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com/en/photo/715744

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 STEAM POWER PLANT

FUEL:
Solid
Liquid
Gaseous

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Steam-power-plant-see-online-version-for-
colours_fig2_325586627
GASEOUS FUEL
 RANKINE CYCLE PLANT LAYOUT

Steam
OUTPUT

QA
TURBINE IDEAL CYCLE –standard
BOILER of comparison for steam
4 GENERATOR power plants.
2

CONDENSER

Liquid 3

PUMP
RANKINE CYCLE – ideal cycle used as standard of comparison for steam power plants.

Processes of the Rankine Cycle

1 - 2 : Isentropic expansion in the turbine
2 - 3 : Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser
3 - 4 : Adiabatic pumping
4 - 1 : Constant pressure heat addition in the boiler
ANALYSIS OF THE RANKINE CYCLE

1. Heat added in the Boiler, QS 3. Heat rejected in the Condenser, QR

By Energy Balance By Energy Balance
𝑸𝑨 = 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟒 (kJ/kg) 𝑸𝑹 = 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟑 (kJ/kg)
𝑸𝑨 = 𝒎(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟒 ) kW 𝑸𝑹 = 𝒎(𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟑 ) kW 6. Thermal Efficiency, eth

𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆: 𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻
𝒎 = 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 (kg/s) 𝒆𝒕𝒉 =
4. Pump Work, WP 𝑸𝑨
By Energy Balance 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉 𝟐 − 𝑾𝑷
2. Turbine Work, WT * Exact Pump Work 𝒆𝒕𝒉 =
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟒
By Energy Balance 𝑾𝑷 = 𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟑 (kJ/kg)
𝑾𝑻 = 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 (kJ/kg) 𝑾𝑷 = 𝒎(𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟑 ) kW
7. Steam Rate, SR:
𝑾𝑻 = 𝒎(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 ) kW * Approximate Pump Work
𝑾𝑷 = 𝑽𝒇𝟑 (𝑷𝟒 − 𝑷𝟑 ) (kJ/kg) 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝑹 =
* When Kinetic Energy is given: 𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 𝒌𝑾 − 𝒉𝒓
𝑾𝑷 = 𝒎𝑽𝒇𝟑 (𝑷𝟒 − 𝑷𝟑 ) kW
𝑾𝑻 = 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 + ∆𝑲𝑬 (kJ/kg)
𝑾𝑻 = 𝒎(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 ) + (𝑲𝑬𝟏 − 𝑲𝑬𝟐 ) kW 5. Net Cycle Work, WNET

𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = 𝑾𝑻 − 𝑾𝑷 = 𝑸𝑨 − 𝑸R (kJ/kg)
𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 − 𝑾𝑷 kW
REHEAT CYCLE – to increase
efficiency by withdrawing certain
quantity of steam after partial
expansion of steam in the turbine,
for reheating in the steam
generator. Also reduces moisture
from 10 to 12% in the turbine to
avoid blade corrosion.
Processes of the Reheat Cycle
1 - 2 : Partial isentropic expansion in the turbine
2 - 3 : Constant pressure resuperheating in the reheater
3 - 4 : Complete isentropic expansion in the turbine
4 - 5 : Constant pressure rejection of heat in the condenser
5 - 6 : Adiabatic pumping
6 - 1 : Constant pressure addition of heat in the boiler
ANALYSIS OF THE REHEAT CYCLE

1. Heat added in the Boiler, QS 3. Heat rejected in the Condenser, QR

By Energy Balance By Energy Balance
𝑸𝑨 = 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟔 (kJ/kg) 𝑸𝑹 = 𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟓 (kJ/kg)
𝑸𝑨 = 𝒎(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟔 ) kW 𝑸𝑹 = 𝒎(𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟓 ) kW 6. Thermal Efficiency, eth

𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆: 𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻
𝒎 = 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 (kg/s) 𝒆𝒕𝒉 =
4. Pump Work, WP 𝑸𝑨
By Energy Balance 𝒉 𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒 − 𝑾𝑷
2. Turbine Work, WT * Exact Pump Work 𝒆𝒕𝒉 =
𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟔
By Energy Balance 𝑾𝑷 = 𝒉𝟔 − 𝒉𝟓 (kJ/kg)
𝑾𝑻 = 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒 (kJ/kg) 𝑾𝑷 = 𝒎(𝒉𝟔 − 𝒉𝟓 ) kW
7. Steam Rate, SR:
𝑾𝑻 = 𝒎(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒 ) kW * Approximate Pump Work
𝑾𝑷 = 𝑽𝒇𝟓 (𝑷𝟓 − 𝑷𝟓 ) (kJ/kg) 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝑹 =
𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 𝒌𝑾 − 𝒉𝒓
𝑾𝑷 = 𝒎𝑽𝒇𝟓 (𝑷𝟔 − 𝑷𝟓 ) kW

5. Net Cycle Work, WNET

𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = 𝑾𝑻 − 𝑾𝑷 (kJ/kg)
𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 + 𝒉𝟑 − 𝒉𝟒 − 𝑾𝑷 kW
REGENERATIVE CYCLE – to
increase efficiency by bleeding a
fraction of steam for regenerative
heating of the feedwater. The
steam may be either feed to an
open heater in which the steam
mixes directly with the feedwater
to be heated, or to a closed
heater (e.g. shell and tube type
heat exchanger).
Processes of the Regenerative Cycle
1 - 2 : Partial isentropic expansion in the turbine
2 - 6 : Constant pressure rejection of heat in the heater
2 - 3 : Complete isentropic expansion in the turbine
3 - 4 : Constant pressure rejection of heat in the condenser
4 - 5 : Adiabatic pumping in the first pump
5 - 6 : Constant pressure addition of heat in the heater
6 - 7: Adiabatic pumping in the second pump
 ANALYSIS OF THE REGENERATIVE CYCLE
3. Heat rejected in the Condenser, QR
By Energy Balance
1. Heat added in the Boiler, QS
𝑸𝑹 = (𝒎 − 𝒎𝟏 )(𝒉𝟑 −𝒉𝟒 ) kW
By Energy Balance

𝑸𝑨 = 𝒎(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟕 ) kW
4. Pump Work, WP 6. Thermal Efficiency, eth

𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆: By Energy Balance 𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻

𝒎 = 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 (kg/s) * Exact Pump Work 𝒆𝒕𝒉 =
𝑸𝑨

2. Turbine Work, WT 7. Steam Rate, SR:

By Energy Balance
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈
𝑾𝑷 = 𝑾𝑷𝟏 + 𝑾𝑷𝟐 (kJ/kg) 𝑺𝑹 =
𝑾𝑻 = 𝒎(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 ) + (𝒎 − 𝒎𝟏 )(𝒉𝟐 −𝒉𝟑 ) kW 𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 𝒌𝑾 − 𝒉𝒓
𝑾𝑷 = (𝒎 − 𝒎𝟏 )(𝒉𝟓 −𝒉𝟒 ) + 𝒎(𝒉𝟕 − 𝒉𝟔 ) kW
8. Mass of Extracted Steam Rate, m1
* Approximate Pump Work
By Heat Balance in the Regenerative Heater
𝑾𝑷 = 𝑽𝒇𝟒 (𝑷𝟓 − 𝑷𝟒 ) + 𝑽𝒇𝟔 (𝑷𝟕 − 𝑷𝟔 ) kW

5. Net Cycle Work, WNET

𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = 𝑾𝑻 − 𝑾𝑻𝑷 kW
𝒎𝟏 (𝒉𝟐 ) + 𝒎 − 𝒎𝟏 𝒉𝟓 = 𝒎𝒉𝟔
𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = 𝑸𝑨 − 𝑸𝑹 kW
𝒎((𝒉𝟔 −𝒉𝟓 )
𝒎𝟏 =
(𝒉𝟐 −𝒉𝟓 )
 REHEAT REGENERATIVE CYCLE
– to increase efficiency by bleeding
a fraction of steam for regenerative
heating of the feedwater. The steam
may be either feed to an open
heater in which the steam mixes
directly with the feedwater to be
heated, or to a closed heater (e.g.
shell and tube type heat exchanger).

