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222009896
EXPERIMENT 4 THERMOFLUIDS PRACTICAL
Contents
AIM .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 2
THEORY(PARTIAL) .................................................................................................................................................... 2
Partial immerged vertical surface ................................................................................................................... 2
APPARATUS ............................................................................................................................................................. 6
PROCEDURE............................................................................................................................................................. 6
EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND OBSERVATION ............................................................................................................. 8
CALCULATIONS ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
Partial Immersion ................................................................................................................................................ 8
The graph for Partial Immersion ......................................................................................................................... 9
The graph for Y vs the R theoretical .................................................................................................................... 9
The Graph of y vs the R experimental ............................................................................................................... 10
Complete Immersion......................................................................................................................................... 10
The graph for complete immersed of R of experimental and R of theoretical ................................................. 11
The graph of Y vs the R theoretical ................................................................................................................... 11
The graph of Y vs the R experimental ............................................................................................................... 12
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS .................................................................................................................................... 12
Discussion .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Results ............................................................................................................................................................... 12
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................................... 13
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
AIM
To test the validity of the formulae for resultant force on and center of pressure position on a vertical
rectangular surface.

INTRODUCTION
Hydrostatic forces are the result of a liquid's pressure loading acting on submerged surfaces. Fluid
mechanics begins with the calculation of the hydrostatic force and the location of the center of
pressure. The pressure center is a point on the immersed surface where the resultant hydrostatic
pressure force acts.

THEORY(PARTIAL)
When a surface is immersed in a fluid. the fluid exerts forces on the surface. These forces must be
determined when designing storage tanks. ships. dams. and other hydraulic structures. There is no
shear stress and only normal stress in the static state of fluids. Because there are no shearing
stresses. the force must be perpendicular to the surface. When it comes into contact with a solid
surface. it exerts a normal force to the side. which is known as hydrostatic force. The resultant force
caused by a liquid's varying pressure is known as hydrostatic force. If the fluid is incompressible. the
pressure varies linearly with depth. This type of fluid is known as a hydrostatic fluid. Our Hydrostatic
pressure lab calculated the hydrostatic pressure of water on a flat surface. Adding weight to the tank
and then filling it with water until the system was balanced. The hydrostatic force on one side of a flat
surface immersed in a static fluid is calculated by multiplying the fluid pressure at the surface's
centroid by the surface area in contact with the fluid. The hydrostatic force is defined in fundamental
physics as a distributed load equal to the integral of the local pressure force across the region.
Because pressure acts normally on a surface. the resulting force is always normal to the surface.
Partial immerged vertical surface
PARTIAL IMMERSION: FIG 1

d
y Water

b
Figure 1

I = length of horizontal arm from fulcrum

y = Depth of immersion in water
Area of the rectangular surface 𝐴 = 𝑏𝑑
The hydrostatic pressure of a partially submerged vertical plane surface. R is defined as
1
Eq1 𝑅 = 2 𝜌𝑔𝑏𝑦 2
From we can find the center of pressure as:
𝑏𝑦3
12 𝑦 𝑦
𝐷= + 𝑦̅ = 2 + 6
𝑏𝑦 2
2
𝐷 = 3𝑦

If the system illustrated: FIG 1 is in equilibrium with the horizontal arm's moment. then

Distance between fulcrum and center of pressure

 y
z = (a + d − )
3
Therefore ∑ 𝑀𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑚 = 𝑅𝑧 – 𝑊𝑙
y
Moment of 𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑝 = (a + d − 3) (experimental)
𝑚𝑔𝑙
𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑝= y
a+d−
3

Fully Submerged Vertical Plane

COMPLETE IMMERSION

Water
y

a = distance from quadrant to fulcrum

I = length of horizontal arm from fulcrum
y = Depth of immersion in water
Area of the rectangular surface 𝐴 = 𝑏𝑑
The hydrostatic force of a fully submerged rectangular vertical surface # is determined as;
𝑅 = 𝜌𝑔𝑏𝑑𝑦̅
𝑑
Therefore the 𝑦̅ is as follows 𝑦̅ = 𝑦 − 2

