Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101505

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Results in Engineering
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Miniaturized and high gain circularly slotted 4×4 MIMO antenna with
diversity performance analysis for 5G/Wi-Fi/WLAN wireless
communication applications
Abdullah Baz a, **, Deval Jansari b, Sunil P. Lavadiya c, Shobhit K. Patel d, *
a
Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
b
Samsung Electronics America Through Nextgen Global Services, Dallas, TX, United States
c
Department of Information and Communication Technology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, 360003, India
d
Department of Computer Engineering, Marwadi University, Rajkot, 360003, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: A miniaturized with a high gain four port Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) is presented in the manuscript.
Wireless communication The presented design contains four radiating patch elements with a Defected Ground Structure (DGS). The shape
MIMO of the radiating element is identified after the analysis of three stages. The design optimization is performed by
Gain
changing the diameter of the circle loaded in the patch region and changing the length of the ground layer. The
Compact
Antenna
design is investigated for L, S, C, and X frequency band regions. The structure is designed using flame-retardant
glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material (FR4) substrate material. The physical size of the four-port structure is
78x50 mm2. Three resonating frequency bands are observed at 2.02 GHz, 5.87 GHz and 11.19 GHz. The structure
provides minimum return loss of − 10.27 dB, − 18.51 dB and − 18.59 dB. The proposed design achieves a peak
bandwidth of 3.94 GHz, and a maximum gain of 10.03 dBi, Various diversity parameters, including Total active
reflection coefficient (TARC), Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), mean effective gain (MEG), Diversity Gain
(DG), and channel capacity loss (CCL), have been thoroughly analyzed. The measured and simulated outcomes
are compared and analyzed. All performance indicators meet the allowed limits, demonstrating the suitability of
the design for 5G, Wi-Fi and WLAN wireless communication applications.

1. Introduction systems can mitigate fading and multipath effects. This leads to
improved signal reception, higher signal quality, and better coverage,
The need for 5G MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) antennas particularly in challenging urban or indoor environments [2]. Further­
arises from the increasing demands of next-generation wireless net­ more, MIMO antennas facilitate interference reduction and manage­
works. 5G networks are expected to support a massive increase in data ment. Through advanced signal processing algorithms and spatial
traffic, accommodate many connected devices, and deliver ultra-low filtering techniques, MIMO systems can mitigate co-channel interference
latency for various applications. MIMO technology is crucial in and enhance the overall system performance. This allows for improved
meeting these demands by providing several key benefits. Firstly, 5G network efficiency, better utilization of available spectrum, and
MIMO antennas enable increased network capacity and spectral effi­ increased throughput [3]. Lastly, 5G MIMO antennas enable advanced
ciency. The MIMO allows for the simultaneous transmission of multiple beamforming capabilities. By manipulating the phase and amplitude of
data streams. This spatial multiplexing capability significantly enhances signals transmitted from different antenna elements, beamforming al­
the capacity of the network, enabling the delivery of higher data rates lows for the directional focusing of signals. This enables targeted
and accommodating more users simultaneously [1]. Secondly, MIMO communication with specific devices or coverage of particular areas,
technology improves signal quality and coverage. By leveraging di­ improving signal strength, reducing interference, and enhancing system
versity gain, which arises from the spatial separation of antennas, MIMO capacity [4]. Overall, the need for 5G MIMO antennas arises from the

* Corresponding author.
** Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A. Baz), [email protected] (S.K. Patel).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101505
Received 12 August 2023; Received in revised form 21 September 2023; Accepted 9 October 2023
Available online 11 October 2023
2590-1230/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
A. Baz et al. Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101505

