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| PROGRAMMING 511

FACULTY OF INFORATION TECHNOLOGY

PROGRAMMING 511

YEAR 1 SEMESTER 1

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| PROGRAMMING 511

Registered with the Department of Higher Education as a Private Higher Education Institution under the Higher Education Act, 1997.
Registration Certificate No. 2000/HE07/008

FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

LEARNER GUIDE

MODULE: PROGRAMMING 511

(VISUAL BASIC.NET)
(1ST SEMESTER)

PREPARED ON BEHALF OF
RICHFIELD GRADUATE INSTITUTEOF TECHNOLOGY (PTY) LTD

AUTHOR: Mr. Oganne Shylock Pule

EDITOR: Mr. EMMANUEL MANY

FACULTY HEAD: ISAKA REDDY

Copyright © 2018
Richfield Graduate Institute of Technology (Pty) Ltd
Registration Number: 2000/000757/07
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including
photocopying machines, without the written permission of the Institution.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

CONTENT TABLE AND LESSON PLAN

INTERACTIVE ICONS USED IN THIS LEARNER GUIDE ...................................................... 4

Learning Outcomes ........................................................................................................ 4
Study .............................................................................................................................. 4
Read ............................................................................................................................... 4
Writing Activity .............................................................................................................. 4
Think Point ..................................................................................................................... 4
Research ......................................................................................................................... 4
Glossary ......................................................................................................................... 4
Key Point ........................................................................................................................ 4
Review Questions........................................................................................................... 4
Case Study ...................................................................................................................... 4
Bright Idea ..................................................................................................................... 4
Topic 1: PROBLEM SOLVING Lecturer 1-6
1.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................5
1.2. Performing a Task on the Computer? .........................................................................................5
1.3. Program Planning ........................................................................................................................6
1.4.2. Programming Tools ..................................................................................................................8
1.4.3 Flow Charts ..............................................................................................................................8
1.4.4 Pseudo Code ..........................................................................................................................11
1.4.5 Hierarchy Charts ....................................................................................................................12
KEY TERMS USED IN THIS SECTION .............................................................................. 13
SECTION 1 REVIEW QUESTIONS ................................................................................... 14
TOPIC 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING IN VB.NET Lecturer 6-13
2.1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................15
2.2. Strong Programming Features VB.Net ......................................................................................16
2.3. Strong Programming Features VB.Net ......................................................................................16
2.4. Strong Programming Features VB.Net ......................................................................................16
2.5. Starting a New Visual Basic Program ........................................................................................17
2.6. How to Create Variables in VB .NET ..........................................................................................18
KEY TERMS USED IN THIS SECTION ............................................................................... 24
UNIT 2 REVIEW QUESTIONS .......................................................................................... 25
TOPIC 3: GENERAL PROCEDURES Lecturer 14-21
3.1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................26
3.2. Sub Procedure ...........................................................................................................................26
3.3. Declaring/Defining Function .....................................................................................................29
3.4. Calling a Function ......................................................................................................................30
3.5. Arguments and Parameters ......................................................................................................31
3.6. Passing Arguments to Procedures.............................................................................................32
3.7. Passing Parameters By Reference .............................................................................................33
3.8. Local Variables ...........................................................................................................................33
3.9. Class-Level Variables .................................................................................................................34
KEY TERMS USED IN THIS SECTION ............................................................................... 37
UNIT3REVIEW QUESTIONS............................................................................................ 38
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| PROGRAMMING 511

TOPIC 4: DECISION MAKING Lecturer 22-27

4.1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................39
4.2. How to use IF ELSE in VB.NET ....................................................................................................41
4.3. Relational Operators .................................................................................................................44
4.4. Logical Operators.......................................................................................................................44
4.5. Select Case .................................................................................................................................44
4.6. Flow chart for Select Case .........................................................................................................46
UNIT 4 REVIEW QUESTIONS .......................................................................................... 49
TOPIC 5: REPETITION STRUCTURE Lecture 28-30
5.1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................50
5.2. Do Loops ....................................................................................................................................50
5.3. FOR...NEXT LOOPS .....................................................................................................................51
5.4. While Loop.................................................................................................................................53
SECTION 5 REVIEW QUESTIONS .................................................................................... 57
TOPIC 6: ARRAYS Lecture 31- 37
6.1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................60
6.2. Declaring an Array .....................................................................................................................60
6.3. Declaring and Initializing a String Array ....................................................................................64
6.4. How to resize an array...............................................................................................................65
6.5. How to Use ForEach with Arrays ? ............................................................................................66
6.6. How to check if a value exists in an array? ...............................................................................66
6.7. The GETUPPERBOUND Method ................................................................................................67
6.8. Multi-Dimensional Arrays..........................................................................................................68
6.9. Sorting Arrays ............................................................................................................................72
SECTION6 REVIEW QUESTIONS ..................................................................................... 75
SECTION6 REVIEW QUESTIONS ..................................................................................... 76

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| PROGRAMMING 511

Prescribed textbook:
An Introduction to Programming Visual Basic Using Visual Basic 2012 9th ed. 2013 David .I
Schneider 9780133378504

INTERACTIVE ICONS USED IN THIS LEARNER GUIDE

Learning Outcomes Study Read Writing Activity

Research Glossary Key Point

Think Point

Review Questions Case Study Bright Idea Problem(s)

Multimedia Resource References Web Resource

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ONE|PROBLEM SOLVING

LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Introduction
2. Understand the Program Development Cycle
3. Correlate data in flowcharts
4. Understand the use of Pseudo code and Hierarchy Charts

1.1. Introduction
Hardware refers to the machinery in a computer system (such as the monitor, keyboard,
and CPU) and software refers to a collection of instructions, called a program that
directs the hardware. Programs are written to solve problems or perform tasks on a
computer. Programmers translate the solutions or tasks into a language the computer
can understand. As we write programs, we must keep in mind that the computer will
only do what we instruct it to do. Because of this, we must be very careful and thorough
with our instructions. Note: A program is also known as a project, application, or
solution.

1.2. Performing a Task on the Computer?

The first step in writing instructions to carry out a task is to determine what the output
should be that is, exactly what the task should produce. The second step is to identify
the data, or input, necessary to obtain the output. The last step is to determine how to
process the input to obtain the desired output, that is, to determine what formulas or
ways of doing things can be used to obtain the output.

This problem-solving approach is the same as that used to solve word problems in an
algebra class. For example, consider the following algebra problem:
ONE| PROBLEM SOLVING

How fast is a car travelling if it goes 50 miles in 2 hours?

The first step is to determine the type of answer requested. The answer should be a
number giving the speed in miles per hour (the output). (Speed is also called velocity.)
The information needed to obtain the answer is the distance and time the car has
travelled (the input).

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The formula

Speed = Distance/Time

is used to process the distance travelled and the time elapsed in order to determine the
speed. That is,

Speed =120miles /3 hours

= 40 miles / 2 hour

A pictorial representation of this problem-solving process is

We determine what we want as output, get the needed input, and process the input to
produce the desired output.

In the following chapters we discuss how to write programs to carry out the preceding
operations. But first we look at the general process of writing programs.

1.3. Program Planning

A baking recipe provides a good example of a plan. The ingredients and the amounts are
determined by what is to be baked. That is, the output determines the input and the
processing. The recipe, or plan, reduces the number of mistakes you might make if you
ONE| PROBLEM SOLVING

tried to bake with no plan at all. Although it's difficult to imagine an architect building a
bridge or a factory without a detailed plan, many programmers (particularly students in
their first programming course) try to write programs without first making a careful
plan. The more complicated the problem, the more complex the plan may be. You will
spend much less time working on a program if you devise a carefully thought out step-
by-step plan and test it before actually writing the program.

Many programmers plan their programs using a sequence of steps, referred to as the
program development cycle. The following step-by-step process will enable you to use
your time efficiently and help you design error-free programs that produce the desired
output.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

1. Analyze: Define the problem.

Be sure you understand what the program should do, that is, what the output
should be. Have a clear idea of what data (or input) are given and the relationship
between the input and the desired output.

2. Design: Plan the solution to the problem.

Find a logical sequence of precise steps that solve the problem. Such a sequence
of steps is called an algorithm. Every detail, including obvious steps, should appear
in the algorithm. In the next section, we discuss three popular methods used to
develop the logic plan: flowcharts, pseudo code, and top-down charts. These tools
help the programmer break a problem into a sequence of small tasks the
computer can perform to solve the problem. Planning also involves using
representative data to test the logic of the algorithm by hand to ensure that it is
correct.

3. Choose the interface: Select the objects (text boxes, buttons, etc.).
Determine how the input will be obtained and how the output will be displayed.
Then create objects to receive the input and display the output. Also, create
appropriate buttons and menus to allow the user to control the program.

4. Code: Translate the algorithm into a programming language.

Coding is the technical word for writing the program. During this stage, the
program is written in Visual Basic and entered into the computer. The
programmer uses the algorithm devised in Step 2 along with knowledge of Visual
Basic.

5. Test and debug: Locate and remove any errors in the program.
Testing is the process of finding errors in a program, and debugging is the process
of correcting errors that are found. (An error in a program is called a bug.) As the
program is typed, Visual Basic points out certain types of program errors. Other
types of errors will be detected by Visual Basic when the program is executed;
however, many errors due to typing mistakes, flaws in the algorithm, or incorrect
use of the Visual Basic language rules can be uncovered and corrected only by
ONE| PROBLEM SOLVING

careful detective work. An example of such an error would be using addition when
multiplication was the proper operation.

6. Complete the documentation: Organize all the material that describes the
program.
Documentation is intended to allow another person, or the programmer at a later
date, to understand the program. Internal documentation (comments) consists of
statements in the program that are not executed, but point out the purposes of
various parts of the program. Documentation might also consist of a detailed

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| PROGRAMMING 511

description of what the program does and how to use the program (for instance,
what type of input is expected). For commercial programs, documentation includes
an instruction manual and on-line help.

and how to use each

flowchart symbol during
When to Use a Flowchart SDLC.
- To develop understanding of how a process is
done.
- To study a process for improvement.
- To communicate to others how a process is done.
- When better communication is needed between people involved
with the same process.
- To document a process.
- When planning a project.
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| PROGRAMMING 511

Symbols Names Functions

A box can represent a single step

Action / Process ("add two cups of flour"), or and
entire sub-process ("make bread")
within a larger process.
Indicates that the flow continues
Connector where a matching symbol
(containing the same letter) has
been placed.
Link to another page.
Direction of flow from one step/
Flow of control / direction to another.
Arrow
Decision based on a question
Decision (Written in a diamond)
A decision or branching point. Lines
representing different decisions
emerge from different points of the
diamond.
Represents material or information
Input or Output entering or leaving the system, such
as customer order (input) or a
product (output).
Indicates a sequence of actions that
Module perform a specific task embedded
/Subroutine within a larger process. This
sequence of actions could be
described in more detail on a
separate flowchart.
Delay or wait Indicates a delay in the process.

