HOLTEK

Battery Charger Solutions

www.holtek.com
Introduction
With the technical maturity of the rechargeable lead acid battery and lithium battery, their output power has
gradually improved, they have been widely used in various power products, such as electric vehicles, gardening
tools, electric tools, etc.
The lead acid battery has the characteristics of low price, high stability and low accident rate, which is widely used
in low-end markets, such as two-wheel and three-wheel electric vehicles. However, the lead acid battery has the
disadvantage of heavy weight, makes it not suitable for lightweight products. Products with weight requirements,
such as hand-held tools and vacuum cleaners will select lithium batteries with higher prices because of their
irreplaceable advantages, such as high energy density and light weight.
No matter which kind of rechargeable battery products mentioned above, it needs to be used together with the
charger to achieve the charging purposes.

ⅠCharger Operating Principle

As shown in Figure 1, chargers generally use AD/DC converters with power below 150W. To ensure the power
safety and the charge management feedback output control, the isolated flyback secondary side feedback
regulation (SSR) conversion architecture will be used. The PWM IC will be used together to achieve the Switch
Mode Power Supply (SMPS) control. The left side of the transformer is the primary side and the right side of the
transformer is the secondary side. The charger output voltage and current are controlled by the PWM IC output
duty cycle on the primary side. The charger must adjust the charger output voltage and current according to
the battery charging state. Therefore, it is necessary to judge the battery status through the charge
management feedback control circuit on the secondary side. The control signal will be fed back to the primary
side PWM IC to control the PWM duty cycle, and then through the optical coupling IC to achieve the battery
charge management feedback control.

Bridge Rectifier High Frequency

Diode Transformer

100V AC VDC

PWM IC Optical Charge

Coupling IC Management
Control Circuit

Figure 1. Charger Operating Principle

2
ⅠCharger Marked Specifications and Batteries Relationship
No matter lead acid battery or lithium battery, the number of batteries used in series and in parallel will vary
according to the terminal product type and the required battery specifications. Therefore, the rechargeable
battery must be charged with a dedicated charger.
For example:
• There are four common lead acid battery charger specifications for 2-wheel and 3-wheel electric vehicles.
Each specification and the number of lead acid batteries in series are listed in the following table.

Number of Lead Charger Charger

Acid Batteries in Series Marked Voltage Marked Current

4S 48V
2A~3A
5S 60V

6S 72V
1.5A~2A
8S 96V

Table 1. 2-wheel and 3-wheel Electric Vehicles Lead Acid Battery Charger

• There are three lithium battery charger specifications for electric tools. Each specification and the number
of batteries in series are listed in the following table.
Number of Lithium Charger Charger
Batteries in Series Marked Voltage Marked Current

3S 10.8V
4S 14.4V 2A
5S 18V

Table 2. Electric Tool Lithium Battery Charger

It can be seen from the above that the charger output voltage and current are different in different application
products.
For the charger application, Holtek has specially developed a series of dedicated MCUs, which have the main
characteristics of integrating a special control circuit, including two D/A converters and two OPAs.
The charger product developed by the HT45F5Q-xx can accurately control the output voltage and current at the
same time. The charger output voltage and current will be changed according to the current battery charging state.
As shown in the figure below, the complete charging process management will be implemented, which is divided
into four stages, namely trickle current mode (TC mode), constant current mode (CC mode), constant voltage mode
(CV mode) and float voltage mode (FV mode). It not only improves the battery service life, but also provides
multiple protection functions, such as overcharge voltage, overcharge current, temperature monitoring and
charging time, which greatly reduce the probability of battery explosion and other abnormalities during charging.

Battery Voltage (V)

Charge Current (mA)
IＣＣ
CV mode
CC mode
FV mode

IＣＣ/10
TC mode
IＣＣ/10 LCS Control
0mA
Charge Terminated
Time

Figure 2. Charging Process

3
Holtek Charger Solutions
The HT45R/F5Q-xx devices are Holtek charger dedicated MCUs, which have 9 products and 5 packages and 1KW,
2KW, 4KW, 8KW, 16KW program space in total.
The target product requirements, rechargeable battery types and battery numbers of the HT45R/F5Q-xx series of
MCUs are summarized as follows:

HT��F�Q-� Cheap chargers, up to two voltages, current control, low price requirement.

