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Newer Trends in
ART
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Newer Trends in ART
First Edition: 2019
ISBN: 978-93-88958-83-7
Amiti Agrawal MS FMIS FRM MRM Pinky Shah DGO DNB FNB
IVF Consultant and Centre Head Core Fertility Specialist
Babies and US Fertility IVF Centre Morpheus IVF, Mumbai, Maharashtra
Opera House, Mumbai, Maharashtra
Pritimala Gangurde DNB MRM
Charumati Pekhale DGO DNB Consultant Fertility Specialist
Consultant Fertility Specialist Bloom IVF and Cloudnine Hospital, Mumbai
Bloom IVF, Mumbai, Maharashtra Medical Director, Pearl Fertility and Diagnostics
Dhanashri Natu MS DNB FNB Rana Choudhary DNB DGO DFP FCPS FICOG
Fellow Reproductive Medicine Consultant Obstetrics and Gynecology
Bloom IVF, Mumbai, Maharashtra Reproductive Medicine Specialist
Wockhardt Hospital
Jiteeka Thakkar DGO DFP Ankoor Fertility Clinic, Mumbai, Maharashtra
Consultant Obstetrics and Gynecologist
Infertility Specialist Ritu Hinduja MD MRM DRM
Kedia Nursing Home Consultant Fertility Specialist
Associate Consultant, Bloom IVF, Mumbai, Maharashtra Nova IVI, Mumbai, Maharashtra
A Suresh Kumar MBBS MD (Obs & Gyn) Alexia Chatziparasidou MSc Anupam Gupta MBBS MS (Obs & Gyn)
PhD (DHUM) MAIGE FACS Senior Clinical Embryologist FICMU FICMCH
Senior Infertility Specialist Director of Embryolab IVF Unit Consultant
Ashoka’s Advanced IVF Centre Co-founder of Embryolab Academy Aakanksha Test Tube Baby Centre
Ashoka Superspecialty Women Hospital Dr Kusum Gupta Nursing Home
Greece
and IMSI, ICSI Test Tube Baby Centre Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India Vice President, FOGSI 2015
Alka Kriplani MD FRCOG FAMS FICOG
Chairperson International Academic
Aarti Deenadayal Tolani MS Diploma FIMSA FICMCH FCLS
Exchange Committee of FOGSI
in Endoscopy (Germany) Trained in embryology Professor and Head (2010–2012)
(Singapore) All India Institute of Medical Sciences Joint Secy FOGSI 2008
Shenoy Hospital New Delhi, India Vice Chairman, UP Chapter of ISAR
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Ameet Patki MD DNB FCPS DGO FRCOG Anupama Deenadayal Mettler
Abarajda V Fellow in Reproductive
Scientific Director Embryologist IIRC
Medicine Shenoy Hospital
Fertility Associates, Khar
Rao Hospital Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Certified ESHRE Embryologist
Gen. Secretary ISAR
Abha Khurana MBBS DNB (Obs & Gyn)
Anver Kuliev
Fellowship in Reproductive Medicine Amiti Agrawal MBBS MS FMIS FRM
Wing Commander Classified Specialist Masters in Reproductive Medicine (London)
Apoorva Pallam Reddy MS DNB
(Obs & Gyn) Associate Fertility Consultant Reproductive Endocrinologist
Specialist in Reproductive Medicine Bloom IVF & Babies and
Command Hospital Air Force Medical Director
US IVF Centre Phoenix Speciality Clinic
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Opera House, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Aditi Joshi
Amruta DS Pathare PhD Arun Baruah MD PhD FICOG FICMCH
Akanksha Mishra Research Fellow Consultant
Chief Embryologist PD Hinduja Hospital and Sampreeti Hospital
Janini IVF, New Delhi, India Medical Research Centre Sivasagar, Assam, India
Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre
Alan DeCherney Arya Salaskar MSc (Biochemistry)
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Senior Embryologist
Alex C Varghese PhD DY Patil IVF Centre
Anagha Deshpande MSc
Bloom IVF Centre
Scientific Director
(Biotechnology) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Astra Fertility Clinic
4303, Village Centre Court, Mississauga, Embryologist
ON L4Z 1S2, Canada Ramnarain Ruia College Asha Baxi MS FRCOG
Lab Director Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Director
CRAFT Hospital and Research Centre Disha Fertility & Surgical Center
Kodungallur, Kerala, India Anne Martini Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Asha R Rao MD DGO FICOG Deepa Talreja MS DNB FNB Geetha Haripriya MD DGO FRCOG (Lon)
Medical Director Reproductive Medicine CHAIRPERSON
ART Specialist Prashanth Fertility Research Centre
Rao Hospital Devika Gunasheela MBBS MRCOG Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India (Lond) Fellow in Reproductive Medicine
(RGUHS) Hetal Patolia MD
Ashwini M MBBS MS Fellow in Reproductive Director Well Women Clinic
Medicine (RGUHS) Gunasheela Surgical and Maternity Asian Bariatrics
Senior Consultant Hospital Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Gunasheela Surgical and Maternity Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Hospital Hima Shah MSc (Stem Cells and
Dhanashri Natu MS DNB (Obstetrics Regenerative Medicine)
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
& Gynaecology) FNB Fellow in Reproductive Embryologist
Medicine
Bharti Dhorepatil DNB DGO FICS Dip Mumbai Fertility Clinic & IVF Center
Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Endoscopy Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Director and Chief IVF Consultant
Shree Hospital, Ssmile IVF RM Unit Himanshu Patel MSc (Clinical
Dhiraj Gada MD DGO DFP FICMCH
Pune, Maharashtra, India Embryology) PhD (Stem Cell Biology)
Director
Director
Shalby Gada Life ART Centre
Stem Cure
Biswanath Ghosh Dastidar MBBS Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
(Hon; Cal) MSc (Oxon)
Scientific Director Diksha Goswami MD FNB (Rep Med)
Hrishikesh D Pai MD FCPS FICOG MSc
Ghosh Dastidar Institute for Fertility MRCOG FICOG DNB
(USA)
Research Director
Gynecologist and Head of IVF Unit
Kolkata, West Bengal, India Pushpanjali IVF
Lilavati Hospital
Pushpanjali Multispecialty Hospital
Scientific Director, Bloom IVF
BN Chakravarty Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Founder Reproductive Medicine