NOTE:
Moisture is harmful to the blades of the turbine. It
causes erosion and cavitation of the turbine blades, as
the moisture content increase during the later stages
of the expansion process. One foremost solution to
this is by reheating the steam after partial expansion
in the turbine. Thus, reheating reduces the moisture
content to prevent corrosion and cavitation, and also
results in increasing the efficiency of the cycle. Steam
is usually withdrawn and reheated a few degrees
before saturation point.
Processes of the Reheat Regenerative Cycle

1 - 2 : Partial isentropic expansion in the turbine

2 - 3 : Intermediate isentropic expansion in the turbine
2 - 8 : Constant pressure rejection of heat in the heater
3 - 4 : Constant pressure resuperheating of heat in the reheater
4 - 5 : Complete isentropic expansion in the turbine
5 - 6 : Constant pressure rejection of heat in the condenser
6 - 7: Adiabatic pumping in the first pump
7 - 8 : Constant pressure addition of heat in the heater
8 - 9 : Adiabatic pumping in the second pump
9 - 10 : Constant pressure addition of heat in the boiler
 ANALYSIS OF THE REHEAT
REGENERATIVE CYCLE 3. Heat rejected in the Condenser, QR
6. Heat added in the Reheaters,
By Energy Balance QRH
1. Heat added in the Boiler, QS
𝑸𝑹 = (𝒎 − 𝒎𝟏 )(𝒉𝟓 −𝒉𝟔 ) kW 𝑸𝑹𝑯 = (𝒎 − 𝒎𝟏 )(𝒉𝟒 −𝒉𝟑 )kW
By Energy Balance

𝑸𝑨 = 𝒎(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟗 ) kW 4. Pump Work, WP

𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆: By Energy Balance
𝒎 = 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 (kg/s)
* Exact Pump Work

2. Turbine Work, WT 8. Thermal Efficiency, eth

By Energy Balance 𝑾𝑷 = 𝑾𝑷𝟏 + 𝑾𝑷𝟐 (kJ/kg) 𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻
𝒆𝒕𝒉 =
𝑾𝑷 = (𝒎 − 𝒎𝟏 )(𝒉𝟕 −𝒉𝟔 ) + 𝒎(𝒉𝟗 − 𝒉𝟖 ) kW 𝑸𝑨
𝑾𝑻 = 𝒎(𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐 ) + (𝒎 − 𝒎𝟏 )(𝒉𝟒 −𝒉𝟓 ) kW
9. Steam Rate, SR:
* Approximate Pump Work
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝑹 =
𝑾𝑷 = 𝑽𝒇𝟔 (𝑷𝟗 − 𝑷𝟔 )kW 𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 𝒌𝑾 − 𝒉𝒓
10. Mass of Extracted Steam Rate, m1
5. Net Cycle Work, WNET By Heat Balance in the Regenerative Heater

𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = 𝑾𝑻 − 𝑾𝑻𝑷 kW
𝑾𝑵𝑬𝑻 = 𝑸𝑨 − 𝑸𝑹 kW
𝒎𝟏 (𝒉𝟐 ) + 𝒎 − 𝒎𝟏 𝒉𝟕 = 𝒎𝒉𝟖
𝒎((𝒉𝟖 −𝒉𝟕 )
𝒎𝟏 =
(𝒉𝟐 −𝟕)
REHEAT REGENERATIVE STEAM POWER GENERATION

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Steam-power-plant-see-online-version-for-
colours_fig2_325586627
COGENERATION (or COMBINED HEAT AND POWER) – is the use of a heat engine or power station
to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time. Cogeneration is a more efficient use of fuel or
heat because otherwise-wasted heat form electricity generation is put to some productive use.
 DESIGN YOUR STEAM POWER CYCLE
Your designed steam power plant operates on a reheat-regenerative cycle. Steam enters the turbine at 8
MPa and 400 C. After expansion to 280 C the steam is withdrawn and reheated to 340 C. Extractions for
feedwater heating occur at 1.6 MPa and 0.70 MPa and the condenser pressure is 0.005 MPa. Draw the
Power Cycle Schematic and TS Diagrams. Determine the Enthalpies of the States, the Engine Power for
a kg per second of steam, and the efficiency of the cycle.