requirements of increased network capacity, higher data rates, ground affects its behaviour. Remarkably, the antenna exhibits
improved signal quality and coverage, interference reduction, and outstanding port isolation, exceeding 20 dB [19].
advanced beamforming capabilities. MIMO technology plays a pivotal This research introduces a 4-port MIMO antenna designed for ap­
role in addressing these needs and enabling the deployment of plications in sub-1GHz/sub-6GHz frequencies and RF-energy harvest­
high-performance 5G networks to support the diverse range of appli­ ing. A unique isolation mechanism has been implemented between two
cations and services anticipated in the 5G era. nearly identical components, with a separation of 0.077 GHz, resulting
Many studies have been undertaken to enhance the gain and band­ in enhanced isolation performance. Specifically, this setup achieved
width of the patch antenna, which has limited benefits despite its low isolation levels exceeding 14 dB at 0.9 GHz and more than 18 dB at 2.6
profile and planar design [5]. Recent years have seen a significant uptick GHz [20]. Reducing the reciprocal coupling between radiating parts in a
in the use of metasurface (MS) in antenna technology, notably to MIMO antenna system is consistently a major issue and a considerable
enhance gain and bandwidth; nevertheless, such antennas remain challenge. This work provides a highly efficient decoupling technique to
limited to a single port. Due to the potential to enhance the data address the problem of reducing mutual coupling. The research offers a
transmission rate, spectral efficiency, and channel capacity, MIMO unique isolation strategy that uses bandstop filters to reduce mutual
technology is an essential part of wireless communications [6,7]. interaction within each MIMO antenna element. The research entails
To boost the performance of the antenna metamaterials (MM) are designing 2-port and 4-port MIMO antennas that make use of the sug­
incorporated in the different structures [8]. To better the bandwidth, gested decoupling method. Notably, the outcomes show that this
gain, radiation pattern, and isolation between antenna components and decoupling technique is effective in achieving isolation levels for both
WCOM systems, MM is being employed extensively in antenna tech­ antennas that are greater than 30 dB [21]. The circular-shaped meta­
nology [9,10]. A metasurface-based four-element MIMO system en­ surface design using the DGS approach helps achieve high gain and good
hances MIMO performance by placing the antenna patch directly isolation. The optimization is achieved by varying the size of the split
between the ground and metasurface eliminating the need for an air gap. ring resonator [22]. Scientific researchers have been increasingly
To further separate the MIMO elements, a ground stub and electro­ focused on the creation of dielectric elastomer materials in recent years.
magnetic bandgap were included in the design of a broadband MIMO When compared to other promising materials for various electrome­
antenna [11]. Two low-gain MIMO antennas with diverse performance chanical applications such as actuators, environmental sensing, and
and good isolation between two MIMO antennas are presented in many biomedical sensors, these materials are gaining attention due to their
articles. Many articles are based on metamaterial-loaded UWB MIMO unique properties such as flexibility, stretchability, ease of transport,
antennae investigated. This antenna with modest gain and improper mechanical resilience, and cost-effectiveness. The goal of this work was
isolation between its antennas limits its usefulness for UWB applications to propose novel composite strip materials that show promise for future
[12]. The research suggested a 2-port MIMO setup using an EBG applications. The gadget is made up of graphene embedded in a Poly­
reflector to boost gain. The antenna arrays provide healthy gain and ethyleneimine (PEI) matrix and Titanium oxide constructed. Various
strong diversity performance, but their bulk prevents them from being spectroscopic methods were used to analyze and describe this fluidic
used in next-generation communication devices [13]. Another wide­ solution. It was then injected into a microchannel PDMS substrate to
band antenna that uses a reflector has a reflector built in below it, but its evaluate its performance in terms of gain, directivity efficiency, and
max gain is just 4.87 dB because of the significant air gap of 22 mm return loss at different temperatures [5].
between the two elements [14]. A four-port MIMO antenna has been The presented article, A high gain, miniaturized, wideband-operated
created and coupled with an MS layer to boost isolation and gain for MIMO antenna with four ports is presented in the article. The suggested
millimeter-wave applications. However, the antenna’s restricted band­ work offers adequate isolation over broadband. The given piece was
width and poor mechanical performance are a result of the large air gap designed using the less expensive FR4 material. The finite element
between its elements [15]. For mm-wave transmissions, the approach is used to run the simulation. A variety of parametric studies
metasurface-based bow-tie-shaped four-port MIMO antenna provides a are analyzed to determine the structure’s ideal performance. The results
maximum gain of 7.4 dBi [16]. The placement of the metasurface in the of simulation and measurement accord well. To assess the effectiveness
5G antenna’s back, acts as a reflector and it will boost the gain of the of the work that is provided, additional diversity parameters are inte­
antenna. In contrast, the unit cell structure of MS has been studied much grated into the article.
less extensively due to the asymmetry of the MS structure. Overall none The contribution of the proposed article is mentioned below.
of the antenna provides the high gain, great isolation, good diversity and
wideband coverage, as determined by the literature study [17]. There­ • The novel-shaped patch element is identified by taking step-by-step
fore, there is still a need for a MIMO antenna that provides good gain and iterations.
isolation throughout a broad frequency range for the sub-6 GHz band. A • The multiband response is achieved to cover a wide band of WCom
wideband, high-gain, four-element MIMO antenna design based on a applications.
metasurface is proposed for 5G sub-6 GHz wireless communication • High gain and wide band response are achieved using circle-shaped
systems, taking into account the limitations imposed by the literature. engraved radiating elements.
The proposed MIMO antenna also boosts radiation efficiency, reduces • Different parametric analysis is carried out to achieve an optimum
inter-element gap, and excellent isolation between the MIMO elements. response.
A low-profile and compact high-gain antenna solution has been pre­ • The structure is fabricated using low-profile material that helps with
sented for the context of 5G communication, specifically designed for cost reduction.
four-port mm-wave broadband MIMO communication. This antenna • The performance of Diversity parameters is analyzed to identify the
design features two rectangular patches connected by a corporate feed version of the MIMO structure.
network, as well as two quarter-wavelength square-shaped CSRRs situ­
ated on the ground plane. In this MIMO configuration, DGS has been The rest of the article’s Second section represents the structure shape
incorporated to effectively decrease the near-field coupling current at identification from one element to four radiating element designs. The
the ground plane, thus achieving a notable level of port-to-port isolation Third section describes an analysis of different results like reflection
[18]. In the MIMO system, every antenna element is constructed using response, gain, radiation pattern and Directivity, the fourth section de­
an adapted M-shaped strip. On the reverse side of each element, a scribes diversity parameter analysis, and the fifth section describes the
rectangular-shaped area is carved out on the ground plane to enhance its concluding remarks with performance comparison with other articles.
performance. The study employs the Theory of Characteristic Modes
(TCM) to analyze how rotating the etched sections in the antenna’s