The terminator symbol marks the

Start /End starting or ending point of the
ONE| PROBLEM SOLVING

system. It usually contains the word

"Start" or "End."

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| PROGRAMMING 511

Flowcharts should "flow" from the top of the page to the bottom. Although the
symbols used in flowcharts are standardized, no standards exist for the amount
of detail required within each symbol.
Example:
Create a flowchart that prompts a user to enter a number. After the number has
been entered, it is displayed.

Desk Check Table

Input Process Output
number Read number number
Display number
ONE| PROBLEM SOLVING

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| PROGRAMMING 511

1.4.4 Pseudo Code

Pseudo code is an abbreviated plain English version of actual computer code (hence,
pseudo code). The geometric symbols used in flowcharts are replaced by English-like
statements that outline the process. As a result, pseudo code looks more like computer
code than does a flowchart.

Pseudo code allows the programmer to focus on the steps required to solve a problem
rather than on how to use the computer language. The programmer can describe the
algorithm in Visual Basic-like form without being restricted by the rules of Visual Basic.
When the pseudo code is completed, it can be easily translated into the Visual Basic
language.

The rules of Pseudocode are reasonably straightforward. All statements showing

"dependency" are to be indented. These include while, do, for, if, switch. Examples
below will illustrate this notion.

Examples 1:

If student's grade is greater than or equal to 60

Print "passed"
Else
Print "failed"
End if

Examples2:

Set total to zero

ONE| PROBLEM SOLVING

Set grade counter to one

While grade counter is less than or equal to ten

Input the next grade

Add the grade into the total
End While
Set the class average to the total divided by ten

Print the class average.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

Examples 2:

Initialize total to zero

Initialize counter to zero
Input the first grade

while the user has not as yet entered the sentinel

add this grade into the running total
add one to the grade counter

input the next grade (possibly the sentinel)

Wend
if the counter is not equal to zero
set the average to the total divided by the counter
print the average
else
print 'no grades were entered'
End if

1.4.5 Hierarchy Charts

The last programming tool we'll discuss is the hierarchy chart, which shows the
overall program structure. Hierarchy charts are also called structure charts, HIPO
(Hierarchy plus Input-Process-Output) charts, top-down charts, or VTOC (Visual
Table of Contents) charts. All these names refer to planning diagrams that are
similar to a company's organization chart.

Hierarchy charts depict the organization of a program but omit the specific
processing logic. They describe what each part, or module, of the program does
and they show how the modules relate to each other. The details on how the
modules work, however, are omitted. The chart is read from top to bottom and
ONE| PROBLEM SOLVING

from left to right. Each module may be subdivided into a succession of sub
modules that branch out under it. Typically, after the activities in the succession
of sub modules are carried out, the module to the right of the original module is
considered. A quick glance at the hierarchy chart reveals each task performed in
the program and where it is performed.

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SECTION SUMMARY

 Hardware refers to the machinery in a computer system (such as the monitor,

keyboard, and CPU) and software refers to a collection of instructions, called a program
that directs the hardware.
 Programs are written to solve problems or perform tasks on a computer.
Programmers translate the solutions or tasks into a language the computer can
understand.
 Many programmers plan their programs using a sequence of steps, referred to as
the program development cycle or System Development Life Cyclic (SDLC).
 Three types of programming tools: Pseudo-code, hierarchy chart and flowchart
 Pseudocode (pronounced SOO-doh-kohd) is a detailed yet readable description
of what a computer program or algorithm must do, expressed in a formally-styled
natural language rather than in a programming language.

KEY TERMS USED IN THIS SECTION

Flowcharts: A number that uniquely identifies each workstation and device on a

network. Without unique addresses, computers on the network could not reliably
communicate.
Pseudo code: Uses English-like phrases with some Visual Basic terms to outline the task.
ONE| GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Hierarchy charts: Show how the different parts of a program relate to each other.
SDLC(System Development Life Cycle).A Software Development Life Cycle is essentially a
series of steps, or phases, that provide a model for the development and lifecycle
management of an application or piece of software.
Algorithm: is a procedure or formula for solving a problem.

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SECTION 1 REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What does the acronym SDLC mean, and what does an SDLC portray?
2. List five steps of Program Development Cycle or System Development
Life Cyclic (SDLC).

3. What are three tools that are used to in programming?

4. Define the following:
a. Flow chart
b. Pseudo code
c. Hierarchy chart
5. Suppose you have been asked to create an information system for a
manufacturing plant that produces nuts and bolts of many shapes,
sizes, and functions.What will you envision the SDLC to be?
6. Briefly summarize the purpose of the implementation phase in SDLC.
Explainwhy it exists and what it contributes to the completion of the
System.
7. Write a pseudocode program to find celsius degrees into
fahrenheit.
8. Draw flow-chart that will count all the even numbers up to a user defined
stopping point. For example, say we want to see the first 5 even numbers starting
from 0. well, we know that evens numbers are 0, 2, 4, etc.
The first 5 even numbers are 0, 2, 4, 6, 8.
The first 8 even numbers are 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 ,10 ,12, 16
ONE| REVIEW QUESTIONS

9. Covert below code into flow-chart.

initialize passes,failures to zero
initialize student to one

while student counter is less than or equal to ten

input the next exam result

if the student passed

add one to passes
else

add one to failures

add one to student counter
print the number of passes
print the number of failures
if eight or more students passed
print "raise tuition"

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| PROGRAMMING 511

TWO|FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING IN VISUAL BASIC.NET

LEARNING OUTCOMES
TWO| FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING IN VISUAL BASIC.NET

1. VB.NET Background
2. Integrated Development Environment (IDE) For VB.Net
3. Manipulate controls and change their properties
4. Define VB.Net events
5. Declare number variables, increment variable values.
6. Utilise Built-In Functions : Math.Sqrt, Int, Math.Round
7. Work with string variables
8. Format output with format functions
9. Format Output with Zones
10. Get input form an input dialog box, use a message dialog box for output
11. Use masked text box for input

2.1. Introduction

Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET) is an object-oriented computer programming language

implemented on the .NET Framework. Although it is an evolution of classic Visual Basic
language, it is not backwards-compatible with VB6, and any code written in the old
version does not compile under VB.NET.

Like all other .NET languages, VB.NET has complete support for object-oriented
concepts. Everything in VB.NET is an object, including all of the primitive types (Short,
Integer, Long, String, Boolean, etc.) and user defined types, events, and even assemblies.
All objects inherits from the base class Object.

VB.NET is implemented of Microsoft's .NET framework. Therefore, it has full access to all
the libraries in the .Net Framework. It's also possible to run VB.NET programs on Mono,
the open-source alternative to .NET, not only under Windows, but even Linux or Mac
OS.
The following reasons make VB.Net a widely used professional language:
• Modern, general purpose.
• Object oriented.
• Component oriented.
• Easy to learn.
• Structured language.
• It produces efficient programs.
• It can be compiled on a variety of computer platforms.
• Part of .Net Framework.
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2.2. Strong Programming Features VB.Net

VB.Net has numerous strong programming features that make it endearing to multitude
of programmers worldwide. Let us mention
some of these features:
 Boolean Conditions
 Automatic Garbage Collection
You can download visual studio from
 Standard Library this
 Assembly Versioning link:http://www.microsoft.com/visualst
udio/eng/downloads
 Properties and Events
TWO| FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING IN VISUAL BASIC.NET

 Delegates and Events Management It gets automatically installed in your

 Easy-to-use Generics machine. Please note that you need an
active internet connection for installing
 Indexers the express edition.
 Conditional Compilation
 Simple Multithreading

2.3. Strong Programming Features VB.Net

 Microsoft provides the following development tools for VB.Net programming:
 Visual Studio 2010 (VS)
 Visual Basic 2010 Express (VBE)
 Visual Web Developer

2.4. Strong Programming Features VB.Net

Visual Basic is a programming language that is designed especially for windows
programming. This tutorial will step through and demonstrate some of the features of
Visual Basic. It will explain most of the tools available for implementing GUI based
programs. After introducing the basic facilities and tools provided by Visual Basic, we
apply our knowledge to implementing a small VB program. Our program will implement
a visual interface for a commonly know “stack” abstract data type.

Visual Basic programs display a Windows-style screen (called a form) with boxes into
which users type (and in which users edit) information and buttons that they click to
initiate actions. The boxes and buttons are referred to as controls. In this section, we
examine forms and four of the most useful Visual Basic controls.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

TWO| FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING IN VISUAL BASIC.NET

Figure 2-1 VB.NET IDE

2.5. Starting a New Visual Basic Program

For our purposes, Visual Basic programs are also known as applications, solutions, or
projects. Each program is saved (as several files and subfolders) in its own folder. Before
starting a new program, you should use Windows Explorer to create a folder to hold the
folders for your programs.

The process for invoking Visual Basic varies slightly with the edition of Visual Basic
installed on the computer. To invoke Visual Basic from a computer that has Visual Basic
Express installed, click the Windows Start button, hover over All Programs, and then
click on Microsoft Visual Basic Express Edition. With the other editions of Visual Basic,
hover over All Programs, hover over Microsoft Visual Studio, and then click on Microsoft
Visual Studio in the short list that is revealed.

Launch your Visual Basic .NET or Visual Studio software. When the software first loads,
you'll see a screen something like this one, if you have the 2010 version:

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| PROGRAMMING 511

OF PROGRAMMING IN VISUAL BASIC.NET

Figure 2-2

Common Properties and Methods of Controls

To create a control, the primary piece of information you
must provide is its name. This allows you and the compiler
Reference to know what control you are referring to when the
program is running. Specifying the name of a control may
Please go refer to: How To Get depend on the technique you decide to use to create the
Started with VB.NET.
The attachment will show you control.
step-by-step on how to create
your first vb.net project.
After adding a control to a form, it automatically receives a
name. In the Properties window, the control’s name
displays in the (Name) field. The newly added control
reflects the name of its button on the Properties window and adds an incremental
number. For example, if you click the TextBox button on the Toolbox and click the form,
the control would be named TextBox1. If you add a second TextBox control, it would be
named TextBox2.
TRANSMISSION BASICS

This causes the default names to be incremental. Since a program usually consists of
many controls, it is usually a good idea to rename your controls and give them
TWO| FUNDAMENTALS

meaningful and friendlier names. The name should help you identify what the button is
used for. To change the name of a control, on the Properties window, click the (Name)
field, type the desired name and press Enter.

2.6. How to Create Variables in VB .NET

With Visual Basic, and most programming languages, what you are doing is storing
things in the computer's memory, and manipulating this store. If you want to add two
numbers together, you put the numbers into storage areas and "tell" Visual Basic to add
them up. But you can't do this without variables.

