CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

2.1. Definition of English for Specific Purposes

In this world there are a lot of interesting english profession’s sectors

which people need or want, such as bussiness and management, tourism,

interpreter or translator and many more. ESP teaches or facilitates those sectors

clearly, as Hutchinson and Waters (1987:19) stated that, “ESP is an approach to

language teaching in which all decisions as to content and method are based on

the learner’s reason for learning” in ESP people should not learn all of kind of

english but people can choose the interesting one of those sectors. Because not

everyone can master all sectors of english and everyone has their respective

passion which can be develop properly.

Anthony (1997:2) also said, “ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the

learners.” ESP also can help people to find the sector what people need or want to

do. So that people can recognize what the passion that people have and which one

of those sectors that people want to develop.

In learning process people do not only need to get the information about

how to do something but people also need to practice the lesson which people got

from the school, college or course. In ESP people will get those things. The

instructur will give the learner more tasks to develop their skills. This is as Smoak

(2003:27) said, “ESP is english instruction based on actual and immediate needs

of learners. ESP is needs based and task oriented.”

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From those definitions above, writer conclude that ESP is the learning

method which help people to know what are their passions and help people to

develop it. ESP also the method to develop people’s skills with some tasks or

practice in the field.

2.2. Translation

Translation is not only a process to transfer one language into another

language but translation also a process to transfer all of linguistics’s parts in

source language (SL) into target language (TL). It based on Wills and Noss

(1982:3)’s statement, “translation is a transfer process which aims at the

transformation of a written SL text into an optimally equivalent TL text and which

requires the syntatic, the systematic and the pragmatic understanding and

analytical processing of the SL.” From that definition the translator also should

understand all parts of linguistics, and it similar with Larson (1984:3) statement,

“translation is an activity to translate the source language into the target language

of the language of the receipent, which is start the first language form to the form

of a second language using semantic structure” so that the translation text will be

fullfil the three valuations of translation (accuracy, clarity and natural).

Newmark (1981:27) said, “translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to

replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message

and/or statement in another language.” From that statement translation is only

change the language but not change the meaning of the source text. Therefore, the

translator should understand the message which the writer wants to deliver on that

text.
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In translating process, the translator is not only should transfer the

meaning of source language but also the translator should heed the equivalent of

language. It is as Nida and Taber (1982:12) “translating consists in reproducing in

the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of a source language

message, firstly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”.

From all those definitions writer get a conclusion that translation is a

process of transfer language from source language or own’s language into target

language or other language which the translator wants. In translating process the

translator is not allowed to change the meaning or message of the souce text. The

translator should understand well what the meaning or message which writer

wants to deliver to the reader. The translator also should heed the equivalent of

language.

2.3. Process of Translation

In every jobs there are some steps or processess which people should do—

including in translation text. These are some processess of translation which the

translator should do according to some experts:

Process of Translation based on Larson’s statement

The text to be translated Traslation

Discover the meaning Re-express the meaning

Meaning

Figure II.1: Translation process by Larson (1984:2)

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Based on the diagram above, translation process consists two steps:

discover the meaning and re-express the meaning. It means in translating process,

the translator not only should transfer the meaning but also should deliver the

meaning to the reader well.

1. Process of Translation based on Nida and Taber’s statement

A (Source) B (Receipent)

Analysis Restructuring

(Transfer)

X Y

Figure II.2: Translation process by Nida and Taber (1974:33)

Based on the diagram above, translation process start from analysis the

source language (analysis the grammatical language, linguistics’s part and

understand the meaning). Then, the source language transfer into the receipent

language or target language. But before of that, the translator should restructuring

the language so that the translation will be delivered well to the reader.

However, Bathgate (1983) has more specific steps of translation process.

