 4(0) 4-3 = 3
The maximum value, 12, of R occurs at (3, 0), Ans.

4. Volume of shelf = 18" X 10" X 10" = 1800 cu in.

Let x — no. of boxes of Toanup displayed and y = no. of boxes of Freshall displayed.
If P = profit in cents, P = 28x 4- 35y. You are trying to maximize P within the limits of the
following inequalities (constraints):
1. 35x -f 40y < 1800 The total volume must be less than or equal to the shelf space.
2. x > Ay The number of boxes of Toanup sold will be at least 4 times the number of
boxes of Freshall sold.
3. x > 0)
The druggist cannot sell a negative amount of either kind.
4. y > 0j
The maximum value of P lies at a corner point. From the graph, the corner points are (0, 0), (40, 10),
and (=Hp-, 0).
(0, 0) P = 28(0) + 35(0) = 0
(40, 10) P = 28(40) + 35(10) = 1120 + 350 = 1470
0) P = 28(*£§*) + 35(0) = 1440
40 boxes of Toanup and 10 boxes of Freshall will realize the maximum profit of $14.70.

Machine A Machine B Number Needed

Bolts 120 80 1000

Screws 50 80 750

Cost ($) 1 1.20

Let x = the no. of hr Machine A runs and y = the no. of hours Machine B runs. If C = total cost
in dollars, C — lx 4 1.2y. You are trying to minimize cost within the limits of the following in¬
equalities (constraints):
1. x 4- y < 15 Combined running time cannot exceed 15.
2. 120x + 80y > lOOOj
The total amount of each must equal at least the amount needed.
3. 50x 4 80y > 750 J
4. x > 0)
The machine cannot run a negative number of hr.
5. y > 0)
Key to Chapters 12, 13, pages 462-467 173

Ihe minimum value of C lies at a corner point. From the graph, the corner points are (0, 15), (0, ¥)>
(¥>¥)> and (15, 0).
(0, 15) C = 0 + 1.2(15) = $18.00
(0,¥) C = 0 + (1.2) (¥) = $15.00
(¥, ¥) <? = ¥ + (l-2)¥ = ¥ = $12.14
(15, 0) C = 15 + 1.2(0) = $15.00
The minimum cost is $12.14; Machine A should run ¥ or 3f hr;
Machine B should run ¥ or hr, ^4 ns.

CHAPTER 13. Quadratic Equations and Inequalities

Pages 466-467 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1 . 9x2 = 25; x2 = ¥; * = ±f. (I, —1} 2. 25x2 = 9; x2 = ^; x = ±f. {f, -I)

3. 27 = y2; y = ±V27 = ±3a/3. {3\/3, -3\/3}
4. 125 = y2;y = ±Vl25 - ±5\/5. (5\/5, -5V5}
5. 27m2 = 3\m2 = = ±J. {^, —6. 8m2 = 2; m2 = m = ±^. {^, -*}
7. 100y = 1; y = x^o! w = 4zxf>. {iV, —8. 1 = 36y2; v2 = 3^; y = ±x- {£, I)
9. 3w2 - 16; w2 = ¥; ™ = iV? - ±|\/3. {|V3, —|V3}
10. 2tc2 = 121; w2 = w = iV1!1 = ±¥V2- (¥V2, ~¥V2}
11 . x — 1 = zfc-v/4; x — 1 — 2 or x — 1 = —2; x = 3 or x = —1. {3, —1}
.
12 x + 1 = ±V9; x + 1 = 3 or x + 1 = —3; x — 2 or x = —4. {2, —4}
13. V + 2 = ±yT; 2/ + 2 = 1 or ?/ + 2 = —1; y = —1 or y = —3. {—1, —3}
14. y 2 = ±\/T; y — 2 = 1 or y — 2 = — 1; y = 3 or y = 1. {3, 1}
15. (z + 3)2 = ¥; « + 3 = ±V¥; z + 3 = for2 + 3 = —f; z = — £ or z = —¥• {—£,
16. (2 — 5)2 = z - 5 = ±\/^; z - 5 = § or z - 5 = —z = ¥ or z = f. {*§-, §}
17. r — i = ±V36;V — §. = 6 or r — £ = —6; r = 6^ or r = — 5§. {#, —¥>
18. r + x = ±\/25; r + y = 5 or r + y = —5; r = 4f or r = —5y. {¥> ”¥)
19. s + f = ±\/4; s + f = 2 or s + f = —2; s = ly or s = — 2f. {f, —¥)
.
20 s — f = ±V25; s — § = 5 or s — f = —5; s = 5f or s = — 4f. {¥, ~¥>
21. (2/ + 5)2 = 9; y + 5 - ±\/9; y + 5 = 3 or y + 5 = -3; y = -2 or y = -8. {-2, -8}
22 . (y — 6)2 = 4; y — 6 = ±\/4; y — 6 = 2 or?/ — 6 = —2; y = 8 or y = 4. {8, 4}
23. (< — rr)2 = 1; t — rr = ±\/T; * — tt = 1 or t — ¥ = — 1; t = l-fr or t = — tt- (if, —#}
24. = Azy/l', t j; — 1 or / = 1; f = f or f = 1^-. {§, ¥}
B 25. (t — 6) = ±V5; t — 6 = y/5 or t — 6 = —\/5; £ = 6 + v/5 or ^ = 6 — V5- {6 + \/5, 6 — \/5}
26. i+6= ±V7; ^ + 6 = \/7ori + 6- -\/7;« = -6 + v/7 or«= -6 - \/7. {-6 + V7, -6 - y/7}
27. k + 1 = ±\/3; it + 1 = V3 or /fc -f- 1 = — \/3; /c = —1 + \/3 or /c = —1 — \/3.
{-1 + V3, -1 - V3}
28. k — 1 — ±a/2; /c — 1 = v/2 or /c — 1 = — \/2; /c = 1 + \/2 or k = 1 — \/2. {1 + \/2, 1 — y/2}
29. r(r2 — 4) = 0; r = 0 or r2 — 4 = 0; r = 0 or r2 = 4; r = 0 or r = ±2. {0, 2, —2}
30. s(9 — s2) = 0; s = 0 or 9 — s2 = 0; s = 0 or 9 = s2; s = 0 or s = ±3. {0, 3, —3}
31. z3 — 25z = 0; z(z2 — 25) = 0; z = 0 or z2 — 25 = 0; z = 0 or .z2 = 25; z = 0 or z = ±5.
{0, 5, -5}
32. I62 - 23 = 0; z(16 - 22) = 0; z = 0 or 16 - z2 = 0; z = 0 or z2 = 16; z = 0 or 2 = ±4.
{0, 4, -4}
33. k(k2 — 5) = 0; k = 0 or k2 — 5 = 0; k — 0 or k2 = 5; k = 0 or it = ±V7>- {0, a/5, —v/5}
34. k{k2 — 7) = 0; k = 0 or k2 — 7 = 0; k = 0 or k2 = 7; k = 0 or k = ±v7. {0, y/7, —\/7}
174 Key to Chapter 1 3, pages 467-471

35. m2(m2 + 4m + 4) = 0; m2(m + 2)2 = 0; m2 = 0 or (m + 2)2 = 0; m = 0 or m + 2 = 0;

m = 0 orm = —2. {0, —2}
36. m2(m2 — 6m + 9) = 0; m2(m — 3)2 = 0; m2 = 0 or (m — 3)2 = 0; m = 0 or m — 3 = 0;
m = 0 or m = 3. {0, 3}

C 37. (x - +2)2 = 0; x - +2 = 0; x = +2. {+2}

38. (x + +3)2 = 0; x + +3 = 0; a; = —+3. {-+3}
39. (x — +2)2 = 9; x — +2 = ±+9; x — +2 = +3 or x — +2 — —3; x = 3 + +2 or
x = -3 + +2. {3 + y/2, -3 + y/2)
40. (x — +3)2 = 4; x — +3 = ±+4; x — +3 — +2 or x — +3 = —2; x = 2 + y/3 or
x = -2 + +3. (2 + +3, -2 + y/3}
41. No; x2 = —7 and negative numbers do not have square roots in the set of real nos.
42. No; x2 = — ys and explanation of 41 applies.

Pages 468-469 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. t2 — \t — 2 = 0; b = —f, c = —2; 4 + (—£) = \ = —b; 4(—£) = —2 = c; correct
2. x2 — ^x — 3 = 0; 6 = — + c = —3; 2 + (—1^) = \ = —6; 2(— If) = —3 = c; correct
3. x2 — 2x — — 0;b = —2, c = —^; -J + (—f) — 2 — —b; £(—f) = —+1- = c; correct
4. x2 — x — ^ = 0; b = —1, c = —tt; § + (—f) = —1 + —b; §(—f) = —= c; incorrect
5. w2 - 18m - 7 = 0; b = -18, c = -7; 9 + 2+Tl + 9 - 2+lT = 18 = -6;
(9 + 2+Tl) (9 — 2+II) = 81 — 44 = 37; incorrect
6. v2 - 20v — 25 = 0; b = -20, c = -25; 10 + 5+5 + 10 - 5+5 = 20 = -6;
(10 + 5+5) (10 - 5+5) = 100 - 125 = -25 = c; correct
7. w2 + 14w — 49 = 0; b — 14, c = —49; 7 + (—7) = 0 ^ —5; 7(—7) = —49 = c; incorrect
8. x2 + lOx — 2 = 0; 6 = 10, c = -2; 5 + 3+3 + 5 - 3+3 = 10 ^ -5;
(5 + 3+3) (5 - 3+3) = 25 — 27 = -2 = c; incorrect
9. x2 + 6x — 11 = 0; 6 = 6, c = —11; -3 + 2+5 — 3 - 2+5 = —6 = -6;
(-3 + 2+5)(—3 - 2+5) = 9 — 20 = -11 = c; correct
10. x2 + 12x - 9 = 0; b = 12, c = -9; 6 + 9+15 + 6 - 9+15 = 12 + -6;
(6 + 9+15) (6 — 9+15) = 36 — 1215 = —1179 ^ c; incorrect
„ . 0. 1 + +13 , 1 - +13 _ 2 ,
ll. u — — 1, c — —o,---“7"---— “ — 1 — —b j
Zj A A

( 1 + Vl3\ /l - +I3\ = 1 - 13 = _

- +35
c; correct

-2 , ,
,2. 6 =l,e= -9; +
2- = -2 "= = ~b’

V35 - 35 17
)- ^ c; incorrect

B 13. 5 + 2 = 7= —b; b = —7; 5(2) - 10 = c; x2 - 7x + 10 = 0

14. —2 + 3=1 = —6; b — —1; -2(3) = -6 = c; x2 - x - 6 = 0
15. —4 — 4 — —8 = —5; b = 8; —4(—4) = 16 = c; x2 + 8x + 16 = 0
16. 0 — 3 = —3 = —b; b — 3; 0(—3) = 0 = c; x2 + 3x = 0
17. V7 - \/7 = 0 = -5; 6 - 0; V7 (-y/7) = -7 = c; x2 - 7 = 0
18. —V3 + V3 = 0 = -5; 5 = 0; -\/3 (y/3) = -3 = c; x2 - 3 = 0
19. 1 + V2 + 1 - V2 = 2 = -6; 6 = -2; (1 + y/2)(l - y/2) = 1 - 2 = -1 = c; x2 - 2x — 1 = 0
20. 3 - V5 + 3 + \/5 = 6 = -b]b= -6; (3 - V5)(3 + \/5) = 9- 5 = 4 = c;x2-6x+ 4 = 0
21. 3y/5 + 3y/5 = 6+5 = -b; b = -Gy/5; 3y/5 (3y/5) = 9 • 5 = 45 = c; x2 - 6+5 x + 45 = 0
22. -2 — $ = -i = -6; b = i; —2(-g) = 3 = c; x2 + \x + 3 = 0 or 2x2 + 7x + 6 = 0

Pages 471-472 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. x2 + 2x + 1 = 7 + 1; (x + l)2 = 8; x + 1 = ±+8; x + 1 = 2+2 or x + 1 = —2+2;

x = -1 + 2+2 or x = -1 - 2+2; x = -1 + 2(1.41) = 1.8 or x = -1 - 2(1.41) = -3.8.
{-1 + 2+2, -1 - 2+2); (1.8, -3.8}
Key to Chapter 13, pages 471-472 175

2. x2 + 4x + 4 = 14 + 4; (x + 2)2 =18; x + 2 = ±Vl8; 3 + 2 = 3V2 or 3 + 2 = -3^2;

x = —2 + 3\/2 or 3 = —2 — 3^2; x = -2 + 3(1.41) = 2.2 or 3 = -2 - 3(1.41) = -6.2.
{-2 + 3\/2, -2 - 3a/2}; {2.2, -6.2}

3. y2 + y + i = 6 + i; (y + i)2 = y + \ = ±V^; p + i = forp + i = — f; y = 2 or

2/ = -3. {2, -3}

4. y2 — 4t/ + 4 = —3 + 4; (y — 2)2 = 1; y — 2 = ±\/T; y — 2=1 ov y — 2 = —1; y = 3 or

y = 1. (3,1}
5. m2 — 8m + 16 = —2 + 16; (m — 4)2 = 14; m — 4 = ±\/l4; m — 4 = \/l4 or
m — 4 = —\/l4; m = 4 + \/l4 or m = 4 — \/l4; m = 4 + 3.74 = 7.7 or m = 4 — 3.74 = .3.
{4 + Vl4, 4 - V14}; {7.7, .3}

6. n2 + 6n + 9 = -4 + 9; (n + 3)2 = 5; n + 3 = ±V5; n + 3 = a/5 or n + 3 = —\/5;

n = -3 + \/5 or rc = -3 - \/5; n = -3 + 2.23 = -.8 or n = -3 - 2.23 = -5.2.
{-3 + \/5, -3 - V5}; {-.8, -5.2}
. - V29 . - V29
7. a2 + 7a + ^ = -5 + (a + |)2 = a + i = Ti a + 2 = is or a + $ = —
2 2
-7 + V29 -7 - V29 . -7 + 5.39 . 0 . -7 - 5.39
a = -^- or a = ---; a = --- = — .8 or a = -~- = -6.2;
2

|=I+V19 , =1^29) . {-8,-6.2}

■ 6 s _ Vi3 . 5 _ y03
8. b2 - 5b + ¥ = -3 + V; (6 - f)2 = > 0 2 — 2 °r 0 ft - I = 4 2 — 2
, 5 + Vl3 , 5 - Vl3 , . 5 + 3.61 . . ,, , . 5 - 3.61 .
i> = -5-or 5 = -^-; b = -5- = 4.3 or 6 = -=- =

/5 + V13 5 - Vl3)
; {4.3, .7}
i 2 ’ 2 I
9. m2 — 3m + f- = 0 + f; (m — ■§) 2 _ 9^
— 4 ; m — | = ±\/|; m or m — f = —f; m = 3
or m = 0. {3, 0}
10. m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 + 1; (m + l)2 = 1; m + 1 = ±\/I; m + 1 = 1 or m + 1 = —1; m = 0
or m = —2. {0, —2}
11. y2 - 20y + 100 = -19 + 100; (v - 10)2 = 81; v - 10 = ±V81; v - 10 = 9 or v - 10 = -9;
v = 19 or v = 1. {19, 1}

12. x2 - 24x + 144 = -23 + 144; (x - 12)2 = 121; x — 12 = ±\/l2l; x - 12 = 11 or

x — 12 = —11; x = 23 or x = 1. {23, 1}
3V5
13. r2 - 5r = 5; r2 - 5r + = 5 + (r - i)2 = ¥; r - j = ±V¥; r or

. 3V5 5 + 3\/5 5 - 3\/5 . _ . 5 + 3(2.24) . c „ nr 5 - 3(2.24) .

