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MCQs- LOGICAL REASONING
Q 1.
Statement I: Some kiwi are Avocado
Statement II: All Avocado are Banana
Statement III: Some Banana are mangoes
Conclusion I: Some mangoes are Avocado
Conclusion II: Some Banana are Avocado
A. Only conclusion I follow
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Conclusion I and II both follow
D. Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows
Answer- B
Conclusion I doesn’t follow. Statement II & III (no combination of A+I)
Q 2.
Statement I: All herbs are shrubs
Statement II: No shrub is a roses
Statement III: All roses are grass
Conclusions I: No tree is a grass
Conclusion II: Some roses being herbs is a possibility
A. Only conclusion I follow
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Conclusion I and II both follow
D. Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows
Answer- D
Conclusion I doesn’t follow. Statement I & III (no middle term)
Conclusion II doesn’t follow. Statement I & II (no tree is a roses)
Q 3.
Statement I: Some green is red
Statement II: Some red is blue
Statement III: All blue is yellow
Conclusion I: Some yellow is green
Conclusion II: Some yellow is red
A. Only conclusion I follow
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Conclusion I and II both follow
D. Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows
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Answer- B
Conclusion I doesn’t follow. Statement II and III- Some red is yellow. Further, there is no
conclusion of Statement I and Some red is yellow. (I+I= No conclusion)
Q 4.
Statement I: Some money is cash.
Statement II: Some cash are draft
Statement III: All drafts are bills
Conclusion I: Some money are draft
Conclusion II: Some money is bills
A. Only conclusion I follow
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Conclusion I and II both follow
D. Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows
Answer- D
Conclusion I doesn’t follow. (S1 + S2= No conclusion as I +I = No conclusion)
Conclusion II doesn’t follow. Statement II and III- Some cash are bills. Further, there is no
conclusion of Statement I and Some cash are bills. (I+I= No conclusion)
Q 5.
Statement I: All books are diary
Statement II: Some diaries are notebooks
Statement III: All notebooks are notepads
Conclusion I: Some notepads are diary
Conclusion II: Some notepads are books
A. Only conclusion I follow
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Conclusion I and II both follow
D. Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows
Answer- A
Conclusion I follows- Statement II +Statement III = Some diaries are notepads. Therefore,
Some notepads are diary.
Conclusion II doesn’t follow- Statement I(All books are diary) and Some diaries are
notepads- no conclusion of A+I
Q 6.
Statement I: Some gold are platinum
Statement II: Some platinum are silver
Statement III: Some silver are zinc
Conclusion I: Some gold are silver
Conclusion II: Some zinc are platinum
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A. Only conclusion I follow
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Conclusion I and II both follow
D. Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows
Answer- D
Conclusion I doesn’t follow. (No conclusion of I +I)
Conclusion II doesn’t follow. (No conclusion of I +I)
Q 7.
Statement I: Only a few rivers are lakes
Statement II: All rivers are ocean
Statement III: All oceans are stream
Conclusion I: All stream being lakes is a possibility
Conclusion II: At least some oceans are rivers
A. Only conclusion I follow
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Conclusion I and II both follow
D. Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows
Answer- B
Statement III is A statement. Therefore, Some oceans are rivers.
Q 8.
Statement I: Only biscuits are chocolate
Statement II: Only a few biscuits are snacks
Statement III: All snacks are beverages
Conclusion I: Some biscuits are not snacks is a possibility
Conclusion II: All chocolates are biscuits
A. Only conclusion I follow
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Conclusion I and II both follow
D. Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows
Answer- C
Statement I- Only few biscuits are snacks is Some biscuits are not snacks or Some biscuits
are snacks.
Conclusion II- Only biscuits are chocolate is All chocolates are biscuits.
Q 9.