HT��F�Q-�
HT��F�Q-�A / HT��R�Q-� Standard chargers, multiple voltages, current control and controlled accurately.

HT��F�Q-� The charger can be designed according to the platform, with more program space.
HT��F�Q-� / HT��R�Q-�* A group of programs can be used for different products, which may have different
battery types and serial numbers.

HT��F�Q-� / HT��F�Q-�C It has rich resources and communication interfaces, such as the Can Bus can
HT��F�Q-�* / HT��F�Q-�C* communicate with BMS and identify battery characteristics.

* The HT45R5Q-3/HT45F5Q-6/HT45F5Q-6C devices are under development

ⅠApplication Block Diagram

Figure 3. Charger Application Block Diagram

ⅠFeature Description
• The HT45R/F5Q-xx devices are charger dedicated MCUs, each device in this series has a dedicated control
circuit, including two D/A converters and two OPAs for constant voltage and constant current control. The
D/A converters resolution can be 8-bit, 12-bit or 14-bit. These circuits are used to control the charger
voltage and current at different stages according to the battery status.
• The traditional circuit architecture adjusts the constant voltage and constant current by adjusting the
resistance value of fixed resistor. It is easily limited by the resistance accuracy and error, may not output
suitable voltage and current. However, Holtek's solution is controlled by the D/A converter, which not only
has high resolution, but also calibrates the whole machine through production fixtures during mass
production to improve the production efficiency.
• An additional OPA is provided to amplify the current signal. Together with the MCU internal A/D converter,
the battery charge current can be accurately read. It can realize small current judgment when the battery is
fully charged and overcurrent judgment for overcurrent protection. At the same time, the heat can be
reduced to improve the conversion efficiency by reducing the current detection resistance value.

4
HT45R/F5Q-xx Charger Development Workshop
The traditional charger manufacturers have the ability to design the AC/DC circuit, but the F/W development ability
is relatively insufficient. Therefore, Holtek has developed the "HT45R/F5Q-xx charger development platform" to help
users quickly develop charger applications through graphical interface operations without program programming.

ⅠCharger Development Platform Main Features

• This development platform provides a graphical interface, which can support the full series charger dedicated
MCUs, the HT45R/F5Q-xx. It is useful for users to select the required battery type and serial number through
simple settings. The platform not only provides general voltage and current parameters, but also can modify
the voltage and current parameters according to requirements. In addition to the basic charging operations,
the platform also can provide over temperature protection, fan control, LED lamp control and other common
charger functions, which will short the charger development cycle.

• This development platform can generate an MCU programming file after setting, which has the basic charge
voltage and current control modes. The code can be programmed into the MCUs only by using Holtek's
programmer, the e-WriterPro and the programming software, the HOPE3000. Then the charger hardware test
can be implemented. Therefore, in the early stage of charger development, the hardware engineer can
repeatedly adjust the optocoupler related RC response circuit to verify the output voltage and current
stabilities. It can also be used for long-term programming to test hardware stability.

• When developing on this platform, the corresponding software engineering files can be produced at the same
time, which are provided for software engineers to implement a secondary development and customization
according to product requirements. For example, it is used to develop human machine interface functions
such as charging lamp flashing type. The HT-IDE3000 project file is a software project generated by the
development platform and needs to be programmed on the PC through the HT-IDE3000 software.

ⅠHT45R/F5Q-xx Charger Development Platform Link

https://www.holtek.com/ht��f�q-x-charger-development-workshop

HT45R/F5Q-xx
Charger Development Platform

e-WriterPro
USB cable
Finished Charger

Demo Development Board

Figure 4. Holtek Charger Development Platform Development Process

5
HT45R/F5Q-xx Charger Volume Production Fixture Platform
Manufacturers had to make the entire PCBA calibration before leaving the factory to ensure that the charger output
voltage and current values meet the product specifications. The traditional calibration method to obtain the required
resistance is to parallel the resistor or rotate the variable resistor. In these methods, the resistance may not match the
required output voltage and current or the resistance value may change due to the wrong touch when setting the
variable resistance and sealing the sealant. In addition, at least two workers need to be arranged for the production line.
To solve the above problems, the Holtek HT45R/F5Q-xx charger volume production fixture is provided. It can not only
improve the production speed of the production line, but also effectively reduce the labor cost.