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So a variable is a storage area of the computer's memory. Think of it like this: a variable
is an empty cardboard box. Now, imagine you have a very large room, and in this room
you have a whole lot of empty cardboard boxes. Each empty cardboard box is a single
variable. To add two numbers together, write the first number on a piece of paper and
put the piece of paper into an empty box. Write the second number on a piece of paper
and put this second piece of paper in a different cardboard box.

Now, out of all your thousands of empty cardboard boxes two of them contain pieces of
paper with numbers on them. To help you remember which of the thousands of boxes
hold your numbers, put a sticky label on each of the two boxes. Write "number1" on the
TWO| FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING IN VISUAL BASIC.NET

first sticky label, and "number2" on the second label.

What have we just done? Well, we've created a large memory area (the room and the
cardboard boxes), and we've set up two of the boxes to hold our numbers (two
variables). We've also given each of these variables a name (the sticky labels) so that we
can remember where they are.

Now examine this:

Dim number1 As Integer

Dim number2 As Integer
number1 = 3
number2 = 5

That's code from Visual Basic Net. It's VB's way of setting up (or declaring) variables.
Here's a breakdown of the variable Declaration

Dim:
Short for Dimension. It's a type of variable. You declare (or "tell" Visual Basic) that you
are setting up a variable with this word. We'll meet other types of variables later, but for
now just remember to start your variable declarations with Dim.

number1 and number2

Are the Identifiers: A valid identifier is a sequence of one or more letters, digits or
underscore characters (_). Neither spaces nor punctuation marks or symbols can be part
of an identifier. Only letters, digits and single underscore characters are valid. In
addition, variable identifiers always have to begin with a letter. They can also begin with
an underline character (_ ), but in some cases these may be reserved for compiler
specific keywords or external identifiers, as well as identifiers containing two successive
underscore characters anywhere.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

As Integer
We're telling Visual Basic that the variable is going to be a number (integer). Well meet
alternatives to Integer later.
Number1 = 3
The equals sign is not actually an equals sign. The = sign means assign a value of. In
other words, here is where you put something in your variable. We're telling Visual Basic
to assign a value of 3 to the variable called number1. Think back to the piece of paper
going into the cardboard box. Well, this is the programming equivalent of writing a value
on a piece of paper.
Utilise Built-In Functions : Math.Sqrt, Int, Math.Round
TWO| FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING IN VISUAL BASIC.NET

Visual Studio .NET provides an easy way of performing mathematical functions, such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, integer division, and
finding a remainder. For all other tasks, you can utilize the System.Math class. In this tip,
I will look at a simple way of working with math-related functions in VB.NET.
.NET offers common operators to facilitate the basic mathematical functions, such as:
 Addition (+)
 Subtraction (-)
 Multiplication (*)
 Division (/)
 Exponentiation (^)
 Integer Division (\)
 Finding the remainder (Mod)
However, for other operations, you can use the methods available in the System.Math
class.
Math.Sqrt takes the square root of a number. With it, you pass one Double value as an
argument, and receive the square root of that as another Double. This method requires
more time to compute fractional square roots
Example

Dim result1 As Double = Math.Sqrt(1)

Dim result2 As Double = Math.Sqrt(2)
Dim result3 As Double = Math.Sqrt(3)
Dim result4 As Double = Math.Sqrt(4)

With lstDisplay.Items
.Add (result1)
.Add (result2)
.Add (result3)
.Add (result4)
End with

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| PROGRAMMING 511

Output
1
1.4142135623731
1.73205080756888
2
Math.Round
Numbers can be rounded in many ways. In the .NET Framework, Math.Round provides
built-in logic. With it we round with special options—away from zero, or to even.
It acts on many numeric types,including Doubleand Decimal.
TWO| FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING IN VISUAL BASIC.NET

Example
Math written on chalkboard

This program calls Math.Round on the Double 123.45. With no options, it rounds this
number to 123. With a second option of 1, we round to one decimal place. This yields
the values 123.5 (for AwayFromZero) and 123.4 (for ToEven).
AwayFromZero:
With a positive number, this option will round up—so 123.45 becomes 123.5.

ToEven:

This will round to an even number—so 123.45 becomes 123.4 because 4 is an even
number and 5 is not.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

Example

' Call Math.Round on this Double.

Dim before As Double = 123.45

Dim after1 As Double = Math.Round(before, 1, _
MidpointRounding.AwayFromZero)

Dim after2 As Double = Math.Round(before, 1, _

MidpointRounding.ToEven)
Dim after3 As Double = Math.Round(before)

With lstDisplay.Items
TWO| FUNDAMENTALS OF PROGRAMMING IN VISUAL BASIC.NET

.Add (before)
.Add (after1)
.Add (after2)
.Add (after3)
End with

' Use on this Decimal.

Dim before2 As Decimal = 125.101
Dim after4 As Decimal = Math.Round(before2)
Dim after5 As Decimal = Math.Round(before2, 1)

With lstDisplay.Items
.Add (before)
.Add (after4)
.Add (after5)
End with

Output
123.45
123.5
123.4
123

125.101
125
125.1

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| PROGRAMMING 511

SECTION SUMMARY

 Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET) is an object-oriented computer programming

language implemented on the .NET Framework.
 The following reasons make VB.Net a widely used professional language:
 Modern, general purpose.
o Object oriented.
o Component oriented.
o Easy to learn.
o Structured language.
o It produces efficient programs.
o It can be compiled on a variety of computer platforms.
o Part of .Net Framework.
 To invoke Visual Basic from a computer that has Visual Basic Express installed,
click
the Windows Start button, hover over All Programs, and then click on Microsoft
Visual Basic Express Edition.
 After adding a control to a form, it automatically receives a name.
 The newly added control reflects the name of its button on the Properties
window and adds an incremental number.
 To change the name of a control, on the Properties window, click the (Name)
field, type the desired name and press Enter.
 variable is a storage area of the computer's memory.
 You declare or create a variable with the use of keyword, Dim.
 Dim: Short for Dimension
 Visual Studio .NET provides an easy way of performing mathematical functions,
TWO| UNIT SUMMARY

such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, integer division,

and finding a remainder.
 However, for other operations, you can use the methods available in the
System.Math class.
 Math.Sqrt takes the square root of a number.
 Math.Round provides built-in logic. With it we round with special options—away
from zero, or to even.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

KEY TERMS USED IN THIS SECTION

Boolean Conditions: Condition that yield two condition, either True or False – ( Yes or
No, 1 or 0)
GUI: Graphical User Interface
Variable: is a storage area of the computer's memory.
Dim: Short for Dimension: is a key word of visual basic, that is use to declare a
variable.
Built-in-function: A function is similar to a normal procedure but the main purpose of
the function is to accept a certain input from the user and return a value which is
passed on to the main program to finish the execution.
TWO| GLOSSARY OF TERMS

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| PROGRAMMING 511

UNIT 2 REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Which controls you can use to accept entry from the user?
2. List any five controls commonly used in VB.NET?
3. Declare two variables of different data type.
4. Declare an integer variable and assign 1900 to it.

5. Determine the output of the code below:

Dim dbData As Double

Dim intData As Integer

dbData = 3.14159
intData = dbData
lblDiplay.Text = dbData
lblDis.Text = intData
TWO| REVIEW QUESTIONS

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| PROGRAMMING 511

THREE|GENARAL PROCEDURES

Learning Outcomes

1. Make Use of Sub Procedures

2. Assign variables by value and by reference
3. Understand the use of Local and Class Level variables • Use functions to
return values for processing data.

3.1. Introduction
Visual Basic has two devices, Sub procedures and Function procedures that are
used to break complex problems into small problems to be solved one at a time.
To distinguish them from event procedures, Sub and Function procedures are
referred to as general procedures. General procedures also eliminate repetitive
code and can be reused in other programs.

Procedures are an essential part of almost every VB program. When you define a
procedure, whether it's a Function or a Sub procedure, you need to decide
whether the procedure arguments are passed by reference or by value.
3.2. Sub Procedure
A procedure is a group of statements that together perform a task when called.
After the procedure is executed, the control returns to the statement calling the
procedure. VB.Net has two types of procedures:

• Functions
• Sub procedures or Subs

A Sub procedure returns no value. We implement and call this kind of method.
Subs optionally have argument lists and formal parameters. These parameters can
THREE| GENARAL PROCEDURES

be separated with line continuations for readability.

A sub procedure is an assignment that is carried but doesn't give back a result. To
create a sub procedure, start by typing the Sub keyword followed by a name (like
everything else, a procedure must have a name). The name of a procedure is
always followed by parentheses. At the end of the sub procedure, you must type
End Sub.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

The syntax of a sub procedure is:

Sub ProcedureName()

End Sub

The name of a procedure should follow the same rules we learned to name the
variables, omitting the prefix. In addition:

If the procedure performs an action that can be represented with a verb, you
can use that verb to name it. Here are examples: show, display

To make the name of a procedure stand, you should start it in uppercase. Examples are
Show, Play, Dispose, Close

You should use explicit names that identify the purpose of the procedure. If a procedure
would be used as a result of another procedure or a control's event, reflect it on the
name of the sub procedure. Examples would be: afterupdate, longbefore.

If the name of a procedure is a combination of words, you should start each word in
uppercase. Examples are: AfterUpdate, SayItLoud

The section between the Sub and the End Sub lines is referred to as the body of the
procedure. Here is an example:

Sub Assignment()
THREE| GENARAL PROCEDURES

End Sub

The body of the procedure is used to define what, and how the, assignment should be
carried. For example, if you need to use a variable, you can declare it and specify the
kind of variable you need. There is no restriction on the type of variables that can be
declared in a procedure. Here is an example in which a string variable is declared in the
body of a sub routine:

Sub Assignment()
Dim strFullName As String
End Sub

In the same way, you can declare as many variables as you need inside of a procedure.
The actions you perform inside of a procedure depend on what you are trying to

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| PROGRAMMING 511

accomplish. For example, a procedure can simply be used to create a string. The above
procedure can be changed as follows:

Sub Assignment()
Dim strFullName As String
strFullName="Paul Bertrand
Yamaguchi"
End Sub

User-defined procedures are procedures that you design and write. These are in
contrast to the methods contained in the FCL classes, which are supplies for you. You
create user-defined procedures to give your code structure and organization. In
addition, you can create reusable code by designing procedures that others can invoke.
There are two categories of user-defined procedures: Public or Private.

The declaration of a Sub procedure begins with a Sub statement and the Name of the
procedure followed by a set of ( ). It ends with the End Sub statement. The code that
appears between these two statements is the body of the procedure. When the sub
procedure executes, the code within will execute.

Example (Calling or invoking a sub procedure)

Private SubDisplay_Message( )
‘name of procedure is Display_Message
Code statements
End Sub
THREE| GENARAL PROCEDURES

This type of statement is known as a procedure call. It causes the procedure to execute.
You can also use the Call keyword, which is an optional command.