Elizabeth Burt
Director Institute of Reproductive Indira Hinduja MD PhD DGO DFP
Medicine Honorary Gynecologist and Obstetrician,
Erika Desai MBBS MS (Obs & Gyn) MCh
Kolkata, West Bengal, India (Rep Med & Surgery) IVF Specialist
Consultant PD Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research
C Mohamed Ashraf MD DGO DPS NOVA IVI Fertility Centre and Jaslok Hospital and Research
(Germany) Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Centre
Chairman and Medical Director Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
CRAFT Academy of Reproductive Sciences Fessy Louis MBBS DGO DNB
Thrissur, Kerala, India Senior Consultant and Assistant Professor Ishwaran
Department of Reproductive Medicine
Amrita Fertility Centre, AIMS, Jaideep Malhotra MD FICMCH FICOG
CB Nagori MD DGO
FICS FMAS FIAJAGO FRCOG FRCPI
Director and Infertility Consultant Kochi, Kerala, India
Managing Director (ART)
Dr Nagori’s Institute for Infertility and IVF
Gajendrakant Tripathi Rainbow IVF Hospital
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Chairperson Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Delhi State Chapter of ISAR Professor
Charumati Pekhale MBBS DGO DNB Dubrovnik International University, Croatia
Delhi State Chapter of ISPAT
Consultant Imm Past President, IMS
Org Secretary
Lilavati Hospital IVF Centre President Elect, SAFOMS, 2019–2021
55th AICOG 2012 Varanasi
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India President Elect, ISPAT
Gaurav Majumdar Editor-in-Chief, SAFOMS and SAFOG
Damodar R Rao MD Fellowship in Journal
Endocrinology, Fellowship in Reproductive Gautam Khastgir MD FRCS (Edin) FRCOG Member, FIGO, Reproductive
Medicine (Lon) FICOG Endocrinology and Infertility
Associate Director and ART Specialist Medical Director Member, FIGO, RDEH
Consultant in Infertility & Endoscopy Bengal Infertility and Reproductive Regional Director of South Asia Ian Donald
Rao Hospital Therapy Hospital (Birth) School of Ultrasound Vice President,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Kolkata, West Bengal, India ISARM
Jatin P Shah MD DGO Kalyani Bade MSc Biotechnology Korula George MD DGO MRACOG
Director Embryologist Head of Reproductive Medicine
Mumbai Fertility Clinic and IVF Centre Lilavati Hospital Baptist Hospital
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Poonam Loomba MD Manisha Bhagat MBBS, MS(Obs & Gyn) Monica Singh MD DNB FMAS FICOG
Loomba Hospital and IVF Centre FNB (Reproductive Medicine) Infertility Specialist and Endoscopist
Haryana, India Consultant IVF and Gynecologist Bhopal Test Tube Baby and Endoscopy
Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir Centre
Madhuprita Agrawal MD (Obs & Gyn) Secretary, Bhopal Obstetric & Gynaec
Infertility Specialist Manisha Takhtani Kundnani MD FNB
Society (2015–16)
Ashoka Superspecialty Women Hospital Secretary, MP Chapter IFS, Vice President
FNUS
and IMSI, ICSI Test Tube Baby Centre Bhopal OBGYN Society
Consultant Fertility Specialist
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India Reproductive Medicine Specialist Muralidhar V Pai
Fertility Square, IVF Clinic
Madhuri Patel B Pharm
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India N Sanjeeva Reddy
Director Professor and Head
Stem Cure Department of Reproductive Medicine
Meenu Handa MS DNB MRCOG (I) Fellow
and Surgery
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Reproductive Medicine Sri Ramachandra Medical College and
Mala Arora FRCOG FICOG D Obst (UK) Senior IVF Consultant Research Institute
Director Fortis Bloom IVF Center Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Noble IVF Center Fortis Memorial Research Institute
Gurugram, Haryana, India Nandita Palshetkar MD FCPS FICOG
Faridabad, Haryana, India Medical Director, Bloom IVF
Past Chairperson ICOG Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Milind Shah MD DGO DFP FICOG FIAOG
Professor of Gynecology
Mala Raj MBBS DGO FICOG Dip Endoscopic Professor and Head
DY Patil Medical College
Surgery (Germany) Dip Reproductive Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
(Germany) Gandhi Natha Rangaji Homoeopathic President, FOGSI (2019–2020)
Laparoscopy and Infertility Specialist Medical College Past President, MOGS (2016–2017)
Aesthetic Gynecologist Solapur, Maharashtra, India Past President, IAGE (2017–2018)
Managing Director Naval Maternity & Nursing Home,
Firm Hospitals Ashakiran Sperm Bank and Infertility Nayana H Patel MD (Obs & Gyn)
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Center, Solapur Director
President of ISOPARB (2016–18), Vice Akanksha Hospital and Research Institute
Mamata Deenadayal MD DGO Anand, Gujarat, India
President (2014–16)
Founder and Chief Medical Director Deputy Secretary General, FAOPS (Asia Nikhil Datar MD DNB FCPS FICOG DGO LLB
Mamata Fertility Hospital Oceania Federation of Perinataology Medical Director
Secunderabad, Telangana, India Societies) Cloudnine Hospital
Vice President of FOGSI (2011) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Mangala Ketkar MBBS DGO Past Chairman, Rural Obstetrics
Director and Consultant Nikita Lad MD DGO FCPS FRM (Homerton
Committee of FOGSI (2004–008)
Nagpur Test Tube Centre and Ketkar UK)
President Solapur OBGY Society (2001- IVF Specialist
Hospital 2002)
Nagpur, Maharashtra, India DY Patil Fertility Center
Joint Treasurer, ISPAT Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Managing Committee Member,
Maninder Ahuja MBBS DGO FICOG CIMP Nilam Ghamne MSc (Biotechnology)
ISAR & IAGE
FIAOG Embryologist
Steering Committee Member, Asia Safe
Consultant Gynecologist and IVF Specialist Bloom IVF
Abortion Partnership
Director DY Patil Fertility Centre