When the system shown in #1 is in equilibrium with the moment of the horizontal arm. then.
∑𝑀𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑚 = 𝑅𝑥 − 𝑊𝐿

𝐹𝑥 = 𝑊𝐿 = 𝑚𝑔𝐿
Thus, this will be
 𝑚𝑔𝑙 𝑚𝐿
𝑥= = 𝑑
𝐹 𝜌𝐵𝐷(𝑦− )
2
Theoretically. the center of pressure from the level of the water surface will be expressed as
𝑏𝑦3
12
𝐷= + 𝑦̅
𝑏𝑑𝑦
𝐷 − 𝑦̅=

From this we find the Moment of 𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑝

𝑑2 𝑑
𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑝 (𝑎 + + ) = 𝑚𝑔𝑙 (moment of weight)
2 12𝑦̅
𝑚𝑔𝑙
𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑝 =
𝑑 𝑑2
(𝑎 + +
2 12𝑦̅
APPARATUS

• Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus

• Weights/masses
• Conical flask

PROCEDURE
1. The dimensions of the surface were measured
2. The apparatus was put on a tabletop and leveled by adjusting the feet.
3. Counterweight was adjusted to level the balance to horizontal position
4. The drain valve was closed. and we slowly poured water into the tank until the water
surface reaches the quadrant base. establishing a datum level corresponding to the on
the level scale.
5. We hooked the mass hanger which was 55g and we added water slowly into the tank until
the balance arm is again horizontal.
6. We recorded total mass and the depth of immersion in table 1
7. We added a 20g mass to the mass hanger and poured water to level the arm on horizontal
then we recorded the total mass and the depth of immersion.
8. We repeated step 7 until the water was
9. We then removed the weights (mass pieces) we added the poured more water to
completely submerge the quadrant rectangular face. We put mass pieces summing to
210g on the mass hanger then poured water into the tank to level the arm horizontally.
 10. We added 20g mass piece and slowly poured water to level the arm
horizontally thenrecorded the total mass with the corresponding depth of
immersion.
11. We repeated step 10 a couple of times.
12. After having enough results. we drained the water.

EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND OBSERVATION

Partial immersion m(g) y (mm)

1 55 49
2 75 57
3 95 64
4 115 71
5 135 78
6 155 84
7 175 89
8 195 95

Full immersion m(g) y (mm)

1 265 114
2 275 116
3 285 118
4 295 120
5 305 123
6 315 125

CALCULATIONS
Partial Immersion
𝑦 R 𝑦 m Mgl 𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑝
(𝑎 + 𝑑 − )
(m) 3 (Kg)
0.049 0.09 0.1837 0.055 0.1484 0.8078

0.057 0.1218 0.181 0.075 0.2023 1.1177

0.064 0.1536 0.1787 0.095 0.2563 1.4342

0.071 0.1890 0.1763 0.115 0.3102 1.7595

 0.078 0.2282 0.174 0.135 0.3642 2.0931

0.084 0.2646 0.172 0.155 0.4181 2.4308

0.089 0.2970 0.170 0.175 0.4721 2.7770

0.095 0.3384 0.168 0.195 0.5261 3.132

The graph for Partial Immersion

R (theoratical) and R (experiment)

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

R R experiment

The graph for Y vs the R theoretical

Y vs R (theoratical)
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
Y

0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
R(theroretical)
The Graph of y vs the R experimental

Y vs R experimental
3.5

2.5

2
Y

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
R Experimental

Complete Immersion
Mass (Kg) R 𝑑 𝑑2 Y Mgl 𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑝
𝑎+ +
2 12𝑦̅ (m)
0.265 4.7088 0.1630 0.114 0.3075 1.9981