Statement I: Some Gmail is yahoo
Statement II: No yahoo is Instagram
Statement III: All Instagram is twitter
Conclusion I: Some twitter can never be yahoo is a possibility
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Conclusion II: Some yahoo can never be Instagram
A. Only conclusion I follow
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Conclusion I and II both follow
D. Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows
Answer- C
Q10.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
1.With two particular statements, no universal conclusion is possible.
2.With two positive statements, no negative conclusion is possible.
3. With two negative statements, positive conclusion is possible.
a. Only 1 is correct
b. Only 2 & 3 are correct
c. Only 1 & 2 are correct
d. All are correct
10. Answer- c
Q11.
Statements:
I. Some parrots are scissors.
II. Some scissors are not combs.
Conclusions:
I. Some scissors are parrots.
II. Some combs are parrots.
A. Only conclusion I follow
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Conclusion I and II both follow
D. Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows
Answer- A
Q12.
Statements:
I. All bottles are glasses.
II. No glass is a plate.
Conclusions:
I. All glasses are bottles
II. No plate is a bottles
A. Only conclusion I follow
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B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Conclusion I and II both follow
D. Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows
Answer B
Q13. Statements:
I. Some pigs are bachelors.
II. All bachelors are blessed.
Conclusions:
I. Some pigs are blessed.
II. At least some blessed are bachelors.
A - If only conclusion I follows.
B - If only conclusion II follows.
C - If either conclusion I or II follows.
D - If both conclusion I and II follows.
Answer : D
Explanation
Some pigs are bachelors (I) + all bachelors are blessed (A) = I + A = I = some pigs are
blessed. Hence conclusion I follows. Again all bachelors are blessed - conversion - some
blessed are bachelors. Hence conclusion II also follows.
Q14 - Statements:
I. Some pictures are beds.
II. All beds are trees.
Conclusions:
I. Some pictures are trees.
II. At least some trees are beds.
A - If only conclusion I follows.
B - If only conclusion II follows.
C - If either conclusion I or II follows.
D - If both conclusion I and II follows.
Answer : D
Some pictures are beds (I) + all beds are trees (A) = I + A = I = some pictures are trees.
Hence conclusion I follows. Again all beds are trees - conversion - some trees are beds.
Hence conclusion II also follows.
Q15 - Statements:
I. Some ninjas are dogs.
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II. No dogs is a liar.
Conclusions:
I. No ninja is a liar.
II. At least some ninjas are liars.
A - If only conclusion I follows.
B - If only conclusion II follows.
C - If either conclusion I or II follows.
D - If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
Answer : C
Explanation
Some ninjas are dogs (I) + no dog is a liar (E) = I + E = O = some ninjas are not liars. But
conclusion I and II make a complementary pair (I - E). Hence either I or II follows. So option
C is correct.
Q 16 - Statements:
I. Some necklace are diagrams.
II. No diagram is a lollipop.
Conclusions:
I. No necklace is a lollipop.
II. At least some necklaces are letters.
A - If only conclusion I follows.
B - If only conclusion II follows.
C - If either conclusion I or II follows.
D - If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
Answer : C
Explanation
Some necklaces are diagrams (I) + no diagram is a lollipop (E) = I + E = O = some necklace
are not lollipop. But conclusion I and II make a complementary pair (I - E). Hence either I or
II follows. So option C.
Q17 - Statements:
I. Some mangos are brinjals.
II. Some carrots are brinjals.
Conclusions:
I. All mangos are carrots.
II. At least some brinjals are not carrots.
A - If only conclusion I follows.
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B - If only conclusion II follows.
C - If either conclusion I or II follows.
D - If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
Answer : D
Explanation
Some mangos are brinjals (I) + (some carrots are brinjals (I) - conversion -) some brinjals are
carrots (I) = I + I = no conclusion. Hence conclusion I and II do not follow.
Q 18 - Statements:
I. Some rifles are bombs.
II. Some cigars are bombs.
Conclusions:
I. All rifles are cigars.
II. At least some bombs are not cigars.
A - If only conclusion I follows.
B - If only conclusion II follows.
C - If either conclusion I or II follows.