Ahuja Health care services Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Faridabad, Haryana, India Mirudhubashini Govindarajan
FRCS (C) Nimish R Shelat MBBS MD FCPS
Manish Banker MD Clinical Director Consultant Fertility Specialist
Medical Director Womens Center and Hospitals Shree Nandan Hospital and Shelat General
Nova IVI Fertility Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Hospital
Director, Surat, Gujarat, India
Pulse Women’s Hospital Mohit Saraogi MD DNB DGO FCPS Nupur Agarwal MBBS DGO DNB FNB-IVF
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India MNAMS ICOG MNAMS
Past President, Indian Society for Assisted Director Consultant Fertility and IVF
Reproduction (ISAR) Iris IVF Centre Akanksha IVF Centre
Chairperson, Scientific Committee, Sarogi Hospital Mata Chanan Devi Hospital
IFFS 2016 Mumbai, Maharashtra, India New Delhi, India
Pankaj Talwar MBBS MD (Gyn & Obs) Pragya Mishra MBBS MRCOG FRCOG PhD Rajul Tyagi MBBS DGO FICMCH
Head DFFP FICOG Dip in Gyn Endoscopy Director
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) Consultant (Infertility Specialist) Javitri Hospital & Test Tube Baby Centre
Center NuLife Test Tube Baby Centre, Patna Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Army Hospital (Research & Referral) MGM Hospital and Research Centre Pvt Ltd
New Delhi, India Patna, Bihar, India Rana Choudhary DNB FCPS DGO DFP
MNAMS FICMCH
Parul Kotdawala MD (Gyn) Prakash Trivedi MD DGO FCPS DNB
Associate Consultant
Consultant Gynecologist & Endoscopy Consultant Gynecologist, Endoscopist,
ART Consultant, Sonologist and Ankoor Fertility Clinic, Mumbai
Surgeon Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Urogynecologist
VS Hospital & NHL Municipal Medical
Dr Trivedi’s Total Health Care Pvt. Ltd., &
College Randhir Singh MD MIAP LLB
Aakar IVF Centre
Ahmedbabd, Gujarat, India
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India President APMP
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Parzan Mistry MS DNB FMAS MAMS
Prashant Patil DGO DNB FNB in Rep Med Vice President
Fellowship in Reproductive Medicine IVF Consultant MP-NHA and Founder Secretary, MP
Consulting Obstetrician–Gynecologist and Adesh IVF Chapter IFS
Infertility Specialist Bathinda, Punjab, India
Bloom IVF, Masina Hospital
RB Agrawal MSc (Clinical Embryology)
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Pratap Kumar MD DGO FICS FICOG
LEADS UK
Professor
Pawan Dhir MS (Obs & Gyn) FRSH (London) Kasturba Medical College Senior Embryologist
Diploma lan Donald USG Manipal Assisted Reproductive Centre (MARC) Ashoka’s Advanced IVF Centre
Director Manipal Academy of Higher Education Ashoka Superspecialty Women Hospital
Siddharth IVF—Endoscopy Center (MAHE) and IMSI, ICSI Test Tube Baby Centre
Rashmi Nursing Home Manipal, Karnataka, India Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Bharuch, Gujarat, India
Pritimala Gangnurde MBBS DNB (Obs & Reem Sabouni
Pinky Shah DGO DNB FNB Gyn) PG training in
Core Fertility Specialist Reproductive Medicine & Endocrinology Reeta Mahey MD DNB MICOG
Morpheus IVF, Morpheus Life Sciences Masters in Reproductive Medicine (UK) Associate Professor
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Fellowship in Obs & Gyn USG
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Consultant Fertility Specialist
New Delhi, India
PM Gopinath MD DGO FMMC FICS FICOG Bloom IVF
MBA (HSM)
Cloudnine Hospital
Medical Director, Pearl Fertility & IVF Renu Makwana MBBS MS FICOG
Director and Senior Consultant Senior Gynecologist and Obstetrician and
Medical Director, Pearl Diagnostics
Department of Obs and Gyne & IVF Fetal Medicine Specialist
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
SIMS Hospitals Vasundhara Hospital
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Rachana Kaveri Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
Rohan Palshetkar MS (Obs & Gyn) Sarita Sukhija MD (Obs & Gyn) FICOG Shanti Roy MBBS (Hon) Gold Medalist DGO
Assistant Professor FICRS Masters in Biotechnology of Human MS MNAMS FICOG FICS FICMC
DY Patil Medical College Reproduction and Embryology Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Sr Consultant IVF Shivam Hospital and Research Institute
IVF Course Director Patna, Bihar, India
Roya Rozati MD (AIIMS) FRCOG (London) World Laproscopy Hospital
Head and Professor Artemis Hospitals Shashank Joshi MD DM FRCP FACE FICP
Department of Obstetrics and Gurugram, Haryana, India FACP
Gynaecology Consultant Endocrinologist
Owaisi Hospital and Research Center Sathy M Pillai MBBS DGO MD Lilavati Hospital
Deccan College of Medical Sciences Chief Infertility Specialist Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Hyderabad, Telangana, India Samad IVF Hospitals
Medical and Research Director Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Shashidhar B
Maternal Health Research Trust
Sejal Naik MS (Obs & Gyn)(Gold Medalist) Shefali Agarwal
RS Sharma PhD FMAS FRM
Head Consultant Gynec Endoscopist and
Scientist G and Senior Deputy Director Shilpa Damodar MSc
Infertility Specialist Safal Fertility Foundation
General
Rahul Hospital and Well Women Clinic Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Division of Reproductive Biology
Surat, Gujarat, India
Maternal & Child Health
Managing Committee Member, Indian
Indian Council of Medical Research Shivanand Sakhare MS (Obs & Gyn)
Association of Gynec Endoscopists
New Delhi, India (Gold Medalist) DNB FCPS
(2018–19)
Fellow of National Board in
Hon Secretary Surat Obs & Gynec Society
Rushika Mistry MSc Life Science (Applied Reproductive Medicine
(2018–19)
Medicine) Director
Senior Embryologist Fertility Experts Clinic
Bloom IVF Lilavati Hospital Selvapriya Saravanan MD (Obs & Gyn)