Call DisplayMessage( )

When a procedure call executes, the application branches to the procedure and
executes the body of the sub procedure. When it has finished, it returns to the location
of the procedural call and resumes executing at the next statement.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

Example 1:
The following example demonstrates how to call and define a Sub procedure.

Private Sub btnAdd_Click(...)

Handles btnAdd.Click
Dim intValue1, intValue2 as Integer
lstResult.Items.Add(“Hello”)
DISPLAY ()
lstResult.Items.Add(“Back To Click Event”)
End Sub

Example

Private Sub DISPLAY()

lstResult.Items.Add(“Sub procedure ”)
End Sub

Output:
Hello
Sub procedure
Back To Click Event

3.3. Declaring/Defining Function

Like a sub procedure, a function
is used to perform an
assignment. The main difference
THREE| GENARAL PROCEDURES

between a sub procedure and a

IMPORTANT TIP:
function is that, after carrying its To promote software reusability, every
assignment, a function gives back sub procedure or function should be
limited to performing a single, well
(return) a result. We also say that defined task, and the name of the
a function "returns a value". To procedure should express that task
effectively.
distinguish both, there is a
different syntax you use for a
function.

A function procedure returns a value to the part of the program that called
the function procedure. Like a Sub procedure, a function procedure is a set
of statements that perform a task when the function is called. Like the Sub
procedure, it is written in the code window and is not attached to any
control. In addition, a function returns a value that can be used in an
expression.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

Declaring a Function – the general formation of a function declaration is:

[AccessSpecifier] Function FunctionName ([Parameterlist]) As Datatype

Statements
Return expression

End Function

Similar to a Sub procedure declaration the AccessSpecifier is optional and specifies the
accessibility of the function. If you do not specify an access specifier, the default is
Public.

Next is the keyword Function, followed by the function name. Inside the parenthesis is
an optional list of parameters. Following
the parenthesis is As Datatype. The
datatype listed is the part of the
GOOD PROGRAMMING PRACTICE:
declaration that determines the data type Capitalize the first letter of procedure
of the value returned by the function. name. Alternatively use only uppercase
letters.
An example of a function is:

Private Function Sum(ByValsngNum1 As Single, ByValsngNum2 As Single) As

Single
Dim sngResult As Single
sngResult = sngNum1 + sngNum2
Return sngResult
End Function
Or
THREE| GENARAL PROCEDURES

Private Function CALCULATE_SUM (ByVal sngNum1 As Single, ByVal sngNum2 As

Single) As Single
Dim sngResult As Single
sngResult = sngNum1 + sngNum2

CALCULATE_SUM = sngResult
End Function

3.4. Calling a Function

When calling a function, the normal procedure is to use an assignment statement so
that the value returned through the function will be assigned to a variable or other form
of output.

sngTotal = Sum(sngValue1, sngValue2)

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| PROGRAMMING 511

This statement passes the variables sngValue1 and sngValue2 as arguments in

the function called Sum. It assigns the values to the function variables sngNum1
and sngNum2. After the function executes, the return statement sends a value
back to the statement and it is assigned to sngTotal.

3.5. Arguments and Parameters

So far, to use a value in a procedure, we had to declare it. In some cases, a
procedure may need an external value in order to carry its assignment. A value
that is supplied to a procedure is called an argument.

When creating a procedure that will use an external value, declare the argument
that represents that value between the parentheses of the procedure. For a sub
routine, the syntax you use would be:

Sub ProcedureName(Argument)

End Sub

If you are creating a function, the syntax would be:

Function CalculatePayroll(strName As String) As Double

Function Sub

Function ProcedureName(Argument) As DataType

THREE| GENARAL PROCEDURES

Function Sub

The argument must be declared as a normal variable, omitting only the Dim
keyword. Here is an example that creates a function that takes a string as
argument:

Private SubEvaluateInvoice(EmplName As String, HourlySalary As Currency)

End Sub

A certain procedure can take more than one argument. In this case, in the
parentheses of the procedure, separate the arguments with a comma. Here is an
example of a sub routine that takes two arguments:

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| PROGRAMMING 511

In the body of a procedure that takes one or more arguments, use the argument(s) as
you see fit as if they were locally declared variables. For example, you can involve them
with values inside of the procedure. You can also exclusively use the values of the
arguments to perform the assignment.

3.6. Passing Arguments to Procedures

There are two ways to pass an argument
to a procedure; by value or by reference.
 Pass-by-Value – is when only a
IMPORTANT TIP: copy of the argument is passed to the
To learn more about passing and procedure. Because the procedure only
receiving variable in a sub procedure or has a copy, it cannot make changes to the
function follow this link.
http://www.functionx.com/visualbasic/
original argument. The code is ByVal.
functions/Lesson2.htm
 Pass-by-Reference – here the
procedure has access to the original
argument and can make changes to the
original argument. The code is ByRef.

For the receiving procedure to accept an argument, it must also be equipped with a
parameter located in the ( ). A parameter is a special variable that receives an
argument being passed into the procedure. An example of a Sub procedure that uses a
parameter is:

Sub DisplayValue(ByValintNumber As Integer)

MessageBox.Show(“The value passed is ” &intNumber.ToString)
End Sub
THREE| GENARAL PROCEDURES

The ByValintNumber as Integer statement declares the variable intNumber as an integer

parameter. The ByVal keyword indicates that the arguments passed into the variable
are passed by value. The parameter allows the DisplayValueproceducr to accept an
integer value argument but it does NOT change the original value passed. Any changes
made to intNumber will not affect the variable in the calling statement.

For example, the calling statement could be:

‘code within a control on the form

Dim IntNumAs Integer = 5
Call DisplayValue(intNum) ‘calling statement for Sub procedure

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| PROGRAMMING 511

‘ ‘code within the code window itself; not attached to any control

Private Sub DisplayValue(byValintNum As Integer)

MessageBox.Show(“The value passed in was “ intNum.ToString)
intNum = intNum * 5

MessageBox.Show(“The new value of intNum in the subroutine is “ _

&intNum.ToString)

End Sub

MessageBox.Show(“The value of intNum in the program is ” intNum.ToString)

Output result:

The value passed in was 5

The new value of intNum in the subroutine is 25
The value of intNum in the program is 5
THREE| GENARAL PROCEDURES

3.7. Passing Parameters By Reference

Unlike an argument passed by value, with an argument passed by reference, the
procedure has access to the original argument. Any changes made to the parameter
variable are actually performed on the original argument. To do this, you use the
ByRefkeyword in the declaration of the parameter variable.

3.8. Local Variables

When a variable is declared in an event or Sub procedure with a Dim statement, a
portion of memory is set aside to hold the value of the variable. As soon as the End Sub
statement for the procedure executes, the memory location is freed up; that is, the
variable ceases to exist. The variable is said to be local to the procedure

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When variables of the same name are declared with Dim statements in two different
procedures (either event or Sub), Visual Basic gives the variables separate identities and
treats them as two different variables. A value assigned to a variable in one part of the
program will not affect the value of the likenamed variable in the other part of the
program.

3.9. Class-Level Variables

Visual Basic provides a way to make a variable visible to every procedure in a form's
code without being passed. Such a variable is called a class-level variable. The Dim
statement for a class-level variable can be placed anywhere between the statements
Public Class formName and End Class, provided that the Dim statement is not inside a
procedure.

Normally, we place the Dim statement just after the Public Class formName statement
(We refer to this region as the Declarations section of the Code window.) A classlevel
variable is visible to every procedure. When a class-level variable has its value changed
by a procedure, the value persists even after the procedure has finished executing. We
say that such a variable has class-level scope. Variables declared inside a procedure are
said to have local scope.

In general, the scope of a variable is the portion of the program that can refer to it.
Class-level scope also is referred to as module-level scope, and local scope also is
referred to as procedure-level scope. If a procedure declares a local variable with the
same name as a class-level variable, then the name refers to the local variable for code
inside the procedure.
THREE| GENARAL PROCEDURES

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| PROGRAMMING 511

UNIT SUMMARY

 A general procedure is a portion of a program that is accessed by event

procedures or other general procedures. The two types of general procedures are Sub
procedures and Function procedures.
 Sub procedures are defined in blocks beginning with Sub statements and ending
with End Sub statements. A Sub procedure is accessed (called) by a statement consisting
of the name of the procedure.
 Function procedures are defined in blocks beginning with Function statements
and ending with End Function statements. A function is invoked by a reference in an
expression and returns a value.
 In any procedure, the arguments appearing in the calling statement must match
the parameters of the Sub or Function statement in number, type, and order. They need
not match in name.
 A variable declared in the Declarations section of the Code window is class-level.
Such a variable is available to every procedure in the form's code and retains its value
from one procedure invocation to the next.
 Variables declared with a Dim statement inside a procedure are local to the
procedure. The values of these variables are reinitialized each time the procedure is
called. A variable with the same name appearing in another part of the program is
treated as a different variable.
 Structured programming uses modular design to refine large problems into
smaller subproblems. Programs are coded using the three logical structures of
sequences, decisions, and loops.
 The best practice for installing cable is to follow the TIA/EIA 568 specifications
andthe manufacturer’s recommendations. Be careful not to exceed a cable’s bend
radius,untwist wire pairs more than one-half inch, or remove more than one inch of
insulationfrom copper wire.Install plenum-rated cable in ceilings and floors, and
runcabling away from where it might suffer physical damage. Maintain clear,
THREE| UNIT SUMMARY

comprehensivedocumentation on your cable plant.

 Visual Basic.NET (VB.NET) provides two types of procedures: Sub procedures and
Function procedures. The difference between the two is that a Function procedure
returns a value but a Sub procedure does not.
 A Sub procedure definition begins with a procedure header containing the
keyword Sub followed by one or more statement and ends with the keywords End Sub.
 Arguments are passed into parameters. The parameters list consists of variable
declarations that receive arguments being sent from client objects.
 A function procedure begins with a procedure header containing the keyword
Function followed by one or more statement, and ends with the keywords End Function.
Function procedure returns a single variable. You write its data type at the end of the
procedure header.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

 User-defined procedures are procedures that you design and write. These are in
contrast to the methods contained in the Framework Class Library (FCL) classes.
 There are two categories of user-defined procedures: public and private. Private
procedures are you write with in the module to provide services so that objects; private
procedures cannot be invoked by code in other objects. In contrast, public procedures
are procedures you write specifically designed to be invoked by other objects.
 The scope of a variable represents its visibility or accessibility and is determined
by where you declare it. A variable declared within a procedure has procedure scope.
However, a variable decaled outside the procedures within a module is accessible to
code within all of the procedures in the module-it has module scope.
 Variables can also have what is called block scope. When you write code that is
grouped using an If, Do or For, and terminated with End, Next, and Loop, the code is
called a block. If you declare a variable within such a code block, its scope is limited to
that block.
 You create an optional arguments by adding the keyword Optional to a
parameter variable declaration in the procedure header and then indicating a default
value.
 Overloading a procedures means you write multiples procedures with the same
name but with different signatures. Overloading is a convenient technique to avoid using
unique names for procedures.
 You can overload a function procedure with a Sub procedure and vice versa. The
return data type is not part of a procedure’s signature.
 When passing an argument to a procedure, be aware of several different
distinctions that interact with each other:
o Whether the underlying programming element is modifiable or non
modifiable
o Whether the argument itself is modifiable or non modifiable
o Whether the argument is being passed by value or by reference
o Whether the argument data type is a value type or a reference type
THREE| UNIT SUMMARY

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| PROGRAMMING 511

KEY TERMS USED IN THIS SECTION

Procedure: A group of statements that together perform a task, does not return a value.