— 4 =-• r = —!-or r =-^-> r =-2-= 01 r -2- — -y-
2 ’ 2
|5 + 3V5 5 - 3V5)
; {5.9, -.9}
( 2 * 2 |
3VI3
14. p2 + 3p = 27; p2 + 3p + | = 27 + |; (p + §)2 = H1] V + f = iV1?; p + f = —or
3\/l3 -3 + 3^13 -3 - 3Vl3 -3 + 3(3.61)
V 4- 2. _ —s— ; V = -o-or p ; v = = 3.9 or
2 ^ ^ 2
f—3 + 3Vl3 -3 - 3\/l3l
p * -3 ~ 3<3-61> « -6.9. ; {3.9, -6.9}
l 2 ’ 2 /

15. y2 + 3y - -f; p2 4- 3p + f = -| + I; (y + I)2 = 0; y + f = 0; y = -f. {—f}

16. y2 — = —§•; y2 — 4- i = —i + i; (2/ ~ i)2 = 0; y — i = 0; y = {^}

\/(U
17. n2 + = ^; w2 + Jn + = 3 + ft I ^2 —
(n + i)2 = ti;
44. «
n4+.l
i =
— -4-x/JJ; n + 7 - or
6
Vel -7 + V6l -7 V61 . -7 + 7.81 . , _
n 4- i = — ■ n = --or n = - -; w = -^- = .1 or
6 6 ” 6 6
. -7 - 7.81 . 0 K -7 + Vel -7 - VoT
};{.!, -2.5}
" “ -6- = _2'5' 6 6
176 Key to Chapter 13, page 472

18- n~ — 5n = 5'> V ~ S71 + M — 5 + 25! (n ~ f)2 = 25 I 71 ~ 5 — ±\/fi; 71 ~ 5 = Or

V21 _ _ 4 + V21 V21 . 4 + 4.58 . 4 - 4.58

n — § =-; n = ' Y or n = --Y ; n = ■' = 1.7 or n = -—= — •!•
5 ’ 5
4 + V21 4 - V2l)
; {1-7, -.1}
I

B 19. s2 + §s + i = 0 + (s + £)2 = s + £ = ±Vf; s + £ = ^ or s + s = 0 or

s = 3- {Oj 3}
20. t2 -it + A = 0 + ^; (t - f)2 = i = i or t — i 3.
4 16 '4 >
t = i = l£ or / = 0. {l£, 0}
25 5VT7 5VI7
21. 22 + ^- + jq — 25 + —jC^ + f)2 — 2 + 4 — iVTr2^;2 + f — ^ or 2 + |

-5 + 5VT7 —5 — 5VT7 . -5 + 5(4.12) . on . -5-5(4.12) . ..

z — -7-- or 2 = -—-; z = -7-^-1 = 3.9 or 2 = --—-- = —6.4.
4 4 ’ 4 4
-5 + 5vT7 -5 - 5\/l7| . fo n „
-4-»-4-) ; {3.9, -6.4}

2\/l9 2VI9
22. w2 + -g- + 7^ — 3 + ^ ; (w + £)2 = ; w + £ = dhVif; w + £ = —^— or w + £ —
5 ~ ~ ' 5 5
-1 +2>/!9 -1-2VT9 . -1 + 2(4.36) . te . -1. - ~v—,
2(4.36) . in
w =-=-or w =-z-; w = -+- = 1.5 or w = -z- — —1.9.
5 5
1 + 2\/l9 —1 - 2x/l9l
; {1.5,-1.9}
5 5 1
23. y — 2 + y = 2y(y — 2); 2y — 2 = 2y2 — 4y\ 2y2 — 6y = —2; y2 — 3y i;

2/ - 32/ + f ■l 4- f; (y — f)2 = f; y — § = ±V|; y — # = ^ or y — f =-^ ;

3 + V5 3 - V5 . 3 + 2.24 . 0 3 - 2.24 . , }3 + V5 3 - \/5)

y or y = -o-; y = -5- = 2-6 or 2/ = -5- = -4-
{2.6, .4}

24. a: + x + 1 = x(x +1); 2x + 1 = x2 + x; x2 — x — 1; x2 — x + 5 = 1 + 5; (x — j)2 =

V5 V5 1 + V5 1 - V5
a: — j = dzvf; x ; * = -o-°r % = -o-
2 °TX~ i= ~ 2
. 1 + 2.24 . , „ . 1 - 2.24 . 1 + V5 1 - Vo
x = --- = 1.6 or x = --- = —.6. ; {1.6, -.6}

25. 3(s - 1) + 1(« + 1) = 2(s2 - 1); 3s - 3 + s + 1 = 2s2 — 2; 2s2 — 4s = 0; s2 — 2s = 0;

s2 — 2s +1 = 0 + 1; (s — 1)2 = 1; s— 1= ±\/l; s — 1 = 1 or s — 1 = — 1; s = 2 or
s = 0. {2, 0}

26. 2(t - 1) - 1(< + 1) = 3(*2 - 1); 2t - 2 - t - 1 = 3i2 - 3; 3£2 - t = Q)t2 - & = 0;

^ + = 3*6 0 + ^ ) 3 6 i)2 — 61 t 6 — ^ 4=6 or t £ = — 6> t = 3

or t = 0. {£, 0}

27. 2m{m — 3) — m(m + 3) + 9 = 0; 2m2 — 6m — m2 — 3m + 9 = 0; m2 — 9m = —9;

3\/5
m 9m + +1- = —9 + (m — §)2 = m — f = m ~~ 2 = or

m — f =
3Vo 9 + 3V5 9 - 3\/5
—— ; m =---or m = - 2 ;m,i±3pV7.9 or

m ~ 9 ~ 3(2,24) }9 + 3\/5 9 - 3\/5l

; {7-9,1.1}
2
n 2w
28. +n n(n — 2) + 2n(n + 2) = 3; n2 — 2n + 2n2 + 4n = 3;
n + 2 — 2 n2 — 4’
3n2 + 2n = 3; n2 + fn = 1; n2 + §n + £ = 1 + (n + ^)2 = n + ^

, , VlO . , VlO -1 + V^O -1 - \/l0

n + i = —5- or n + i =-5- ; n =- or n =

. -1 + 3.16 . _ . -1 - 3.16 . 1 + VlO -1 - Viol .

n = --- = .7 or n = --- = —1.4. {.7, -1.4}
3 ’ 3 j ’
Key to Chapter 13, pages 472-475 177

Pages 472-473 • PROBLEMS

A 1. x(x + 2) = 224; x2 + 2x = 224; x2 + 2x - 224 = 0;. (x + 16) (x - 14) = 0; x + 16 = 0 or

* ~ 14 = 0; x = —16 (reject); x = 14 in, x + 2 = 16 in, Ans.

2. w(w + 10) = 119; w2 + lOw = 119; w2 + 10w — 119 = 0; (w + 17)(w — 7) = 0; w + 17 = 0

or w — 7 = 0; w = -17 (reject); w = 7 ft, w + 10 = 17 ft, Ans.

3. Let x = length of first room; x — 3 = its width; x(x — 3) = its area. Also, x + 2 = width of
second room; 2x = its length, 2x(x + 2) = its area. x(x — 3) + 2x(x + 2) = 690;
x - 3x + 2x2 + 4x = 690; 3x2 -f x - 690 = 0; (3x + 46)(x - 15) = 0; 3x + 46 = 0 or
x - 15 = 0; x = (reject); x = 15 ft, x - 3 = 12 ft, x + 2 = 17 ft, 2x = 30 ft, Ans.
4. s2 + (s + 5)2 = 325; s2 + s2 + 10s + 25 = 325; 2s2 + 10s - 300 = 0; s2 + 5s - 150 = 0;
(s + 15) (s 10) = 0;s+15 = 0ors — 10 = 0; s = —15 (reject); s = 10 in, s + 5 = 15 in, Ans.

5. c2 = a2 + b2; c = 50; a = distance of one bus; b = distance of other bus; d = rt.; t — 1 hr;
a = r; b = r + 10; 502 = r2 + (r + 10)2; 2500 = r2 + r2 + 20r + 100; 2r2 + 20r = 2400;
r2 + lOr - 1200 = 0; (r + 40)(r — 30) = 0; r + 40 = 0 or r - 30 = 0; r = -40 (reject);
r = 30 mph, r + 10 = 40 mph, Ans.

6. Let n = number contributing; then — = amount each gave; (n + 5) [— — 2 ] = 300;

n \ n /
(n + 5)(300 - 2n) 3(X). 300n + 150Q _ ^ _ 1Qn = 300n; 1500 _ 2n-2 _ ion = 0;
n
n + 5n — 750 = 0; (n + 30)(n — 25) = 0; n + 30 = 0 or n 25 = 0; n = —30 (reject);
n = 25; ^ = 12£ Ans.
120
.
7 Let n = original number; then = original share; (w + 2) — 2^ = 120;

(n + 2)(120 - 2n) = 120n; 120n + 240 - 2n2 -4n = 120n; 240 - 2n2 - 4n = 0;
n2 + 2n — 120 = 0; (n + 12){n — 10) = 0; n + 12 = 0 or n — 10 = 0; n — —12 (reject);

n = 10; ™ = 12; 12 — 2 = $10, Ans.

600 600
.
8 Let s = rate in still air; d = rt;
s - 30 s + 30 2 ’
1200(s + 30) - 1200(s - 30) = (s - 30)(s + 30); 1200s + 36,000 - 1200s + 36,000 = s2 - 900;
s2 - 900 = 72,000; s2 = 72,900; s = V72,900 = 270 mph, Ans.

9. Let n = number bought; then = average cost; (n — 1) ^ _j_ 200 4000;

n “ ' ' ' \ n )-
(n — 1)(4000 + 200n) = 4000n; 4000n — 4000 + 200n2 — 200n = 4000n; n2 — n — 20 = 0;
(n — 5)(n + 4) = 0; n — 5 = 0 or n + 4 = 0; n = —4 (reject); n = 5, Ans.

10. Let n = no. bought; 1^2 = average cost; (n — 4) f + 60) = 1040 + 220;„

(n - 4)(1040 + 60n) = 1260n; 1040n - 4160 + 60n2 - 240n = 1260n;

60n2 — 460n — 4160 = 0; 3n2 — 23n — 208 — 0; (3n + 16)(n — 13) = 0; 3n + 16 = 0 or
n — 13 = 0; n = — ^ (reject); n = 13; n — 4 = 9, Ans.

Page 475 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

. _ , , -5 ± V52 - 4(3)(1) -5 ± Vl3 . -5 + 3.61 . 0

A 1. a = 3, b = 5, c = 1; x =-2(3)-=-6-; x = -q- = ~2 or

. -5 - 3.61 -5 + Vl3 -5 - VT3)

; (-.2, -1.4}
X 6 * -L4 (; 6 6
« ... o -7 ± V72 - 4(4)(2) —7 ± a/17 . -7 + 4.12 . , _
2. a = 4, 6 = 7, c = 2; x = -- - = -^-; x = -s- = —A or
2(4) 8 8

x
* = > <-<■ -«
, ' -(-8) ± V(-8)»- 4(2)(3) 8±v^0 8 ± 2Vw 4 ± VlO ,
o. a o o, c o, x 2(2) 4 4 2 ’

*, * 3.6 or x - - .4. ji+J^O.i^Vwj . {3.6, .4}

178 Key to Chapter 13, page 475

(-6) ± V(-6)2 - 4(4)(1) _ 6 ± V20 6 ± 2\/5 3 ± \/E

4. a = 4, b — —6, c = 1; x =
2(4)
v 8 8 4
. 3 + 2.24 . , „ . 3 - 2.24 . 0 /3 + Vd 3 - v/5l f1 n 0,
x = -:- = 1.3 or x = --- = .2. ... \--->---f
(•
4
; {1.3, .2}
l 4 4

-(-5) ± V(—5)2 - 4(2)(—12) 5 ± Vl2l 5 ± 11

5. a = 2, b = —5, c — —12; x
2(2)

x = w = 4 or x = ^ = — | • {4, -2}

-1 it VT2"- 4(6) (—35) -1 it V84I -1 ± 29 . r — ZS. — Z

.
6 a = 6, 6 = 1, c = —35; x
2(6) 12 12 x — 12 — 3

or x — _— — — - —5.)
or x — 12 — 2 ‘ ^3’ 2'*

7. x2 + 4x — 3 = 0; a = 1, 6 = 4, c = —3;
-4 ± V42 — 4(1)(—3) -4 =t V28 -4 ± 2\/7
x = = -2 ± V7;
2(1) 2 2
* = -2 + 2.65 = .7 or * = -2 - 2.65 = -4.7. {-2 + V7, -2 - V7}; (.7, -4.7}

.
8 x2 + 6x — 4 = 0; a — 1, b = 6, c = —4;
-6 ± V62 - 4(1)(—4) -6 ± V52 -6 ± 2\/l3 0 , ^
x - 2(1) “ 2 _ 2 “ ± Vld;

x = -3 + 3.61 = .6 or x = -3 - 3.61 = -6.6. {-3 + Vl3, -3 - Vl3}; {.6, -6.6}

9. x2 — 2x — 1 = 0; a = 1, b = —2, c = —1;
_ “(-2) ± V(-2)2 - 4(1)(—1) 2 ± V8 2 it 2V2 , , „ at.
* “ 2(1) “ 2 _ 2 ~ 1 *
x = 1 + 1.41 = 2.4 or x = 1 — 1.41 = -.4. {1 + V2, 1 — y/2}; (2.4, -.4}

.
10 x2 + x — 11 = 0; a = 1, b = 1, c = —11;
-1 dh Vl2 - 4(1)(—11) -1 ± V45 -1 ± 3V5 . -1 + 3(2.24) ^ 0 n _
* 2(1) 2 2 ,X 2 9 °r

, - -1 -***> - -3.9
•9. { 1-^3V^ - 1 23V5} ; {2.9, -3.9}

11. 20i' — 17x + 3 = 0; a — 20, b = —17, c — 3;

-(-17) ± V(-17)2 - 4(20)(3) 17 it V49 17 =t 7 • -y - 2 4 - _3 f\r» T - XQ - 1
X = , X — 40 — 5 or x — 40 — 4* 15J 4J
2(20) 40 40

12 . 10x2 - 17x + 3 = 0; a = 10, b = -17, c = 3;

(-17) ± V(—17)2 - 4(10)(3) 17 it VI69 _ 17 ± 13 . r — 20. — 3. nr r-_ 1 /a 1\
x= , x — 20 — 2 or X — 20 — 5- \2i 5/
2(10) 20 20

,. „ _ -(-1) ± V(-l)2 - 4(3)(0) 1 ± Vl = 1 ± 1 .

13. a = 3, b — —1, c = 0; x =
2(3) 6 6 ’
* = I = 3 or x = £ = 0. {£, 0}

-0 ± VO2 - 4(5)(—17) _ ±V340 _ ±2\/85 _ ±V85 .

14. a — 5, 6 = 0, c = —17; x
2(5) 10 10 5 ’
±9.22
x = = ±1.8. {iV85, -iV85}; (1.8, -1.8}

B 15. x2 — 2x — 2 = 0; a = 1,6= —2, c = —2;

-(-2) ± V(—2)2 - 4(1)(—2) 2 ± \/l2 2 ± 2\/3
x — = 1 ± VS‘,
2(1) 2 2
factors are (x — (1 + V3))(x — (1 — y/3)) = (x — 1 — V3)(x — 1 + V3)

16. x2 — 2x — 4 = 0; a = 1, b = —2, c = —4;

(-2) ± V(-2)2 - 4(1)(—4) 2 ± V20 2 ± 2V5
x = = 1 ± V5;
2(1) 2 2
factors are (x — (1 + \/5))(x — (1 — V5)) = (x — 1 — V5)(x — 1 + V5)
Key to Chapter 13, pages 475-476 179

17. y + 6y -f- 3 — 0; a = 1, b = 6, c = 3;
-6 ± V62 - 4(1)(3) -6 ± V24
-6 ± 2V0
= —3 ± V6;
V 2(1) 2 2
factors are (y — (—3 + Vo))(y — (—3 — V6)) = (y + 3 — V6)(t/ + 3 + V6)
18. y2 -f- 8?/ -f- 13 = 0; a = 1, b = 8, c = 13;
_ -8 ± V82 - 4(1) (13) -8 ± Vl2 _ -8 ± 2Vs A ,
V 2(1) 2 — 2 — 4 ± V3;
factors are (y — (—4 + Vs))(y — (—4 — V3)) = (y + 4 — \/3)(y + 4 + V3)

(-2) db V(-2)2 - 4(1)(2) 2 ± V=4

19. a 1, 6 = —2, c = 2; 2 =
2(1)
negative nos. have no square roots in the set of real nos.

.
20 a = 1,6 = 2, c = 4; 2 = - 2) ^ ^
2(1)
2)2 = 2- ^ ^~12 ; see explanation in 19.
2

21. y = (y + l)2; y = y2 + 2y + 1; y2 + y + 1 = 0; a = 1, b = 1, c = 1;
-1 db Vl2 - 4(1)(1) -1 ± \/=3
y = ; see explanation in 19.
2(1) 2
22. 4y = (y + 3)2; Ay = y2 + 6y + 9; y2 + 2y -f- 9 = 0; a = 1, b = 2, c = 9;
-2 ± V22 - 4(1)(9) -2 ± V=32
2/ = ; see explanation in 19.
2(1)

Pages 475-476 • PROBLEMS

A 1. 322 = 147; 22 = 49; x = —7 (reject); 2=7. Square 7 ft X 7 ft, rectangle, 7 ft X 14 ft, Ans.

2. 6(32)(2) = 72; I822 = 72; 22 = 4; 2 = —2 (reject); 2 = 2 in, 32 = 6 in, Ans.

3. Let s = length of side of table; (s — 4)2 = §s2; s2 — 8s + 16 = §s2; 3s2 — 24s + 48 = 2s2;

s* - 24, + 48 = 0; . = ~(~24) ± V(~f)2 ~ 4(1)(48) = 24 = 24-+^ = 12 ±

s = 12 — 4(2.45) = 2.2 (reject); s = 12 + 4(2.45) = 21.8 in square, Ans.
4. Let 2 = length of side of large tile; IOO22 = 150(2 — l)2; IOO22 = 15022 — 3002 + 150;

xa_6x + 3 = 0;x=-(-6)±V(-6)i^im(3) = b±Vg=6^g=3±V6;

2 = 3 + 2.44 = 5.4 or 2 = 3 — 2.44 = .56 (reject); 2 — 1 = 4.4 in, Ans.
5. c2 = a2 + b2\ c2 = (32)2 + (42)2 = 2522; c = 52; p = a + 5 + c; 2 = 32 + 42 + 52; 122 = 2;
2 = -g-; 32 = % ft; 42 = § ft; 52 = f ft. 6 in, 8 in, 10 in, Ans.
6. c2 = a2 + 62; c = 13; a = distance of one group; b = distance of other group; d = rt; t = 1 hr;
a = r; 5 = r + 7; 132 = r2 + (r + 7)2; 169 = 2r2 + 14r + 49; r2 + 7r — 60 = 0;

-7 ± V72 - 4(1)(—60) -7 ± V289

7 ± 1- ; r = = —12 (reject);
r ~ 2(1) - 2
r — AP- = 5 mph, r + 7 = 12 mph, +ns.

B .
7 —+ 2 =
r
4QC*
r — 10
; 400(r — 10) + 2r(r — 10) = 400r; 400r — 4000 + 2r2 — 20r = 400r;

r2 — lOr — 2000 = 0; (r — 50)(r + 40) = 0; r = —40 (reject); r = 50 mph, Ans.