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India FICOG DRM(Kiel) Fellow Fetal Medicine (MGR Uni)
Director
Spring Fertility And Fetocare Centre
Shivani Sachdev MD DNB MRCOG (UK)
Rutvij Dalal MBBS DGO (GOLD MEDALIST) Director
DNB FNB (REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE) Kanyakumari
SCI Healthcare
IVF AND INFERTILITY SPECIALIST New Delhi, India
Gurugram, Haryana, India Shailaja Gada Saxena MBBS MSc
Genetics (UK) PhD
Head (Molecular Medicine) Shobhana Patted MD DGO DNB FICOG
S Krishnakumar MD DGO ECRES
Director
JK Women Hospital Reliance Life Sciences (RLS), Dhirubhai
Ambani Life Sciences Centre Patteds Fertility and Research Centre
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Belgaum, Karnataka, India
SEC General, IAGE, ISAR
Soumil Trivedi DNB MBBS Fellowship in Sunita Arora MBBS MD FICS FICOG Varsha Baste
Minimal Access Surgery (MUHS) Senior Consultant Infertility and IVF Consultant Gynecologist, Obstretician &
Consultant Gynecologist, Endoscopist, Bloom IVF Infertility Specialist
Sonologist & Fertility Specialist Fortis Lafemme Hospital Director
Dr Trivedi’s Total Health Care Pvt Ltd and New Delhi, India Baste Maternity Hospital & Pushpa
Aakar IVF Centre Fertility Center
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Sunita Sharma Nashik, Maharashtra, India
Steven D Fleming Sunita Tandulwadkar MD FICS FICOG Vasan SS DNB (Surg) DNB (Uro) Fellowship in
Director Embryology Head Andrology & Incontinence
Cooper Surgical, Fertility and Genomic Department of Obstetrics and Uro-Andrologist, Chairman and Head
Solutions Gynecology Department of Andrology
Australia Chief, Department of IVF and Endoscopy Manipal Fertility
Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune, Maharashtra, India Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Sudarsan Ghosh Dastidar MD
Director Surekha Kadam DNB DGO FCPS Vidisha Bhatt MSc (Biotechnology)
GD Institute for Fertility Research Clinical Associate Research Associate
Kolkata, West Bengal, India Bloom IVF, Lilavati Hospital Stem Cure
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Sudesh A Kamat MSc
Consultant Embryologist Surendra Pal Singh Virk MSc PhD Vineet Mishra MD PhD
Bloom IVF Centre, Lilavati Hospital Laboratory Director Professor and Head
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Virk Center for Human Reproduction Department of Obstetrics and
Jalandhar, Punjab, India Gynecology
Sudha Prasad MD (Obs and Gyn) FICOG Institute of Kidney Diseases and
FICMCH Svetlana Rechitsky Research Centre
Director Professor and IVF Coordinator BJ Medical College Campus
IVF and Reproductive Biology Centre Taswin Kaur Civil Hospital
Departemnt of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Maulana Azad Medical College Trupti Nagaria MD FICOG
New Delhi, India Professor and Head Virendra Shah MSc (Biotechnology)
Department of Obstetrics and Senior Embryologist
Sugandha Goel MBBS MS (Obs and Gyn) Gynecology Shalby Gada Life ART Centre
Fellowship in Infertility and Laparoscopy Pt. JNM Medical College Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Associate Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Safal Fertility foundation and Vrunda Kuchekar MSc (Life Sciences)
Bansal Hospital Unnati Mamtora MBBS DGO DNB Chief Embryologist
Ahmedbabd, Gujarat, India Consultant Fertility Specialist Bloom IVF
Bloom IVF Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Sulbha Arora MD DNB Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Clinical Director Walker P
Consultant Reproductive Medicine Vanie Thapar MBBS MD (Obs and Gyn)
Nova IVI Fertility Consultant
New Life Infertility Research Centre
Suneeta Mittal MD FRCOG (ae) FICOG Suman Hospital
FAMS FICMCH FIMSA FICLS Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Director and Head (Obs and Gyn)
Fortis Memorial Research Institute
Gurugram, Haryana, India
Formerly Head (Obs and Gyn)
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
(AIIMS), New Delhi, India
This book has been launched to commemorate the 24th Annual Conference of Indian Society for Assisted Reproduction.
The field of assisted reproduction has seen dramatic advancements over the last few decades. Multiple new techniques
have been introduced in this ever-growing versatile field to improve the success rates and provide efficient management
to infertile patients. The field demands a multidisciplinary approach involving reproductive medicine specialists,
reproductive endocrinologists, clinical embryologists, urologists, genetic counselors, researchers, ethicists, and other
clinical and paraclinical support staff.
This book titled, Newer Trends in ART is a unique effort to gather experiences from experts from all over the world—all
of whom are authorities in their respective field, to provide concise and updated information and integrated management
approach to deal with different situations.
The book is divided into various sections focusing on every aspect of infertility treatment, ranging from general
evaluation, diagnosis, management of various gynecological conditions pertaining to infertility, to specific topics related
to ART treatments including induction protocols, laboratory management, cryopreservation, preimplantation genetic
testing; with a separate section focused on the latest advances in this field. The chapters have been drafted in a manner
that it will serve as a reference for the novice consultant as well as the “seasoned experts”.
We thank and appreciate all our authors for their fine contributions. We really hope that the readers get a comprehensive
overview of the subject and a ready reference for practicing evidence-based reproductive medicine.