Function procedure:A group of statements that together perform a task, return a value
to the part of the program that called the function procedure

Pass-by-Value – is when only a copy of the argument is passed to the procedure.

Because the procedure only has a copy, it cannot make changes to the original
argument. The code is ByVal):

Pass-by-Reference: the procedure has access to the original argument and can make
changes to the original argument. The code is ByRef.

Local Variables:When a variable is declared in an event or Sub procedure with a Dim

statement, a portion of memory is set aside to hold the value of the variable. As soon as
the End Sub statement for the procedure executes, the memory location is freed up.

Class-Level Variables:A classlevel variable is visible to every procedure

.
THREE| GLOSSARY OF TERMS

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| PROGRAMMING 511

UNIT3REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Distinguish between Private and Public accessibility.

2. Explain the difference between an argument and a parameter.
3. What is an Optional parameter? What are the rules for writing one?
4. What is a user-defined procedure?
5. What is scope? Distinguish between module and procedure scope.
6. What is block scope?
7. What is a procedures signature?
8. What is an overloading procedure?
9. Write a program that uses a function COMPARE to compare two values
input by the user. The program should state whether the first value is less than,
equal to or greater than the second value.
10. Write a program that uses a sub-module called COMPARE to compare two
values input by the user. The program should state whether the first value is less
than, equal to or greater than the second value.
11. Write a program that input a series of integer and passes them one at the
time to a function isEven, which uses the modulus operator to determine whether
an integer is even. The function should take an integer argument and return true if
the integer is even and false otherwise.
12. Write a sub procedure that displays as the solid square of asterisks whose
side is specified in integer parameter size. Foe example, if side is 5, the sub
procedure display the following:
*****
*****
*****
THREE| REVIEW QUESTIONS

*****
*****
13. An integer is said to be prime if it’s divided by only 1 and itself. For example,
2,3,5,7 are prime, but 4,6,8 and 9 are not.
a. Write a function that determine whether a number is prime.
b. Use this function in a program that determine and print all the
prime numbers being 2 and 10, 000. How many of these numbers do you really
have to test before being sure that you’ve found all the primes?

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| PROGRAMMING 511

FOUR|DECISION MAKING

LEARNING OUTCOMES Visual Studio will automatically

insert the "Then" and "End If"
parts of an If-statement

• Use Relational and Logical Operators

• Use and Apply the If Block Statement
• Use Select Case Blocks

4.1. Introduction
Decision making structures require that the programmer specify one or more conditions
to be evaluated or tested by the program, along with a statement or statements to be
executed if the condition is determined to be true, and optionally, other statements to
be executed if the condition is determined to be false.

Following is the general form of a typical decision making structure found in most of the
programming languages:

Statement Description

An If...Then statement consists of a boolean expression

If ... Then statement
followed by one or more statements.

An If...Then statement can be followed by an optional

If...Then...Else statement Else statement, which executes when the boolean
expression is false.

You can use one If or Else if statement inside another If

nested If statements
or Else if statement(s).
FOUR| DECISION MAKING

A Select Case statement allows a variable to be tested

Select Case statement
for equality against a list of values.

You can use one select case statement inside another

nested Select Case statements
select case statement(s).

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| PROGRAMMING 511

It is the simplest form of control statement, frequently used in decision making and
changing the control flow of the program execution. Syntax for if-then statement is:

If condition Then
[Statement(s)]
End If

Where, condition is a Boolean or relational condition and Statement(s) is a simple or

compound statement. Example of an

If-Then statement is:

If (a <= 20) Then

c= c+1
End If

If the condition evaluates to true, then the block of code inside the If statement will be
executed. If condition evaluates to false, then the first set of code after the end of the If
statement (after the closing End If) will be executed.

Private SubADD()
'local variable definition
Dim a AsInteger=10

' check the boolean condition using if statement

If(a <20)Then
' if condition is true then print the following
lblAnswer.Text = "A is less than 20")
EndIf

End Sub
FOUR| DECISION MAKING

A condition is an expression involving relational operators (such as <and= ) that is either

true or false. Conditions also may incorporate logical operators (such as And, Or, and
Not). ANSI values determine the order used to compare strings with the relational
operators. Boolean variables and literals can assume the values True or False.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

4.2. How to use IF ELSE in VB.NET

The conditional statement IFELSE, is use for examining the conditions that we provided,
and making decision based on that condition. The conditional statement examining the
data using comparison operators as well as logical operators.

If [your condition here]

Your code here
Else
Your code Here
End If

If the condition is TRUE then the control goes to between IF and Else block, that is the
program will execute the code between IF and ELSE statements.

If the condition is FALSE then the control goes to between ELSE and END IF block, that is
the program will execute the code between ELSE and END IF statements.
FOUR| DECISION MAKING

If you want to check more than one condition at the same time, you can use Else If.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

if [your condition here] Then

Your code here
Else
If [your condition here] Then
Your code here
Else
If [your condition here] Then
Your code here
Else
Your code here
Endif
Endif
Endif

Example 1:
1) If the marks is greater than 80 then the student get higher first class
2) If the marks less than 80 and greater than 60 then the student get first class
3) If the marks less than 60 and greater than 40 then the student get second class
4) The last condition is, if the marks less than 40 then the student fail.

Now here implementing these conditions

1. If totalMarks >= 80 Then

2. MsgBox("Got Higher First Class ")
3. ElseIf totalMarks >= 60 Then
4. MsgBox("Got First Class ")
5. ElseIf totalMarks >= 40 Then
FOUR| DECISION MAKING

6. MsgBox("Just pass only")

7. Else
8. MsgBox("Failed")
9. End If

Line 1: Checking the total marks greater than or equal to 80

Line 2: If total marks greater than 80 show message - "Got Higher First Class”

Line 3: Checking the total marks greater than or equal to 60

Line 4: If total marks greater than 60 show message - "Got First Class”
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| PROGRAMMING 511

Line 5: Checking the total marks greater than or equal to 40

Line 6: If total marks greater than 40 show message - "Just pass only"

Line 7: If those three conditions failed program go to the next coding block

Line 8: If all fail shows message "Failed"

Line 9: Ending the condition block

Example

Public Class Form1

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object,ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim totalMarks As Integer
totalMarks = 59

If totalMarks >= 80 Then

MsgBox("Gor Higher First Class ")
ElseIf totalMarks >= 60 Then
MsgBox("Gor First Class ")
ElseIf totalMarks >= 40 Then
MsgBox("Just pass only")
Else
MsgBox("Failed")
FOUR| DECISION MAKING

End If
End Sub
End Class

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4.3. Relational Operators

4.4. Logical Operators

Programming situations often require more complex conditions than those considered
so far. For instance, suppose we would like to
state that the value of a numeric variable, n,
is strictly between 2 and
The proper Visual Basic condition is MORE INFO:
Follow the
(2 < n) And (n < 5) link:http://www.homeandlearn.co.uk/N
ET/nets1p20.html
http://www.homeandlearn.co.uk/NET/
The condition (2 < n) And (n < 5) is a nets1p21.html
combination of the two conditions 2 < n and
n < 5 with the logical operator And.

The three main logical operators are And, Or, and Not. If cond1 and cond2 are
conditions, then the condition.

cond1 And cond2

is true if both cond1 and cond2 are true. Otherwise, it is false. The condition
FOUR| DECISION MAKING

cond1 Or cond2

is true either cond1 or condi2 (or both) is true

Otherwise, it is false.

4.5. Select Case

In the previous lesson, we have learned how to control the program flow using the
If...Else If control structure. In this chapter, you will learn another way to control the
program flow, that is, the Select Case control structure.
However, the Select Case control structure is slightly different from the If… Else

The difference is that the Select Case control structure basically only make decision on
one expression or dimension (for example the examination grade) while the If ...Else If
Page | 44
| PROGRAMMING 511

statement control structure may evaluate only one expression, each If....Else If
statement may also compute entirely different dimensions. Select Case is preferred
when there exist many different conditions because using If...Then..else If statements
might become too messy.

The format of the Select Case control structure is show below:

A typical form of the Select Case block is:

Select Case Selector

Case ValueList1
Action1
Case ValueList2
Action2 GOOD TIP:
Case Else Use Select Case over If Statement when
Action3 you have several options to choose
End Select from.

where Case Else (and its action) is optional,

and each value list contains one or more of the following types of items:
1. a literal;
2. a variable;
3. an expression;
4. an inequality sign preceded by Is and followed by a literal, variable, or
expression;
5. a range expressed in the form a To b, where a and b are literals, variables, or
expressions.

Different items appearing in the same list must be separated by commas. Each action
consists of one or more statements. After the selector is evaluated, Visual Basic looks for
the first value-list item including the value of the selector and carries out its associated
action. (If the value of the selector appears in two different value lists, only the action
associated with the first value list will be carried out.) If the value of the selector does
FOUR| DECISION MAKING

not appear in any of the value lists and there is no Case Else clause, execution of the
program will continue with the statement following the Select Case block.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

Example 2

Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles btnDisplay.Click

Dim age, price As Double
age = CDbl(InputBox("What is your age?"))

Select Case age

Case IS < 6
Price = 0
Case 6 To 17
Price = 3.75
Case Is >= 17
Price = 5
End Select
End Sub

4.6. Flow chart for Select Case

MULTIMEDIA REFERENCE

For deeper discussion on If Statement

and Select Case follow the link:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8uR3zOjwUM
http://www.vbtutor.net/lesson8.html


FOUR| DECISION MAKING

Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles btnDisplay.Click

Dim age, price As Double
age = CDbl(InputBox("What is your age?"))

