"A report on infectious diseases.
"
Prepared to: Prince Pandey
Subject: English
Prepared By: John Robert Biswakarma
Faculty: Management
Section: M22
Submitted Date: 2079/07/14
Xavier International College
Kalopul, Kathmandu
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Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Objective ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Methodology ................................................................................................................................................. 3
Discussion ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
Types of infectious diseases: ..................................................................................................................... 3
Medium of spread ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Effects of infectious diseases ......................................................................................................................... 5
Research and findings .................................................................................................................................... 6
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................... 7
References ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................... 8
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Introduction
Infectious diseases are those illnesses that are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi
which can spread from one person to another by direct or indirect contact leading to several
symptoms. Some examples of infectious diseases are SARS, influenza, COVID-19, tuberculosis,
common cold etc. Infectious diseases are one of the leading causes that causes death of thousands
of people worldwide. According to the data published by WHO, diarrheal diseases and lower
respiratory infections were ranked among the top ten causes of death worldwide.
Objective
The main objective of this report is to provide knowledge about infectious diseases, ways of
spreading, their causative agents, its symptoms and preventive measures to avoid such diseases.
Methodology
Several primary and secondary sources of data used to prepare the report. Primary data was
collected through observations. Secondary sources such as research papers, internet sources were
used in this report.
Discussion
Infectious diseases are all those diseases that are transmitted from one person to another person either
by direct contact or indirect contact which are caused by bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites etc.
tuberculosis, HIV, SARS, COVID, common cold, flu, Ebola etc. are some of the examples of
infectious diseases.
Types of infectious diseases: There are four types of infectious diseases based on
causative agents. They are:
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• Viral infections: infectious diseases caused by viruses are called viral infections. Example:
Covid(caused by corona virus), AIDS (caused by human immunodeficiency virus),
influenza (caused by human influenza A and B virus) etc.
• Bacterial infections: they are the infectious diseases caused by bacteria. egg: strep throat
(caused by group A streptococcus), salmonella (caused by salmonella bacteria)
tuberculosis (caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis) etc.
• fungal infections: fungal infections are those infectious diseases that are caused by
fungus.eg: ringworm (caused by trichophyton, microsporum, epidermaphyton), thrush
(Candida albicans) etc.
However prions may also cause infectious diseases but they are quite rare.
Viral Infection Bacterial Infection Fungal Infection
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.
Medium of spread
There are many mediums through which infectious diseases can spread.
1. Through the gastrointestinal tract, (intestines and faces) e.g. infectious diarrhea
2. Through the respiratory tract, (eyes, nose, mouth and lung secretions) e.g. colds and influenza.
4. Through contact with infected blood e.g. hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS.
5. Through ingestion of contaminated food or water e.g. food poisoning
Effects of infectious diseases: While infectious diseases may
not be a major threat in developed countries, it is one of the major causes of death in developing
and underdeveloped countries. From a data published by WHO, diarrhea and lower respiratory
infections were one of the top ten causes of death worldwide. It mainly affects lower income
countries due to lack of health services and medicines to cure people.
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Research and findings
In this way, we can see that infectious diseases are those illness caused by bacteria, parasites, fungi,
virus that can enter host, multiply and cause infection. It can spread from direct contact, indirect
contact via contaminated food water, air, water etc. While most of the infectious diseases may not
be that fatal but in underdeveloped countries it is one of the major cause of death due to lack of
health facilities, awareness and lack of medicines.
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Conclusion
For concluding remarks, infectious diseases can be easily prevented if we take necessary
precautions infections can be avoided. Some of the preventive measures to avoid infectious
diseases are:
1. By taking vaccines, immunizations
2. avoiding direct contact with infected person
3. washing hands with soap and water use regularly
4. wearing masks, gloves
5. use of sanitizers
6. practicing safe sex
7. avoid street food, contaminated food and water
8. use of insect repellants to avoid insect bites mainly to avoid mosquito bites
9. cover your mouth, nose during sneeze or cough
References
(my.clevelandclinic.org, 2022)
, (https://www.mayoclinic.org/, 2022)
(https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death, 2020)
(https://www.researchgate.net/)
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Bibliography
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