ⅠCharger Volume Production Fixture Platform Main Features

• The fixture platform includes software and hardware, the development process is shown in the figure below.
- Platform software: The HT45R/F5Q-xx charger volume production fixture platform is a graphical interface
software on the PC.
- Matching hardware: Charger Volume Production Fixture.
• Support the charger developed by the HT45R/F5Q-xx series.
• With multi-section output voltage and current, including trickle current, constant current, constant voltage and
floating voltage, which are accurately and quickly calibrated and stored in the EEPROM integrated with MCU.
• The efficiency of mass production can be improved, optimize the resistance value from manual adjustment to
digital communication calibration, it will greatly reduce the time cost and error probability.
• Only one production line worker needs to be arranged to save labor costs.
• PC software – The volume production fixture platform can adjust the calibration parameters at any time during
the production process, it can store up to 10 groups of parameters. The production calibration parameters can
be transferred to the volume production fixture via an USB cable. Therefore, when the voltage and current
specifications of the chargers produced by the same production line are different, the fixture parameters can be
quickly modified.

ⅠHT45R/F5Q-xx Charger Volume Production Fixture Platform Link

https://www.holtek.com/ht��f�q-x-charger-volume-production-fixture

Charger Volume
Production Fixture
Finished Charger
HT45R/F5Q-xx Charger Volume
Production Fixture Platform
Charger PCBA

=Plz Selection=
=
FUSE5x20
-> Charge Model
CHK CHG V&C
Test Mode

=Plz Selection=
=
FUSE5x20
-> Charge Model
CHK CHG V&C
Test Mode

Figure 5. Holtek Charger Volume Production Fixture Platform Development Process

6
 Electric Bicycle Charger Application Solution
The charger circuit includes a bridge rectifier, an isolation transformer, a PWM IC, a secondary side control circuit,
an MCU and other related circuits. Holtek provides an electric bicycle charger application solution on the official
website, which includes the operating principle description, the PCB file and the circuit file. If the HT45F5Q-xx
dedicated control circuit is used, it automatically controls constant voltage or constant current charging according
to the current battery status, greatly reducing the software burden and simplifying the peripheral circuitry. At the
same time, it can together with the charger development platform to produce program code for development
verification.

ⅠElectric Bicycle Charger Application Solution Link

https://www.holtek.com/applicationpage/-/apid/���

Holtek Charger MCU Selection Guide

Battery Charger Flash MCU
Max. Program Data Data
Part No. VDD Stack I/O Timer ADC DAC OPA CRC IAP Interface Package
Freq. Memory Memory EEPROM
2.2V~ 10-bit 8-bit×1
HT45F5Q-1 8MHz 1K×14 32×8 32×14 4 9 — 2 — — — 16NSOP
5.5V ×5 12-bit×1
2.2V~ 12-bit 14-bit×1 16NSOP
HT45F5Q-2A 8MHz 2K×15 128×8 32×15 6 15 10-bit CTM×1 3 — — UART×1
5.5V ×7 12-bit×1 20NSOP
2.2V~ 12-bit 14-bit×1 UARTx1 24SSOP
HT45F5Q-3 8MHz 4K×15 256×8 32×15 6 23 10-bit CTM×1, 10-bit STM×1 3 √ —
5.5V ×11 12-bit×1 SPI/I2C×1 28SSOP
2.2V~ 10-bit CTM×1 12-bit UARTx1 24/28SSOP
HT45F5Q-5 8MHz 8K×16 512×8 512×8 8 27 14-bit×2 3 √ √
5.5V 10-bit STM×1, 16-bit STM×1 ×12 SPI/I2C×1 32QFN
2.2V~ 10-bit PTM×2, 10-bit CTM×1 12-bit UARTx1 24/28SSOP
HT45F5Q-6 20MHz 16K×16 1024×8 1024×8 16 27 14-bit×2 3 √ √
5.5V 10-bit STM×1, 16-bit STM×1 ×12 SPI/I2C×1 32QFN