8. Let w = width of paper; w + 11 = length of paper; (w — 16)(iy + 11 — 16)(8) = 2800;

(w - 16)(is - 5) = 350; w2 - 21u> + 80 = 350; w2 - 21 w - 270 = 0; (w - 30)(«> + 9) = 0;
w — —9 in (reject); w = 30 in, w + 11 = 41 in, Ans.
9. a. (1000)(25) + 4400 = (1000 — 4n)(25 + n); 29,400 = 25,000 — lOOn + lOOOn — 4n2;
4 n2 — 900n + 4400 = 0; n2 — 225n + 1100 = 0; (n — 5 )(n — 220) = 0; n — 5 = 0 or
n — 220 = 0; n = 5^ or n — 220ft, Ans.
b. Two answers are possible; one answer is practical.

10. a. 1000(16) + 900 = (1000 + n)(16 - n-M; 16,900 = 16,000 + 16n - 10w - rk^2;
rLw2 _ 6n + 900 = 0;n2 - 600n + 90,000 = 0; (n — 300)2 = 0;n - 300 = 0;n = 300, Ans.
b. One answer is possible.
180 Key to Chapter 1 3, page 478

Page 478 - WRITTEN EXERCISES

b2 — 4ac = 22 - 4(1)(—3) = 16; b2 - 4ac = 42 - 4(1)(—5) - 36;

Two different real roots Two different real roots

b2 - 4ac = 82 - 4(2)(15) = -56; b2 — 4ac = 62 — 4(—2) (8) - 100;

No real roots Two different real roots

b2 - 4ac = (—5)2 - 4(-i)(6) = 37; b2 - 4ac= (—7)2 - 4(i)(6) = 37;

Two different real roots Two different real roots
Key to Chapter 13, pages 478-479 181

b2 — 4ac = (—l)2 — 4(—1) (—1) = —3;

No real roots

b2 - 4ac - (-4)2 - 4(3)(2) = -8; b2 - 4ac = (6)2 - 4(4)(1) = 20;

No real roots Two different real roots

B 11. x2 - 2x + 1 = 0; 6s - 4ac = (—2)2 4(1)(1) = 0; factorable; (x — l)(x — 1)

12. x2 + 4x - 4 = 0;62 4ac = 42 - 4(1)(-4) = 32; x =

-4 ± V32 x = -2 + 2V2,

—2 — 2\/2 (roots); factors: (x + 2 — 2%/2)(x + 2 + 2\/2)

13. —2x2 + 4x — 1 = 0; b2 — 4ac = 4 2

V2 1 . V2
- 4(—2)(—1) = 8; x = = - 4-±J>^;x = 1 TT ’ 1 1-7T
-4
V2
(roots); factors: — 2^x — 1 + ^7^) ^x
2 J\ 2 )
14. —3x2 — 3x — 5 = 0; b2 — 4ac = (—3)2 — 4(—3)(—5) — —51; not factorable over real nos.
15. u2 + \u — ■§■ = 0; b2 — 4ac = (|)2 — 4(1)(—■§;) = 3^-; factorable; (u + i)(u — 5)

16. u2 — £ u + ^ = 0; b2 — 4ac = (—i)2 — 4(l)(jt) = —ff; not factorable over real nos.
17. y(i — \y — %y2); —fy2 — hv + I = 0; b2 — 4ac = (—|)2 — 4(—f)(£) = ; factorable;
2/(i — y)(i + iv)
18. j^z(l + 3z — 10z2); — 10z2 + 32 + 1 = 0; b2 — 4ac = 32 — 4(—10)(1) = 49; factorable;
t3-z(l + 5z) (1 — 2 z)

Page 479 • PROBLEMS

A 1. h = vt + 16£2; (a) 288 - 481 + lQt2;

t2 + 3t - 18 = 0; (t + 6)(t - 3) - 0; t + 6 = 0 or
t — 3 = 0; t = —6 (reject); t = 3 sec, Ans. (b) 288 = 1121 + 1612] t2 + 7t — 18 = 0;
(t -f 9)(< — 2) = 0; t + 9 = 0 or t — 2 = 0; t = —9 (reject); t — 2 sec, Ans.
-15 ± Vl52 - 4(8) (—144) -15 ± V4833
(c) 288 = 30* + 16*2; 812 + 15* - 144 = 0; t =
2(8) 16
-15 ± 3V537 , A -15 -^23,2) A 3 (reject); f A -15 + 3(23.2) 3.4 sec, Ans.
16 16 16
182 Key to Chapter 13, pages 479-482

2. s2 = Srh - Ah2] (36)2 = 8(30)ft - Ah2] Ah2 - 2A0h + 1296 = 0; h2 - 60h + 324 = 0;
(h — 54) (h — Q) = 0] h — 54 = 0 or /i — 6 = 0; /i = 54 (reject); h — 6 ft, A ns.

3. I = £++2 . 10 = 2+ZLi) . p-> p = 20; p2 — p — 20 = 0; (p — 5)(p + 4) = 0;

2 2
p — 5 = 0orp + 4 = 0;p = —4 (reject); p = 5, Ans

_ ?(? — 1) . „2
4. 6 = —— ; p"5 — p = 12; p2 — p — 12 = 0; (p — 4)(p + 3) = 0; p — 4 = 0 or p -f 3 = 0;
2
p — — 3 (reject); p = 4, Ans.

5. v2 — r 5 v2 = 4000 — 48.8; v = ±+48.8; v = —7.0 (reject); v = 7.0 mi/sec, Ans.

</B2 . X (32.2) (16,000,000)

2 = (32.2)(4000)2
6. v = = 114,489; v = ±+114,489;
72 + h ’ K' J 4000 + 500 4500
(32.2) (4000)2 (32.2)(16,000,000) _ „
v = —338.4 (reject); v = 338.4 mi/min, Ans. (b) v2 = — — 214 # j
4000 + 236,000 240,000
32.2(4000)2 (32.2) (16,000,000)
® = ± +2147;?;= —46.3 (reject) ;® = 46.3 mi/min, Ans. (c) v2 =
4000 + 425 4425
116,429; v = ±+116,429; ® = —341.2 (reject); ® = 341.2 mi/min, Ans.
7. d= .045®2 + l.lw; 50 = .045®2 + 1.1®; 45®2 + 1100® — 50,000 = 0; 9®2 + 220® — 10,000 = 0;
-220 ± V(220)2 — 4(9)(-10,000) _ -220 ± \/408,400 _ -220 ± 20+1021
v =
18 18 18
110 rfc 10+1021 ^ —110 =tr 10(32.0) . ^
; ® = —47.8 (reject); ® = 23.3 mph, Ans.
9

8. d2 — (x2 — X\)2 + (2/2 2/i)3; (13)2 — (7 2)“ + (y2 l)2; 169 — 25 + p2 — 2p2 + 1;
-(-2) ± V(—2)2 - 4(1)(—143) 2 ± +576 2 ± 24 .
2/1 2p2 — 143 = 0; y2
2(1) 2 ~ 2 5
-22
2/2 = ■¥ = 13 or y2 = = —11, Ans.

9. d2 = (4 - (—2))2 + (-1 - 3)2; d2 = 36 + 16 — 52; d = ±+52; d = -2+13 = -7.2 (re¬

ject); d = 2+13 = 2(3.61) = 7.2 units, Ans.

10. Points A (—2, —2), 5 (4, 0), C (7, 1) are on a straight line if AB + 5C = AC.
For IB: d2 = (-2 - 4)2 + (-2 - 0)2 = 36 + 4 = 40; d = ±+40; d = 2+10 or
d == —2+10 (reject).
For£C:d2 = (4 — 7)2 + (0 — l)2 = 9 + 1 = 10]d — ±+10;d = +l0;ord = —+l0 (reject).
For AC\d2 = (-2 - 7)2 + (-2 - l)2 = 81 + 9 = 90; d = ±+90]d = 3+l0ord = -3+10
(reject); since 2+l0 + +10 = 3+10, the three points are on a straight line.

11. d2 = h(h + 8000); d2 = 4(4 + 8000) = 32,016; d = ±+32+16;

d — ±4+2001 = ±4(44.73) = —178.9 (reject); =178.9 mi, Ans.

12. (446)2 = h(h + 8000); h2 + 8000h - 198,916 = 0;

—8000 ± V(8000)2 - 4(1)(—198,916) • -8000 ± +64,795,664 . -8000 ± 8049.6 .
h =
2 1
( ) ~ 2 2 ’

, . —16049.6 Qno 0 f . . , . 49.6 0 0 . .

h — ---= —8024.8 (reject); h = —p— — 24.8 mi, Ans.

Page 482 -WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. (x — 4)(x — 1) > 0;
x — 4 > 0 and x—l>0orx — 4<0 and x — 1 < 0 -1 0
x > 4 and x > 1 or x < 4 and x < 1
x > 4 or x < 1

2. (x — 4)(x — 1) <0;
x — 4 > 0 and x — 1 < 0 or x 4 < 0 and x — 1 > 0
tilt
0 1
x > 4 and x < 1 or x < 4 and x > 1
xE0 or 1 < x < 4
Key to Chapter 13, page 482 183

3. (x+ l)(x + 3) < 0;

x + 1 > 0andx + 3 < 0 or a; + 1 <0andx 3 > 0 *
4H-4-
x > — 1 and x < — 3 or x < — 1 and x > — 3 1 0 1
x&0 or —3 < x < —1

4. (z + 3)(a:+ 1) > 0;
x + 3 > 0 and x-\-1 > 0 or a: + 3 <0 and x + 1 < 0 4 1
x > — 3 and x > — 1 or x < — J3 and x < — 1 —3 —1 0
x > —1 or x < —3

5. y2 + y — 2 > 0; (y + 2){y — 1) > 0;

y + 2 > 0 and y — l>0or?/ + 2<0 and y — 1 < 0
y > —2 and y > 1 or y < —2 and y < 1
4 4 -

0 1
y > 1 or y < —2

6. y2 + y - 2 < 0; (y + 2){y - 1) < 0;

y + 2 > 0 and y — l<0ory + 2<0 and y — 1 > 0 4
y > —2 and y < 1 or y < —2 and ?/ > 1 —2 0 1
—2 < y < 1 or j/6 0

7. 2n2 - n - 15 < 0; (2n + 5){n - 3) < 0;

5
2n.+ 5 > 0andn — 3 <0or2n + 5 <0andn — 3 > 0
2
n > —f and n < 3 or n < —f and n > 3 ^
■Qi
—f < n < 3 or n£0
-3 -2 0 1

.
8 5m2 + 4m — 12 > 0; (5m — 6)(m + 2) > 0;
5m — 6 > 0 and m + 2 > 0 or 5m — 6 < 0 and m + 2 < 0
m>fandm>—2 or m<fandm<—2
m > -f or m < —2
6

4 - 4 +
-2-1 0 1

9. r2 - 7r + 6 > 0; (r - 6)(r - 1) > 0;

r — 6 > 0 and r — 1 >0orr — 6<0 and r — 1 < 0 4
r > 6 and r > 1 or r < 6 and r < 1 -1 0 1 5 6
r > 6 or r < 1

10. s2 - 5s - 6 < 0; (s - 6)(s+ 1) < 0;

s — 6 > 0 and s + 1 <0ors — 6<0 and s+ 1 > 0
s > 6 and s < — 1 or s < 6 and s > — 1 -1 0
s60 or —1 < s < 6

11. x2 — 9 > 0;(x + 3)(x — 3) > 0;

x; -f- 3 > 0 and x — 3>0orx + 3 <0 and x — 3 < 0
x > —3andx> 3 or a: < — 3and.r<3 -5 0
x > 3 or x < —3

.
12 x2-25 < 0; (x + 5)(x — 5) < 0;
x + 5 > 0 and x — 5<0orx + 5<0 and x — 5 > 0 4 4^
x>— 5 and x <5 or x<— 5andx>5 -5 0
—5 < x < 5 or a;£0

B 13. {x+ l)(x+ 1) > 0;

x + 1 > 0 and £+1 >0ora:+l <0 and x + 1 < 0 ^ 4
x > —1 or x < —1 -1 0 1

14. {x — 3)(x — 3) > 0;

x — 3 > 0 and x — 3>0ora: — 3<0 and x — 3 < 0
x > 3 or x < 3 -5 0 5
184 Key to Chapter 13, pages 482-484

15. (x — 2)(x — 2) < 0; _1_1_1_1_1_1_I_1_1_L_^

(x — 2) > 0 and x — 2 < 0
i r l 1 1 1 1
-5 0 5
x > 2 and x < 2
x G0

16. (x + 5)(x + 5) < 0; ^1 IX 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^

x + 5 > 0 and x + 5 < 0 * 1 1 f 1 1 1 1 1 Mr
-5 0 i
a: > —5 and x < —5
x — —5

17. (x)(x) > 0;

- i ii 1 1 r 1 1 ii i 9
x > 0 and x > 0 or x < 0 and x < 0
-5 0 5
x > 0 or x < 0

18. (x)(x) < 0; -III 11 1 1 1 1 III*

x > 0 and x < 0
"III 1 1 1 1 III*
-5 0 5
2G0

19. x2 — 2x —- 35 > 0; (x - 7)(x + 5) > 0;

x — 7 > 0 and x + 5>0ora: — 7 <0 and x + 5 < 0
x > 7 and x > —5 or x < 7 and a; < —5
x > 7 or a; < —5

20. a;2 — 12® + 35 > 0; (x - 7)(® >- 5) > 0;

x — 7 > 0 and x — 5>0ora; — 7 <0 and x ,— 5 < 0
x > 7 and x > 5 or x < 7 and x < 5
x > 7 or x < 5

21. x2 + 5x > 0; x(x + 5) >0;

x > 0 and x + 5>0orx<0 and x + 5 < 0
x > 0 and x > —5 or x < 0 and x < —5
x > 0 or x < —5

22. x2 — x > 0; x(x — 1) > 0;

x > 0 and x — 1 > 0 or x < 0 and x — 1 < 0
x > 0 and x > 1 or x < 0 and x < 1
x > 1 or x < 0

Page 484 -WRITTEN EXERCISES

Key to Chapter 13, page 484 185

7. 8 . 9.

10. 11. 12.

186 Key to Chapter 13, pages 484-486

15 . 16 .

C 17. +x2 — 3x — 10 is a real no. if x2 — 3x — 10 > 0. If x2 — Sx — 10 > 0; (x — 5)(x + 2) > 0;

x — 5 > 0 and x -f- 2 > 0; x > 5 and x > —2; x > 5; or x — 5 < 0 and x + 2 < 0; x < 5
and x < — 2; .’. x < —2. {x > 5 or z < —2}

18. — 3a: is a real no. if x2 — 3x > 0, x(x — 3) > 0. Either x > 0 and x > 3 or x < 0 and
x < 3; nos. satisfying these conditions are >3 or <0. {a; < 0 or x > 3}

Page 486 CHAPTER TEST

1. 2y2 = y2 = &; y = ±|. {}, — }}

2. (x — i)2 = f; x — } = ±V|; a: — ^ = f or x 2 = — f 5 a: = 2 or x = —1. {2, —1}

3. (i — n)2 = 0; \ — n = 0; n = £. {^}

4. a:2 - 22a: — 11 = 0; 6 = -22, c = —11; 11 + 2\/33 + 11 — 2\/33 = 22 = -6;

(11 + 2V33)(11 — 2v/33) = 121 — 132 = —11 = c; correct

5. z2 + 30a; + 29 = 0; b = 30, c = 29; 1.1 - 31.1 = -30 = -6; (1.1)(—31.1) = -34.21 ^ c;

incorrect

6. c — = .49; (x - .7): 7. 3x-|-f — 9 + f;(x §)2 —

8 . x2 -
16a; 8+ =
0; x2 -
16x + 64 = -8 +
64; (x -
8)2 = 56; x - 8 - ±\/56; x = 8 2+14 +
or x = 8 - 2+14; x = 8 + 2(3.74) = 15.5 or x = 8 — 2(3.74) = .5. (8 + 2+Ii, 8 - 2+14};
{15.5, .5}

9. a = 4>i,= 12tC = 7.I = =12±V(>2)2-4(4)(7)^-12±V32_-12±4^_-3±v'2,

2(4) 8 8
. -3 ± 1.41 -1.59 . c -4.41 -3 + +2 —3 — +2
x =-^-; x = —— = —.8 or x = = -2.2. ; {-.8, -2.2}

10. (18 + 2x)(24 + 2x) = 720; 432 + 36x + 48x + 4x2 = 720; 4x2 + 84x - 288 = 0;
x2 + 21x — 72 = 0; (x + 24)(x — 3) = 0;x + 24 = 0orx — 3 = 0;x = —24 (reject);x = 3 in, Ans.

