Unit 2

Cloud Computing Architecture

As we know, cloud computing technology is used by both small and large organizations to store
the information in cloud and access it from anywhere at anytime using the internet connection.

Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented architecture and event-

driven architecture.

Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -

o Front End

o Back End

The below diagram shows the architecture of cloud computing -

Front End: The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces and
applications that are required to access the cloud computing platforms. The front end includes
web servers (including Chrome, Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients, tablets, and
mobile devices.

Back End: The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources that are
required to provide cloud computing services. It includes a huge amount of data storage, security
mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers, traffic control mechanisms, etc.

Note: Both front end and back end are connected to others through a network,
generally using the internet connection.

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture: There are the following

components of cloud computing architecture -

1. Client Infrastructure: Client Infrastructure is a Front-end component. It provides GUI

(Graphical User Interface) to interact with the cloud.

2. Application: The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access.

3. Service: A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you access according to the
client’s requirement. Cloud computing offers the following three type of services:

 Software as a Service (SaaS) – It is also known as cloud application services. Mostly,

SaaS applications run directly through the web browser means we do not require to
download and install these applications. Some important example of SaaS is given below
Example: Google Apps, Salesforce Dropbox, Slack, HubSpot, Cisco WebEx.
 Platform as a Service (PaaS) – It is also known as cloud platform services. It is quite
similar to SaaS, but the difference is that PaaS provides a platform for software creation,
but using SaaS, we can access software over the internet without the need of any
platform. Example: Windows Azure, Force.com, Magento Commerce Cloud, OpenShift.
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – It is also known as cloud infrastructure services.
It is responsible for managing applications data, middleware, and runtime environments.
Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Cisco
Meta pod.

4. Runtime Cloud: Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the
virtual machines.

5. Storage: Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It provides a
huge amount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data.

6. Infrastructure: It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level.
Cloud infrastructure includes hardware and software components such as servers, storage,
network devices, virtualization software, and other storage resources that are needed to support
the cloud computing model.

7. Management: Management is used to manage components such as application, service,

runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other security issues in the backend and establish
coordination between them.

8. Security: Security is an in-built back-end component of cloud computing. It implements a

security mechanism in the back end.

9. Internet: The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can interact and
communicate with each other.

Benefits of Cloud Computing Architecture:

 Makes overall cloud computing system simpler.
 Improves data processing requirements.
 Helps in providing high security.
 Makes it more modularized.
 Results better disaster recovery.
 Gives good user accessibility.
 Reduces IT operating costs.

Cloud reference Model:

Cloud service models in term of hardware/software stack. One such representation called the
cloud reference model.

 At the bottom of the stack is the hardware or infrastructure the comprise the network.
 As you move upward in the stack, each service model inherits the capabilities of the
service model beneath it.
 IaaS has the least levels of integrated functionality and the lowest levels of integration,
and SaaS has the most.

IaaS is the most basic category of cloud computing service. With IaaS, we can rent IT
infrastructure servers. And VMM, storage and OS from cloud provider on a pay as you go basis.

PaaS provides an environment for building, testing and deploying software applications. The
goal of PaaS is to help create an application as quickly as possible without having a focus on
managing the underlying infrastructure.
SaaS is software that is centrally hosted and managed for the end customer. It allows users to
connect to and use cloud-based apps over the internet. Common example are Email, calendar,
and office tools such as Microsoft office 365. SaaS provides application and services on demand.
DATA-CENTER DESIGN AND INTERCONNECTION
NETWORKS

Data-Center Design
A data center is often built with a large number of servers through a huge interconnection
network. The design of large-scale data centers and small modular data centers that can be
housed in a 40-ft truck container.

Warehouse-Scale Data-Center Design a data center that is as large as a shopping mall (11 times
the size of a football field) under one roof. Such a data center can house 400,000 to 1 million
servers. A small data center could have 1,000 servers. The approximate monthly cost to operate a
huge 400-server data center is estimated by network cost $13/Mbps; storage cost $0.4/GB; and
administration costs.

 A Google search or a YouTube video, a connected devices and hundreds of Google

cloud services all gives you response in a fraction of a second.
 But what really happen when you click on search request and OK Google, your
message travels over the public internet and Google’s global fiber network. Millions
of these requests, or packets of data, travel through miles of cable over land and under
the sea, converging at one of the many data centers we operate all over the world. But
besides delivering quick result back to you what exactly is a data center?
 A data center is a building with powerful computers used to run a company
service.
 Its where information is processed and made available, data managed and
stored. Data is disseminated across this computers and network infrastructure
is installed to support web applications, databases, virtual machines and more.
 Often organizations start with their own modest buildings made up of a new
server rack, which requires maintaining these systems, paying for cooling.
And handling increasing demand. So many companies of multiple building.
 10000 of servers, process big data, support cloud computing, and server
billion of users for services like chrome, maps, Gmail, search and google
cloud.

