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Lab Report

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asieduthereal010
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© © All Rights Reserved
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COLLEGE OF BASIC AND APPLED SCIENCES

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES

2ND SEMESTER (2023/2024)


SENG 106: APPLIED ELECTRICITY.
LAB 2

GROUP 13
ISSAKA ABDUL HAKEEM - 22064019
SHERRIF ISSAKA AKPARIBO - 22087947
NANA YAW ASIEDU - 22025934
INTRODUCTION.

Resonance in AC circuits refers to the frequency at which the capacitive and inductive reactance in an AC
circuit are equal but opposite each other and as a result cancel out. At resonance, the current in the
circuit is maximum and the resistance is purely resistive.

Theoretically, it can be calculated by the equation:

1
f o= → equation 1.
2 π √ LC
Where fO is the resonance frequency, L is the inductance of the inductor and C is the capacitance of the
capacitor.

DESIGN CALCULATIONS.

Before we designed and ran our Proteus simulation, we calculated the theoretical value of the resonance
frequency of the RLC circuit using equation 1.

Substituting L = 0.1H and C = 0.0001F into the equation we get:

1
f o=
2 π √ ( 0.1 ) ( 0.00001 )
f o=159.1549431 Hz

METHODOLOGY.

A Proteus simulation was designed with the instructions in the lab manual and is presented in the .pdsprj
file attached to this folder. Below is a snapshot of the final setup.
Using the initial conditions in the lab manual, we gradually increased the frequency of the alternator by
20Hz, and around the 160Hz mark, we observed that the current reached a peak value – about 99.5mA –
and we marked that frequency as our resonance frequency.

Noting that the value of the voltage was given as 10V (RMS), we supplied 14.142135624V as the
amplitude of in setting up the alternator, as the amplitude of peak voltage is always given as
V peak =√ 2 ×V rms

RESULTS.

The following snapshots were taken from the digital oscilloscope and show the current waveform as well
as the voltage across the resistor, inductor and capacitor waveforms. All instantaneous values were taken
at 2.50ms.
1. At 100Hz
2. At 120 Hz
3. At 140Hz
4. At 160Hz
5. At 180Hz
6. At 200Hz

LEGEND

VOTAGE ACROSS RESISTOR WAVEFORM: YELLOW

VOLTAGE ACROSS INDUCTOR WAVEFORM: BLUE

VOLAGE ACROSS CAPACITOR WAVEFORM: RED

CURRENT IN CIRCUIT WAVEFORM: GREEN


The recorded values, together with the A.C Ammeter readings were tabulated in Table 1 below.

FREQUENCY READING VOLTAGE VOLTAGE VOLTAGE ACROSS CURRENT READING


(HZ) FROM CURRENT ACROSS ACROSS CAPACITOR ON AC AMMETER.
WAVEFORM RESISTOR INDUCTOR WAVEFORM (V) (mA)
WAVEFORM WAVEFORM (V)
(V)
100 12.88 3.25 -3.25 12.88 72.2
120 10.75 4.50 -4.50 10.75 87.3
140 7.38 4.88 -4.88 7.38 96.9
160 3.75 4.13 -4.13 3.75 99.5
180 1.13 2.38 -2.38 1.13 96.1
200 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 89.6
TABLE OF INSTANTANEOUS VALUES OF CURRENT, VOLTAGE ACROSS RESISTOR, INDUCTOR AND
CAPACITOR AT 2.50ms FOR VARYING VOLTAGE FREQUENCIES.

(TABLE 1)

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS.

From table one, it can be observed the current in the circuit as taken by the A.C Ammeter gradually
increased as the frequency of the voltage supply was increased, and reached its maximum when the
frequency was at 160Hz, where after it started decreasing again.

In addition, It could be seen that the voltage values at 160Hz for the inductor was –4.13V and for the
capacitor, 3.75V, making it almost equal but opposite. The difference there was about 0.38V and for
160Hz, but for all other frequencies, the difference was larger.

Because we know that the current is constant in a series connection, we can form a direct relationship
between the reactance of the capacitor and the inductor with the voltage measured across them.

This is because V α X L and V α X C are true at constant current, I.

What this implies is that at 160Hz, the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance were almost equal,
making it a good approximation for the resonance frequency in this lab. At all other frequencies, the
difference between them were bigger, accounting for the smaller current as compared to the current at
160Hz.

CALCULATION OF PHASE ANGLE BETWEEN VOLTAGE AND CURRENT.

From the diagram, we see that the voltage waveforms for the inductor and capacitor were always 180° in
phase, and so at resonance [at 160Hz], they were equal but opposite, cancelling each other out and
leaving the overall current in the circuit waveform and the voltage across the resistor.

Since the these two waveforms are in phase, the phase angle between them was seen as 0 by method of
inspection from the oscilloscope.

EXPLANATION FOR THE DEVIATION FROM THE CALCULATED RESONANCE FREQUENCY.


Before the simulation, we found our resonance frequency to be around 159.1549431Hz, but in the lab,
we found it to be 160Hz. This is because of the way we increased the frequency of the alternator by
steps of 20Hz, making it impossible to capture the precise figure calculated from theory. However
because the value from theory is very close to the 160Hz, it was evident that 160Hz was a good
candidate for approximation since the circuit started exhibiting the characteristics of a circuit supplied
with a voltage source at resonance frequency.

CONCLUSION.

In this lab, we were able to determine the resonance frequency of an RLC circuit. Although the value
obtained was slightly different from that calculated from theory, the resonance frequency obtained still
brought the overall current in the circuit to maximum, and made the resistance in the circuit almost
purely resistive.

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