TIMELINE 20 CENTURY
TH
REIGIN OF ALFONSO XIII
ALFONSO XIII WAS THE LAST KING OF THE SPANISH RESTORATION. HE
WAS THE SON OF ALFONSO XII AND WAS PROCLAIMED KING IN 190
DURING HIS REIGN, THERE WERE SERIOUS SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
CONFLICTS IN SPAIN, FOR EXAMPLE:
STRIKES: TO GET BETTER JOB CONDITIONS FOR WORKERS.
1902-1923
NATIONALISM: GROUPS IN CATALUÑA, PAÍS VASCO Y
GALICIA.
THE WAR IN MOROCCO: MANY SPANISH SOLDIERS DIED
AND SPAIN LOST TERRITORIES IN THE NORTH OF AFRICA.
PRIMO DE RIVERA’S DICTATORSHIP
GENERAL PRIMO DE RIVERA LED A COUP IN 1923. THE GOVERNMENT WAS REPLACED BY
A MILITARY DICTATORSHIP UNTIL 1930. ALFONSO XIII SUPPORTED HIM AND RIVERA
SUSPENDED THE CONSTITUTION AND BECAME A
1923-1929 DICTATOR FROM 1923 TO 1930. RIVERA ASSUMED ALL POWERS OF STATE. ALTHOUGH
PRIMO DE RIVERA WON THE WAR WITH MOROCCO AND MANY ROADS, RAILWAYS AND
OTHER PUBLIC WORKS WERE BUILT UNDER HIS RULE, POPULATION OPPOSED HIS
DICTATORSHIP
AND WANTED MORE FREEDOM. IN 1930 ALFONSO XIII STOPPED SUPPORTING HIM AND
FORCED HIM TO RESIGN. GENERAL ELECTIONS WERE HELD IN 1931. THE REPUBLICAN
PARTIES WON, AND ALFONSO XIII
HAD TO LEAVE. THE SECOND REPUBLIC WAS ESTABLISHED.
SECOND REPUBLIC
IT INTRODUCED MAJOR REFORMS LIKE: THE DISTRIBUTION OF LAND
AMONG THE PEASANTS, IMPROVED WORKING CONDITIONS IN
FACTORIES, THE PROMOTION OF PRIMARY EDUCATION FOR
CITIZENS, IT REMOVED CHURCH'S POLITICAL INFLUENCE AND 1931-1939
RECOGNIZED THE AUTONOMY OF CATALUÑA, PAÍS VASCO AND
GALICIA, AND THIS CREATED A LOT OF POLITICAL TENSION AND
SOON THERE WERE STRIKES AND ACCUSATIONS FROM THE MILITARY
AND EVEN ASSASSINATIONS OF SOME POLITICAL LEADERS.
SPANISH CIVIL WAR
GENERAL FRANCISCO FRANCO OPPOSED THE REPUBLIC. ON 18 JULY
1936, HE LED A MILITARY COUP AGAINST THE REPUBLIC AND THE CIVIL
WAR BEGAN.
1936-1929 • DURING THE WAR, THE SPANISH POPULATION WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO
AREAS: THE REPUBLICAN AREA: THEY SUPPORTED THE REPUBLIC
(REPUBLICANS), AND THE NATIONALIST AREA: THEY SUPPORTED GENERAL
FRANCO (NATIONALISTS)
• AFTER 3 YEARS OF WAR, IT ENDED ON 1 APRIL 1939 WITH A
NATIONALIST VICTORY.
FRANCOISM
AFTER THE WAR, FRANCO TOOK POWER AND ESTABLISHED A DICTATORSHIP THAT LASTED FROM 1939 TO
1975. THIS DICTATORSHIP IS KNOWN AS FRANCOISM.
• THE FIRST YEARS OF THE DICTATORSHIP THERE WERE A LOT OF ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES, STARVATION,
1939-1975
LACK OF FREEDOM, INTERNATIONAL ISOLATION, CULTURAL RESTRICTIONS, PERSECUTIONS AND
EXECUTIONS.
• A LOT OF PEOPLE EMIGRATED TO EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND SPAIN STOPPED PROGRESSING COMPARED
TO THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
• IN 1960 THERE WAS ECONOMIC RECOVERY AND THE LIVING CONDITIONS IMPROVED. A LOT OF
TOURISTS FROM EUROPE HELPED SPAIN RECOVER.
• BEFORE FRANCO DIED, HE DECLARED SPAIN A MONARCHY AND HE NEEDED A SUCCESSOR. IN 1969, HE
CHOSE PRINCE JUAN CARLOS, ALFONSO XIII ́S GRANDSON. FRANCO THOUGHT THE REGIME WOULD
CONTINUE AFTER HIS DEATH, BUT IN 1975, WHEN FRANCO DIED, THE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY BEGAN.
RETURN TO DEMOCRACY
AFTER FRANCO DIED, THE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY TOOK PLACE. THERE WAS A LOT OF
TENSION IN SPAIN AT THIS TIME, BUT THE TRANSFORMATION HAPPENED PEACEFULLY. IN 1975,
JUAN CARLOS I BECAME THE KING OF SPAIN. THE KING NAMED ADOLFO SUÁREZ AS THE
PRESIDENT OF THE GOVERNMENT. SUÁREZ MADE IMPORTANT REFORMS TO PREPARE THE
COUNTRY FOR FREE, DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS. IN 1977, THE SPANISH PEOPLE VOTED TO
CHOOSE THE COUNTRY ́S FIRST DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT SINCE THE SECOND REPUBLIC. THE
WINNING PARTY WAS THE UNIÓN DE CENTRO DEMOCRÁTICO (UCD). IN 1978, THE SPANISH
PEOPLE APPROVED A NEW CONSTITUTION IN A REFERENDUM. IT ESTABLISHED A PARLIAMENTARY
MONARCHY.
THE 23RD OF FEBRUARY OF 1981 TEJERO STAGED A COUP TO END WITH DEMOCRACY AND
ESTABLISH A NEW DICTATORSHIP. IT FAILED BECAUSE MOST PART OF THE POPULATION, THE
ARMY, THE POLITICIANS AND THE KING DIDN ́T SUPPORT HIM
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