Nandita Palshetkar
Hrishikesh D Pai
Rishma Dhillon Pai
Sunita Tandulwadkar
Kinjal R Shah
Manisha T Kundnani
SECTION 9: The IVF Lab: Establishing and Maintenance; and Technical Aspects
39. Setting of an ART Laboratory 261
Rajul Tyagi, Meenu Handa, Sunita Arora, Kalyani Bade
60. Optimize Oocyte Yield to Maximize Live Birth in Assisted Reproductive Technology 422
Sandros C Estevas
82. Robotics in Infertility: Technical Aspects and its Present Day Relevance 570
Reem Sabouni, Laurel Stadtmauer
Index 575
led to the integrity of the work being challenged. This had patients. Thus, finding the balance between medicine and
substantial repercussions for Dr Subhas Mukerji who led commercialism is a challenge for the Indian government
the pioneering work and established a scientific landmark and the regulatory bodies of the fertility practices in India.
in Indian reproductive medicine. The news of the baby was India has hit the headlines over several issues related to
told in the media, but not documented in medical journals IVF treatment, some welcome and some less so. Compared
or shared with the scientific community in the conventional with other countries, India has a greater degree of moral
manner, which denied Dr Subhas Mukerji the credit for his autonomy, which has led to some practices and outcomes
successful endeavor. Following news of the baby and the drawing criticism from around the world. There have
claims that she was born via IVF technology, the Indian been cases which have emphasized the distinction
government set up an enquiry to investigate, but concluded between what is “possible” and what is “right”. With new
that the claims were fabricated and false. regulations being put in place, standardized procedures
The Indian government then prevented Dr Mukerji will start to harmonize concepts for professional practice,
from further publication or attending scientific conferences but currently there is no official code of practice.
to present and defend his work. He was barred from In some clinics, the opportunity to be a mother is
reproductive medicine and transferred to an insignificant offered to older postmenopausal women, and in other
role in ophthalmology in a smaller subdistrict of India. clinics multiple embryos are placed in the uterus. This raises
Surrounded by dishonor, disbelief, and humiliation, sadly, serious ethical dilemmas. India was the focus of attention
Dr Subhas Mukerji committed suicide on June 19, 1981. in May 2016 with news of the birth of baby to a 72-year-old
Dr Anand Kumar played two pivotal roles in the history woman. This may be a record, but it was not an isolated
of IVF in India. Firstly, his scientific team in Mumbai, along event, as pregnancies in women long past menopausal
with the clinical lead, Dr Indira Hinduja, took the credit age are reported to be relatively common in some clinics.
for the first Indian baby born with IVF on August 6, 1986. This case, however, provoked worldwide attention, and
Secondly, and somewhat ironically, years later, Dr Kumar caused questions about the appropriate use of reproductive
also led a noble campaign supporting Dr Mukerji’s claim technology and potentially exposed Indian clinics to public
for precedence. Dr Kumar reviewed the steps and process criticism. The motives of such parents varied, but the stigma
of Dr Mukerji’s work through detailed analysis and revision of being “barren” was often cited as a justification for
of his presentations and publications, and published a treatment, thus completely overruling responsible medical
paper documenting Dr Mukerji’s work chronologically. His care and the interests of any children. A new Bill (see below)
aim was to provide the evidence for restoring Dr Mukerji’s intends to ban the use of treatment for females over the age
professional reputation and substantiating his rightful of 50, in line with policy in many other countries.
place as the creator of the second baby born through IVF India is keeping pace with other countries in all aspects
technology in the world. The Indian Council of Medical of reproductive medicine. In 2002, it was the second country
Research (ICMR) added its poignant acknowledgement in to perform a complete orthotopic ovarian transplant for a
2002, 21 years after Dr Mukerji’s death. female with Turner Syndrome (Mhatri et al. 2005). On May
India is a heterogeneous country with old traditions 18, 2017, it completed its first uterine transplant at the Pune
and social constructs nestling alongside “new” western Galaxy Care Laparoscopy Institute. India has also been
ideology and technology. This has inevitably led to conflict at the forefront of surrogacy practice, which is discussed
in acceptability and apparent contradictions in moral further below.
conduct. On one hand, there is a conservative and private
approach to reproductive medicine and, on the other hand, NATIONAL REGISTRY
there is the overt fertility “tourism” trade that is occurring In vitro fertilization and reproductive treatment is
in India. Owing to the concentration of fertility clinics in commercially very appealing. This has led to a massive
major Indian cities (55%), coupled with the high price expansion within the women’s health care sector, but the
of treatment, many Indian couples are unable to access organization of clinics and their regulation is on an ad hoc
services; this exemplifies the inequalities in awareness and basis. By 2020, it is predicted that India’s clinics will be
provision of treatment. However, the comparatively lower performing 2,60,000 cycles per year. Worryingly, clinics
price of treatment than in many other parts of the world can be opened with minimal scrutiny of the treatments on
makes India a very attractive destination for many foreign offer or the qualifications and skill of those providing care.
3
CHAPTER 1 The Development of In Vitro Fertilization in India
The ICMR and Indian Society for Assisted Reproduction paramount, but also to the sensitivities of native culture
(ISAR) have appreciated that this may compromise patient’s and society in reproductive medicine. Although the
safety; success rates and procedures are therefore being put fundamentals are universal, the permutations and
in place to rectify this weakness. They have advocated the interpretations vary in different countries. Understanding
adoption of an accreditation and licensing system similar how fertility treatment may affect issues such as legitimacy,
to that of the UK. parentage, and inheritance is of great cultural significance.
Previously there has been no official central data When donor eggs or sperm are used as part of treatment,
collection for assisted reproductive treatments and, as it is vital that the prospective parents and the donor
a consequence, keeping track of the number of cycles, understand the legal situation in order to give informed
success rates, and treatments offered by the clinics in consent. Donors have no parental rights over the child
India is suboptimal. This lack of surveillance motivated the and their information is kept confidential. Under Indian
implementation of a national registry to aid data sharing law, insemination using donor sperm does not constitute
and clinical transparency, not only nationally but also adultery because sexual intercourse does not occur, and if
internationally [e.g. International Federation of Fertility an Indian married couple has artificial insemination and
Societies (IFFS)]. Recognition of variations in practice conceives a child, she or he is considered legitimate. The act
globally, appreciating the diversity in pathologies affecting of insemination itself though, is not considered sufficient
effectiveness, analyzing the incidence of complications, and to consummate the marriage and therefore there is still the
gaining exact figures on pregnancy outcomes will benefit possibility of the marriage being subject to annulment. If
both the reproductive medicine community and especially this were to occur after successful treatment resulting in
the patients. There have been concerns regarding issues pregnancy, the child would be considered illegitimate with
such as the number of embryos transferred, inappropriate the associated adverse societal consequences.
