Bilabial

The articulators are the two lips. (We could say that the lower lip is the active articulator and
the upper lip the passive articulator, though the upper lip usually moves too, at least a little.)
English bilabial sounds include [p], [b], and [m].

In a bilabial consonant, the lower and upper lips approach or touch each other.

Labio-dental
The lower lip is the active articulator and the upper teeth are the passive articulator. English
labio-dental sounds include [f] and [v].

In a labiodental consonant, the lower lip approaches or touches the upper teeth.

Dental
Dental sounds involve the upper teeth as the passive articulator. The active articulator may
be either the tongue tip or (usually) the tongue blade -- diacritic symbols can be used if it
matters which. Extreme lamino-dental sounds are often called interdental. English
interdental sounds include [ ] and [ ].

In a dental consonant, the tip or blade of the tongue approaches or touches the upper teeth.
English

Alveolar
Alveolar sounds involve the alveolar ridge as the passive articulator. The active articulator
may be either the tongue blade or (usually) the tongue tip -- diacritic symbols can be used if
it matters which. English alveolar sounds include [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l]

In an alveolar consonant, the tongue tip (or less often the tongue blade) approaches or
touches the alveolar ridge, the ridge immediately behind the upper teeth. The English stops
[t], [d], and [n] are formed by completely blocking the airflow at this place of articulation. The
fricatives [s] and [z] are also at this place of articulation, as is the lateral approximant

Postalveolar
Postalveolar sounds involve the area just behind the alveolar ridge as the passive articulator.
The active articulator may be either the tongue tip or (usually) the tongue blade -- diacritic

In a postalveolar consonant, the constriction is made immediately behind the alveolar ridge.
The constriction can be made with either the tip or the blade of the tongue. The English
fricatives [ʃ] and [ʒ] are made at this POA, as are the corresponding affricates [tʃ] and [dʒ].
Palatal
The active articulator is the tongue body and the passive articulator is the hard palate. The
English glide [j] is a palatal.

In a palatal consonant, the body of the tongue approaches or touches the hard palate.
English [j] is a palatal approximant -- the tongue body approaches the hard palate, but
closely enough to create turbulence in the airstream.

Velar
The active articulator is the tongue body and the passive articulator is the soft palate.
English velars include [k], [g], and [ ].

In a velar consonant, the body of the tongue approaches or touches the soft palate, or
velum. English [k], [ɡ], and [ŋ] are stops made at this POA. The [x] sound made at the end of
the German name Bach or the Scottish word loch is the voiceless fricative made at the velar
POA.

Glottal
This isn't strictly a place of articulation, but they had to put it in the chart somewhere. Glottal
sounds are made in the larynx. For the glottal stop, the vocal cords close momentarily and
cut off all airflow through the vocal tract. English uses the glottal stop in the interjection uh-uh
(meaning 'no'). In [h], the vocal cords are open, but close enough together that air
passing between them creates friction noise.

The glottis is the opening between the vocal folds. In an [h], this opening is narrow enough to
create some turbulence in the airstream flowing past the vocal folds. For this reason, [h] is
often classified as a glottal fricative.

Plosives are defined as consonant sounds which

involve, first, a stricture of the mouth that allows no air to escape from the vocal
tract and, second, the compression and release of the air. So, there are four
phases in the production of plosives: closure, hold, release and post-release.
● English has six plosive consonants, p, t, k, b, d, g. /p/ and /b/ are bilabial,
that is, the lips are pressed together.
● /t/ and /d/ are alveolar, so the tongue ispressed against the alveolar ridge.
● /k/ and /g/ are velar; the back of the tongue is pressed against an intermediate area
between the hard and the soft palate

Fricatives and Affricates

Fricatives are characterised by a “hissing” sound which is produced by the air
escaping through a small passage in the mouth. Affricates begin as plosives
and end as fricatives. These are homorganic sounds, that is, the same
articulator produces both sound, the plosive and the fricative.

Nasals
The basic feature of a nasal is that the air escapes through the nose and
the main difference between the three types of nasals is the point where the air
is stopped in the mouth. In this sense, there are three types of nasals: bilabial
/m/, alveolar /n/ and velar //. This last velar sound never occurs in initial
position; in medial position, it may appear with or without a /g/ sound,
depending on whether it occurs at the end of a morpheme or not. If it occurs in
the middle of a morpheme it has a following /g/. In final position the preceding
rule is observed.

Lateral /l/
A lateral consonant is one in which air escapes from the mouth along the
sides of the tongue. The only additional information about the lateral /l/ is the
existence of a clear /l/ at initial position and a dark /l/, when it is final or medial
preceding a consonant. The dark /l/ is similar to an /u/ vowel.
Approximant /r/
The approximant /r/ is produced by the tip of the tongue approaching the
alveolar area but it never touches it. Besides, the tongue is slightly curled
backwards with the tip raised (this is called to be “retroflex”).
In RP this sound only occurs before vowels. However, many accents of
English do pronounce /r/ after vowels. This is the difference between non-rhotic
and rhotic accents.

Voiced sounds: Speech sounds produced with the vocal cords vibrating.
Characteristics:
● Vibration of the vocal cords: Voiced consonants are produced when the vocal cords
vibrate. You can physically feel this vibration by placing your hand on your throat
while producing a voiced consonant sound.
● Lower-pitch sounds: Voiced consonants typically have a lower pitch in comparison to
their voiceless counterparts. For example, the /b/ sound in 'bat' has a lower pitch than
the /p/ sound in 'pat'.
● Airflow direction: The movement of air when creating voiced consonants is typically
restricted to the vocal cords and resonating cavities in the head and neck. This
contrasts with unvoiced consonants, which have more prominent airflow through the
mouth.
● Energy expenditure: Voiced consonants typically require more energy expenditure
than voiceless consonants. This occurs because the voice-box muscles contract for
voiced sounds, leading to increased effort during production
Voiceless sounds:Speech sounds produced without vocal cord vibrations.

● Voiced consonants: produced with vocal cord vibrations and typically have a lower
pitch, restricted airflow, and require more energy than voiceless consonants.
● Voiced vowels: all vowels in English are voiced, essential for proper enunciation,
understanding rhythm and stress patterns, and accent reduction.
● Voiced stops: consonants with obstructed airflow in the vocal tract, released with
vocal cord vibrations, e.g., /b/, /d/, /g/.

Dyftongi

Symbol Przykł Dźwięk w Opis

fonetycz ad j. polskim
ny

ɪǝ ear /ɪə/ ia brzmi jak zlane

“i” z “a” lub “e”

eǝ chair ee brzmi jak zlane

/tʃeə/ “e” z “a” lub “e”

eɪ table ej brzmi jak polskie

/ˈteɪb( “ej”
ə)l/

aɪ bike aj brzmi jak polskie

/baɪk/ “aj”

ɔɪ boy oj brzmi jak polskie

/bɔɪ/ “oj”

ǝʊ phone ou brzmi jak zlane

/fəʊn/ “o” lub “e” z “u”

aʊ house au brzmi jak polskie

/haʊs/ “au”
 Trygtongi

Symbol Przykł Dźwięk w

fonetycz ad j. polskim
ny ↓

aɪǝ fire aje

/faɪə/

aʊǝ hour aue

/aʊə/

eɪǝ player eje

/ˈpleɪə/

ǝʊǝ widow oue

er
/ˈwɪdə
ʊə/

ɔɪǝ emplo oje

yer
/ɪmˈplɔ
ɪə/