D - If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
Answer : D
Explanation
Some rifles are bombs (I) + (some cigars are bombs (I) - conversion -) some bombs are cigars
(I) = I + I = no conclusion. Hence conclusion I and II do not follow.
Q19 Statements:
I. No cake is a ginger.
II. Some gingers are garlic.
Conclusions:
I. No cake is a garlic.
II. Some garlics are not cakes.
A - If only conclusion I follows.
B - If only conclusion II follows.
C - If either conclusion I or II follows.
D - If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
Answer : B
Explanation
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No cake is a ginger (E) + some gingers are garlics (I) = E + I = O ∗ = some garlics are not
cakes. Hence conclusion II only follows, but I does not follow.
Q20 - Statements:
I. No cash is a flash.
II. Some flashes are bears.
Conclusions:
I. No cash is a bear.
II. Some bears are not cash.
A - If only conclusion I follows.
B - If only conclusion II follows.
C - If either conclusion I or II follows.
D - If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
Answer : B
Explanation
No cash is a flash (E) + some flashes are bears (I) = E + I = O ∗ = some bears are not cash.
Hence conclusion II only follows, but conclusion I does not follow.
Q 21 - Statements:
I. No pizza is a burger.
II. No chautney is a burger.
Conclusions:
I. Some pizzas are not chautneys.
II. Some burgers are chautneys.
A - If only conclusion I follows.
B - If only conclusion II follows.
C - If either conclusion I or II follows.
D - If neither conclusion I or II follows.
Answer : D
No pizza is a burger (E) + (no chautney is burger-conversion -) no burger is a chautney (E) =
E + E = no conclusion. Hence conclusion I does not follow. Again, no chautney is a burger -
conversion - no burger is a chautney. Hence conclusion II also does not follow.
Q 22 - Statements:
I. All fingers are levers.
II. Some levers are fringe.
Conclusions:
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I. Some fringe are levers.
II. No fingers is a fringe.
A - If only conclusion I follows.
B - If only conclusion II follows.
C - If either conclusion I or II follows.
D - If neither conclusion I or II follows.
Answer : A
All fingers are levers (A) + some levers are fringe (I) = A + I = no conclusion. Hence
conclusion II does not follow. Again, some levers are fringe (I) - conversion - some fringe are
levers (I). Hence conclusion I follows.
Q23. What is the relationship between the universal affirmative proposition (A) and the
particular negative proposition (O) in the square of opposition?
A) Contradictory
B) Contrary
C) Subalternation
D) Subcontrary
Answer: A) Contradictory
Q24. If the particular affirmative proposition "Some birds can fly" is true, what can you infer
about the universal negative proposition "No birds can fly"?
A) It must be true.
B) It must be false.
C) It can be either true or false.
D) It is unrelated to the particular affirmative.
Answer: B) It must be false.
Q25. Which of the following is an example of a valid but unsound argument?
A) All insects have six legs. Spiders have eight legs. Therefore, spiders are not insects.
B) All squares have four sides. This shape has four sides. Therefore, this shape is a square.
C) All students like mathematics. Jane is a student. Therefore, Jane likes mathematics.
D) All apples are fruits. Bananas are fruits. Therefore, bananas are apples.
Answer: A)
Q26. In the fallacy of "Undistributed Middle," what condition should be met?
A) The middle term should be distributed in both premises.
B) The middle term should be undistributed in both premises.
C) The middle term should be distributed in one premise.
D) The middle term is irrelevant to this fallacy.
Answer: A)
Q27. What is the consequence of committing the "Illicit Process" fallacy?
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A) It strengthens the argument's validity.
B) It ensures that the conclusion follows logically.
C) It may lead to fallacies due to improper distribution.
D) It improves the clarity of the argument.
Answer: C)
Q28. What happens in a situation involving "Exclusive Premises"?
A) The premises are mutually exclusive.
B) No conclusion can be drawn from two negative premises.
C) The premises support a positive conclusion.