handling of gametes and misuse of technology for
sex selection. With registration, practices can be held REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE BILLS
accountable, treatment can be monitored to ensure that
There are two parliamentary Bills within India concerning
only ethically sound treatment is carried out and that there
reproductive medicine. The Assisted Reproductive
is adequate safety with treatment carried out to the highest
Technology (Regulation) Bill has had various editions from
quality. With the aim of formal information sharing, the
2009 until 2015 and the current draft is awaiting government
National ART Registry of India (NARI) was founded in 2001
approval, as in 2017. The vision of the Bill is to transform
by the ISAR. This in turn supplies information to the global
the current fragmented provision into cohesive care,
registries such as International Committee for Monitoring
with sustainable practice and standardized organization,
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) (Malhotra
protocols, and pricing. Care should be provided by
et al. 2013). Engagement with the registry is advantageous
competent practitioners, following evidence based
for both the clinic and the patients. There is an ongoing
medicine. There is a clear exclusion of preimplantation
concern that not all fertility centers are registered, with
genetic diagnosis for nonmedical sex selection, which is
only about 30% in compliance, as there is no enforcement,
currently reported to be carried out, and provides clear
and participation is voluntary. The awaited Assisted
guidance for the use of embryos for research purposes.
Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Bill will, however,
Ultimately, the aims of the Bill are to provide comprehensive
make it compulsory for ART clinics to register.
monitoring and supervision for all aspects of reproductive
Following the creation of the registry, there has also been
medicine.
the publication of several important documents, including
Initially incorporated into the Assisted Reproductive
the National Guidelines for Accreditation, Supervision and
Technology (Regulation) Bill, but subsequently separated,
Regulation of ART Clinics in India and Ethical Guidelines for
was the Surrogacy Bill, which was expedited and released
Biomedical Research on Human Subjects published in 2005
in November 2016. Since surrogacy was first legalized in
and 2006 respectively by ICMR.
India in 2002, there was increasing awareness and anxiety
over the development of the surrogacy “industry”. This
CURRENT LEGALIZATION has accelerated the need for strict rules and expectations
In vitro fertilization and fertility treatment present for this niche of reproductive medicine. Amid significant
many ethical and legal challenges. Respect for the law is international press coverage, nonaltruistic surrogacy has
4
SECTION 1 Historical Aspects of ART
been banned, and now only family members can act “commercial” surrogacy may, in fact, open up more illicit
as surrogates for relatives. Surrogacy will be available activity and its well-known risks.
only for Indian couples who are childless, have proven
subfertility, and have been married for more than 5 CONCLUSION
years. They must have certificates both of essentiality and India has maintained a fast tempo of growth and
eligibility issued to prove this. There is no provision for technological advancement in IVF, comparable to its
couples in same-sex relationships or for single individuals. peers in other countries. It is apparent that the current
Surrogates must be married, already have their own state of practice has not been achieved without significant
children and can be reimbursed only for medical costs dedication, turmoil, and collaboration. The moral compass
and insurance. They can act as a surrogate only once and of IVF can, at times, be hard to navigate but India has strived
they must have a medical certificate ensuring physical to provide reputable, world-class fertility treatment.
and psychological well-being. The clinics need to be fully
registered and clinical details must be archived for at ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
least 25 years. Failure to comply with this jurisdiction will
I am grateful to Professor Roger Gosden (Virginia, USA)
incur a custodial sentence and a significant fine.
and Professor Duru Shah (President of Indian Society for
This is welcome news for many, and sets to eliminate
Assisted Reproduction) for their valuable help during the
the corporate edge from this very beneficial medical
preparation of this manuscript.
intervention. The objectives of the Bill are to remove the I would also like to thank my colleagues in India,
financial incentive and replace it with responsible medical Professor CN Purandhare, Dr Hrishikesh Pai, Dr Nandita
care. Not all, however, view the policy favorably. Palshetkar, Dr Narendra and Dr Jaideep Malhotra, Dr
The original surrogacy arrangement had benefits for Rishma Pai, and Dr Shanta Kumari for their helpful advice.
both the surrogate and the intended parents, and although
not perhaps viewed as an ideal situation, it provided SUGGESTED READING
advantages for many families. This is a situation where
1. Balaji S, Amadi C, Prasad S, et al. Urban rural comparisons of
it should be questioned if it is appropriate to impose polycystic ovary syndrome burden among adolescent girls in
Western idealistic ideas in a heterogeneous culture and on a hospital setting in India. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:158951.
potentially vulnerable patients. It has been voiced that the 2. Bhilwar M, Lal P, Sharma N, et al. Prevalence of reproductive
intention of doing good and preventing perceived harm tract infections and their determinants in married women
residing in an urban slum of North-East Delhi, India. J Nat
may, in fact, cause harm. For many Indian women, paid
Sci Biol Med. 2015;6(Suppl. 1):S29-34.
surrogacy has provided an avenue and opportunity to 3. Kumar S, Murarka S, Mishra VV, et al. Environmental &
provide a better life for their own family. Equally, for many lifestyle factors in deterioration of male reproductive health.
visiting couples the option of surrogacy in India has given Indian J Med Res. 2014;140 Suppl:S29-35.
them hope of having a child, which is denied in their own 4. Malhotra N, Shah D, Pai R, et al. Assisted reproductive
technology in India: A 3 year retrospective data analysis. J
country. Any practice of surrogacy that may adversely affect
Hum Reprod Sci. 2013;6(4):235-40.
the health of women or the welfare of children should not, of 5. Mhatre P, Mhatre J, Magotra R. Ovarian transplant: a new
course, be condoned, but it has been suggested that banning frontier. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(2):1396-8.
SECTION 2: General Principles in
Managing Infertile Couples
Understanding Reproductive
Physiology in ART 2
Pratap Kumar
OVARIAN CYCLE
The main roles of ovary are gametogenesis and hormono
genesis. The fetal gonads have 6–7 million oogonia, which
is reduced to 1–2 million at birth and later 300,000–500,000
at puberty. However, only about 500 will ultimately ovulate
in a woman’s reproductive years.