Select Case age

Case IS < 6
Price = 0
Case 6 To 17
Price = 3.75
Case Is >= 17
Price = 5
End Select
End Sub
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| PROGRAMMING 511

Example

Dim age AsInteger

age = CInt(TextBoxAge.Text)

SelectCaseage
CaseIs< 3
MessageBox.Show("You are younger than Chris' niece")
CaseIs> 3
MessageBox.Show("You are older than Chris' niece")
CaseIs= 3
MessageBox.Show("You are 3, the same age as Chris' niece")
End Select
FOUR| DECISION MAKING

GOOD PRACTICE:
There are performance advantages in utilising the SELECT CASE STATEMENT but I
wouldn’t use that as the primary means of using it. Expressions like the IF
Statement and SELECT CASE statement are typically executed in millionths of a
second these days. Not even your most critical of users will notice the difference.
However it is simply much easier to read. You should always, without exception,
try to keep your code as clean and as elegant as possible. Your co-workers will
thank you for it. You will thank yourself for it when you go to look at some old
code. Take pride in your work. Be a good craftsman.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

UNIT SUMMARY

 You make decision in a selection statement by writing a logical expression, which

evaluates to either true or false.
 Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET)uses relational operators (=,>,>=,<,<=,<>) and logical
operators (Not, And,Or,Xor,AndAlso,OrElse)in wring logical expressions.
 The logical operators join two logical expressions to form a compound
expression.
 The logical operators AndAlso and OrElse correspond to the And and Or
operators, respectively, except that they employ a short-circuit evaluation techniques,
which does not evaluate the second logical expression of a compound expression if its
evaluation will not alter the results of the compound expression.
 A one-way selection statement evaluates a logical expression and then executes
one or more statements only if the expression it true. The two-way selection statement
also evaluates a logical expression and executes one or more statements if it is true, but
executes one or more different statements if it is false.
 A flowchart is a graphical representation of logic. Flowcharts use symbols to
represent the logical components of an algorithm.
 One-way selection is implemented in VB .NET by writing either a single-line or a
multi-line If statements.
 You generally use a multi-line If when more than one statement is to be
executed when the logical expression is true. However, you can substitute a multi-line If
for a single-line If.
 Generally, a single-line If is easier to write when you want to execute a single
statement if an expression is true. However, when you want to execute more than one
statement, you use the multi-line If.
 You implement the multi-way selection structure by writing an If statement
together with the keyword Else.
 VB .NET implements the multi-way selection structure, sometimes called the
case structure, with the keywords Select Case. This statement acts like a multi-way If
statement by transferring control to one. Use a Select Case statement to make a
FOUR| UNIT SUMMARY

decision where there are more than two values of a variable you want to evaluate.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

UNIT 4 REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Correct the following code so that it compiles and executes correctly.

Assume the variable have been correctly declared and populated.
If hoursWorked Not> 40 Then otPay = 0
2. Correct the following code so that it compiles and executes correctly.
Assume the variable have been correctly declared and populated.
If hoursWkd Not> 40 Then
otPay = 0
3. What is the output of the following code?
If 1 > 2 Or 5 < 6 Then
lblDisplay.Text = (“True”)
Else
lblDisplay.Text = (“”False”)
End If
4. What is the output of the following code?
If 1 > 2 Xor 5 < 6 Then
lblDisplay.Text = (“True”)
Else
lblDisplay.Text = (“False”)
End If
5. What is the output of the following code?
If 1 > 2 OrElse 5 < 6 Then
lblDisplay.Text = (“True”)
Else
lblDisplay.Text = (“False”)
End If
6. Correct the following code so that it compiles and executes correctly.
Dim gpa As Double = 2.95
Dim cscMajor As Boolean = True
Select Case gpa
FOUR| REVIEW QUESTIONS

Case> 3
Console.WriteLine(“Fantastic”)
Case< 1
If cscMajor Then Console.WriteLine(“Change Majors”)
Case Else
Console.WriteLine(“Meet With Advisor”)
End Select
7. What is the output of the following code?
If 1 < 2 AndAlso 5 < 6 Then
Console.WriteLine(“True”)
Else
Console.WriteLine(“False”)
End If

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| PROGRAMMING 511

FIVE| REPETITION

LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Understand and utilise Do Loops

• Process Lists of Data with Do Loops
• Understand the For…Next Loop

5.1. Introduction
There may be a situation when you need to execute a block of code several number of
times. In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a function
is executed first, followed by the second, and so on. Programming languages provide
various control structures that allow for more complicated execution paths. A loop
statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times and
following is the general form of a loop statement in most of the programming
languages.

A loop, one of the most important structures in Visual Basic, is used to repeat a
sequence of statements a number of times. At
each repetition, or pass, the statements act upon
variables whose values are changing.

VB.Net provides following types of loops: Follow the link to watch video on loops:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=LPMRGKXAe-8
• Do Loop. www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7WT5a8slic
• For … Next. www.youtube.com/watch?v=uY01sEPvUlI

• For Each … Next

• While….. End While.

5.2. Do Loops
The Do loop repeats a sequence of statements either as long as or until a certain
condition is true. A Do statement precedes the sequence of statements, and a Loop
FIVE| REPETITION

statement follows the sequence of statements. The condition preceded by either the
word "While" or the word "Until", follows the word "Do" or the word "Loop". When
Visual Basic executes a Do loop of the form

Do While condition
statement(s)
Loop

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| PROGRAMMING 511

Dim intMultiplied, intCounter As Integer

Do WhileintCounter < 100

intMultiplied = intCounter * 2
lblDisplay.Text = lblDisplay.Text &intMultiplied
intCounter = intMultiplied + 10
Loop

*The above example will keep on

until intCounter >100

Thinking Point?
What will happen if initial counter is
not initialized?

5.3. FOR...NEXT LOOPS

You use a For...Next structure when you want to repeat a set of statements a set
number of times.

For counter [As datatype ]= start Toend[Stepstep]

[ statements ]
[ Continue For]
[ statements ]
[ExitFor]
[ statements ]
Next[ counter ]
FIVE| REPETITION

When we know exactly how many times a loop should be executed, a special type
of loop, called a For... Next loop, can be used. For...Next loops are easy to read
and write, and have features that make them ideal for certain common tasks. The
following code uses a For... Next loop to display a table:

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| PROGRAMMING 511

Private Sub btnDisplayTable_Click(...) Handles

btnDisplayTable.Click
Dim intSub As Integer
For IntSub = 1 To 5
lstDisplay.Items.Add( intSub & “ “ & intSub ^ 2)
Next
End Sub

Output
1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25

A portion of a program of the form constitutes a For...Next loop. The pair of

statements For and Next cause the statements between them to be repeated a
specified number of times. The For statement designates a numeric variable, called
the control variable, that is initialized and then automatically changes after each
execution of the loop. Also, the For statement gives the range of values this
variable will assume. The Next statement increments the control variable. If m ≤ n,
then i is assigned the values m, m + 1, ..., n
in order, and the body is executed once for
each of these values. If m > n, then the body
is skipped and execution continues with the
statement after the For... Next loop. Reference

For the link to watch video

When program execution reaches a For... (For….Next Loop.
Next loop, such as the one shown www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvWusTkhO
_s
previously, the For statement assigns to the http://www.homeandlearn.co.uk/NET/net
control variable i the initial value m and s3p1.html
checks to see whether i is greater than the http://howtostartprogramming.com/vb-
net/vb-net-tutorial-16-do-while/
terminating value n. If so, then execution
FIVE| REPETITION

jumps to the line following the Next

statement. If i<=n, the statements inside the
loop are executed. Then, the Next statement increases
 the value of i by 1 and
checks this new value to see if it exceeds n. If not, the entire process is repeated
until the value of i exceeds n. Nested For... Next Loops The body of a For... Next
loop can contain any sequence of Visual Basic statements. In particular, it can
contain another For...Next loop. However, the second loop must be completely
contained inside the first loop and must have a different control variable. Such a
configuration is called nested For...Next loops.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

5.4. While Loop

Whenever you face a situation in programming to repeat a task for several
times (more than one times ) or you have to repeat a task till you reach a
condition, in these situations you can use loop statements to achieve your
desired results.

While .. End While Loop execute the code body (the source code within While
and End while statements ) until it meets the specified condition. The
expression is evaluated each time the loop is encountered. If the evaluation
result is true, the loop body statements are executed.

While [condition]
[loop body]
End While

Condition : The condition set by the

user
RESEARCH:
1. counter = 1 For further read on the while….End while
2. While (counter <= 10) consult this book: Visual Basic.net Black
3. Message Book. New Edition. page 87 -91
4. counter = counter + 1
5. End While

Line 1: Counter start from 1

Line 2: While loop checking the counter if it is less than or equal to 10

Line 3: Each time the Loop execute the message and show

Line 4: Counter increment the value of 1 each time the loop execute

Line 5: End of the While End While Loop body

FIVE| REPETITION

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object,

ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim counter As Integer
counter = 1
While (counter <= 10)
MsgBox("Counter Now is : " counter)
counter = counter + 1
End While
End Sub

End Class
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| PROGRAMMING 511

Topic Activities:
The following activities determines the output displayed when the button is
clicked: Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles btnDisplay.Click

Dim intSub As Integer

intSub = 3
Do While intSub < 3
intSub = 2 * intSub - 1
Loop
lblAnswer.Text

Dim balance As Double = 1000

Dim interest As Double = 0.1
Dim n As Integer = 0 'Number of years
Do
lstOutput.Items.Add(n & " " & balance)
balance = (1 + interest) * balance
n += 1
Loop Until (balance > 1200)

lstOutput.Items.Add(n)

'Display a message
Dim num As Double = 4
Dim message As String = ""
Do
Select Case num
Case 1
message = "grammer!"
num = -1
Case 2
message = "re a su"
num = (5 - num) * (3 - num)
Case 3
message = "per
pro" num = 4 -
num Case 4
message = "You a"
FIVE| REPETITION

num = 2 * num - 6
End Select

txtOutput.Text &= message

Loop Until (num = -1)

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| PROGRAMMING 511

Topic Activities:
The following activities determines the output displayed when the
button is clicked: Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles
btnDisplay.Click
'Display a table of the first 5 numbers and their squares
Dim i As Integer
For i = 1 To 5
lstTable.Items.Add(i & " " & i ^ 2)
Next

[The following is displayed in the list box.]

1 1
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
Dim i As Integer
For i = 1 To 7step 2
lstTable.Items.Add(i)
Next

[The following is displayed in the list box.]