11. b2 — 4ac = (—3)2 — 4(1)(—5) = 29; two different real roots

12. b2 — 4ac = 42 — 4(4)(1) = 0; a double real root

13. 62 — 4ac = l2 — 4(1)(3) = —11; no real roots

14. b2 — 4ac = (—3)2 — 4(5)(7) = —131; no real roots

15. x2 — 3x — 4 > 0; (x — 4)(x + 1) > 0;

x — 4 > 0 and x + 1 > 0 or x - 4<0 and x + 1 < 0
x > 4 and x > — 1 or x<4 and x < — 1
x>4 or x < —1
Key to Chapter 13, pages 486-487 187

x2 + 4x + 3 < 0 when y < 0 ,

i.e., when —3 < x < — 1

Pages 486-489 CHAPTER REVIEW

1. u, v; u, —v 2. a = ±2. {2, —2} 3. b2 = 64; b = ±8. {8, —8}

4. c + 1 = ±5; c = 4 or c = —6. {4, —6} 5. opposite, coefficient, linear; constant
.
6 x2 — 4x — 4 = 0; b = —4, c = —4; 2 — 2 — 0 ^ —b; 2(—2) = —4 = c; incorrect
7. 5 = 26, c = 19; -13 + 5/6 - 13 - 5/6 = -26 = -6;
(—13 + 5/6) (—13 — 5\/%) = 169 — 150 = 19 = c; correct

/—20\2
8 . k = J = 100; (s - 10)2 9. k = (i)2 = h (y + I)2

.
10 k=(f) = .0625; + -25)2

11 . x2 + 2x + 1 = 23 + 1; (x + l)2 = 24; x + 1 = ±/24; * + 1 = 2/6 or x + 1 = -2/6;

* = — 1 + 2/6 or x = -1 — 2/6; x = -1 + 2(2.45) = 3.9 or * = -1 — 2(2.45) = -5.9.
{-1 + 2/6, -1 - 2/6}; {3.9, -5.9}
.
12 x2 — 6x = 12; x2 — 6x + 9 = 12 + 9; (x - 3)2 = 21; x — 3 = ±/21; x = 3 + /2l or
x = 3 - /2l; x = 3 + 4.58 = 7.6 or x = 3 - 4.58 = —1.6. {3 + /2l, 3 - /2l}; (7.6, -1.6}

V37 , , V37
13. + 5y + ^ = 3 + ¥; (y + f)2 = ¥; y + f = o or 2/ + f -9-

-5 + a/37 \/37 . ^ -5 + 6.08 6.08

or y ;V = = .5 or y = = -5.5.

-5 + /§7 -5 - /37)
} ; {-5, -5.5}
2 ’ 2 ‘

14. - 3)2 = 20; y — 3 = ±/20; V — 3 = 2/5 or y - 3 = -2/5; y = 3 + 2/5 or

3 - 2/5; 2/ = 3 + 2(2.24) = 7.5 or y = 3 - 2(2.24) = —1.5. {3 + 2/5, 3 - 2/5} ;
, -1.5}
18 18
15. Let s = rate in still water; ——- +-—- = 8; 18(s — 3) + 18(s + 3) = 8(s2 — 9);
s + 3 s — 3
18s — 54 + 18s + 54 = 8s2 — 72; 8s2 — 36s — 72 = 0; 2s2 — 9s — 18 = 0; (2s + 3)(s — 6) = 0;
2s+ 3 = 0 or s — 6 = 0; s = — f (reject); s = 6 mph, Ans.

16. Let r = rate of car; r + 10 = rate.of train; -77: = 2; 400(r + 10) — 400r = 2r(r + 10);
r r 10 +
400r + 4000 — 400r = 2r2 + 20r; 2r2 + 20r — 4000 = 0; r2 + lOr - 2000 = 0;
(r + 50)(r — 40) = 0; r + 50 = 0 or r — 40 = 0; r = —50 (reject); r = 40 mph,
r + 10 = 50 mph, ^4ns. _
—b + /&2 — 4ac —b — /62 — 4ac
17 0 . 18. real 19.
2a 2a
-11 ± /(ll)2 - 4(2)(3) _ -11 ± V97 . „ A -11 ± 9.85 .
.
20 a = 2, b = 11, c = 3; x — 2(2) 4 ’ X 4 ’

-20.85 ^ n^V97i_iL_V97|;{_3_52}
1.15 .
x = 3 or x =
4
188 Key to Chapter 13, pages 487-488

(—18) db V(—18)2 - 4(1)(4) 18 ± V308 _ 18 ± 2V77

21. a = 1, b — —18, c = 4; x =
2(1) 2 2
9 ± V77; x = 9 + 8.78 = 17.8 or x = 9 - 8.78 = .2. (9 + V77, 9 - V77}; (17.8, .2}

M _ o h _ _14 r _ T _ -(-14) ± VFl4)« - 4(3)( 5) _ 14 d= V256 _ 14 ± 16 .

a — 6, o 14, c — 0, * — 2(3) 6 6 ’

x = f = 5 or x = y = - ^ • (5, — 4)

23. 5x2 + 8x — 3 = 0; a = 5, 6 = 8, c = —3;

-8 ± V82 - 4(5)(—3) -8 ± \Zl24 -8 ± 2\/3l _ —4 ± V3l
x —
2(5) 10 10 5
-4 ± 5.57 . 1.57 . _ . -9.57 . -4 + y/31 -4 — VSl
x = ---; x = —— = .3 or x = —-— = —1.9. 5 {-3, -1.9}
5 ’ ~ 5 5 ( 5 5

24. 200(35) + 1100 = (200 - 2n)(35 + 1 • n); 8100 = 7000 - 70n + 200n - 2n2;
2n2 — 130n + 1100 = 0; n2 — 65n + 550 = 0; {n — 55)(w — 10) = 0; n — 55 = 0 or
n — 10 = 0; n = 55 (reject, not reasonable); n = $10, Ans.
25. (x — 2)(x — 2)(1) = 16; (x - 2)2 = 16; x — 2 = ±\/l6; x - 2 - 4 or x - 2 = -4; x = 6
or x = —2 (reject); 6 inches square, A ns.
26. y = ax2 + bx + c 27. two

28. a. b2 — 4ac = (—7)2 — 4(2) (2) = 33; two different real roots
b. 2x2 — 8x + 8 = 0; 62 — 4ac = (—8)2 — 4(2)(8) — 0; a double real root
c. 62 — 4ac = (3)2 — 4(1) (2) = 1; two different real roots
d. x2 + 3x + 3 = 0; b2 — 4ac = (3)2 — 4(1)(3) = —3; no real roots

29. 32 - 48* - 16*2; t2 - 3* + 2 - 0; (t — 2)(t - 1) = 0; * - 2 = 0 or * - 1 = 0;

t — 2 (reject); t = 1 sec, Ans.
30. (22)2 = 8(20)A - 4A2; 4h2 - 160A + 484 = 0; h2 — 40A +121-0;
h = -(-40) ± V(—40)2 - 4(1)(121) = 40 =b VTTl6 = 40 db GVSl = 20 ± 3
2(1) 2 2
h = 20 + 3(5.57) = 36.7 (reject); A = 20 - 3(5.57) = 3.3 ft, Ans.
31. 630 - \t2 - §*; t2 - t - 1260 = 0; (« + 35)(< - 36) - 0; * + 35 = 0 or * - 36 0;
t — —35 (reject); * — 36, .4ns.
32. >, < 33. <, > 34. no
35. (x + 2)(x + 1) > 0;
x + 2 > 0 and x+1 >0orx + 2<0 and x + 1 < 0
x > —2 and x > — 1 or x < —2 and x < — 1
x > —1 or x < —2.
(real numbers greater than —1 or less than —2}

36. x2 - x - 12 < 0; (x - 4)(x + 3) < 0;

x — 4 > 0 and x + 3<0orx — 4<0 and x + 3 > 0
x > 4 and x < —3 or x < 4 and x > —3
x G 0 or —3 < x < 4.
(real numbers greater than or equal to —3 and less than or equal to 4}
 Key ro Chapter 13, pages 488-490
189

37. (x + 5)(x — 5) > 0;

x + 5 > 0 and x — 5>0ora: + 5<0 and x — 5 < 0
x > — 5 and x > 5 or x < — 5 and x < 5
x > 5 or x < —5.
{real numbers greater than or equal to 5 or less than or equal to —5}

38. (x + l)(x - 1) < 0;

x + 1 > 0 and x — 1 < 0 or a; + 1 <0 and x — 1 > 0
* > — 1 and * < 1 or x < — 1 and x > 1
— 1 < cc < 1 or ze0.
(real numbers greater than —1 and less than 1}

39. >, Ans. x2 — x — 2 > 0; (x — 2)(x + 1) > 0;

x — 2 > 0 and x + 1 > 0 or a: - 2<0 and x + 1 < 0
x > 2 and x > — 1 or x < 2 and x < — 1
x > 2 or x < —1.

40. 0 + l)(x — 2) < 0, x2 — x < 2. <, <, Ans.

x2 + 4x + 3 > 0 when y > 0, x2<x-f6orx2-x-6<0

i.e., when x > — 1 or x < —3 when y < 0, i.e., when —2 < x < 3

x2 — 9 > 0 when y > 0, i.e., x2 — 4 < 0 when y < 0, i.e., s

when x > 3 or x < —3 when —2 < x < 2

Page 490 • EXTRA FOR EXPERTS

1. a. n = 1: (l)156 - 2(1)41 + 1 = 1—2 + 1 = 0

b. * = -1: (-1)71 - 3(—l)28 + 4= -1 - 3 + 4 = 0
c. x = -2: (—2)3 - (—2)2 - (-2) + 10 =-8-4 + 2 +10 = 0
d. t = 3: 3(3)4 - 16(3)3 + 19(3)2 + 5(3) + 3 = 243 - 432 + 171 + 15 + 3 = 0
190 Key to Chapters 13, 14, pages 490-495

x lx + 6
2. a. x = 1: (l)3 - 7(1) + 6= 1 — 7 + 6 = 0; = x2 + £ — 6 = (x + 3)(x — 2);
x — 1
factors are (x — l)(x + 3)(x — 2)
b. y = 1: 2(1)3 + 3(1)2 - 2(1) — 3 = 2 + 3 — 2 — 3 = 0;

2y 35-r^--“ = 2y2 + 5y + 3 = (2y + 3)(y + 1); factors are (y — 1)(2y + 3)(y + 1)

c. not factorable
d. m = -2: 2(-2)4 + 2(-2)3 - 17(-2)2 23(—2) + 6 = 32 - 16 - 68 + 46 + 6 = 0;
2m4 + 2m3 — 17m2 — 23m + 6
= 2m — 2m" 13m 3;
m + 2
m = 3: 2(3)3 - 2(3)2 - 13(3) + 3 = 54 - 18 - 39 + 3 = 0;
2m3 — 2m2
~ + 3 = 2m2 + 4m 1; factors are (m + 2)(m — 3) (2m2 + 4m — 1)
m

3. a. x3 - 4x2 - x + 4 = 0; x = 1: 1 - 4 - 1 + 4 = 0; --—-= x2 - 3x - 4:
x — 1
(x — l)(x2 — 3x — 4) — 0; (x — l)(x — 4)(x + 1) = 0; x — 1 = 0 or x — 4 = 0 or
x + 1 = 0; x = 1 or x = 4 or x = —1. {1, 4, —1).
b. 3z3 - 5z2 - 3z + 2 = 0; z = 2: 3(2)3 - 5(2)2 - 3(2) + 2 = 24 - 20 - 6 + 2 = 0;

3z3 -5z— 3z + 2 = 3z2 z _ 1; ^ _ 2)(322 _j_ 2 _ j) = o z _ 2 = o or 3z2 + z - 1 = 0;

z — 2
-1 ± V(l)2 - 4(3)(— 1) -l±Vl3 |0-1 + Vl3 -1-Vl3|
Z=2°rZ = -2(3)-= -6-I2'-6-6-)
c. 2z3 - 3z2 - 14z + 15 = 0; z = 1: 2(1)3 - 3(1)2 - 14(1) + 15 = 2 - 3 - 14 + 15 = 0;

2*_TT--3*-_T 142 + 15 = 2z2 - z - 15 = (2z + 5)(z - 3); (z - l)(2z + 5)(z - 3) = 0;

z — 1
z — 1 = 0or2z + 5 = Oorz — 3 = 0;z = 1 or z = —f or z = 3. {1, —f, 3}
d. t/4 - 7y* + 5y2 + 40y - 48 = 0;
y = 4: (4)4 - 7(4)3 + 5(4)2 + 40(4) - 48 = 256 - 448 + 80 + 160 - 48 = 0;
y\- If + 5/ + 40, -.48 _ y3 _ 3y2 _ Jy + ,2;
y
3 2 ry

y = 4: (4)3 - 3(4)2 - 7(4) + 12 = 64 - 48 - 28 + 12 = 0; ~~ ~Vy V + ^ = V2 + V ~ 3;

(y — 4)(y — 4)(y2 + y — 3) = 0; y — 4 = 0 or y — 4 = 0 or y2 + y — 3 = 0; y = 4 or
-1 ± V(l)2 - 4(1)(—3) -1 ± Vl3 { -1 + V13 -1 - Vl3|
V 2(1) 2 ‘ p 2 2 j

4. a. x = —1: 2(—l)3 + k(—1) — 4 = —2 — k — 4 = —6 — k; if —6 — k = 0, then /c = —6

b. x = 2: (2)3 + k(2)2 - 14(2) + 2k = 8 + 47c - 28 + 2k = Qk - 20; if 6fc - 20 = 0, then fc = ^

5. a. x = y: (y)n — yn = 0
b. x = —2/: {—y)n + ?/n; if n is an odd integer, then (—y)n = —yn, and —yn + yn = 0; if n is an
even integer, then {—y)n = yn, and y” + t/n ^ 0.

CHAPTER 14. Geometry and Trigonometry

Pages 494-495 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. Axiom I 2. Axiom II 3. Axiom IV 4. Axiom II

5. Axiom II 6. Axiom IV 7. Axiom IV or Axiom III 8. R
9. S 10. S, W, or T 11. 6 12. 3
13. 5 14. 6 15. 4 + 2 = 6 16. 6 + 3 = 9

17.

/C P M L L M P K
Key to Chapter 14, pages 495-498 191

18.*-1-1—H-- --1-1-1—l-*
P L K M P L M K

-—1-1-H-- *-1—|-1-1—►
M P L K K L P M

-1—1—1-!-► *-h-1-1-*
M K L P KM L P

19.*-1-1-1-1-- -H-1—1—1-*
L K P M M L K P

--1—I—l—i-* --1—1—i-1—*•
M P K L P IC L M

20*-1-M—1-- --1-H-1-►
K M P L K P M L

--1—1—1-1-* -H-1—1—1-►
M K P L L K M P

—1-1—1-1-- ■*—1-1-1—1—*
L M K P L K P M

--1—l—l-1-*■ -*-1-1—1-1-*
L M P K L P M K

--1-III* --1—l—l-1-*
L P K M P M K L

--1-1—|—|-► ■*—1—l-t-t-►
P K M L M P K L

Pages 497-498 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180°

2. Subst. principle 3. Given

4. Addition axiom for equality 5. Subtraction axiom for equality

6. The sum of the measures of the three angles of a triangle cannot exceed 180°
.
7 The three vertices of a triangle determine a plane (Axiom IV); then use Axiom VI taking two vertices
at a time.
8. Either both are right angles, or both are equal acute angles, or one is an acute and the other is a
right angle.

A ray
9- 1 1 1 f II 1 1 1 M»
0 2

A point
-<M
O

-O

i i
'
•
r

"• > | II 1 1 1 1 1 *
None of these

0 5
192 Key to Chapter 14, pages 498-501

12 . Aline
-5 0 5

is - l 1 I I A-Irrrr* 1 1 1 1 A line segment

* 1 1 1 1 T f1"""
f 1 1 1 1 *
-1 0 1

14-1 1 1 1 ► None of these

r 1 1 *
—2 0 1

1*5-1 1 1 1 A line segment

* 1 1 1 1 *
-2 0 2

Two rays
-2 0 2

17. 40 + 60 + mZ-C = 180; 100 + mZC = 180; mZC = 80°

18. 70 + 50 + mZC 180; 120 + mZC — 180; mZC = 60°
19. 45 + 45 + mZC = 180; 90 + mZC = 180; mZC = 90°
.
20 60 + 30 + mZC -- 180; 90 + mZC = 180; mZC = 90°
21. 90 + 35 + mZC = 180; 125 + mZC = 180; mZC = 55°
22 . 24 + 90 + mZC = 180; 114 + mZC = 180; mZC = 66°
23. 110 + 50 + mZC = 180; 160 + mZC = 180; mZC = 20 O
24. 130 + 10 + mZC = 180; 140 + mZC = 180; mZC = 40 o

Page 500 -WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. 20 + 65 + mZL - 180; 85 + mZL - 180; mZL — 95°

2. 40 + 55 + mZL = 180; 95 + mZL = 180; mZL = 85°

3. | ; 5a' = 45; a' = 9 ft 4. ~ = ^ ; 45' = 60; V = 15 ft

o lo Z 0

5. c = AB, c' = AB'; ^ ^0 . .3c' = .195; 3c' = 1.95; c' = .65;

.39 c
BB' = AB' - AB = .65 - .39 - .26 M, Ans.

6. c - AB, c' = AB' = AB -f BB' = 4.2 + 6.0 = 10.2 M; ; 4.25' = 35.7;

4.Z 1 U.Z
425' = 357; 5' = 8.5 M, Ans.

7‘ ^ = T2 ’ = ^0; x ~ ® ^ = ~iq ’ 20?/ = 240; y — 12 in. 9 in, 12 in, Ans.

8. y ^ ; 8x = 120; x = 15 M; ^ ^ ; 8y = 180; y = 22^ M. 15 M, 22\ M, Ans.

C!F 5 Z># 5 JH 5
AC _ 12 10* AD “12 11‘ A/ 12
CF BG DE AB AC AD
' AF~ AG ~ AE 13' AG~ AF~ AE

14. AD = 12 + 8 + 8.8 = 28.8 in; = ]| J 12(DE) = 144; DE = 12 in, Ans.

Pages 500-507 • PROBLEMS

A 1. | = A ; 85 = 240; 5 = 30 ft 2. A = | ; 7h = 300; 5 = 42f ft

o 4(J oU /

3. Since 1 yd = 3 ft, = f ; 55 = 150; h = 30 ft

50 5

4. = A ; 45 = 70; 5 = 17^ ft 5. ^7 = tS J 14w = 432; w = 30f ft

4 14 ’ ' * 14 27 ’ ’ 7
Key to Chapter 14, pages 501-506 193

6 . 28 = 77
14 ; 14* = 476; l = 34 ft

Pages 503-504 • PROBLEMS

1. A = 37°; 6 = 40 ft; tan 37° = ^ ; .7536 = ^ ; a = 40(.7536) = 30.144 = 30 ft, Ans

a
2. A = 40°; b = 50 ft; tan 40° = £ ; .8391 = ^ ; a = 50(.8391) = 41.955 = 42 ft, Ans.
50
a
3. A = 40°; b = 120 ft; tan 40° = ^ ; .8391 = ; a = 120(.8391) = 100.692 = 101 ft, Ans.