During the reproductive years, there is a continuous
atresia of oocytes. The follicles are either in resting,
growing, atretic, or ready to ovulate. It takes nearly 85
days for a primordial follicle to grow to preantral stage
and another 14 days for mature folliculogenesis. The first
part of development before antral follicles is hormone
independent, whereas the next part from antral to maturity
is hormone dependent.
This hormonogenesis has two parts, and it is called
“two cell gonadotropin system” (Fig. 1). The theca cells Fig. 1: Two cell gonadotropin system.
have luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor and granulosa
cells follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptors. Stimu 1. Recruitment: The process of recruitment begins at the
lation of theca cells produces androgen. FSH induces end of corpus luteal development of the cycle preceding.
aromatization in the granulosa cells, which converts During recruitment, follicles in both ovaries actively
androgens into estrogen. grow and secrete estrogen.
Thus, androgen production influences estrogen 2. Selection: Between day 5 and 7 of the current cycle, a
production. If androgen is high, it inhibits aromatization single follicle becomes destined to mature and ovulate.
and produces follicular atresia. The ideal situation for the This process is termed as selection, wherein the
initial stage of follicular development is low LH level and dominant follicle is formed.
high FSH level, as seen in the early menstrual phase. 3. Dominance: The interval of growth preceding ovulation
Follicular phase: Follicular phase is an orderly sequence, but following selection is called dominance. The
which results in development of a mature follicle. This dominant follicle controls the endocrine milieu as it
usually takes 10–14 days. It involves four phases (Fig. 2): prepares itself, the reproductive tract, and hypothalamic-
1. Recruitment pituitary axis for ovulation.
2. Selection 4. Ovulation: One of the paramount events at the mid cycle
3. Dominance is the LH surge, which stimulates three major events.
4. Ovulation. i. Resumption of meiosis.
6
SECTION 2 General Principles in Managing Infertile Couples
Luteal Phase
After the expulsion of oocyte, granulosa and theca cells
within the follicle shift from production of estrogen and
follicular peptides to the production of estrogen and
progesterone. This process termed as “luteinization”,
actually begins prior to ovulation, but requires LH surge
for completion. The luteal function depends both qualita
tively and quantitatively on normal development of the
granulosa and theca cells during the preceding follicular
phase. Inadequate proliferation of gonadal stromal cells
in the follicular phase results in decreased secretion of
estrogen and progesterone. This in turn may cause altered
function of the fallopian tube and endometrium, possibly
resulting in abnormal gamete or embryo transport and
decreased opportunities for implantation. It is interesting to
note that the lifespan of corpus luteum is fixed being around
14 days, irrespective of the follicular stage duration. Toward
the end of luteal phase, the corpus luteum regresses unless
rescued by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) from the
Fig. 2: Four phases of follicular phase. implanting embryo. This is known as luteolysis.
ii. Granulosa cells and theca cells get luteinized. This is ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE
followed by increased production of progesterone.
iii. Extrusion of the mature oocyte, which happens Every month, the uterus prepares for a pregnancy by
usually 36 hours after the beginning of LH surge. generating a thick bed of secretory endometrium for
implantation. Due to failure of fertilization of the oocyte or
Mechanism of ovulation: This involves proteolytic implantation, menstruation starts. The endometrium has
digestion of follicular wall (mediated by prostaglandins)
two principle components: (1) the glandular epithelium
leading to rupture of the follicle and oocyte release. The
and (2) supporting stromal cells.
ovum survives only 12–24 hours and then disintegrates.1,2
During the menstrual cycle, the epithelium differenti
ates to form three functional zones. The basalis, spongio
FSH Threshold and Window sum, and stratum compactum. The endometrial events can
Due to the increased pulsatility frequency of gonadotropin- be divided into three phases (Fig. 3):
releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, there is an increased 1. Menstrual phase
perimenstrual FSH secretion. The other reasons for increase 2. Proliferative phase
in FSH are declining estrogen, inhibin A, and progesterone 3. Secretory phase.
in the late luteal phase as the corpus luteum deteriorates.
After this perimenstrual rise, FSH remains at the same Menstrual Phase
level for several days. Subsequently, its level declines under
the negative feedback of inhibin B and E2 is produced The beginning of each endometrial cycle is characterized
by the growing pool of recruited follicles. During this by complete shedding of the spongiosum and stratum
decline in FSH, the most mature follicle is rescued from compactum layers during menstruation, which lasts for
atresia and continues to grow. This follicle then becomes 3–5 days. The fall in plasma progesterone and estrogen levels
the dominant Graafian follicle. This grows faster than the due to degeneration of corpus luteum leads to withdrawal
others and produces higher amounts of E2 and inhibins. of hormonal support of the endometrium, which causes
Hence, in the human species decremental follicular phase, the withdrawal bleed.
7
CHAPTER 2 Understanding Reproductive Physiology in ART
Box 2
Relevant history:
■■ Duration of infertility
–– Past treatment history
–– Menstrual history
■■ Previous any pregnancy history
–– Past contraception use
–– History of sexual dysfunction
■■ Previous surgical history
–– Hospitalizations history
–– Pelvic inflammatory disease
–– Medical History like thyroid disease, galactorrhea, and
hirsutism
■■ History of abnormal Pap smears
–– Family history of congenital defect
■■ History of occupation
Fig. 1 –– Addiction to any substances.
10
SECTION 2 General Principles in Managing Infertile Couples
Box 3 of the cases. There are several tests, which can be used to
document ovulation.
Physical examination:
■■ Body mass index (BMI)
■■ Blood pressure and pulse: Tests of Ovulation
–– Thyroid examination
–– Breast examination ■■ Serial basal body temperature (BBT): BBT is a one of the
–– Signs of androgen excess oldest and simple method to detect ovulation. Biphasic
–– Vaginal or cervical abnormality or discharge BBT recordings are seen in an ovulatory cycles, while
–– Uterine size, shape and mobility. anovulatory cycles are usually monophasic. The 7 days
■■ Any adnexal masses or tenderness, nodularity at pouch of
prior to the mid-cycle rise in BBT is the most fertile
Douglas.2
period.4 But some ovulatory women cannot document
clearly biphasic BBT patterns. BBT monitoring would
not indicate the exact time of ovulation. Also daily
monitoring also becomes tedious. So the BBT test is no
longer recommended nowadays.