1
3
5
7

'Display a message
Dim num As Double = 4
Dim message As String = ""
Do
Select Case num
Case 1
message = "grammer!"

num = -1

Case 2
message = "re a su"
num = (5 - num) * (3 - num)
Case 3
message
FIVE| ACTIVITIES

= "per pro"
num = 4 - num
Case 4
message = "You a"
num = 2 *
num - 6
End Select

txtOutput.Text &= message

Loop Until (num = -1)

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| PROGRAMMING 511

SECTION SUMMARY

 You use the iteration structure, also called a loop, to execute one or more
statement repeatedly.
 Basic iteration logic first tests to see if a loop should terminate. If the loop does
not terminate, the statement in the loop body are executed. Control then returns to the
beginning where once again the test determines whether the loop should terminate.
The loop continues in this manner until the terminating condition occurs.
 There are two kinds of loop logic: the pre-test loop and post-test loop. Using pre-
test logic, the terminating condition is checked before the body of the loop is executed.
A post-test loop checks for the terminating condition after the body is executed. When
you use a post-test loop, the statement in the loop are executed at least once regardless
of the terminating condition.
 There are two general approaches to controlling the number of times a loop
executes: counter control and sentinel control. Counter-control logic employs a variable
called a counter to counter the number of times the loop has executed. Sentinel-control
logic checks the user input for a specific values and terminates when this values, called a
sentinel, is detected.
 You use a counter-controlled loop when you want iterate a specific
predetermined number of times. You employ a sentinel-controlled loop when you do
not know how many value many value are to be input and you use a sentinel value to
indicate there is no more input.
 You implement the iteration structure in Visual Basic .NET (VB .NET) using either
the Do statement or the For statement.
 The Do statement uses two forms: Do While and Do Until. You indicate the end
of the loop by writing the keyword Loop.
 The Do While loop continues to execute as long as an expression is true.
 The Do Until loop continues to execute until an expression is true.
 You can write either a counter-controlled loop or a senile-controlled loop using
the Do statement. You can also create either a pre-test or a post-test loop.
 You use the For Next structure to create counter-controlled pre-test loops only.
Although theoretically possible, you generally do not use For Next to write sentinel-
FIVE| SUMMARY

controlled loops.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

SECTION 5 REVIEW QUESTIONS

Give the output of programs below:

1. Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles btnDisplay.Click
For j As Integer = 2 To 8 Step 2
lstBox.Items.Add(j)
Next
lstBox.Items.Add("Who do we appreciate?")
End Sub

2. Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles btnDisplay.Click

For countdown As Integer = 10 To 1 Step -1
lstBox.Items.Add(countdown)
Next
lstBox.Items.Add("blastoff")
End Sub

3. Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles btnDisplay.Click

For j As Integer = 2 To 8 Step 2
lstBox.Items.Add(j)
Next
lstBox.Items.Add("Who do we appreciate?")
End Sub

4. Dim counter, sum As Integer

sum = 1000
For counter = 100 To 5 Step -5
FIVE| REVIEW QUESTIONS

sum – = counter
ListBox1.Items.Add(sum)
Next
5. Dim n as Integer
For n=1 to 10
If n>6 then
Exit For
End If

Else
ListBox1.Items.Add ( n)
Next
End If
Next
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| PROGRAMMING 511

6. Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

Dim sum, n As Integer

ListBox1.Items.Add(“n” & vbTab & “Sum”)

ListBox1.Items.Add(“———————-“)

Do
n += 1
sum += n
ListBox1.Items.Add(n & vbTab & sum)
If n = 100 Then
Exit Do
End If
Loop

End Sub

7. What is the purpose of loop in programming?

A. Repeat operation(s) many times
B. make decision
8. The Exit command is used to exit a loop in VB.NET language.
A. True
B. False
9. Which of the followings is not a nested loop?
A. For i=0 to 9
FIVE| REVIEW QUESTIONS

For j=1 to i+3

Next
Next

B. For i=0 to 9
lblDisplay.Text = i
Next
For j=1 to i+3
lblDisplay.Text =j
Next

C. For i=0 to 9
While(j Mod 2<>0)
lblDisplay.Text =j
j+=1
End While
Next

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| PROGRAMMING 511

10. Which of the following statements about the while loop is not true?
A. The while loop is a posttest loop.
B. Testing condition is made before each iteration.
C. The while loop statement must terminate with a semi-colon.
11. Write VB.NET code to display the asterisk pattern as shown below:
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
12. Find error on the following code:
Dim intSub As Integer
While intSub <= 10
lblDsplay.Text =intSub
Wend
13. Write a program that use both For.. Next and While statements to sum a
sequence of
Integers.
14. Write a program that uses Do Until to calculate and print the product of the
odd integer
from 1 to 15.
15. Write VB.NET code to display the asterisk pattern as shown below:
*
**
***
****
*****
16. Rewrite the following loop using Do While.
Dim counter As Integer
For counter = 5 To 1 Step -1
FIVE| REVIEW QUESTIONS

lstDidplay.items.Add(counter)
Next
17. Rewrite the following loop using For Next.
Dim counter As Integer = 1
Do While counter <= 9
lstDidplay.items.Add (counter)
Counter += 3
Loop
18. Rewrite the following loop using Do Until.
Dim counter As Integer = 1
Do While counter <=9
lstDidplay.items.Add (counter)
Counter += 3
Loop

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| PROGRAMMING 511

SIX|ARRAYS

LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Understand the basic concept of defining and declaring an array.

 Use and apply arrays to programs
 Define two dimensional array
 Sort and search for elements in the array

6.1. Introduction
This topic introduces the important topic of data structure – collections of related data
items, arrays. An array stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same
type. An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to think of
an array as a collection of variables of the same type.

All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The lowest address corresponds to
the first element and the highest address to the last element.

6.2. Declaring an Array

Visual Basic provides a data structure called an array that lets us do what we tried to
accomplish in the loop. The variable names, similar to those in the preceding program,
will be
SIX| ARRAYS

student(0), student(1), student(2), student(3), ..., student(29) and

score(0), score(1), score(2), score(3), ..., score(29)

We refer to these collections of variables as the array variables student() and score().
The numbers inside the parentheses of the individual variables are called subscripts, and

Page | 60
| PROGRAMMING 511

each individual variable is called a subscripted variable or element. For

instance, student(3) is the fourth subscripted variable of the array
student(), and score(20) is the 21st subscripted variable of the array
score(). The elements of an
array are assigned successive
memory locations.

Array variables have the same To learn why arrays are important in
kinds of names as simple programming, for this link.
variables. If arrayName is the http://www.homeandlearn.co.uk/NET/n
ets6p1.html
name of an array variable and n
is an Integer literal, variable, or
expression, then the
declaration statement.

Dim arrayName(n) As varType

reserves space in memory to hold the values of the subscripted variables

arrayName(0), arrayName(1), arrayName(2), ..., arrayName(n). The value
of n is called the upper bound of the array. The number of elements in
the array,n+1, is called the size of the array. The subscripted variables will
all have the same data type; namely, the type specified by varType. For
instance, they could be all String variables or all Integer variables. In
particular, the statements.
Dim score(29) As Double
Dim score(29) As Double
declare the arrays needed for the preceding program.
Values can be assigned to individual subscripted variables with
assignment statements and displayed in text boxes and list boxes just as
values of ordinary variables. The default initial value of each subscripted
variable is the same as with an ordinary variable; that is, the keyword
Nothing for String types and 0 for numeric types. The statement
Dim score(29) As Double
sets aside a portion of memory for the Integer array score() and assigns
the default value 0 to each element.
score(0) = 87
SIX| ARRAYS

score(1) = 92
assign values to the zeroth and first elements.
The statements
For i As Integer = 0 To 2
lstBox.Items.Add(score(i))
Next

Page | 61
| PROGRAMMING 511

then produce the following output in the list box:

87
92
0

As with an ordinary variable, an array declared in the Declarations section of the

Code window is classlevel. That is, it will be visible to all procedures in the form,
and any value assigned to it in a procedure will persist when the procedure
terminates. Array variables declared inside a procedure are local to that procedure
and cease to exist whenthe procedure is exited.

Dim intData(30) ' an array of 31 elements

Dim strData(20) As String ' an array of 21 strings

You can also initialize the array elements while declaring the array. For example,
Dim intData() As Integer = {12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32}

Dim names() As String = {"Karthik", "Sandhya","Shivangi", "Ashwitha", "Somnath"}

The elements in an array can be stored and accessed by using the index of the
array. The following program demonstrates this:

Sub DISPLAY()
Dim arrNumber (10) As Integer ' n is an array of 11 integers '
Dim intSub, intIndex As Integer' initialize elements of array n '

For intSub = 0 To 10
arrNumber (intSub) = i + 100 ' set element at location i to i + 100
Next i

' output each array element's value '

For intIndex = 0 To 10
lsrDisplay.Items.Add("Element ", intIndex, arrNumber (intIndex))
Next intIndex
End Sub
SIX| ARRAYS

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| PROGRAMMING 511

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Element(0) = 100
Element(1) = 101
Element(2) = 102
Element(3) = 103
Element(4) = 104
Element(5) = 105
Element(6) = 106
Element(7) = 107
Element(8) = 108
Element(9) = 109
Element(10) = 110

Example

Public Class Form1

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim array As Integer() = New Integer(3) {}
array(0) = 10
array(1) = 20
array(2) = 30
array(3) = 40

For i As Integer = 0 To array.Length - 1

MessageBox.Show(array(i))
Next
End Sub
End Class

We can declare and initialize an array in one statement.

SIX| ARRAYS

Dim array As Integer() = New Integer() {10, 20, 30, 40}

Note that in the above code we did not specify the length of the array so the
compiler will do it for us.

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| PROGRAMMING 511

6.3. Declaring and Initializing a String Array

Dim week(6) As String
The above Vb.Net statements means that , an Array named as week declared as a String
type and it can have the capability of seven String type values.

week(0) = "Sunday"
week(1) = "Monday"

In the above statement , we initialize the values to the String Array. week(0) = "Sunday"
means , we initialize the first value of Array as "Sunday" ,

Dim weekName as String = week(1)

We can access the Arrays elements by providing its numerical index, the above
statement we access the second value from the week Array.

In the following program, we declare an Array "week" capability of seven String values
and assigns the seven values as days in a week. Next step is to retrieve the elements of
the Array using a For loop. For finding the end of an Array we used the Length function
of Array Object.

Public Class Form1

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _
ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim i As Integer
Dim week(6) As String
week(0) = "Sunday"
week(1) = "Monday"
week(2) = "Tuesday"
week(3) = "Wednesday"
week(4) = "Thursday"
week(5) = "Friday"
week(6) = "Saturday"
For i = 0 To week.Length - 1
MsgBox(week(i))
Next
SIX| ARRAYS

End Sub
End Class

Page | 64
| PROGRAMMING 511

6.4. How to resize an array

An array can be resized with Array.Resize < T > Method , that means We make an
array bigger or smaller. Array.Resize < T > Method Changes the number of
elements of a one-dimensional array to the specified new size.

Array.Resize < T > - T is the type of the elements of the array.

This method should be used with only one dimensional Array. This method
allocates a new array with the specified size, copies elements from the old array
to the new one, and then replaces the old array with the new one.

Public Class Form1

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim sArray As Char() = New Char(4) {}
sArray(0) = "A"
sArray(1) = "B"
sArray(2) = "C"
sArray(3) = "D"
sArray(4) = "E"

For i As Integer = 0 To sArray.Length - 1

MessageBox.Show(sArray(i).ToString())
Next

Array.Resize(sArray, 3)

For i As Integer = 0 To sArray.Length - 1

MessageBox.Show(sArray(i).ToString())
Next
End Sub
End Class
SIX| ARRAYS

Array.Resize(sArray, 3)
In the above code we resize the array to 3 elements.