He expalains that the process of translation has seven steps:

1. Tuning

2. Analysis

3. Understanding

4. Terminology

5. Restructuring

6. Checking
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7. Discussion

Based on the explanation above, the process of translation according to

Bathgate (1983) covers reading the text (tuning) to get the message which writer

wants to deliver to the reader, breaking the linguistics part of SL text (analysis),

catching the overall meaning of the text and be equipped with his vast knowledge

of the text (comprehesion), finding the equivalent (terminology), find the TL

structure which has same meaning of SL (restructuring), proofreading (checking),

and the last is discussing to the editor and expert whether the text ready to publish

or not.

Those explanations of translation process make writer get a conclusion

that translating the text must be carefully and thoroughly, because the translator

not only transfer the language, but all of parts of the text should be transferred by

the translator also.

2.4. Method of Translation

Every process in doing something, there are some methods or steps which

people should do—including in translation process. According to Macquarie

Dictionary (1982:48), “a method is a way of doing something, especially in

accordance with a definite plan” from that definition, translation method is not

only a way which describe how to translate a text or book well but translation

method also a plan before translate a text or book. It means the translator should

has a plan what are the types or methods of translation which the translator want

to use.

Translation method is also like a tips or trick to help the translator in

translating the text or book. It is same as Jaaskelainen (2005:16) stated, “are a set
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of (loosely formulated) rules or principles which a translator uses to reach the

goals determined by the translating situation.”

In translating process the translator will find some problems to translate

the text or book, and translation method is the way to help the translator in solving

the problem will be found during translate the book or text. Krings (1986:18) said,

“translator’s potentially conscious plans for solving concrete translation problems

in the framework of concrete translation task.”

From all those definitions above, writer get a conclusion that translation

method is not only a way or rules which the translator should understand before

translating the text or book, but translation method is also like tips and trick to

help the translator in translating the text or book. Translation method will help the

translator in facing some problem which the translator find during translating

process.

Thraser, Olathe and Kansas (1998:24-25) stated that there are four basic

methods of translation which have been used by those who do the work of

translating from the source languages.

1. Literal or Highly literal

In this method, every exact word, word order and syntax are translated

literally. Which means the translator translate the source language by

litteral meaning of the text but still consider the message or the SL.

2. Formal Equivalence, Form-Oriented or Modified Litteral

This is where the actual words are translated and then adjusted slightly in

order and syntax to conform to the target language. In this method, the

translator really observe every important part of the text before translate
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the text into another language in order to the message of the text is

delivered well to the reader.

3. Formal equivalence, Context-Oriented, Idiomatic or Dynamic Equivalence

This method departs from the formal equivalence method in two areas: (1)

It is concerned with the thought of the writer (as if they knew) and (2) The

reaction of the translated message by the person reading it (as if they could

predict it). So, this method is considered two sides: based on the writer’s

thought and based on the message that will the readers get when they read

the text.

4. Paraphrase or Unduly Free

This method is hardly worthy of being called a method of translation,

since it is not concerned with the words or sometimes not even the

meaning of the original. In this method, the translator just concern with the

general message that writer wants to deliver to the reader and paraphrase it

into the target language.

Based on the explanation of types of translation method above, there are

the differences on translating the source language into the target language. Every

text has their methods depend on the type of the text.

However, Newmark (1988:45-47) has different types of translation

method. He has more specific, there are:

1. SL Emphasis: a translation method which based on source language.

a. Word to word translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and

the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of

context.
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Example: SL  My Father go to the office

TL Ayahku pergi ke kantor

From that definition and example, word to word translation is a

translation method which translate the source language into target

language by word to word.

b. Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are

converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are

again translated singly, out of context.

Example: SL  It’s raining cats and dogs outside

TL Hujan kucing dan anjing

From that definition and example, literal translation is the

translation method which translate source language into target

language based on the structure or grammatical the source language so

that the message of the text is not deliver well.

c. Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual

meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical

structures.

Example: SL  Ben is too well aware that he is naughty

TL Ben menyadari terlalu baik bahwa ia nakal

From that definition and example, faithful translation is s

translation method which translate the text based on the the real of

source language, there is not a part of language which changed by this

method.
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d. Semantic translation: which differs from ‘faithful translation’ only in

as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text.