Data centre design serves as they key design phase of data centre development, where system
architects create a documented and diagrammatic, logical view of a data centre. It is typically an
extensive process that covers all of a data centre’s essential computational and non-
computational parameters. The computing aspect of data centre design may incorporate any of
the following:
  Number and type of required servers
 Network layout and equipment
 Enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM), data
centre management or any other required software

Similarly, data centre design's non-computing aspect includes but is not limited to the following:

 Physical facility that houses all equipment

 Data centre power, cooling and ventilation systems
 Physical data centre security, disaster recovery and business continuity planning.

Data center Interconnection Networks: A critical core design of a data center is the
interconnection network among all servers in the data center cluster. This network design
must meet five special requirements, low latency high bandwidth, low cost, message passing
interface (MPI) communication support, and fault tolerance.

Data center is a facility used to house computer systems and associated components such as
telecommunication and storage systems.

It generally includes overlapping of backup power supplies overlapping data communication

connection environment controls. For example, a air conditioning fire separation and various
security devices, large data centers are industrial scale operations using as much electricity as
a small town.
Different Layers of cloud:
Cloud architecture is not as simple as it first seems. Cloud is the outcome of several layers of
cloud architecture intelligently placed over one another. Before we move towards the various
layers, take a look at the more general picture of cloud layers below -
Hardware Layer: This bottoms most layer of cloud architecture, the hardware layer, primarily
deals with all the hardware powering clouds. The hardware includes but is not restricted to
routers, servers, switches, power and cooling systems.
Infrastructure Layer: Also called the virtualization layer, the infrastructure layer is where all
the servers are pooled together into one.
Platform Layer: The platform layer comprises the operating system and other requisition
structures and is based over the infrastructure layer.
Application Layer: As the name suggests, the application layer - the topmost layer - contains
applications that directly interact with the end-user.
Types of cloud:
cloud computing takes the technology, services, and applications that are similar to those on the
internet and turn into a self-service utility. The use of word ‘cloud’ make reference to two
essential concepts:
 Abstraction
 Virtualization
ABSTRACTION: cloud computing abstracts the details of system implementation from users
and developer.
VIRTUALIZATION: cloud computing virtualizes systems by pooling and sharing resources.

There are two types of cloud: Deployment Models and Service Models.

Cloud Types

Deployment
Models Service Models

1. Deployment Models: deployment models refer to the location and management of

the cloud infrastructure. According to the organization’s needs there are the following 4
types of Different types of cloud computing deployment models. they are:

o Public Cloud
o Private Cloud
o Hybrid Cloud
o Community Cloud
 Types of Deployment
models

Public Private Hybrid Communit

Cloud Cloud Cloud y Cloud

Public Cloud: Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet
using the pay-per-usage method. In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated
by the Cloud Service Provider (CSP).

Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM Smart Cloud Enterprise, Microsoft,
Google App Engine, Windows Azure Services Platform.

Advantages of Public Cloud: There are the following advantages of Public Cloud -

o Public cloud is owned at a lower cost than the private and hybrid cloud.
o Public cloud is maintained by the cloud service provider, so do not need to worry about
the maintenance.
 o Public cloud is easier to integrate. Hence it offers a better flexibility approach to
consumers.
o Public cloud is location independent because its services are delivered through the
internet.
o Public cloud is highly scalable as per the requirement of computing resources.
o It is accessible by the general public, so there is no limit to the number of users.

Disadvantages of Public Cloud:

o Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.

o Performance depends upon the high-speed internet network link to the cloud provider.
o The Client has no control of data.

Private Cloud: Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is
used by organizations to build and manage their own data centres internally or by the third party.
It can be deployed using Opensource tools such as Open stack and Eucalyptus. Based on the
location and management, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) divide private
cloud into the following two parts-

o On-premise private cloud

o Outsourced private cloud

Advantages of Private Cloud: There are the following advantages of the Private Cloud -

o Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to the users.
o Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and space capacity.
o It allows the IT team to quickly allocate and deliver on-demand IT resources.
 o The organization has full control over the cloud because it is managed by the
organization itself. So, there is no need for the organization to depends on anybody.
o It is suitable for organizations that require a separate cloud for their personal use and data
security is the first priority.