0.275 4.8560 0.1626 0.116 0.3129 2.036

0.285 5.0031 0.1623 0.118 0.3183 2.074

0.295 5.1503 0.1619 0.120 0.3237 2.1102

0,305 5.3710 0.1614 0.123 0.3318 2.1644

0.315 5.5181 0.1611 0.125 0.3372 2.2025

The graph for complete immersed of R of experimental and R of theoretical

R(theoratical) and R(experimental)

6

0
1 2 3 4 5 6

R theoratical R experimental

The graph of Y vs the R theoretical

Y vs R(theoretical)
2.25

2.2

2.15

2.1
Y

2.05

1.95
0.112 0.114 0.116 0.118 0.12 0.122 0.124 0.126
R
The graph of Y vs the R experimental

Y vs R experimental
2.25

2.2

2.15

2.1
Y

2.05

1.95
0.112 0.114 0.116 0.118 0.12 0.122 0.124 0.126
R experimental

DISCUSSION AND RESULTS

Discussion
The mass added to the hanging arm is counteracted by the force applied in the system
vertical face of buoyant material. As a result, we know that as we move away from the sea
level, the pressure will change with either air or water. So, in our experiment, pressure
changes due to the weight of the water above and buoyant forces clearly demonstrate the
properties of water. The water pressure was so high that even when we increased the mass
from 55 g to 195 g, the quadrant could still support it in static equilibrium.
Results
FOR COMPLETE IMMERSION

Mass (Kg) R 𝑑 𝑑2 Y Mgl 𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑝

𝑎++
2 12𝑦̅ (m)
0.265 4.7088 0.1630 0.114 0.3075 1.9981

0.275 4.8560 0.1626 0.116 0.3129 2.036

0.285 5.0031 0.1623 0.118 0.3183 2.074

0.295 5.1503 0.1619 0.120 0.3237 2.1102

0,305 5.3710 0.1614 0.123 0.3318 2.1644

0.315 5.5181 0.1611 0.125 0.3372 2.2025

 FOR PARTIAL IMMERSION

𝑦 R 𝑦 m Mgl 𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑝
(𝑎 + 𝑑 − )
(m) 3 (Kg)
0.049 0.09 0.1837 0.055 0.1484 0.8078

0.057 0.1218 0.181 0.075 0.2023 1.1177

0.064 0.1536 0.1787 0.095 0.2563 1.4342

0.071 0.1890 0.1763 0.115 0.3102 1.7595

0.078 0.2282 0.174 0.135 0.3642 2.0931

0.084 0.2646 0.172 0.155 0.4181 2.4308

0.089 0.2970 0.170 0.175 0.4721 2.7770

0.095 0.3384 0.168 0.195 0.5261 3.132

CONCLUSION
For the partial immersion we have observed that during the process of increasing the weight
on the masses for each reading we going to take which corelates to the distance on the
reading increasing.

The graphical analysis of our lab shows that a linear relationship between Hydrostatic
force and Average Depth for the Partially Submerged and the graph of Hydrostatic Force
and Average Depth for Fully Submerged is also linear. Only when fully immersed did the
graphical analysis reveal a linear connection between Hydrostatic Force and Average
Depth. The graph of Hydrostatic Force vs Average Depth for a partly submerged object
is not exactly linear.

REFERENCES
• Armfield Limited, 2002, Instruction MANUAL; Ringwood, Hampshire
• Somero, G.N., 1992. Adaptations to high hydrostatic pressure. Annual review of
physiology, 54(1), pp.557-577.
• Longo, S., Tanda, M.G. and Chiapponi, L., 2021. Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged
Plane Surfaces. In Problems in Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics (pp. 1-35). Springer,
Cham.
• Carstens, T., 1968. Wave forges on boundaries and submerged bodies. Sarsia, 34(1),
pp.37-60.
• Lee, K.Y., Cha, J.H. and Park, K.P., 2010. Dynamic response of a floating crane in
waves by considering the nonlinear effect of hydrostatic force. Ship Technology
Research, 57(1), pp.64-73.