4. A = 60°; 6 = 50 ft; tan 60° = ^ ; 1.7321 = ^ ; a = 50(1.7321) = 86.605 = 87 ft, Ans.

5. A = 25°; a = 150 ft; tan 25° = £ ; .4663 = ; .46636 = 150; 6 = -JJtw = 321.6 = 322 ft, Ans.
o b .4663

6. A = 14°; a = 1200 ft; tan 14° = | ; .2493 = yy ; .24936 = 1200;

1200
6 = = 4813.4 = 4813 ft, Ans.
.2493
7. a = 70 ft; 6 = 100 ft; tan A = ^ = .7; A = 35°, Ans.

8. a = 6 ft; 6 = 10 ft; tan A — 3% = .6; A = 31°, Ans.

a 40 40
9. A = 28°; a = 40 ft; tan 28° = ^ ; .5317 = y ; .53176 = 40; 6 = = 75.2 = 75 ft, 4ns.

10. 4 = 32°; a = 200 ft; tan 32° = £ ; .6249 = ^ ; .62496 = 200; 6 = = 320 ft, Ans.
6 6 .6249

Pages 505-506 WRITTEN EXERCISES

12 4 a5
1 12 — A
'•15 — 5
o 12 _ 4
15 — 5 3. - = ^ = 4. 5. 4
5
15 5
a' 8 4 V_ _6 3
6 . 10 5
7
'•10
_s_ — a
— 5
O 6
_ _
10
a5 9.
c' ' 10 5
10. * a5

11 -a_ — a 6 _9 3 = _9
6 3 b' _6 3 a' _8 4
1 1 15 5 12. 13. 14. 15.
• —
c 15 5 c 15 5 10 5 10 5
a 12 4 a 12 4 6 = _9_ 3
16. 17. 18.
15 5 6 9 3 a 12 4

Page 506 • PROBLEMS

A 1. Let a = height of hill in ft; c = 1250 ft; A — 18°; sin 18° = - ; .3090 = 77^77 ;
c 1250
a = 1250(.3090) = 386.25 = 386.3 ft, Ans.

2. Let a = height of tower in ft; c = 800 ft; A = 27°; sin 27° = ^ ; .4540 = ;
a = 800(.4540) = 363.2 ft, Ans.
3. Let 6 = distance from building in ft; c = 40 ft; A = 75°; cos 75° = ^ ; .2588 = ^ ;
6 = 40(.2588) = 10.352 = 10.4 ft, Ans.
4. Let a = distance up wall in ft; B = 15°; c = 30 ft; cos 15° = ^ ; .9659 = ^ ;

a = 30(.9659) = 28.977 = 29.0 ft, Ans.

a 25
5. Let c = length of diagonal of rectangle in inches; a = 25 in; A = 42°; sin 42° = - ; .6691 =
c
25
.6691c = 25; c == = 37.36 = 37.4 in, Ans.
.6691
h 25
6. Let c = length of ladder in ft; 6 = 25 ft; A = 75°; sin 75° = - ; .9659 = — ; .9659c = 25;
0 c
25
c = = 25.88 = 25.9 ft, Ans.
.9659
194 Key to Chapter 14, pages 506-508

7. Let c = distance along road in ft; a = 40 ft; A = 9°; sin 9° = - ; .1564 = — ; .1564c = 40;
c c
40
c = = 255.75 = 255.8 ft, Ans.
.1564

8. Let 6 = horizontal (ground) distance in ft; a = 600 ft; A = 10°; tan 10° = ^ ; .1763 = ;

.17635 = 600; b = = 3403.28 = 3403.3 ft; or let c = air distance in ft; a = 600 ft; A = 10°;

600 600
sin 10° = - ; .1736 = — ; .1736c = 600; c = = 3456.22 = 3456.2 ft. 3403.3 ft along
c C . 1/OO

ground or 3456.2 ft through air, Ans.

h 18
9. Let c = length of wire in ft; b = 18 ft; A = 40°; cos 40° = - ; .7660 = — ; .7660c = 18;
c c
18
c = = 23.49 = 23.5 ft, Ans.
.7660
10. Let c = length of string in ft; b = 200 ft; A — 42°; cos 42° = - ; .7431 = ; .7431c = 200;
c c
200
c = = 269.14 = 269.1 ft, Ans.
.7431

Page 507 WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. .0872, .9962, .0875 2. .0349, .9994, .0349 3. .9511, .3090, 3.0777 4. .4540, .8910, .5095
5. .5878, .8090, .7265 6. .8660, .5000, 1.7321 7. .7431, .6691, 1.1106 8. .8572, .5150, 1.6643
9. .9998, .0175, 57.2900 10. .0175, .9998, .0175 11. .8387, .5446, 1.5399 12. .7880, .6157, 1.2799
13. 33° 14. 57° 15. 29° 16. 68° 17. 78° 18. 50° 19. 30° 20. 41° 21. 53°

Pages 507-508 • PROBLEMS

A 1. (a) Let b = distance along AE in mi; c = 180 mi; Z.BAE = 90° — 70° = 20°; cos 20° = ^ ;

.9397 = -4r ; b = 180(.9397) = 169.146 = 169.1 mi, Ans.

loU

(b) Let b = distance along AN in mi; c = 180 mi; Z.BAN = 70°; cos 70° = - ; .3420 =
c • 180 ’
b = 180(.3420) = 61.56 = 61.6 mi, Ans. (Note: If a = distance traveled in northerly direction,

sin 20° = would give same result.)

loU

2. (a) sin 32° = ^ ; .5299 = ^ ; x = 20(.5299) = 10.598 = 10.6 ft, Ans.

(b) Let y = % width of house in ft; cos 32° = ^ ; .8480 = ^ ; y = 20(.8480) = 16.96 ; 2y =
2(16.96) = 33.9 ft, Ans.

3. (a) Let b = ground distance in ft covered; c = 2500 ft; A = 16°; cos 16° = - ; .9613 = ^
2500
b = 2500(.9613) = 2403.25 = 2403.3 ft, Ans.
(b) Let a = change in altitude in ft; sin 16° = - ; .2756 = ^ ;
c ^ouu
a = 2500(.2756) = 689.0 ft, Ans.
4. Let b — distance in ft between towers; A.CAB = 11°;
a 2^
BC = a = 90 - 65 = 25 ft; tan 11° = - ; .1944 = y ;

25
.19446 = 25; 6 = == 128.6 ft, Ans.
.1944

5. tan A = — ; tan 50° = ~ ; 1.1918 = ~)BC = 119.18 = 119.2 ft, Ans.

AC 100 100

6. tan A = ^ ; tan 63° = ~ ; 1.9626 = ; BC = 600(1.9626) = 1177.56 = 1177.6 ft, Ans.

AC 600 600
Key to Chapter 14, pages 508-51 1 195

1500
7. c — 12,500; a = 1500; sin A = .1200; A = 7°, Ans.
12,500
8. (a) Let c = distance in mi sailed along AB]b = 70 mi;

ACAB = 155° - 90° = 65°; cos 65° = - ; .4226 = — ;

c c
70
.4226c = 70; c = = 165.64 = 165.6 mi, Ans.
.4226
a a
(b) Let a = distance south of port; tan 65°
70
a = 70(2.1445) = 150.115 = 150.1 mi, Ans.

9. The triangle is a right triangle since (8) 2 + (15) 2 = (17)2; 64 + 225 = 289; 289 = 289. Thus

AC = 90°; tan A = - = ■£= ; tan A = .5333; Z4 = 28°; AB = 90° - 28° 52°.

c lo
28°, 52°, 90°, Ans.
910 210
10. Let c = length in ft of railway; a = 210 ft; A A 14°; sin 14° = — ; .2419 =

210
.2419c = 210;c = = 868.13 = 868.1 ft, Ans.
.2419

B 11. For pole P, A = 20°, 6-50 yd; tan 20° = | ; .3640 = ^ ; a = 50(.3640) = 18.200;

for pole P', A' = 15°, 6' = 50 yd; tan 15° = y ; .2679 = ^ ; a' = 50(.2679) = 13.395;

a - a! = 18.200 - 13.395 - 4.805 = 4.8 yd, Ans.

.
12 To find AC: tan 8° - ^ ; .1405 = ; .1405(AC) = 80; B
on Tin
AC = — = 569.39 = 569.4 ft; to find BC: tan 5° =
.1405 C
BC
.0875 = ; BC = (.0875)(569.4) = 49.8225 = 49.8 ft;
569.4
B'
B'C + BC = 80 + 49.8 = 129.8;
height of lighthouse = 129.8 ft, Ans.

6 ,,
,„ . ,, 6 „ a sm B c c(c) 6
.
13 sm B = - : cos B = - ;
c
^
c cos B
- a T,-= - = tan B
-Ac) a
a2 + b‘
14. sin A — - ; cos (since c2 — a2 + 62 in a right
c
triangle with right angle at C) = 1

Page 511 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. No 2. No 3. Yes 4. Yes 5. Yes 6. Yes

7. Yes 8. No 9. —MN or NM 10. —KL or LK

11 .—NKorKN 12. —LM or ML 13. VS 14. SV

15. WR 16. TW 17. ST 18. WS

B 19. (a) (b) tan ABAC = ^ ^ = 1.4286;

B
ABAC = 55°; 90° - 55° = 35°;
(AB)2 = (AC)2 + (CB)2 = (70)2 + (100)2 =
14,900; AB = V14,900 = 10\/l49 =
10(12.2) — 122; resultant is force of approx. 122
lb at an angle of 35°, Ans.
196 Key to Chapter 14, page 51 1

(b) tan ACAB = ~ = 5.7778;

v ' AC 90
ACAB = 80°; 90° + 80° = 170°;
(AB)2 = {AC)2 + (CB)2 = (90)2 + (520)2 =
278,500; AB = V278,500 = 10V2785 =
520 lb 10(52.8) = 528; resultant is force of approx.
528 lb at an angle of 170°, Ans.

21. (a) (b) tan ABAC = ^

AC
^ - .7500;
80
ABAC = 37°; 270° + 37° = 307°;
{AB)2 = {AC)2 + {CB)2 = (80)2 + (60)2 =
10,000; AB = V 10,000 = 100; resultant is
force of 100 kg at an angle of 307°, Ans.

22 . (a) (b) tan ABAC = = .4667;

ABAC = 25°; 270° - 25° = 245°;

{AB)2 = {AC)2 + {CB)2 = (150)2 + (70)2 =
27,400; AB = V27,400 = lOVAli =
10(16.6) = 166; resultant is force of approx.
166 g at angle of 245°, Ans.

Pages

tana;0 = = 1.0; x — 45°;

. ._0 100 _n71 . 100
sin 45 = -; .7071 =
y y
100
y = .7071 = 141.4 = 141;
force of approx. 141 lb at an angle of 45°, Ans.

tan x° = ^ — 2.4; x = 67°;

cos 67° = - ; .3907 = - ;

V V
y = .3907 = 12.8 = 13;
rate of (approx.) 13 mph at a bearing of 67°, Ans.

tan x° = .14; x = 8°; 270° - 8° = 262°;

cOS8’ = ^;.9903 *^;,* 150 = 151.4 = 151;

y ' y ' ~ .9903
rate of approx. 151 mph at a bearing of 262° or at an angle
of 188°, Ans.

tan x° = = -1047; x = 6°;

270° + 6° = 276°;
210 210 210
cos 6° = — ; .9945 = —-y = = 211.2 = 211;
y y .9945
210 mph rate of approx. 211 mph at bearing of 276°, Ans.
Key to Chapter 14, pages 512-513 197

5JL& _
tan x° - 200 - 2.5; x = 68°;
200 ^ 200 .
cos 68° .3746
y
^ 200
533.9 = 534;
V .3746
force of approx. 534 lb at an angle of 68° (or 112°) with the
ground, Ans.

6 . tan x° = = .7142; x = 36°; 360° - 36° = 324°;

„„„ oa° 3500 onnn . 3500
cos 36 = -; .8090 =
y y
3500
= 4326.3 = 4326;
.8090
force of approx. 4326 lb at a bearing of 324°, Ans.

Page 513 • WRITTEN EXERCISES

A 1. sin 45° = ^ y • 7071 = ^ y •

45 150 ’ '/U7i 150 ’
Vx V'y = 150(7071) = 106.065 = 106;
,_0 Vx . Vx
^45 “ 150 ’ ,7°71 “ 150 5
Vx = 150(7071) = 106. Force of 106 lb horizontally and
106 lb vertically downward, Ans.

V'v V'v
2. sin 60 = ; .8660 * ^ ;

Vx V'y = 210(.8660) = 181.86 = 182;

cos 60° = ^ ; .5000 = ^ 5 V* = 210(.5000) = 105.

Force of 105 lb horizontally and 182 lb

vertically downward, Ans.

V'x V'x
3. sin 70°
400
; .9397
400
V'x = 400(.9397) =
V'x
Vy .3420
Vy.
375.88 376; cos 70°
400 400 ’
Vy = 400(.3420) = 136.8 = 137.
Velocity of 376 mph east and 137 mph north, Ans.
198 Key to Chapter 14, page 513

Vx V'x
sin 20° = .3420 =
650 ’ 650 ’
V'x = 650(.3420) = 222.3 = 222;

cos 20c — • 9397 = ^ •

650 ’ 650 ’
Vy = 650(.9397) = 610.805 = 611.
Velocity of 222 mph east and 611 mph north, Ans.

cos 45° = ; .7071 = 1

Vy = 25(.7071) = 17.6775 = 18;

sin 45° =■ ; .7071 = ~ ; V^ = 25(.7071) = 18.

Velocity of 18 mph east and 18 mph north, Ans.

6. V, sin 45° =
15
; .7071 = V'V
15
V’y = 15(.7071) = 10.6065 = 11;
V, Vx Vx —*
cos 45° = 4f ; .7071 = 44 ; Vx = 15(.7071) = 11.
15 15
Velocity of 11 mph west and 11 mph south, Ans.

Vx Vx
B 7. cos 30° = jj ; .8660 = ~ ;

Vx = 17(.8660) = 14.722 = 14.7;

Vu Vu —*
sin 30° = ; .5000 = ; V'y = 1705000) = 8.5.
P(14.7, 8.5), Ans.

Vx Vx
8. cos 45° =
6
; .7071 = 44 ;
6
Vx = 607071) = 4.2426 = 4.2;
V'r sin 45° = ^-,.7071 =

Vy = 6(.7071) = 4.2426 = 4.2.

P(4.2, 4.2), Ans.

cos 4° = ; .9976 = ; Vx = 10(.9976) = 9.976 = 10.0;

sin 4° = -^ ; .0698 = ^ ■ Vy = 1000698) = .698 = .7.

P(10.0, .7), Ans.
Key to Chapter 14, pages 513-514 199

10 . cos 86° =
o
; .0698 =
8
Vx = 8(.0698) .5584 = .6;

sin 86° -
= n• 9976 Y!l
8 ’ 8
V'y = 8 (.9976) 7.9808 = 8.0.
P(.6, 8.0), Ans.

11. XR = 4 + 5 = 9; Yb = 3 + 6 = 9; (9, 9) 12. XR 7 + 9 = 16; Yr = 8 + 4 = 12; (16, 12)

13. XR = 10 + 3 = 13; Yr = -7 + 5 = -2; (13, -2)
14. X/j = —3 + 4=1; Yr = 1 ~t~ 8 = 9; (1, 9)

Page 514 • PROBLEMS

A 1. cos 37° = ^ ; .7986 = ^ ; 2. cos 55° = ^ ; .5736 = ^ ; 3. cos 35° = ; .8192 = ~ ,

15 ’ 15
x = 35.937 = 36 lb, Ans. X = 17.208 = 17 lb, Ans. x = 12.288 = 12 lb, Ans.
x x
4. sin 60° X ;, .8660 = 15Q
15Q * , 5. cos 20° ; .9397 =
1200 ’ 1200 ’

x = 150(.8660) = 129.900 = 130 lb, Ans. x = 1127.64 = 11281b, Ans.

x _ . x
.
6 cos 52° = ; .6157 =
oUU
; x = 307.85 = 308 lb, Ans.
oUU

7. Let w = horizontal force of wind, and let r = resultant force (pull on rope).

tan 35° = ; .7002 = 3000 ;w = = 4284.4 = 42841b;

w w .7002
3000 3000 3000
sin 35° = ; .5736 = r = = 5230.1 = 52301b. 42841b, 52301b, Ans.
.5736

B 8 . From point 0, draw OW representing 125 lb, and lines repre¬

W' senting ropes at angles of 45° to the horizontal. Draw OW'
equal to OW, and lines through W' at angles of 45° from the
horizontal. Connect M and N. Let t = tension in rope.
62.5 62.5
sin 45° = .7071 =
t t
62.5
t = = 88.3 = 88 lb, Ans.
.7071

Let y represent the resultant force.

Then cos 30° = | 10; .8660 = ^ ;

y = 20(.8660) = 17.32 = 17 lb, Ans.