■■ Serum progesterone: It value gives an objective
confirmation of ovulation. It is preferably measured
approximately 1 week before the expected period. In a
woman with regular menstrual cycle, D21 measurement
of serum progesterone value greater than 3 ng/mL gives
an indication toward recent ovulation. Mid-luteal serum
progesterone value greater than 10 ng/mL indicates
adequate luteal support.5
■■ Urinary luteinizing hormone (LH): Urinary LH surge is
an indirect evidence of ovulation. LH surge occurs 1–2
days prior to ovulation. Nowadays various commercial
Fig. 2: Causes of female infertility.
“ovulation predictor kits” are available in the market.
These can be used to detect mid-cycle LH surge.
Diagnostic Evaluation
However, sometimes LH kit may give false-positive and
Based on the history and physical examination, next false-negative results.6
diagnostic evaluations to be carried out in a systematic way, ■■ Endometrial biopsy (EMB) and histology: A secretory
which should be also cost-effective to come to a definite endometrial on EMB implies ovulation, as it denotes
cause of infertility (Fig. 2). the action of progesterone on the estrogen-primed
endometrium. “Endometrium dating”, which was done
Ovulatory Function in past using histologic criteria, was considered the
“gold standard” for diagnosis of luteal phase deficiency
Around 15% of all infertile couples and in 40% of infertile
(LPD). Histologic endometrial dating has lost validity
women have anovulation.3 Common causes of anovulation
as a diagnostic method of LPD as it lacks accuracy. It
include polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), thyroid
also fails to differentiate between fertile from infertile
disorders, hyperprolactinemia, weight gain or loss, obesity,
women.7
and vigorous exercise.
■■ Transvaginal ultrasonography (USG) can be used
The ovulatory function can be evaluated using the
to monitor growth of follicles and endometrium
following methods, which are discussed below.
throughout the follicular phase. It can also be used to
document ovulation by certain specific signs like sudden
Menstrual History collapse of the preovulatory follicle, loss of well-defined
Menstrual history is very important which always gives margins of the follicle, appearance of fluid in pouch of
an initial assessment of ovulation. Women with regular Douglas, and presence of corpus luteum.
menstrual cycles of 25–35 days with premenstrual ■■ Other evaluations aimed at to define cause of anovulation
symptoms are mostly ovulatory cycles in more than 95% and its best possible management. Evaluation of serum
11
CHAPTER 3 Evaluation of Female in ART
HSG is more specific for detecting distal tubal occlusion document tubal patency and identify distal as well
and has a high correlation with laparoscopic findings.14 as proximal tubal block. It is regarded as the “gold
■■ Hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCoSy) (Fig. 5): standard” for evaluating tubal patency. However, it is
Tubal patency is demonstrated with USG by visualizing an invasive procedure and requires general anesthesia.
intratubal flow of hyperechogenic contrast medium; The risk of major complication is low (<1%).
thus, it allows detection of tubal patency, both by B ■■ Chlamydia antibody test (CAT) detects serum antibodies
mode and color Doppler ultrasound. Echovist is a to Chlamydia trachomatis. It can be used as screening
suspension of soluble galactose microparticles in 20% test if there is no history suggestive of tubal pathology;
(w/v) aqueous galactose solution and it can stand however, its clinical utility is questionable. CAT has
for 5–10 min. Hydroxyethyl cellulose and glycerol moderate sensitivity (40–50%) and positive predictive
containing nonembryo-toxic gel (ExEm-ge) can also value (60%). However, as compared to laparoscopy,
be used. CAT has a high negative predictive value (80–90%) for
■■ As compared to Saline infusion sonography (SIS), detection of distal tubal pathology (Table 2).15
HyCoSy with contrast is more efficient. It can also be
used instead of HSG for screening for tubal patency. RCOG RECOMMENDATION FOR TUBAL
Also, both HSG and HyCoSy have comparable result ASSESSMENT
with gold standard laparoscopy, 86.7% and 86.7%,
Women who do not have comorbidities like pelvic
respectively.13 Sometimes, HyCoSy might be considered
inflammatory disease, previous ectopic pregnancy, or
inferior to HSG because of tortuous fallopian tubes
endometriosis; HSG is still the preferred tool for screening
and difficulty to image the tubes as the tubes are not
for tubal block. The advantages of HSG are its reliability, less
present at single plane. Moreover, bowel gas sometime
invasiveness, and cost-effectiveness. Screening for tubal
reduces visibility of distal portion of the tube. HyCoSy
disease could be done with hysterosalpingo-contrast USG
with automated 3D-coded contrast imaging technology
if necessary expertise is available in infertile women having
can overcome the disadvantages. With automated 3D
no comorbidities. Laparoscopy and chromopertubation
volume acquisition, the tubes can be seen in coronal
should be performed in women having comorbidities, so
view. One can also visualize the full length of the
that pelvic pathologies can be assessed at the same time.
fallopian tubes in 3D space. It is less operator dependent.
The color-coded 3D-power Doppler imaging (PDI) with
EVALUATION OF UTERUS
surface rendering allows the flow of contrast through the
entire tube and the free spill from the fimbrial ends can Abnormalities in the uterus are relatively uncommon causes
be appreciated easily. of infertility. There are various methods to diagnose these:
■■ Laparoscopy with chromopertubation is performed ■■ Hysterosalpingography: It can be used to determine the
by passing a dilute solution of methylene blue or shape and size of the uterine cavity. It helps to diagnose
indigo carmine (preferred) through the cervix during various congenital anomalies like unicornuate, septate,
laparoscopy. Laparoscopic dye test can be used to bicornuate uterus, or acquired abnormalities in the
uterine cavity like endometrial polyps, submucous
fibroid, or synechiae. HSG has relatively lower sensitivity
(50%) and low positive predictive value (30%) as
compared to hysteroscopy. In such cases, further