Example: SL  He is a book-worm

TL Dia adalah laki-laki yang gemar sekali membaca

From that definition and example, semantic translation is the

translation method which translate source language into target

language by pay attention to the rules of language. The aesthetic of

language in this method is preferred, so that the translation is more

readable.

From those definitions and examples above, writer get the

conclusion that SL emphasis is one of kind translation method which

more focus on the rules of source language (SL).

2. TL emphasis: a translation method which based on target language.

a. Adaptation: which is the freest from of translation, and is used mainly

for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are

usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the

text is rewritten.

Example: SL  Like father like son

TL Buah jatuh tidak jauh dari pohonnya

From that definition and examples, adaptation is a translation

method which usually use for script drama or poetry. Because this is

the freest method and nearest from the TL. In this method the

translator usually analysis and find the cultural terms of TL which has

the same meaning or message with the SL.

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b. Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or

content of the original.

Example: SL  Hollywood Rages for Remakes

TL Hollywood kekurangan cerita: Lantas Rame-rame

Bikin Film Ulang

From that definition and example, free translation is the translation

method which more priorize on the content of the SL and sacrifices the

text form. Usually, this method is a short or long paraphrase.

c. Idiomatic translation: it produces the ‘message’ of the original but

tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloqualisms and

idioms where these do not exist in the original.

Example: SL  I’ll shout you a beer

TL Mari minum bir sama-sama, saya yang bayar.

From that definition and example, idiomatic translation is the

translation method which has a purpose to produces the ‘message’ or

meaning of the SL. It is usually use the intimacy impression and

idiomatic expression which not found in the original version or SL.

d. Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual

meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language

are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.

Example: SL  He is lending the bank money

TL Dia meminjamkan uang kepada bank

From that definition and example, communicative translation is a

translation method which seeking the reproduction of contextual

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meaning so that both of the language aspect and the contents can be

understanding by the reader.

Based on those definitions and examples, writer conclde that TL

emphasis is one of kind translation method which more focus on the

rules of target language (TL).

2.5. Definition of Book

There are some texts which can be translated by translator, and book is one

of them. In some dictionaries “book” has some meanings. Such as Soanes and

Stevenson (2008:45) stated book is “number of printed sheets of paper fastened

together” from that definition book is some papers which printed and fastened

together. It means book is something which consist some papers in one package.

Thornbury (2007:154) has more specific definition of book. According

that dictionary book is “a set of pages that have been fastened together inside a

cover to be read or written in” it means book is some papers which has pages in

every sheet of that and fastened together with a cover. Book is also can be read

and written in.

Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2008: 115) stated that “buku adalah

bendel lembar kertas yang berjilid; kitab, bendel kertas bertuliskan yang berisi

disiplin ilmu tertentu (book is bundle of binding paper; holy book; bundle of

inscribed paper which contains certain diciplines).” From that definition book has

some meanings which depend on the function of that book.

Based on those definitions above, writer get a conclusion that book is

some papers which consists a page in every sheet. Book has a cover in top and
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back of that. It can be written and read also. And last, book has some meanings

which depend on the function.

There are two types of book. It is as Dictionary.com stated that book is “a

handwritten or printed work of fiction or nonfiction usually sheets of paper

fastened or bound together within covers”

1. Fiction Book

Soanes and Stevenson (2008:164) stated, “fiction is writing that describes

invented people and events not real ones” writer gets fiction is writing something

which not based on the fact—not real. Some examples of fiction book are: novel,

short story, and so on.

2. Non-Fiction Book

Dictionary.cambridge.org stated that non-fiction is “writing that is about

real events facts, rather than stories that have been invented” from that definition

non-fiction is writing something based on the fact—real. Some examples of non-

fiction books are: autobiography, tips, motivational book, education book, healthy

book and so on.