D) The argument becomes invalid.
Answer: B)
Q29. Which of the following concepts is central to Jain philosophy?
A) Nirvana
B) Dharma
C) Ahimsa
D) Atman
Answer: B)
Q30. The term "Dukkha" is commonly associated with which Indian philosophical tradition?
A) Vedanta
B) Yoga
C) Buddhism
D) Samkhya
Answer: C)
Q31. Who is the founder of the Charvaka school, known for its materialistic and atheistic
philosophy?
A) Chanakya
B) Nagarjuna
C) Brihaspati
D) Sankara
Answer: C)
Q32. Nyaya philosophy is known for its emphasis on:
A) Meditation and mindfulness
B) Logic and reasoning (Tarka)
C) Rituals and ceremonies
D) Devotion to a personal deity
Answer: B)
Q33. In Nyaya, what is the role of inference (anumana) in gaining knowledge?
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A) It is the only valid means of knowledge.
B) It is considered unreliable and not used.
C) It is one of the valid means of knowledge.
D) It is used only in religious contexts.
Answer: C)
Q34. Nyaya philosophy divides valid knowledge into how many categories?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
Answer: B)
Q35. What is the Nyaya concept of "Pramana"?
A) The self
B) Valid means of knowledge
C) The material world
D) The cycle of birth and death
Answer: B)
Q36. Which Nyaya text is the most authoritative and comprehensive exposition of Nyaya
philosophy?
A) Nyaya Sutra
B) Nyaya Pravesha
C) Nyaya Darshana
D) Nyaya Sastra
Answer: A)
Q 37. In Indian philosophy, what is "Anumana" primarily concerned with?
A) Perception
B) Inference
C) Intuition
D) Testimony
Answer: B)
Q 38. Who is considered the main proponent of Anumana in the Nyaya school of philosophy?
A) Adi Shankaracharya
B) Ramanuja
C) Kumarila Bhatta
D) Gautama
Answer: D)
Q 39. Anumana, as a valid means of knowledge, relies on:
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A) Direct sensory perception
B) Deductive reasoning
C) Personal experiences
D) Religious scriptures
Answer: B)
Q 40. In Anumana, what is "Hetu"?
A) The subject of inference
B) The effect or conclusion
C) The reason or middle term
D) The sense perception
Answer: C)
Q 41. An inference (Anumana) is considered valid when:
A) It is based on personal beliefs
B) It is logically sound and follows established rules
C) It contradicts empirical evidence
D) It aligns with popular opinion
Answer: B)
Q 42. In Anumana, what is "Upanaya"?
A) The specific example
B) The application of inference
C) The counter-argument
D) The indirect evidence
Answer: B)
Q 43. Which Indian philosopher is famous for his contributions to Anumana and logic in
Nyaya philosophy?
A) Nagarjuna
B) Adi Shankaracharya
C) Kumarila Bhatta
D) Chanakya
Answer: C)
Q 44. In Bahya Manasa perception, what is the role of the mind?
A) It does not play a significant role.
B) It interprets sensory data and forms judgments.
C) It is completely bypassed in the process.
D) It is responsible for controlling the sense organs.
Answer: B)
Q 45. Which type of perception is related to direct sensory experiences of the external world?
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A) Bahya Pratyaksha (External Perception)
B) Manasa Pratyaksha (Mental Perception)
C) Anumana (Inference)
D) Sabda (Testimony)
Answer: A)
Q 46. Bahya Manasa perception is often discussed in the context of understanding:
A) The nature of ultimate reality (Brahman)
B) The concept of liberation (Moksha)
C) The nature of the self (Atman)
D) The material world and its attributes
Answer: D)
Q 47. According to Nyaya philosophy, what is the primary source of knowledge for Bahya
Manasa perception?