Page | 65
| PROGRAMMING 511

6.5. How to Use ForEach with Arrays ?

Public Class Form1

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click
Dim array As Integer() = {10, 30, 50}
'array declaration
For Each element As Integer In array
MsgBox(element)
Next
End Sub
End Class

6.6. How to check if a value exists in an array?

The following program shows how to find a specified value from an Array.

Public Class Form1

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e
As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

Dim stringToCheck As String = "GHI"

Dim stringArray() As String = {"ABC", "DEF", "GHI", "JKL"}

For Each x As String In stringArray

If x.Equals(stringToCheck) Then
MessageBox.Show("Find the string ..." + x)
End If
Next
End Sub
End Class
SIX| ARRAYS

MULTIMEDIA REFERENCE

Click the link to watch tutorial on

dynamic arrays.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=ur1KmKV6lEs&feature=player_deta
ilpage

Page | 66
| PROGRAMMING 511

6.7. The GETUPPERBOUND Method

The value of arrayName.GetUpperBound(0)
Dynamic Arrays
After an array has been declared, its size (but not its type) can be changed with a
statement of the form ReDim arrayName(m) where arrayName is the name of the
already declared array and m is an Integer literal, variable, or expression. Note: Since the
type cannot be changed, there is no need for an "As dataType" clause at the end of the
ReDim statement.

Visual Basic allows you to declare an array without specifying an upper bound with a
statement of the form Dim arrayName() As varitype

Later, the size of the array can be stipulated with a ReDim statement.
The ReDim statement has one shortcoming: It causes the array to lose its current
contents. That is, it resets all String values to Nothing and resets all numeric values to 0.
This situation can be remedied by following ReDim with the word Preserve. The general
form of a ReDim Preserve statement is

ReDim Preserve arrayName(m)

Of course, if you make an array smaller than it was, data in the eliminated elements will
be lost.

Private Sub MARKS()

Dim arrMarks () As Integer
ReDim arrMarks (2)
arrMarks (0) = 85
arrMarks (1) = 75
arrMarks (2) = 90
ReDim Preserve arrMarks (10)
arrMarks (3) = 80
arrMarks (4) = 76
arrMarks (5) = 92
arrMarks (6) = 99
arrMarks (7) = 79
arrMarks (8) = 75
For i = 0 To 10
SIX| ARRAYS

lblResults.Items.Add(i & vbTab & arrMarks (i))

Next i
End Sub

Page | 67
| PROGRAMMING 511

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

0 85
1 75
2 90
3 80
4 76
5 92
6 99
7 79
8 75
9 0
10 0

6.8. Multi-Dimensional Arrays

The arrays you have seen so far are only column arrays, 1 dimensional arraysThe
arrays you have seen so far are only column arrays, 1 dimensional arrays as they
are known.

A 1-D array holds one column of data:

array(0) = "0"
array(1) = "1"
array(2) = "2"
array(3) = "3"

Visually, it looks like this:

SIX| ARRAYS

So we have four rows with one value in each column.

Another type of array is a 2 Dimensional array. This holds data in a grid pattern,
rather like a spreadsheet. They look like this:

Page | 68
| PROGRAMMING 511

We still have 4 rows, but now we have 4 columns. The values in the image above
represent the array positions. Before, we only had to worry about positions 0 to 3.
We could then place a value at that position. Now, though, we can have values at
position such as 0, 0, and 2, 1.

VB.Net allows multidimensional arrays. Multidimensional arrays are also called

rectangular arrays.
Dim twoDStringArray(10, 20) As String

or, a 3-dimensional array of Integer variables:

Dim threeDIntArray(10, 10, 10) As Integer
The following program demonstrates creating and using a 2-dimensional array:

Module arrayApl
Sub Main()
' an array with 5 rows and 2 columns
Dim a(,) As Integer = {{0, 0}, {1, 2}, {2, 4}, {3, 6}, {4, 8}}
Dim i, j As Integer
' output each array element's value '
For i = 0 To 4
For j = 0 To 1
lblDisplay.Text = lblDisplay.Text ("a[{0},{1}] = {2}", i, j, a(i, j))
Next j
SIX| ARRAYS

Next i

End Sub
End Module

Page | 69
| PROGRAMMING 511

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Output
a[0,0]: 0
a[0,1]: 0
a[1,0]: 1
a[1,1]: 2
a[2,0]: 2
a[2,1]: 4
a[3,0]: 3
a[3,1]: 6
a[4,0]: 4
a[4,1]: 8
To set up a 2-D array in Visual Basic .NET you just add a second number between
the round brackets:
Dim grid(3, 3) As Integer
Again, arrays start counting at 0, so the above declarations means set up an array
with 4 rows and 4 columns.
To store values in the grid, you need both numbers between the round brackets:
grid(0, 0) = 1
This means fill row 0, column 0 with a value of 1. You could type out all your
positions and values like this: (The left number between the round brackets is
always the row number; the right number is always the columns.)
grid(0, 0) = 1
grid(1, 0) = 2
grid(2, 0) = 3
grid(3, 0) = 4

grid(0, 1) = 5
grid(1, 1) = 6
grid(2, 1) = 7
grid(3, 1) = 8

grid(0, 2) = 9
grid(1, 2) = 10
grid(2, 2) = 11
grid(2, 2) = 12

grid(0, 3) = 13
grid(1, 3) = 14
grid(2, 3) = 15
SIX| ARRAYS

grid(3, 3) = 16

Page | 70
| PROGRAMMING 511

Typically, though, 2-D arrays are filled using a double for loop. The following code
just places the numbers 1 to 16 in the same positions as in the example above:

Dim grid(3, 3) As Integer

Dim row As Integer
Dim col As Integer
Dim counter As Integer = 1

For row = 0 To 3

For col = 0 To 3

grid(row, col) = counter

counter = counter + 1

Next Col

Notice how the outer loop goes from row = 0 to 3 and the inner loop goes from
col = 0 to 3. This allows you to fill all the rows and columns in the array.

To display all the above values in a listbox, you could have this code:

Dim temp as String = ""

For row = 0 To 3

For col = 0 To 3

temp = temp & "-" & grid(row, col).ToString()

ListBox1.Items.Add (temp)
temp = ""

Next
SIX| ARRAYS

Page | 71
| PROGRAMMING 511

6.9. Sorting Arrays

Array sorting’, are two words that would strike
the fear on many young programmers.
Modern programmers rarely have to worry
about sorting algorithms, and nor should they;
they’ve been done to death by folk far brighter
MULTIMEDIA REFERENCE
than ourselves.
Click the link to watch tutorial on sorting
array.
There are a wide variety of routines for sorting, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4V8
with different characteristics, and today we dvf_wDM&feature=player_embedded
look at the Selection Sort algorithm. This
algorithm is relatively simple and performs
reasonably well, especially with smaller datasets. To sort an array in ascending
order the Selection Sort algorithm is as follows:
SIX| ARRAYS

Page | 72
| PROGRAMMING 511

To implement this in Visual Basic we can use the following Subroutine

Private Sub SortArray(ByRef array() As Integer)

Dim i As Integer
Dim j As Integer
Dim minimum As Integer
Dim swapValue As Integer
Dim upperBound As Integer
Dim lowerBound As Integer

lowerBound = LBound(array)
upperBound = UBound(array)

For i = lowerBound To upperBound

minimum = i

For j = i + 1 To upperBound
'Search for the smallest remaining item in the array
If array(j) < array(minimum) Then
'A smaller value has been found, remember the
‘position in the array
minimum = j
End If
Next j

If minimum <> i Then

'Swap array Values
swapValue = array(minimum)
array(minimum) = array(i)
array(i) = swapValue
SIX| ARRAYS

End If

Next i
End Sub

Page | 73
| PROGRAMMING 511

SECTION SUMMARY

 In VB.NET, arrays are instances of the Arrays class.

 To declare an array, you write the keyword DIM followed by the name of the
reference variable you want to use. Next you write the index of the last element of the
array in the parentheses.
 A series of variables with the same name is called arrays.
 The individual values referred to as elements, and each element is accessed by
its subscript, which is a position number.
 VB.NET numbers the array elements beginning withzero(0). This means the index
of the first element is 0; the second element is 1, and so forth.
 Arrays can be either one-dimensional or multi-dimensional.
 One-dimensional array consists of elements arranged in a single row.
Conceptually, two-dimensional array has both columns and rows.
 You can access the individual elements of the one-dimensional array by writing
the arrays reference variable followed by the index of the element enclosed in
parenthesis.
 You can resize array size by using keword ReDim statement.
 Arrays may be multidimensional. A two-dimensional table contains rows and
column and is processed similarly to a one-dimensional array. Accessing a
multidimensional array frequently requires the use of nested loop.
 Array subscripts or indexes are zero based. They must be integers in the range of
the array elements.
 A special form of the For loop called For Each is available for working with arrays.
SIX| SUMMARY
SIX| SUMMARY

Page | 74
| PROGRAMMING 511

SECTION6 REVIEW QUESTIONS

 What is the size of an array whose upper bound is 100?

 What is the upper bound of an array whose size is 100? In peer-to-peer
networks, only one computer can send and receive transmissions on the network.
 Determine the output displayed when the button is clicked

Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles btnDisplay.Click

Dim num As Integer = 2
Dim spoon(num) As String
spoon(0) = "soup"
spoon(1) = "dessert"
spoon(2) = "coffee"

txtOutput.Text = "Have a "& spoon(num - 1) & " spoon."

End Sub

Private Sub btnDisplay_Click(...) Handles btnDisplay.Click

Dim a(20) As Integer
a(5) = 1
a(10) = 2
a(15) = 7

lstOutput.Items.Add(a(5) + a(10))
lstOutput.Items.Add(a(5 + 10))
ONE| REVIEW QUESTIONS

lstOutput.Items.Add(a(20))
End Sub

 What would be printed from the following VB.NET program?

Dim arr() As Integer= New Integer(){1,3,5,7,9} 'initialize arr array

Dim i As Integer
For I = 4 to 0 Step -1
lblDisplay.Text = lblDisplay.Text &arr(i) & vbTab)
Next

Page | 75
| PROGRAMMING 511

SECTION6 REVIEW QUESTIONS

 An arrays are related by the fact that they have the same________
and______
 A(n) _______ should be used to declare the size of an array
 An array that uses two subscripts is referred to as a(n)___________

State whether the following is true or false.

 An array can store many different types of values.
 An array subscript can be data type of double.

Write statement(s) that perform the following tasks.

 Declare the array to be integer array that have 5 elements.
 Declare the array to be integer array and to have 3 rows and 3 columns.
 elements
SIX| REVIEW QUESTIONS

Page | 76

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