BFE Report 2023-2024

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANSANGAMA, BELAGAVI – 590018

A Seminar Report on
“Muscular And Skeleton Systems”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Biology for Engineers
subject of BSE&H Department
Submitted by

Brijesh M 1AT22CS026
Chandana B R 1AT22CS027
Chirag V 1AT22CS028
1AT22CS029
D Dhaanya
1AT22CS030
Deeksha V M 1AT22CS031
Deekshitha P

Carried Out At

ATRIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Guide
Dr. Venkatesh S
Atria Institute of Technology

ATRIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Anandanagar, Bangalore-560024

1
Dept. BSE&H
BFE Report 2023-2024

INDEX

SL CONTENT PAGE
NO. NO.

1 3
INTRODUCTION

2 4
MUSCULAR AND SKELTON SCAFFOLD

3 6
ARCHITECTURE

4 7
MECHANISMS

5 8
BIO ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS FOR
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
6 9
BIO ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS FOR
OSTEROPOSIS

7 10
CONCLUSION

2
Dept. BSE&H
 INTRODUCTION

The human body is a marvel of biological engineering, composed of

various systems working in harmony to maintain structure, enable
movement, and support vital functions. Among these, the muscular and
skeletal systems are fundamental to our physical existence and activity.

The skeletal system serves as the body's framework, providing

structural support and protection for vital organs. It consists of bones,
cartilage, and ligaments that form a rigid structure to which muscles
can attach. Beyond support, bones also play a critical role in the
production of blood cells and the storage of essential minerals like
calcium and phosphorus.

The muscular system, on the other hand, is responsible for movement

and stability. It consists of three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and
cardiac. Skeletal muscles, which are attached to bones via tendons, are
crucial for voluntary movements such as walking and lifting. Smooth
muscles, found in the walls of internal organs, manage involuntary
movements such as digestion. Cardiac muscles, unique to the heart,
ensure the continuous pumping of blood throughout the body.

Together, these systems interact intricately to facilitate movement,

maintain posture, and protect internal organs. Understanding the
muscular and skeletal systems provides insights into how our bodies
operate, adapt to different stresses, and recover from injuries.
 MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SCAFFOLDS

Skeletal System

1. Support and Structure : The skeletal system forms the rigid

framework of the body, supporting and giving shape to the body.
Bones serve as the primary structure upon which the body is built.
2.Protection : Bones protect vital organs. For example, the skull
encases the brain, and the ribcage shields the heart and lungs.
3.Movement : Bones provide attachment points for muscles. Joints,
where bones meet, allow for a range of movements, making bones
crucial for mobility.
4.Mineral Storage : Bones act as reservoirs for minerals, particularly
calcium and phosphorus, which can be released into the bloodstream
as needed. Blood Cell Production: The bone marrow, found in the
cavities of certain bones, is the site of new blood cell production
(hematopoiesis).
 Muscular System

1.Movement : Muscles are attached to bones via tendons. When

muscles contract, they pull on bones, creating movement. This
includes voluntary movements (like walking) and involuntary
movements (such as the beating of the heart).

2.Posture and Stability : Muscles help maintain posture by

stabilizing joints and keeping the skeleton properly aligned.

3.Heat Production : Muscle activity generates heat, which helps

maintain body temperature. This is especially important in
thermoregulation.

4.Support and Protection : Muscles provide additional support and

protection for internal organs, particularly in the abdominal and
thoracic regions. Integration of Both Systems
 ARCHITECTURE OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM

The musculoskeletal system is a human body system that provides our

body with movement, stability, shape and support.
It is divided into two broad systems
1.Muscular System
2.Skeletal System
➢ Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibers are organized into
bundles, called as fascicles, and it surrounded by a middle layer of
connective tissue called as perimysium.
➢ It allows the nervous system to trigger a specific movement of
muscle by activating a subset of muscles fibers within a fascicle of
the muscle.
➢ The muscle fiber is encased in a thin connective tissue layer of
collagen and reticular fibers called as endomysium.
➢ The endomysium plays a role in transferring force produced by the
muscle fibers to the tendons.
➢ Inside each muscle fiber, there are tiny structures called as
myofibrils.
➢ And myofibrils are made up of smaller units called as sarcomeres.
➢ They are responsible of contraction of muscles.
➢ Sarcomeres contains thin (Actin) and thick filaments (Myosin), they
work together to make a muscle fibers contract.
 MECHANISM OF MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSYTEM

The mechanism of how the muscular system can be used as a scaffold

in regenerative medicine involves the use of muscle cells and a
scaffold to support the growth and regeneration of new tissue.
The basic steps in this process are as follows:
➢ Harvesting of muscle cells: Muscle cells are typically obtained
from the patient and then isolated and expanded in culture.
➢ Seeding onto scaffold: The muscle cells are then seeded onto a
scaffold, such as a hydrogel or artificial matrix. The scaffold
provides a framework for the cells to grow and differentiate into
new tissue.
➢ Cell differentiation and tissue formation: Once the cells are seeded
onto the scaffold, they undergo differentiation , in which they
change into specific cell types, such as muscle cells or heart cells.
The cells also begin to organize and form new tissue, such as heart
tissue or skeletal muscle tissue.
➢ Implantation into patient: The scaffold and cells are then implanted
into the patient to promote the growth of new, functional tissue.
BIO ENGNIEERING SOLUTION FOR MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that make muscles weaker

and less able to work over time. It is caused by genetic problems and
mostly affects the muscles that help us move. There is no cure, but
treatments can help manage the symptoms.

➢ Gene therapy: This involves delivering a functional copy of the

missing or mutated gene to the affected muscle cells. The goal is to
restore the production of the missing protein and improve muscle
function.
➢ Stem cell therapy: This involves using stem cells to replace the
damaged muscle cells and promote repair and regeneration of the
muscle tissue. Stem cells can be taken from the patient's own body
(autologous stem cells) or from a donor (allogenic stem cells).

➢ Exoskeleton technology: This involves using wearable devices,

such as robotic exoskeletons, to support and enhance the movement of
individuals with muscular dystrophy. The devices use motors and
sensors to mimic the movements of the wearer and help improve
mobility.

➢ Tissue engineering: This involves using a combination of

materials, such as scaffolds and growth factors, to promote the growth
and repair of muscle tissue. The goal is to create functional muscle
tissue that can replace the damaged tissue in individuals with
muscular dystrophy
 BIOENGINEERING SOLUTIONS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS

Tissue Engineering: This involves using scaffolds and growth

factors to stimulate the growth of new bone tissue and promote the
repair of damaged bones. The goal is to create functional bone
tissue that can replace the lost mass bone and density in
individuals with osteoporosis.

Stem Cell Therapy: This involves using stem cells to replace the
damaged bone cells and promote the repair and regeneration of
bone tissue. Stem cells can be taken from patient's own
body(autologous stem cells) or from a donor(allogenic stem cells).

Biomaterials: This involves using synthetic or natural materials to

replace or augment damaged bone tissue, Biomaterials can be
designed to mimic the properties of natural bone and promote the
growth of new bone tissue.

Gene Therapy: This involves delivering a functional copy of a

gene involved in bone growth and repair to the affected bone cells.
The goal is to restore the production of missing protein and
improve bone health.

Bone Grafts: Like patching a hole in a wall, bone grafts help

repair weakened bones.

Drug delivery systems: Targeted systems ensure medications

reach the right spots to strengthen bones.
These solutions use bioengineering to help repair and strengthen
bones, making them less likely to break or fracture.
 CONCLUSION

The muscular and skeletal systems are critical components of the

human body that work in unison to provide structure, support,
movement, and protection. The skeletal system, comprising bones,
joints, and connective tissues, forms the rigid framework of the body.
It protects vital organs, supports the body's structure, and facilitates
movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles. The
muscular system, consisting of various types of muscles, generates
force and movement by contracting and relaxing.

Understanding the interplay between these systems is crucial for

comprehending how the body functions as a whole. Disorders
affecting either system can have widespread implications, impacting
movement, stability, and overall health. Advances in medical science
continue to enhance our ability to diagnose and treat conditions
related to these systems, improving quality of life and longevity.

In conclusion, the muscular and skeletal systems are indispensable to

the human body’s functionality. Their harmonious interaction
enables movement, supports the body's structure, and protects vital
organs, underscoring their essential role in maintaining overall health
and well-being.