A) Direct sensory perception (Pratyaksha)
B) Inference (Anumana)
C) Testimony (Sabda)
D) Intuition (Aptavacana)
Answer: A)
Q 48. Bahya Manasa perception is closely related to the concept of:
A) Dharma (Duty)
B) Karma (Action)
C) Vairagya (Detachment)
D) Jnana (Knowledge)
Answer: D)
Q 49. According to the concept of Purvavat, which of the following is true?
A) Knowledge is always based on past experiences.
B) Knowledge is solely derived from inference.
C) Knowledge can be obtained by anticipating future events.
D) Knowledge is unrelated to time.
Answer: C)
Q 50. According to the concept of Sesavat, which of the following is true?
A) Knowledge is always based on past experiences.
B) Knowledge is solely derived from inference.
C) Knowledge can be obtained by observing present events.
D) Knowledge is unrelated to time.
Answer: C)
Q 51. In an inference (Anumana), "Vipaksatva" means:
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A) The property of the middle term (Hetu)
B) The property of the subject (Paksha)
C) The absence of the property in the subject
D) The presence of the property in the reason
Answer: C)
Q 52. What does "Sapakashsatva" signify in Indian philosophy?
A) The property of the subject (Paksha)
B) The presence of the property in the subject
C) The absence of the property in the reason
D) The absence of the property in the subject
Answer: B)
Q 53. In an inference, what is the significance of "Avirudhha Abadhita"?
A) It ensures that the middle term (Hetu) is not contradictory.
B) It ensures that the subject (Paksha) and reason (Hetu) are contradictory.
C) It establishes the universal concomitant (Vyapti).
D) It is synonymous with "Vipaksatva."
Answer: A)
Q54. Which of the following statements best describes Savyabhicara in an inference
(Anumana)?
A) The Hetu (reason) is always connected to the Sadhya (conclusion) in a consistent and
logical manner.
B) The Hetu is sometimes connected to the Sadhya in a consistent manner and sometimes
not, leading to a fallacy.
C) The Hetu is never connected to the Sadhya, making the inference completely invalid.
D) Savyabhicara does not exist in Indian philosophy; it is a Western concept.
Answer: B)
Q55. Which of the following is an essential condition for avoiding Savyabhicara in a valid
inference?
A) Complexity of reasoning
B) Consistency and regularity in the connection between the Hetu and the Sadhya
C) Presence of contradictory properties
D) Ambiguity in the argument
Answer: B)
Q56. Which term is often used to describe a fallacy that occurs when the connection between
the Hetu and the Sadhya is contradictory or mutually exclusive?
A) Sapakashsatva
B) Vipaksatva
C) Avirudhha
D) Virudhha
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Answer: D)
(Contradiction in reason &major term- example ‘Air is heavy, because it is empty.’)
Q57. Which of the following statements best describes Satpratipaksha in an inference
(Anumana)?
A) The Hetu (reason) is always connected to the Sadhya (conclusion) in a consistent and
logical manner.
B) The Hetu is sometimes connected to the Sadhya in a consistent manner and sometimes
not, leading to a fallacy.
C) The Hetu is contradicted by established evidence or facts, making the inference invalid.
D) Satpratipaksha does not exist in Indian philosophy; it is a Western concept.
Answer: C)
(2 statements contradicting each other)
Q58. What is the primary goal when identifying and eliminating Satpratipaksha in logical
analysis?
A) To make the argument more complex
B) To demonstrate one's expertise in reasoning
C) To ensure that the argument is not contradicted by established evidence or facts
D) To emphasize the importance of intuition
Answer: C)
(2 statements contradicting each other)
Q59. In Asiddha, what specifically is not established or proven to exist in the subject?
A) The minor term (Paksha)
B) The middle term (Hetu)
C) The major term (Sadhya)
D) The universal concomitant (Vyapti)
Answer: B)
(unproved middle)
Q60. What does the term "Asrayasidha" refer to in Indian philosophy?
A) Knowledge based on direct perception
B) Knowledge based on inference
C) Knowledge based on testimony (authority)
D) Knowledge based on the subject's own nature or essence
Answer: C)
(Sky Lotus)
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