Battery Charger Flash MCU with CAN Bus

Max. Program Data Data
Part No. VDD Stack I/O Timer ADC DAC OPA CRC IAP CAN Interface Package
Freq. Memory Memory EEPROM
2.2V~ 10-bit CTM×1 12-bit 14-bit UARTx1 28SSOP
HT45F5Q-5C 8MHz 8K×16 512×8 512×8 8 27 3 √ √ √
5.5V 10-bit STM×1, 16-bit STM×1 ×12 ×2 SPI/I2C×1 32QFN
2.2V~ 10-bit PTM×2, 10-bit CTM×1 12-bit 14-bit UARTx1 28SSOP
HT45F5Q-6C 20MHz 16K×16 1024×8 1024×8 16 27 3 √ √ √
5.5V 10-bit STM×1, 16-bit STM×1 ×12 ×2 SPI/I2C×1 32QFN

Battery Charger OTP MCU

Max. Program Data
Part No. VDD Stack I/O Timer ADC DAC OPA CRC HVIAP Interface Package
Freq. Memory Memory
2.2V~ 12-bit 12-bit
HT45R5Q-2 8MHz 2K×16 128×8 6 11 8-bit ×1 3 — √ — 16NSOP
5.5V ×6 ×2
2.2V~ 10-bit CTM×1 12-bit 14-bit UART×1 24SSOP
HT45R5Q-3 8MHz 4K×16 256×8 8 23 3 √ √
5.5V 10-bit STM×1 ×11 ×2 SPI/I2C×1 28SSOP

7
Development Tools
The e-Link is an online debug adaptor for Holtek's new generation of OCDS architecture Flash MCUs. Together with
the HT-IDE3000 software it allows users to program and debug programs on their target boards.

ⅠOnline Debug Adapter

• Hardware: e-Link
• Software: HT-IDE3000
• Functions:
✓ Supports online debug for EV devices that have an OCDS interface.
✓ e-Link can perform debug operations such as single step, full speed, stop, breakpoints during
the debug process.

HT8
Support 8-bit MCUs


Together with the
HT-IDE3000 software

Best Modules Online Shop

ⅠProgrammer
• Hardware: e-WriterPro
• Software: HOPE3000
• Functions:
✓ The e-WriterPro is a programmer designed for programming of the Holtek MCUs.
✓ This programmer supports an Online Programming Mode that needs to connect with a PC and
an Offline Programming Mode that does not require a PC connection.

HT8
Support 8-bit MCUs


Together with the
HOPE3000 software

Best Modules Online Shop

8
Holtek Semiconductor Inc. Sharing Success Through Excellence

Holtek Semiconductor Inc. (Headquarters) Holtek Semiconductor (USA), Inc.

No.3, Creation Rd. II, Science park, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan (North America Sales Office)
Tel: 886-3-5631999 19 Hammond, Suite 513, Irvine, CA 92618
Fax: 886-3-5631189 Tel: 1-949-273-8988

Holtek Semiconductor Inc. (Taipei Sales Office) Holtek Semiconductor (China) Inc.
4F-2, No. 3-2, YuanQu St., Nankang Software Park, Building No. 10, Xinzhu Court, (No. 1 Headquarters),
Taipei 115, Taiwan 4 Xinzhu Road, Songshan Lake, Dongguan, China 523808
Tel: 886-2-2655-7070 Tel: 86-769-3893-1999
Fax: 886-2-2655-7373
Fax: 886-2-2655-7383 (International sales hotline)

Holtek Semiconductor (India) Pvt.Ltd.

The Oriental Towers No. 461, 2nd Floor, 4th Sector,
17th Cross Rd, HSR Layout, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560102
Email: [email protected] Holtek Best Modules
Official Website Online Shop JUN. ����_V���