Requirements: 1) Cycle Schematic and TS Diagram; 2) Enthalpies of States; 3) Turbine Power; and 4) Cycle Efficiency.

1) Cycle Schematic and TS Diagram

Given:
State 1: 8 MPa; 400 C
State 2: 280 C
State 3: 340 C
State 4: 1.6 MPa; m1
State 5: 0.7 MPa; m2
State 6: 0.005
(Ideal Expansion)
 Given:
State 1: 8 MPa; 400 C
2) Enthalpies of States State 2: 280 C
Using values from steam tables and interpolations for the required values. State 3: 340 C
State 4: 1.6 MPa; m1
For h1 = [for h at 8 MPa and 400 C] = 3138.3 kJ/kg State 5: 0.7 MPa; m2
State 6: 0.005
Steam enters (Ideal Expansion)
the turbine at
state 1

For h2 = [for s2 = s1 = 6.3634 kJ/kg-K and 280 C (3.37 MPa)] = 2923.44 kJ/kg
Pressure 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.37 3.37 3.37 3.37 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50
In the turbine, steam Temperature v u h s v u h s v u h s
partially expands to 250 0.0706 2644.00 2855.80 6.2872 0.0587 2623.70 2829.20 6.1749
state 2
280 0.5151 2707.66 2938.42 6.4383 0.1817 2696.28 2923.44 6.3634 0.0645 2692.28 2918.18 6.3376
300 0.8114 2750.10 2993.50 6.5390 0.0684 2738.00 2977.50 6.4461

For h3 = [ with P2 = P1 = 3.37 MPa and 340 C] = 3081.88 kJ/kg

At state 3, steam is Pressure 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.37 3.37 3.37 3.37 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50
returned to the Temperature v u h s v u h s v u h s
resuperheater for 300 0.0811 2750.10 2993.50 6.5390 0.0684 2738.00 2977.50 6.4461
reheating, then 340 0.0887 2824.98 3090.94 6.7020 0.0786 2818.22 3081.88 6.6380 0.0751 2815.84 3078.70 6.6155
reenters the turbine 350 0.0905 2843.70 3115.30 6.7428 0.0768 2835.30 3104.00 6.6579
to expand
 Continuation of: 2) Enthalpies of States
Using values from steam tables and interpolations for the required values.
For h4 = [for h at 1.60 MPa and s = 6.6380 kJ/kg-K] = 2901.27 kJ/kg
Pressure 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60
At state 4, (m1) mass of Temperature v u h s
steam is extracted for
regeneration of 225 0.1329 2644.70 2857.30 6.5518
feedwater 242.76 0.1392 2678.51 2901.27 6.6380
250 0.1418 2692.30 2919.20 6.6732

For h5 = [for hf = 697.22 kJ/kg, hfg = 2066.30 kJ/kg, and x=0.9852] = 2732.86 kJ/kg
At state 5, (m2) mass of Pressure 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70
steam is extracted for Temperature vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg
regeneration of 164.97 0.001108 0.272900 696.40 1876.10 2572.50 697.22 2066.30 2763.50 1.9922 4.7158 6.7080
feedwater −
= = 0.9852 = + = 2732.86

For h6 = [for hf = 137.82 kJ/kg, hfg = 2423.70 kJ/kg, and x=0.7781] = 2023.73 kJ/kg
At state 6, (1- m1 - m2) Pressure 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050
remaining mass of
steam is enters the Temperature vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg
condenser 32.88 0.001005 28.190000 137.81 2282.70 2420.50 137.82 2423.70 2561.50 0.4764 7.9187 8.3951
−
= = 0.7781 = + = 2023.73
Continuation of: 2) Enthalpies of States
Using values from steam tables and interpolations for the required values.