Disadvantages of Private Cloud

o Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.

o Private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of operations is limited.
o Private cloud is not suitable for organizations that have a high user base, and
organizations that do not have the prebuilt infrastructure, sufficient manpower to
maintain and manage the cloud.

Hybrid Cloud: Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and the private cloud. we
can say:

Hybrid Cloud = Public Cloud + Private Cloud

Hybrid cloud is partially secure because the services which are running on the public cloud can
be accessed by anyone, while the services which are running on a private cloud can be accessed
only by the organization's users. Example: Google Application Suite (Gmail, Google Apps, and
Google Drive), Office 365 (MS Office on the Web and One Drive), Amazon Web Services.

Advantages of Hybrid Cloud: There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud -

o Hybrid cloud is suitable for organizations that require more security than the public
cloud.
 o Hybrid cloud helps you to deliver new products and services more quickly.
o Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way to reduce the risk.
o Hybrid cloud offers flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure resources
because of the private cloud.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud

o In Hybrid Cloud, security feature is not as good as the private cloud.

o Managing a hybrid cloud is complex because it is difficult to manage more than one type
of deployment model.
o In the hybrid cloud, the reliability of the services depends on cloud service providers.

Community Cloud: Community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a

group of several organizations to share the information between the organization and a specific
community. It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations in the community,
a third party, or a combination of them.

Example: Health Care community cloud

Advantages of Community Cloud: There are the following advantages of Community Cloud -
 o Community cloud is cost-effective because the whole cloud is being shared by several
organizations or communities.
o Community cloud is suitable for organizations that want to have a collaborative cloud
with more security features than the public cloud.
o It provides better security than the public cloud.
o It provides collaborative and distributive environment.
o Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other
capabilities among various organizations.

Disadvantages of Community Cloud

o Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.

o Security features are not as good as the private cloud.
o It is not suitable if there is no collaboration.
o The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all community
members.

Difference between public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and community cloud: The
below table shows the difference between public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and
community cloud.

Parameter Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud Community Cloud

Host Service Enterprise (Third Enterprise (Third Community (Third

provider party) party) party)

Users General public Selected users Selected users Community members

Access Internet Internet, VPN Internet, VPN Internet, VPN

Owner Service Enterprise Enterprise Community

provider
 2. Cloud Service Models
This model consists of the particular types of services that you can access on a cloud
computing platform. There are the following three types of cloud service models -

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a computing infrastructure managed
over the internet. The main advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to avoid the cost and
complexity of purchasing and managing the physical servers.

Characteristics of IaaS: There are the following characteristics of IaaS -

o Resources are available as a service

o Services are highly scalable
o Dynamic and flexible
o GUI and API-based access
o Automated administrative tasks
Example: DigitalOcean, Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google
Compute Engine (GCE), Rackspace, and Cisco Metacloud.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

PaaS cloud computing platform is created for the programmer to develop, test, run, and manage
the applications.

Characteristics of PaaS: There are the following characteristics of PaaS -

o Accessible to various users via the same development application.

o Integrates with web services and databases.
o Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or down as per
the organization's need.
o Support multiple languages and frameworks.
o Provides an ability to "Auto-scale".

Example: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google App Engine,
Apache Stratos, Magento Commerce Cloud, and OpenShift.

Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS is also known as "on-demand software". It is a software in which the applications are
hosted by a cloud service provider. Users can access these applications with the help of internet
connection and web browser.

Characteristics of SaaS: There are the following characteristics of SaaS -

o Managed from a central location

o Hosted on a remote server
o Accessible over the internet
o Users are not responsible for hardware and software updates. Updates are applied
automatically.
o The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis

Example: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, ZenDesk, Cisco WebEx,

ZenDesk, Slack, and GoToMeeting.
Difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS: The below table shows the difference between IaaS,
PaaS, and SaaS -

IaaS Paas SaaS

It provides a virtual data centre to store It provides virtual platforms It provides web software
information and create platforms for app and tools to create, test, and and apps to complete
development, testing, and deployment. deploy apps. business tasks.

It provides access to resources such as It provides runtime It provides software as a

virtual machines, virtual storage, etc. environments and service to the end-users.
deployment tools for
applications.

It is used by network architects. It is used by developers. It is used by end users.

IaaS provides only Infrastructure. PaaS provides Infrastructure SaaS provides

+Platform. Infrastructure +Platform
+Software.