—» . y
10. Let y represent the resultant force. Then sin 67.5° = ^ 50;

since 67.5° = 68°, we have sin 68° = ; 100(.9272) = v\

y = 92.72 = 93 lb, Ans.
200 Key to Chapter 14, pages 514-517

ft sin 20° = ^ ; .3420 = ^ ; PQ = 17.1 = 17;

50 5U

cos 20° = ^ ; .9397 = ~; OQ = 46.985 = 47;

50 50
P'O' P'O'
sin 35° = J -5736 = ; P'Q' = 40.152 = 40;
70 70
. OQ'
cos 35° = °§c ; .8192 = ; OQ' = 57.344 = 57.
70 ’ 70
From ft(47, 17) and ft'(57, 40), we have
ft(47 + 57, 17 + 40) = ft(104, 57). Force of
approx. 104 lb horizontally and 57 lb vertically, Ans.

sin 10° ^ ; .1736 = ; PQ = 12.152 = 12;

ft
ft' cos 10° = ^; .9848 = ^ ; OQ = 68.936 = 69;
P'O' P'O'
sin 15° = ; .2588 = ; P'Q' = 18.116 = 18;
70 70
OO' OQ'
cos 15° = ; .9659 = ?Q ; OQ' = 67.613 = 68;

From ft(69, —12) and ft'(68, 18), we have

ft(69 + 68, -12 + 18) = ft(137, 6). Force of
approx. 137 lb horizontally and 6 lb vertically, Ans.

Pages 515-516 • CHAPTER TEST

1. False; if line 11 contains points ft, Q, ft and if line l2 contains points Q, ft, S, then by Axiom II, Zx = l2.
2. True if and only if point D coincides with point Q.
3. mZC + 25° + 40° = 180°; mZC + 65° = 180°; mZC = 115°
4. A ray 5. A line segment 6. A point 7. None of these
8 40
8. ; S(TM) = 680; TM = 85; LM = 85 - 17 = 68
17 TM
9. Let x — distance in ft of boat from cliff; tan 58° = -~r ; 1.60 = ; x = 150(1.60) = 240 ft, Ans.
150 150
10. Let y = vertical change in mi; sin 10 |; .174 = |; V = 2(.174) = .348; y = .3.

Let x =
— horizontal change in mi; cos 10° = ^ ; .985 = ^ ; x = 2(.985) = 1.97 = 2.0.
£ &
Vertical, approx. .3 mi; horizontal, approx. 2.0 mi, Ans.
11. Let x — height in ft of building and flagpole; tan 41° = -; .8693 = X
100 100 ’

x = 100(.8693) = 86.93 = 87; * - 75 = 12 ft, Ans.

12. Let r = magnitude of resultant; r2 = (90)2 + (135)2 = 26,325; r = V26,325 = V52 • 92 • 13 =
45\/l3 = 45(3.606) = 162.2 = 162 lb, Ans.
(135 135
Note: Ex. could also be done using tan x° = ; x = 56°; sin 56° = —— , yielding r = 161 lb
)
135
13. tan x° = 1.5; x = 56c
90
x x
14. sin 15° = ; .2588 = ~^;x = 37.526 = 38; cos 15° = V ; .9659 = ; y = 140.0555 = 140.
145 ' —' 145 ’ ~ ^ 145 140
Force of approx. 38 lb horizontally and 140 lb vertically, Ans.

Pages 516-5T8 • CHAPTER REVIEW

1. two different, three 2. C, Q, ft 3. * > 5 4. 180c 5. equal

x 52 n 52
6* 10 = l3J 13x = 520; x = 40; 12 = 13 5 13y = 624; V = 48’ 40, 48, Ans-
7. Yes; each has angles with measure 35°, 55°, 90°, respectively.

8’ ^ = t ; 5a' = 80; a' = 16 9- | l 3a' = 42; a' = 14

Key to Chapter 14, pages 517-522 201

a 28 ,
— -,a:b = 2:5 11. opposite, adjacent
,06 ' -

12. a,b 13. b, a

14. Let x + 5 = no. of ft in height of flagpole; tan 45° = ^ ; 1 = ^ ; x = 50; x + 5 = 55 ft, Ans.
50 '50
an ;

15. sin 28° = ~ ; .47 = ~ ; a = (1.3)(.47) = .611 = .6 in, Ans.

a
16. sin 35° — ; .57 = ; .57(DQ) = .6; DQ = ~ = 1.1 in, .4ns.
x y ;
17. Let x + y = PQ; cos 28° = ^ ; .88 = ~ ; x = (1.3)(.88) = 1.144 = 1.1 in; cos 35° =
.82 = yj ; y = (1.1)(.82) = .902 = .9; PQ = 1.1 + .9 = 2.0 in, Ans.
18. a, c 19. sin 15° .2588; sin 55° = .8192; .'. sin 55° is greater
20. .8192 21. .1736 22. .2309 23. 12°
24. 72° 25. 48° 26. 56°
cc cc
27. Let x = height in ft that wire reaches up pole; sin 55° = — ; .8192 = — ;
ZiO ZO
x = 25(.8192) = 20.48 = 20 ft, Ans.
40 40 40
28. Let c = length in ft of ladder; cos 50° = — ; .6428 = — ; .6428c = 40; c = - ^ = 62 ft, Ans.

31. R2 = (100)2 + (100)2 = 20,000;

R -- V20,000 = 100V2 = 100(1.414) =
141 lb; tan x° = = 1.0; x = 45°.
141 lb; 45°, Ans.
32. Let x° = bearing; tan x° = § = .4; x = 22°;

r2 = (2)2 + (5)2; r2 = 4 + 25 = 29;

r = \/29 = 5.4. Rate of approx. 5.4 mph at a
bearing of 22', Ans.
34. cos 55° = ~ ; .5736 = ^ ; x = 114.72 =

115; sin 55° = ; .8192 = 200 ’ ^ “

163.84 = 164. Force of approx. 115 lb hori¬
zontally and 164 lb vertically, Ans.

Page 522 EXTRA FOR EXPERTS

1. a. V64 • V—L = 8*; b. V27 • V11! = Si\/S) c. VH • V^l = %i) d. V^25 • \^-L - .5*
2. a. —5 — 2*; 5 — 2* b. —6 + 7*; 6 + 7*
c. 3 + V^T or 3 + *; —3 + V^T or —3 + i d. —7 — 3*; 7 — 3*
3. a. r + s = (3 + 7i) + (*) = 3 + Si; r — s — (3 + 7*’) — (*) — 3 + 6*;
-7 + 3*
r • s = (3 + 7*)(*) = 3* + 7(—1) = -7 + 3*; r + s = | 3*

b. r + s = (15 + *) + (1 — *) = 16 or 16 + Of; r — s = (15 + *) — (1 — *) = 14 + 2*;

r • s = (15 -f- *")(1 — *) = 15 — (—1) — 15* -j- * = 16 14*;
15 + i 15 + * 1 + * 14 + 16* _ n , ov
r4-s = --r = -z-r • —j—. = -5-— • -r °i
1 — l 1 — l l + l 4
c. r + s = (—i) -p (1 — 2t) = 1 — 31, r s — ( i) (1 2i) — 1 + f;
r • s = (—t)(l — 21) = —i + 2( 1) = 2 i)
—i —i 1 -j- 2 i _ 2 i_ 2 _
r * S = 1 — 2i = 1 — 2i' 1 + 2i — 5 _ 5 5
d. r + s = (i) -j- (—3 + 2i) = —3 + 3i\ r s = (i) ( 3 + 2i) = 3 i,
r • s = (i)(—3 + 2i) — —Si + 2( 1) = 2 Si)
i i —3 — 2i 2 — Si_ 2 S_ .
r * s = —3 + 2i = —3 + 2i * —3 — 2i ~ 13 13 13 Z
e. r + s = (9 — Si) + (7 + 6i) = 16 + Si) r — s = (9 - Si) — (7 + 6i) = 2 - 9i;
r- s = (9 — 3i)(7 + 6f) = 63 — 18(—1) + 54* — 21* = 81 + 33*;
202 Key to Chapters 14, 15, pages 522-526

9 — 3* 9 - 3* 7 - 6* 45 - 75i 45 75 . 9 15 .
7 + 6i 7 + 6* ' 7 — 6* " 85 " 85 85 1 17 17 1
i.r + s= (-3 - 5*) + (6 + *) = 3 — 4*; r — « = (-3 - 5 i) - (6 + t) = -9 - 6 *;
r- s = (-3 - 5*)(6 + *) = -18 - 5(-l) - 3* - 30* = -13 - 33*;
-3 - 5* -3 — 5* 6 — * —23 — 27* 23 27 .
r ’ S " 6 + * " 6 + * ' 6 - * ~ 37 " 37 371
4. a. *2 • * = — 1 • * = —*; b. i2 ■ i2 = (—1)(—1) = 1;
c. (-3 + 7t)(—3 + 7t) = 9 + 49(—1) - 2It - 21* = -40 - 42It;
d. x2 — y2{— 1) + xyi — xyi = x2 -f y2] e. 4 + 4*;
3 + 3* 8 — 6* 42 + 6* . 7 + 4* 2 + 3i 2 + 29i .
L 8 + 6i' 8 — 6i " 100 ; 2 - 3t ‘ 2 + 3z " 13 ’
42 + 6 i 13 2 + 29i 100 (546 + 78i) — (200 + 2900t) 346 — 2822* 173 1411 .
100 ' 13 13 100 " 1300 " 1300 " 650 650 1
g. (—*)[—3 + 2(—1) + i - 6i] - -*'(-5 - 51) = 5* + 5(-l) = -5 + 5*
3 — 9* 7 - 2* 3 - 69* . 8 + 3* 3 + 4i 12 + 41* . 3 — 9* 8 + 3*
7 + 2* ’ 7 - 2* " 53 5 3 - 4* ’ 3 + 4* " 25 ; 7 + 2* ' 3 - 4i
3 - 69* 12 + 41* (3 — 69*')(12 + 41*') 36 — 2829(—1) + 123* - 828*
53 ‘ 25 " (53) (25) " 1325
2865 - 705* 573 141 .
1325 " 265 265%
5. a. x2 = —25; x = ±V—25 = ±V25 • V— 1 = ±5*. (5*, —5*}
b. y1 -75; y = ±V^75 = ±V25 • 3 • V^l = ±5*V3. (5*'\/3, -5*V3}
-(-2) ± V(-2)2 - 4(1)(2) 2 ± 2 ± 2*
c. x =
2(1) 2 2
= 1 ± *'. {1 *, 1 — *}
(-4) ± V(-4)2 - 4(1)(13) 4 db V—36 _ 4 ± 6*
d. 2 = = 2 ± 3*. {2 + 3*, 2 - 3*}
2(1)

e. £ = (-6) ± _ 6 ± y=Ig _ 6 ± 1(K = 3 ± 5. {3 + 5i-3_5t}

2(1) 2 2
-(6) ± V62 - 4(1)(34) -6 ± V-100 -6 ± 10*
i.t = = —3 ± 5*. {-3 + 5*, —3 - 5*}
2(1)

CHAPTER 15. Comprehensive Review and Tests

Pages 525-526 PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS: STRUCTURE

1. Distrib. prop, for mult, with respect to subt. ^since -—-—- = %(4a -6)) or distrib. prop, for div.
with respect to subt. ^since ~ = [4a — 6] -r- 2^

2. Comm. prop, for add. 3. Meaning of subt. 4. Prop, of opposites 5. Mult. prop, of equality
6. Theorem: a product is zero if, and only if, at least one of the factors is zero.
7. Distrib. prop, for mult, with respect to subt. 8. Defn. of an exponent
9. Subt. prop, of equality 10. Meaning of div.
11. Order prop, of nos. 12. Closure prop, for add. 13. Defn. of subset
14. Defn. of opposite of zero; no other no. has this property
15. Defn. of multiple 16. Trans, prop, of inequality 17. Defn. of equiv. equations
18. F; {0, 2, 4, 6, . . .} is closed under addition but {0, 2, 4, 6} is not closed under addition.
19. T 20. F; graph shown is for —2 < x < — 1
21. F; it is an assumption 22. T 23. F; a could be >0 and b < 0
24. F; sin A = % 25. (25, E) 26. (26, B) or (26, C)
27. (27, D) 28. (28, A) 29. (29, F) 30. (30, C)
Key to Chapter 15, pages 527-528 203

Pages 527-528 - ALGEBRAIC REPRESENTATION

1. Average = a_j~ ™Ap ?

u

2. A = s2, p = 4s; s2 = 9n2; s = 3n; p = 12n, Ans.

3. Let c = length of diagonal; c2 = a2 + 52; c2 = n2 + 52; c = Vn* + 25, Ans.

4. 12 in = 1 ft; / ft - (t ft 3 in) = (12/ - 12* - 3) in, Ans.

5. Cost per article = — ; 25 -f- — = > Ans.

n n c
.
6 Let x — cost of 1 pencil; then c — nt + px; Vx — c — nt\ x = --— > Ans.

7. (a) m + .20m - 1.2m dollars; (b) m — .10m - .9m dollars

8. 12s < n < t 9. 49tt < A < 64tt 10. 3(3)(-l)2 = 3 • 3 • 1 = 9

11. _L2(/(r2\ =-T = -r/r = ^ = -8 12. 2(32) - 4(i) = 2(9) - 2 = 18 - 2 = 16

13. 5(3)(—1) - 2(i)3(-2)2 + 1 = -15 - 2(i)(4) + 1 = -15 - 1 + 1 = -15

14. V4(—2 - 0)2 - 6(3)(—1)(£) = V4(4) + (3)(3) = Vl6 + 9 = V25 = 5

15. 3 X (-2) - [2 (—1) ] + JX (-2) = -6 - (-2) - \ X (-2) = 3 i X (-2) = 6X (-2) = -12
16. 59. 17. 5.8 18. .1 19. 1. 20. 1.0 21. .4 22. 7.549 = 7.5 (7.6 from table)

23. VU = VfFH = IW7I • \/l0 = .1(8.426) (3.162) = .84(3.2) = 2.7

24. 3 ft : 2 yd = 1 yd : 2 yd = 1:2, Ans. 25. 3000 lb : 4^ tons = § tons : § tons =1:3, Ans.,

26. 2 weeks : 26 days = 14 days : 26 days = 7 : 13, Ans.

27. (1 in)3 : (3 in)3 = l3 : 33 = 1 : 27, Ans.

28. Area of rectangle less areas of two triangles: (2)(6) — J(l)(2) — ^(1)(1) = 12 — 1 — \ —
10.5 sq ft = 1512.0 sq in, Ans.

29. ^ = ^ ; 6(EF) = 84; EF = 14, Ans.

ion nn An AC1
30. sin 40° = ^ ; .643 = ^ ; BC = 12(.643) = 7.716 = 7.7; cos 40° = ; .766 = 5

AC = 12(.766) = 9.192 = 9.2. BC, 7.7; AC, 9.2, Ans.

Pages 528-529 • FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS AND FACTORING

1. 5a + 10 — 3a - 12 = 2a - 2 = 2 (a - 1) 2. 2m2n(3m3n) — 2m2n(5n2) = 6m5n2 — 10m2n3

3. 6x2 — x — 2 4. a2 + 3a5 + 952

a — 35
5. 2a — b a3 + 3a26 + 9a52
- 3a2b - 9ab2 - 27b3
6. 1 — 8a + 16a2 a3 - 27b3

7. _x2 — 2x + 4 Q: x2 — 2x + 4
x + 2)x3 + 0 + 0 +8
x3 + 2x2

— 2x2
— 2x2 — 4x
4x + 8
4x A 8

~0
18ax3 6a2x2 3a3x
8. —Sax —3ax — 3ax
—6x2 + 2ax — a2
204 Key to Chapter 15, pages 528-529

9. _5t2 - 2f + 11 -26
Q: 512 - 2t + 11 +
t + 3)5f3 + 1312 + 5t + 7 t + 3
513 + 1512
— 2t2 + 51
— 212 — 61
lit + 7
Ilf + 33
— 26

.
10 8 — 8(i — 2[a 26 — 66 —|— 3] — 8 — 8a — 2a — 46 -j- 126 — 6 — —10a -l- 86 -)- 2
11. 3[14c + 2 - 3c] — 5[3c - 6] - 3 = 42c + 6 - 9c - 15c + 30 - 3 = 18c + 33
12 . 6a2 -f- 2ac — 3a6 — 6c
2(62 - 9)(3)(5) 2(6 - 3)(3)(6 + 3)(5) __ 5(6 + 3)
13.
2(3)(6)(6 - 3) 2(6 - 3)(3)(6) 6
2a3x5 964?/ _ 2a3x5 - 3 - 364 - 2/ 2a3x5 • 364 • 3 • y 3y
14.
1564 8a6x6 5 • 364 • 2a3x5 • 4a3x 2a3x5 • 364 • 5 • 4a3x 20a3x
(x + l)(x — 1) _ x + 1 14 2(a + 4)
15. 16.
(x — l)(x — 1) x — 1 (a + 4) (a — 7) a — 7
(3c -f l)(3c - 1) 6c2 + 2c _ (3c - l)(2)(c)(3c +1) (3c - l)(2)(c)(3c + 1)
17.
(3c + 1) 6c - 2 1 • 2(3c - 1) (3c - 1)(2)(1)
c(3c + 1)
= 3c^ + c
1
18. 3x2(1 — 7x) 19. (1 + 3a) (1 - 3a) 20. 2ttR(2R - H)
21 . (:y — 4) (2/ + 3) 22. (x - 5)2 23. P( 1 + RT)
24. (9x + l)(4x - 1) 25. (d + .2)(d - .2) 26. £6(61 + 62)
27. 2 (62 + 9) (6 + 3)(h - 3) 28. (n + 3)(n-3)(n + 4)(n-4) 29. 3r(6r - 5)(r + 6)
6a 5 6a + 5
30.
6(a + 1) + 6(a + 1) “ 6(a + 1)

31.
h2 h(h - 2) 62 - 62 + 2h 26
(6 + 2)(6 — 2) (6 + 2)(6 — 2) 62 — 4 62 - 4
.2
?/(2x + 3 y) x(2x — 4i/) 2 xy + 3?/2 — 2x2 + 4 xy 3 y2 + 6xt/ — 2x2
32.
y(x2y) x{xy2) x2y2 x2y2