For h7 = [for h at 0.005 MPa and saturated liquid] = 137.82 kJ/kg

At state 7, (1- m1 - m2) Pressure 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050
mass of steam exits Temperature vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg
the condenser 32.88 0.001005 28.19 137.81 2282.70 2420.50 137.82 2423.70 2561.50 0.4764 7.9187 8.3951

= − = 0.70 kJ/kg hf @B7 = 138.52 kJ/kg

For h8 = [for h at 0.70 MPa and saturated liquid] = 697.22 kJ/kg

Pressure 0.7000 0.7000 0.7000 0.7000 0.7000 0.7000 0.7000 0.7000 0.7000 0.7000 0.7000
Temperature vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg
164.97 0.001108 0.272900 696.40 1876.10 2572.50 697.22 2066.30 2763.50 1.9922 4.7158 6.7080

= − = 1.00 kJ/kg hf @B8 = 698.22 kJ/kg

For h9 = [for h at 1.60 MPa and saturated liquid] = 858.33 kJ/kg

Pressure Temp vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg
1.5 198.32 0.001154 0.131770 843.16 1751.30 2594.50 844.89 1947.30 2792.20 2.3150 4.1298 6.4448
1.6 201.30 0.001159 0.124458 856.48 1739.34 2595.82 858.33 1935.54 2793.88 2.3430 4.0955 6.4227
1.75 205.76 0.001166 0.113490 876.46 1721.40 2597.80 878.50 1917.90 2796.40 2.3851 4.0440 6.3896

= − = 7.42 kJ/kg hf @B9 = 865.75 kJ/kg

Continuation of: 2) Enthalpies of States
States mass Pressure (Mpa) Temp (C) h (enthalpy)
1 1 8.000 400 3138.30
2 1 3.370 280 2923.44
3 1 3.370 340 3081.88
4 m1 1.600 242.76 2901.27
5 m2 0.700 164.97 2732.86
6 1-m1-m2 0.005 32.88 2023.73
7 1-m1-m2 0.005 32.88 137.82
B7 1-m1-m2 0.700 (32.88) 138.52
8 1-m1 0.700 164.97 697.22
B8 1-m1 1.600 (164.97) 698.22
9 1 1.600 201.3 858.53
B9 1 8.000 (201.3) 865.75

Compute for m1 and m2:

3) Computation of Turbine Power
States mass Pressure (Mpa) Temp (C) h (enthalpy)
1 1 8.000 400 3138.30
2 1 3.370 280 2923.44
3 1 3.370 340 3081.88
4 m1 1.600 242.76 2901.27
5 m2 0.700 164.97 2732.86
6 1-m1-m2 0.005 32.88 2023.73
7 1-m1-m2 0.005 32.88 137.82
B7 1-m1-m2 0.700 (32.88) 138.52
8 1-m1 0.700 164.97 697.22
B8 1-m1 1.600 (164.97) 698.22
9 1 1.600 201.3 858.53
B9 1 8.000 (201.3) 865.75

(for every kg/s of steam)

4) Computation of Cycle Efficiency
States mass Pressure (Mpa) Temp (C) h (enthalpy)
1 1 8.000 400 3138.30
2 1 3.370 280 2923.44
3 1 3.370 340 3081.88
4 m1 1.600 242.76 2901.27
5 m2 0.700 164.97 2732.86
6 1-m1-m2 0.005 32.88 2023.73
7 1-m1-m2 0.005 32.88 137.82
B7 1-m1-m2 0.700 (32.88) 138.52
8 1-m1 0.700 164.97 697.22
B8 1-m1 1.600 (164.97) 698.22
9 1 1.600 201.3 858.53
B9 1 8.000 (201.3) 865.75