3r(2r + 3s) 2s(7r + 5s) 6 r2 + 9rs — Mrs — 10s2 6r 5rs — 10s

33.
3r(4s) 2s(6r) 12rs 12rs
2x + 3 x 2x + 3 + (~l)(x)(x+ 1) 2x + 3 x2 — x 3 x x
34.
(x + 1)(x — 1)
+ (—l)(x — 1) " (x + l)(x — 1) (x + l)(x — 1) x-“
t — 1 f+1 t — 1 — t — 1 -2 2
35. or
t — 1 t — 1 f — 1 f — 1 1 — t
(a — 6) 1 a + 6 a — 6— l + a + 6 2a— 1
36.
(a + 6) (a — 6) (a + 6) (a — 6)
+ (a + 6) (a — 6) (a + 6) (a — 6) a-1 62

4 + n 4 + n
37.
(| + 2) 4 2n + 8 2(n + 4) ^

(c2 — i)4c 4c — c c(4c2 — 1) c(2c — l)(2c + 1) c(2c — 1)

38.
12c + 6 - 6 (2c + 1) 6(2c + 1) 6
(3 + l)4<;
(i -t^t) [fr + «(>■-1)1 (r + l)(r — 1) — (r — l)2 __ _
r — 1 r2 + 2r - 1 '2 .
39.
(r + l)(r — 1) — (r + l)2 r2 — 1 — r2 — 2r — 1
([ - (-zr])l(r + D(r -
2r — 2 2 (r — 1) 1 -
-2r - 2 —2(r +1) 1 + r
Key to Chapter 15, page 529 205

Page 529 • RADICALS

1. vT^~7 = 2V7 2. §V36a2 • 5 = § • 6aV5 = 4aV5

3. .1.2b8 = b8 4. 6x/1r# = f\/3 = 2\/3

'4 3
5. 2VFI = 2x/?f - fx/l4 = iVl4 6. 3 3
fV3
7. 3\/4(a2 + 52) = 3 • 2Va2 + b2 = 6Va2 + 62

3 V2 x/2 x/3 \/6 x/6

8. -^=~ = fV2 9.
V2 V2 2V3' x/3 “ 2-3 “ 6

20_10 V2
10 . J#\/2 = 5V2
2V2 V2 V2
3(V2 + 2) V2 + 2 V2_2 + 2V2 _ 2(1 + \/2) /s
11
' 3V2 ' V2 ‘V2 2 2
a V2a a\/2a x/2a
12 .
VTa V2a 2a
l(\/2 - 1) V2 - 1 x/2 \/2 - 1
13. = V2
(x/2 + 1)(V2 - 1) (V2)2 - l2 2 - 1 1
6(3 + VE) 6(3 + VE) _ 6(3 + VE) 6(3 + VE) 2 • 3(3 + VE) __ 3(3 + VE)
14.
2-2
(3 - VE)(3 + VE) 32 - (VE)2 9 “ 5 4

15. Vl6 • 2 - V4^2 = 4\/2 - 2V2 = 2\/2

16. 3\/25 • 2 — 4\/49 • 2 = 15V2 — 28V2 = —13\/2
17. 4v/9t3 + 3 — 2Vl6 • 3 = 12\/3 + 3 — 8x/3 = 3 + 4x/3
18. - 3V25 • 3 + V9^ = VE — 15a/3 + 3\/2 = 3x/2 - 14x/3
2 3.
15V6
19. 2V & * I — 3\/4 • 6 + 4x/^ 2
-
12 x/6 - 6x/6 + fx
2V-/6 - 4

20. loVf7! - fx/9^5 = 10 • fx/5 - I • 3x/5 = 4x/5 - 4x/5 = 0

21. Vl8 - 2V3 = 3x/2 - 2x/3

22. 12\/l2 — 8x/l8 = 12 • 2V3 — 8 • 3V2 = 24V3 — 24V2

23. 9x/4 — VE = 18 — 3 = 15 24. 12x/30 • f = 12V6 • 4 = 24x/6 25. 5.4

26. x/25^17 = 5VI7 = 5(4.123) = 20.615 = 20.6

27. Let a2 = 37.8

a = 6.1
37.8 -j- 6.1 = 6.196
2)12.296
a = 6.148
37.8 -r- 6.148 = 6.1483
x//3L8 = 6.1

V824 _ V4 • 206 = \/206 ^ 14.35 = 2 8? ± 2.9

28. =
10 10
To find V206:
Let a2 = 206
a = 14
206 - 14 = 14.71
2)28.71
a = 14.355
206 -5- 14.355 = 14.350
x/206 = 14.35
29. (2V3)3 - 2(2v/3)2 - 12(2>/3) + 24 = 8V27 - 8\/9 - 24a/3 + 24 = 24V3 - 24 - 24>/3 +'24 = 0
206 Key to Chapter 15, pages 529-530

+6 V6
30. (+6 + 1)(V6 - 1) = (\/6 + l)(+6 - l)(fc+6);
iVg +1 V6
(+6)2 - +6 - (V^)2 - V6 = ((+6)2 - l2)(fc+6); 6-v/6-6-V/6 = 5&+6;

-2+6 = 5A;+6; A: = ; k — —f. {-§}

5+6
31. 1007V = 139.3939 32. 107V = 5.77
7V = 1.3939 AT = .57
5.2 _ 52 _ 2_6
997V = 138.0000; TV = ^ = §§ 97V = 5.20; TV = — 90 — 45

Pages 530-531 • EQUATIONS

1. -2a = -18; a = 9. {9} 2. 2c = 6c - 3; -4c = -3; c = f. {£}

3. L.C.D. = 12; 4(2/) + 3(3/) + 2(17) = 0; 8/ + 9/ + 34 = 0; 17/ = -34;/ = -2. {-2}
4. L.C.D. = 6; 3<7 - 2(g + 2) = 6; 3g - 2g - 4 = 6; g = 10. {10}
5. L.C.D. = 6p; 3 — 1 = 3p; 3p = 2; p = f. {§}
.
6 Sd + 4 - 4c* + 2 = 0; 4<* = -6; d = —f {—§}
7. L.C.D. = 3(2* + 3); 6 + 6(2* + 3) = 10(2* + 3); 6 + 12* + 18 = 20* + 30; 24 + 12* =
20* + 30; -8* = 6; < = -f. {-|}
8 . 2[6fc + 3 - k + 3] = 5 - 6fc + 15; 12fc + 6 - 2k + 6 = 20 - 0k) 10k + 12 = 20 - 6k;
16k = 8;k = %. {£}

9. 3(i'-"i) - 1 = +TJ • LCD- = 3(2” - 1); 1 - » - 2(2» - 1) = 3; 1 - V - iv + 2 = 3;

-52; = 0; v = 0. {0}
10. L.C.D. = (m> — 5) (it? + 5); 10 + w(w + 5) = (30 + w)(w — 5); 10 + w2 + 5w — 30 w — 150 +
w2 — 5w;—20w — —160; w = 8. {8}

11. 2Y=r\ - 27^1 = 3; 2y + 5 = 3(2y - 1); 2y + 5 = 6y - 3; -4t/ = -8; y = 2. {2}

12 . L.C.D. = (x + 3)(3 - x); 6(3 - x) + 2(x + 3) = 0; 18 - 6x + 2x + 6 = 0; -4® = -24;

x = 6. {6}

13. jrr-j + = 0; -1 + c + 1 = 0; c = 0. {0}

14. 4.8x - 9.6 - 2.7® -3 = 0; 2.1® = 12.6; 21® = 126; ® = 6. {6}

36
15. ax = 3b; x =
a
16. mx + nx = m2 — n2; x(m + n) = (m + n)(m — n); x = m — n. {m — n}
mn t mn y
17. 2mx — 2nx = mn; x(2m 2n) = mn; ® =
2m — 2n 12m
12 m — 2nj
,2
18. ®- - 16®"+ 64 = 0; (® — 8)2 = 0; ® - 8 = 0; ® = 8. {8}
19. x2 = 25; x = =t+25 = ±5. {5, -5}
20. - 3) = 0; h = 0 or h — 3 = 0; h = 0 or h = 3. (0, 3}

„ , -(-9) ± V(—9)2 - 4(3)(1) , 9 ± V69 . 9 ± 8.307

2(3) ’ 6 6
17.307 .693
= 2.88 = 2.9 or * = = .11 = .1. (2.9, .1}

22. y/2y = 8; 2y = 64; y = 32. {32}

23. 9x2 — 1 = 9x2; —1 = 0. 0 24. s + 2 = s + 2. {real nos.}

25. Vll® + 20 = 2 - x; 11® + 20 = 4 - 4x + x2; x2 - 15® - 16 = 0; (x - 16)(® + 1) = 0;

x — 16 = 0 or x + 1 = 0; x = 16 or x = —1
Check: +11(16) + 20 = 2 — 16; 14 ^ —14
Vll(-l) +20 = 2 - (-1); 3 = 3. {-1}
Key to Chapter 15, pages 530-531 207

26. 3x — 3y = 3
3x — 2?y = 0
— y = 3; y = —3; x — ( — 3) = 1; X + 3 = 1; x = —2. {(—2, —3)}

27. 8x — 4y = —24
6a; + 4?/ = 3
14® = -21; ® = 2( §) - y = -6; -3 - y = -6; y = 3. {(-*, 3)}

28. 10< + u = 8£ + 8w + 7; 2t - 7u = 7; 21. - 7(< - 6) = 7; 2« - 7t -f 42 = 7; — 5f = -35;

t = 7; w = 7 - 6 = 1. {(7, 1)}

29. m + 6w = —30
m — 20w =
__
152 JYl JY)

26n = -182; n = -7; - +3(-7) - -15; - = 6; m = 12. {(12, -7)}

30. 6r + 4s= 190

6 r + 15s = 465
- 11s = -275; s = 25; .3r + .2(25) = 9.5; .3r = 4.5; r = 15. {(15, 25)}

in. 32. 33.

34. k(4) - 3(—3) = 1; 4/c + 9 = 1; 4k= -8; k = -2, Aws.

35. 2(—2) + 3fc(3) = k; — 4 + 9fc = fc; 8fc = 4; fc = £, Aws.

36. 2a: - 3(0) = 6; 2a: = 6; x = 3, Aws. 37. 4(0) - 3y = 12; 3y = -12; y = -4, Ans.

38. y = —4x + b; \ = —4(5) + 5; \ = —20 + 5; & = 20£; y = —4a: + 20£ or 2y = -8a: + 41;
8a: + 2y — 41 = 0, Aws.
39. y = fa; + 6; -6 = f(-l) + 6; -6 = -| + 6; b = —f; 2/ = -fa: - f or 2y = 3x - 9;
3a: — 2y — 9 = 0, Aws.
40. —y = —3a: + 2; y = 3a: - 2; y = 3a: + 6; 4 = 3(2) + b; 4 = 6 + 6; & = -2; y = 3a; - 2;
3a; — ?/ — 2 = 0, Aws.
41. 3y= —2x + 3\y = —|x+l;y= —§x + b;y= —§x + 3or3y= —2x + 9;2x + 3y — 9 = 0, Aws.

42. m = 2 , = —6; y = —6a; + 6; 10 = —6(—1) + 6; 10 — 6 + b; b■>— 4;

1 — ( 1) 2
y = —6a; + 4; 6x + y — 4 = 0, Aws.

43. m = = f±^ = f; v = ¥* + &; 6 = ¥(D + &; & = -i;

y = - % or 2y = 15x - 3; 15a; - 2y - 3 = 0, Aws.

.
44 fcy = —6 a; + &;?/ = — |x+l; — ^=2; 6 = 2/c; /c = 3, Aws.
208 Key to Chapter 15, page 531

Pages 531-532 • FUNCTIONS AND VARIATION

1. s =
2g
2. 9R = 4(F - 32); 9F = 4F - 128; 4F = 9F + 128; F = 9R 128 or F = fR + 32
9A 9A
3. v2 = 2gh] h = Yg 4. 2A = h(B + 6); B + b = ; B = - 6

5. As a; increases by 1, y increases by 1; y is 1 less or m = f = y; m — 1

than x) so y — x — 1 0 = 1(1) + b) b = -1
y = x — 1
6. As x increases by 1, y increases by 3; y is 2 or m — ^ — f; m — 3
more than 3x; so y — 3x + 2 5 = 3(1) + 6; 6 = 2
2/ = 3x + 2
7. As x increases by 1, y increases by 2; y is 1 or m = Y = f = x;m=2
less than 2x; so y = 2x — 1 1 = 2(1) + 6; 6 = -1
y = 2x — 1

8. As n increases by 1, c increases by 5; c is 3 or Let x = n, and let ?/ = c

less than 5n; so c = 5n — 3 m = x — J^'=i-;?ra=5
2 = 5(1) + 6; b = -3
y — 5x — 3; c — 5n — 3

9. As t increases by 1, s increases by \\ s is 2 or Let 2 = x, and let s = y

less than so s = %t — 2 or 2s = t — 4 m \ \ \
0 = i(4)+&;b= -2
y = \x — 2; s = \t — 2

-3 -3 -6
10. As rr increases by 1, y decreases by 3; y is 4 or m, ; m = —3
1 1 2
more than —3x; so y — —3x + 4
1 = -3(1) + 6; 6 = 4
y = —3x + 4

Domain = {real nos. greater than 0 and less than or equal to 4f}

12. S = 2wh -f- 2lh — 2a6 — cd

Key to Chapter 15, pages 531-532 209

. 4 22 7 7 7 11 • 7 • 7 539
13. 7
3' 7 ’ 2 ' 2'2 3 3
;v — 179f, Ans,

Xi - E2 n2 n± cid2 n s2 d_2
14. 15. — 16. 17. f} - Al 18 19
V\ V2 m2 n2 n2 c2di h\bi h2b2 ' r2 si Bx B2
k
20. h == kt or y = k 21. VP = k or 7 =
L ~ P
k A
22. xy = k or x = 23. A = ks2 or = k
y s2
90 90(18) 10(2)
24. fi_ — h. . 81 ; 81w2 = 90(18) ; w2 = 20, Ans.
W\ w2' 5 18 : u>2 81 1
Si _ S2 . 64 100 P 100 = -45-; t2 = f, Ans.
25. /2 : ; 64(1 == 400; 12 64 -
t2l l2 ’ 22 t2
L2
Xi Xi _ x2 . 6
- y± — £i ; * i»2 = Z2Zl or —
26. = — 5 6z2 = 72; z2 12, Ans.
X2 V2 22 Zl Z2 9 2-2
r_i — ^ •. 6 4
27. 4 ; 9*2 = 4; s2 = 9) Ans.
r2 si :’ 9 _ 3

Fi dl 28 92 . 28(36) 28(4) 112

28. ; 8i72 -= 28(36);:F2 = 12f, Ans.
F2 " d\ ;f2 62 : 81 ” 9 9

Lx R2 6 420 D 1yl,.on. D 14(420) 14(70) AOA ,

29= —— ; 6.R1 = 14(420); Ri = —-— = —j—- = 980 rpm, Ans.

™ Tx R2 46 600 „0/flAAN D 48(600) 24(600) 14,400 POA 2

30‘ T2 = -Rl ’ 48 = ; 46J?1 = 48(60°); Ri = 46 : 23 = ~ 23 ~ = 626^> rpm’ AnS:

7j_ = 3 = T2 3-7-20 7-5 35

31. ; 6 • 32 • 72 = 3 • 7 ■ 20; T2 = = 2^ hr, Ans.
diZi d2l2 ’6-32 7-20 6 • 32 2-8 16

32. a. ^ = — ; 4m = 4.6n; m = ^ n = 1.15n = /bn; k = 1.15, Ans.

4 n ’4
, , OA_ , 207 20,700 1CA , . .
b. m = 1.15n; 207 = 1.15n; n = 7-77 = 1\ c = 180 naut. mi, Ans.
1.15 115

Page 532 • INEQUALITIES

1. —4t> > -12; Av < 12; v < 3

4
-5 0

2. 5 < 2n - 3 and 2n 3 < n + 2 1 d

-
* 11 11 1 N
— 0
_,

8 < 2n and n < 5 ._F

4 < 2n and n < 5

4 < n < 5

3. 2Z + 7 > 3 or -(21 + 7) > 3

2/ > -4 or 2t + 7 < -3
-5 0
Z > —2 or 2Z < -10
Z > —2 or t < —5

4. 2k — 5 > 5 or — (2fc - 5) > 5

2k > 10 or 2/c - 5 < -5 -1
4-4
0
k > 5 or 2k < 0
k > 5 or k < 0

5. x2 + 2x - 3 > 0; (x + 3)(x - 1) >-1

x d- 3 > 0 and x — 1 > 0 or x + 3 < 0 and x - 1 < 0
x > —3 and x > 1 or x < —3 and x < 1
x > 1 or x < —3

-5 0 5
210 Key to Chapter 15, pages 532-533

Pages 532-535 • PROBLEMS

1. I + s = 100; l = 3s + 4; 3s + 4 + s = 100; 4s = 96; s = 24; l = 76, Ans.

• 4r 4- 4 1
.
2 Let 4x and 5x — the original nos.; ^ __ = — ; 14 (4x + 4) = 13(5x — 4);
56x + 56 = 65x — 52; —9x = —408; x — 12; Ax = 48, 5x = 60, Ans.

3. c2 = a2 + b2; a = re; 5 = x + 2; c = re + 4; (re + 4)2 = x2 + (x + 2)2;

x2 + 8x + 16 = x2 + x2 + 4x + 4; x2 — 4x — 12 = 0; (x + 2)(x — 6) = 0; x + 2 = 0 or
x — 6 = 0; x = —2 (reject); x = 6; a = 6, b = 8, c = 10, Ans.

4. y + ^ = 2; L.C.D. = 3x; 3 + 1 = 6x; 6x = 4; x = f, 3x = 2, Ans.

5. Let x = smaller no.; 38 — x — larger no.;

OQ /y. O

—-— = 34— ; 38 — x = 3x + 2; —4x = —36; x = 9, 38 — x = 2.9, Ans.

6. |; 5n + 35 = 4d + 28; 5n - 4d = -7

= | ; 3n - 21 = 2d - 14; 3n - 2d = 7
a — 7 3
5n — 4d = —7
6n — 4d — 14
—n = —21; n = 21

3(21) - 2d = 7; -2d = -56; d = 28; ^ ^ , Ans.

Ct Zo
7. Let x = Ethelynn’s age; then 3x = Dan’s age;
3x + 4 = 2(x + 4); 3x + 4 = 2x + 8; x = 4 yr, 3x = 12 yr, Ans.

8. Let w = width of walk; then 30 — 2w = width of garden, and 36 — 2w = length of garden;

(36 - 2w)(30 - 2w) = 720; 1080 — 132u> + 4w2 = 720; 4w2 — 132w + 360 = 0;
w2 — 33w + 90 = 0; (w — 30)(w — 3) = 0; w — 30 = 0 or w — 3 = 0; w — 30 (reject);
w = 3 ft, Ans.

9. Let x = size of second angle; ^ = size of third angle; ^ — 7 = size of smallest angle;
Z o
i 3x .3/ to 1 «« 63/ | 93/ | 2X i nto 1 to n ^ n /- 4 \
# -|—-—h — — 7 = 180;-g-= 187; 17x = 6(18/); x = 6(11) = 66;

§-7 = 22-7 = 15°, Ans.

O

10. (180 - x) = 3(90 - x) - 10; 180 - x = 270 — 3x - 10; 2x = 80; x = 40°, Ans.

11. I? = A ; 6/i = 150; h = 25 ft, Ans.

6 15
30 12
12. Vl = 8 + 10 + 12 = 30; ^ = — ; 12p2 = 1620; p2 = 135, Ans.
6 x 245 96
13. y = ; 7x = 6(140); x = 120 lb, Ans. 14. = — ; 245x = 9600; x = 39.2 grams, Ans.
Key to Chapter 15, pages 533-534
211

15. 10 = ^ l) l = ifa - 18-

4) l = 18 ft 9 in, Ans.
_ no = 133
10 = v- W)W = 4> W = 13 ft 9 in, Ans.

16- yjjjj = ^ ; 100x = 4800; x = 48, Ans.

17 ^ . 1^ 1AA .
17* 2 • g 100 , xy. 2
; 5x = —t~ I * = 75 ft, Ans.

18. Let r — rate of local; then r -f- 18 = rate of express;

fr + §(r + 18) = 205; 5r + 5r + 90 = 410; lOr = 320; r — 32 mph, r -+- 18 = 50 mph, Ans.

To 86 ~ 1 > k.C.D. = 36; 3d + d = 36; 4d = 36; d = 9 mi, Ans.

d d d d
20. 5 + 1 + 5 - 1
3; 12 — 12 [3]; 2d -f- 3d = 36; 5d — 36; d — 7£ mi, Ans.
6 + 4
21. Let x = Carl’s rate; x + 3 = Mark’s rate;
l(x) + l(x + 3) = 15; 2x — 12; x = 6 mph, x + 3 = 9 mph, Ans.
22. .05x + .035y = 65; 50x + 35y = 65,000; lOx + 7y= 13,000
•035x + .05y = 71; 35a; + 50y = 71,000; 7x + 10?/ = 14,200
100a; + 70 y = 130,000
49a; + 70 y = 99,400
51a; = 30,600; x = $600, at 5%
10(600) + 7y = 13,000; 7y = 7000; y = $1000, at 3*%
23. One Day’s Fruit Sales 24. A Budget

Scale: 4 in = 4 lb

25. Let x = price per yd of silk; y = price per yd of cotton;

2a; + Sy = 8.30. 4x + 16?/ = 16.60
3 x + i£y = 7.85’ 9x + 16y = 23.55
—5x = -6.95; x = $1.39
2(1.39) + 8y = 8.30; 8y — 5.52; y — $.69. Silk, $1.39/yd, cotton, $.69/yd, Ans.
26. ,07x + .02(1000 — x) = 32; ,07x + 20 - .02x = 32; ,05x = 12; 5x = 1200;
x = $240, 1000 — x = $760, Ans.
27. x(44) + 10(80) = (10 + x)59; 44x + 800 = 590 + 59x; 15x = 210; x = 14 lb, Ans.
28. Let x = no. of quarters; then 52 — x = no. of dimes;
25x + 10(52 — x) = 1000; 15x = 480; x = 32; 52 — x = 20. 32 quarters, 20 dimes, Ans.
29. .8(12) = .6(12 + x); 9.6 = 7.2 + .6x; .6x = 2.4; x = 4 milliliters, Ans.
30. .05(85) + x = .15(85 + x); 4.25 + x = 12.75 + .15x; .85x = 8.50; x = 10 pt, Ans.
31. u = t — 6; 10* + u = 9(t + u) — 1; t — 8u = —1; t — 8(t — 6) = —1; —71 = -49; t = 7;
u — 7 — 6 = 1; 10£ A u = 71, Ans.
32. x(tX2) + x(-j^) = 1; 3x + 2x = 36; 5x = 36; x = 7^ hr or 7 hr 12 min, Ans.

96 96 o
33.-f- 4 = -— ; 96(n — 2) + 4n(n — 2) = 96w; 96w — 192 + 4w2 — 8n = 9Qn;
n n — 2
n2 — 2n — 48 = 0; (n + 6)(n — 8) = 0; n + 6 = 0 or n — 8 = 0; n = —6 (reject); n = 8, Ans.
212 Key to Chapter 15, pages 534-535

34. - -f lAA + *_±i = 29; 6x + 4(x + 2) + 3(x + 4) = 24(29); 6x + 4z + 8 + 3x + 12 = 696;

4 6 8
13x = 676; x = 52, x -+- 2 = 54, x -p 4 = 56, .4ns.
35. Let c = length of diagonal of base; d — length of diagonal of cube; c2 = s2 -p s2; d2 = c2 -p s2;
d2 = 3s2; d2 = 3 • 42; d = V^i2 = 4V3 = 4(1.732) = 6.928 = 6.9 in, Ans.

720 720
36. — + 1 = —~~Tr\ 5 720(n - 10) + n(n 10) = 720n; n2 — lOn - 7200 = 0;
n n — 10
(n + 80)(n — 90) = 0; n d~ 80 = 0 or n 90 = 0; n = —80 (reject); n = 90, ^4ns.
37. Record of Day’s Temperatures 38. t = u — 2; 3i2 + t + u = 10* + u;
312 - 9t = 0; t2 - 3t = 0; t(t — 3) = 0; t = 0
or t — 3 = 0; t = 0 (reject) or £ = 3; 3 = w — 2;
n = 5; lOi -p u = 35, 41ns.

39. ft=n;£ = /i + w+ l;
lOO/i -p 10£ -p n = 28 (ft -p ^ d- n);
72ft - 18< - 27u = 0;
72ft - 18(ft + u + 1) - 27n = 0;
54ft - 45n — 18 = 0; 6ft - 5u - 2 = 0;
Gu — 5u — 2 = 0; n = 2; ft = 2) t = 5;
100*. dP lOi d- u = 252, Ans.

-A.M-4*-P.M.

40. Let x = no. of degrees in zlB] 2x -p 20 = no. of degrees in Z.A;

2x + 20 -P x < 179; 3x < 159; x < 53; 2x + 20 < 126. 126°, Ans.
41. W < l < ^5 16 ft < l < 20 ft, Ans.

42. Let x — no. of hr for apprentice to do job alone; 6

. 6 . 12 . , 10 _
— 1; x^~ ~x ~ 1; 6 + 12 — x’

x — 18; ^ = 9 hr; 6 = 1; - + — = 1; 6 -P 18 = x; x = 24; § = 8 hr

Zi xx 3

It takes master more than 8 but at most 9 hr to do job alone.

Pages 535-536 INDIRECT MEASUREMENT: VECTORS

1. .7547 2. 3.7321 3. .8572 4. 56° 5. 50° 6. 7T .

7 Y2 — .4167; 23c

8. sin A = - ; A = 52°, a = CB, c = AB = 100; sin 52° - ; .7880 = ; a = 78.80;

c 100 100
CB = 78.8, Ans.

9. cos A = - ; A = 27°, b = AC, c = AB = 100; cos 27° = ; .8910 = ~ ; b = 89.10;

c 100 100
AC = 89.1, Ans.

10. tan A = |; a = CB = 4, b = AC = 5; tan A = f = .8; A = 39°, Ans.

11. a. Let AB = x -f y, tan 39° = — ; .8098 = — ; x = —^ = 12.3 = 12 in; tan 73° = — ;

x x .8098 y
3.2709 = y ; y = = 3.0 = 3 in; AB = 15 in, Ans.

b. A = %bh; A = ^(15)(10) = 75 sq in, Ans.

c. sin 39° = ^ ; .6293 = i AC = = 15.8 in; sin 73° = ~ ; .9563 = ^ ;

10
BC = = 10.4 in; P = AB + AC + BC = 15.3 + 15.8 + 10.4 = 42 in, Ans.
.9563
Key to Chapter 15, pages 535-537 213

750
12. tan x = = .1744; x = 10°, Arts.

13. sin 52° = ~ ; .7880 = ~ ; h = 479.8 = 480 ft, Ans.

14. c = 24 ft, b = 8 ft; cos A = - = ^ ; cos A = .3333; A = 71°, Ans.

15. sin 52° = ^ ; .7880 = - ; c = = 25.3 = 25 in, Ans.

1A + oo 120 . 120 , . 120

16. tan8 ; .1405 - -g-; 6 - = 854.0 = 854 ft, Ans.

17. r2 = (150)2 + (180)2 - 54,900; r = V54,900 = VlO2 • 32 • 61 = 30\/6l = 30(7.81) = 234.3

234 lb; tan x° = = f = .8333; x = 40°, Ans.
18. t2 + (3t)2 = (50)2; 10t2 = 2500; t2 = 250; t = V250 = 5\/l0 = 5(3.162) = 15.81 = 16 lb;
St = 48 lb, Ans.
w w
19. sin 4° ; .0698 = ; w = 25.8 = 26 knots, Ans.
370 ’ 370
20. r2 — 52 + 122 = 169; r = 13 mph; cos a;0 = ^ = .3846; * = 67°; 90° + 67° = 157°.
157° SE at 13 mph, Ans.

Pages 536-537 • TRUE-FALSE TEST

1. T. (x — l)2 = (x — l)(x — 1); a:2 — 1 = (x + l)(z — 1)

2. T. m (?-=V) = x _ y. m (* _ M.) = m (*) _ m ( V) x y
\ m / \m m) \mj \m/
a —1 —a -a
3. T. 4. F. a6m -h a6m = ad a0 or 1
m — n —1 —m n n — m
2x — y _ 2x y _ x y _ x V_ = £ _ M_
5. F. —
2m 2m 2m m 2m ’ m m m
.
6 F. (a + 6)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 7 F 2m ’ 2n = 2m"^n
a"
8. F. 1 9. T, by defn.
a"

10. F, it may have no real roots. 11. F. 3(4) — (—6) = 12 + 6 = 18 9^ 6

12. F. 2a: + 2y = 6 reduces to x + y — 3; graphs are parallel lines
13. T. 3(0) = 2(0); 2(0) = 3(0) 14. T. (2x) (2x) = 4 (a; • x)
15. F, the perimeter is doubled; 3(2s) = 2(3s)
16. F, the circumference becomes 4 times as long; 27r(4r) = 4(27rr)
17. T. For (90 — a;) to increase, x must decrease; as x decreases, (180 — x) increases

IQ rp .1 _ £
19. F. 30m = 6; m = & = .2
i-2n“ 6A’ 2 _ 6

20. T. m2 = (2VS)(SVS) = 18; m = Vl8 = S\/2

21. F, the set of rational fractions is everywhere dense. 22. T
23. T, the sum of any two sides of a triangle must exceed the third side.
24. T. (180 - x) - (90 - x) = 180 - x - 90 + x = 90
25. T. (90 — x) + (90 — y) = 180 — x — y — third angle

26. F. ay = — x + b, y = — \x + \ ; slope = — \
a a ti
27. T. y = mx + bx and y = ma: + b2 are parallel.if bi ^ b2 and coincident if bi = b2.
28. T. y = mx + b and m = 2
AB , AB
29. F, total distance = 2AB] total time = -^r- + -gQ- ;

2AB 2AB 2AB(90) 3jB0AB nn

average rate = 5AB ~ dfa mph
-r
45 30 ~cuv~
90 oo
90
214 Key to Chapter 15, pages 537-539

m 1_ 1(a) _ a _
30. T, since ZA + Z5 = 90°, ZC = 90° 31. i. — _ _ a
- - (a)
a a
32. F. y — 3x + 1 would give (1, 4), (2, 7), and | Z f; true only if 6 = 0
33. T. (x — 3)(x— l) = 0;x — 3 = 0orx — l = 0;x = 3orx=l
34. F, it is an equation whose solution set is 0. 35. T
36. F. 1 + 1 = 2, not in set 37. F, {0, 1, 2, 3, ... , 40}
38. F, an irrational no. is expressed by a non-terminating, non-repeating decimal.
39. F, the distrib. prop, is not needed.
40. T, for any point (x, y) the distances from the two axes are the x and y coordinates.

Pages 538-539 COMPLETION TEST

1. p = 2(1 + w); 36 = 2(6 + w); w + 6 = 18; w = 12. 12, Ans.

—a
2. Let a = any number, — 1 = —-; —a + a = 0, Ans.
a
3. w = ksd2
4 _ df 5. m — 1, m -f- 1
H2 d?
6. 2(2) — 3y = 7; —3y — 3; y — —1. —1, Ans.
7. 2 + 3 + 5 - 10; 2 : 10 = * : 25; lOx = 50; x = 5 lb, Ans.
8. k = 5 — 6 = — 1, Ans. 9. |8| = 8
10. s2 = 28; s = V28 = 2>/7 = 2(2.646) = 5.292 = 5.3 in
11. 8(m + 7) = 12(3 — m); 8m + 56 = 36 — 12m; 20m = —20; m = —1, Ans.
12. (2V5 - 3)(2\/5 + 3) = (2\/5)2 - 9; 4 • 5 - 9 = 11, Ans.

3(82) + x
13. = 85; 246 + x = 340; x = 94%, Ans.

6V48
14. x%3 = 6\/48; x = = 6\/l6; x = 6 • 4 = 24, Ans.
V3
20 rh
15. Total distance = 20 + rh) total time = 4 + h; average rate = ——;—7— > Ans.
4+ h
16. decreases 17. increases 18. xy = 48; 12y = 48; y = 4, Ans.
16 x
19* 20 = 60 J = 16(60); x = 48 days, Ans.

20. Let c = diag. of rectangle = diam. of table; c2 = 42 + 72; c2 = 65; c = \/65 = 8.062; c = 8 ft, Ans.
21. The y-intercept is 0; 6 = 0, Ans. 22. a(2) = 3(0) — 4; 2a = —4; a = —2, Ans.

23 4^ + j£=i+j£=2--^-=l-^ = 4-^=2 Ans

23' 4x2 + 4x2 1 + 4x2 Z’ 4x2 1; x4 ~
X Z’ A

24. (4s)2 + s2 = (200)2; 17s2 = 40,000; s2 = ; c2 = s2 + s2; c2 = 2s2 = 2(40’000)

17 17
1166.2
c = aJ4Q,Q1Q7Q" 2 • = Wv/34 = ^(5.831) = = 68.6 cm, Ans.

25. -r < -2; r > 2. (2, 3}

26. (c - d)2 = c2 - 2cd + d2 = 49; c2 - 2(5) + d2 = 49; c2 + d2 = 59, Ans.

27. - = ! = —, 15r = 4«, 15s = 7<; 2r + s = 45, s = 45 - 2r; 15 (45 - 2r) = 7«, 675 - 30r = It,
4 7 15
675 - 2(15r) = 71; 675 - 2(4<) = It, 151 = 675, t = 45, Ans.

28. (h + k)2 = h2 + 2hk + fc2 = 20; ft2 + 2(1) + A:2 = 20; /i2 + A;2 = 18;
(h - k)2 = h2 - 2hk + k2 = (/i2 + A:2) - 2M = 18 - 2(1) = 16; h — k = y/lQ = 4, Ans.

29. V(j/2 — 2/1)2 + (a:2 — X1)2 = V82 + 62 = Vl00 = 10, Ans.

Key to Chapter 15, page 539 215

i_ 2 1 4
30. — 8 or mi = — m2 — ~ Jz’ ~ o ~ /c = 8, Ans.
4 ~ k}IC 2 k
31. i(-5) = -f; (-|)2 = Ans. 32. a:2 — 9 = (a; -f- 3)(a: — 3); (a; — 3), Ans.
33. a = 0 and MO 34. 10(W = 63.6363 35. function
N = .6363
99iV = 63
N = ft = tt, Ans.
36. A i = 7rrf; A 2 = 7r(2r,1)2; A2 = 47Tr? = 4Ai; 4, Ans. 37. y — 2x — 1
38. (AC)2 + l2 = 22; (AC)2 = 3; (AC) = x/3; AC:BC = V3:1, Ans.
__ x — 1 . , x — 1 ^ _
39. —^— > 4 and —-— < 6
x — 1 > 8 and x — 1 < 12
a: > 9 and x < 13 {10, 11, 12), Ans.
40. a;2 = 3; x = \/3; x3 = (\/3)3 = 3V3, Ans.
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