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A. Baz et al. Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101505

2. MIMO structure design and modelling 0.64 GHz (2.391–3.031) through a return loss of − 30.98 dB, The second
band was observed over 3.22 GHz (5.681–8.901) through a return loss of
The main objective of the presented design is to design a four-port − 18.06 dB, and the third band over a frequency span of 0.68 GHz
structure which is miniaturized as well it providing good gain with (10.351 to 11.031) through a return loss of − 11.053 dB. Overall out of
proper diversity parameters. Different types of analysis are taken into all the stages in stage-3 design provides optimum return loss and healty
consideration before finalizing the shape of one radiating element. The bandwidth compared to other structures. Therefore design of stage 3 is
shape of the radiating patch element is taken by considering a three-step considered the final port design structure. The preliminary patch an­
iteration. tenna comprises a simple rectangular-shaped radiating structure,
Fig. 1 (a) represents three stages to finalize the patch antenna ground region and simple feedline. The breadth and length of the patch
structure. Stage 1 illustrates a simple rectangular-shaped patch antenna antenna at a resonating frequency are calculated using Equation (1) to
structure, defective ground antenna structure and feed line. The band­ Equation (3) [23].
width is increased by placing two cuts on the patch element’s bottom ( )− 1

side, as illustrated in Fig. 1(b). The bandwidth optimization with per­ c εr + 1 2

W= (1)
formance enrichment is achieved by engraving a patch with a circular 2f 2
structure, which is observed in Fig. 1(c). The modelling of the system of The resonating frequency is represented by f, and relative permit­
stage 1 structure is observed in Fig. 1(d). The fabricated prototype of tivity is represented by εr , The speed of light risisepresented by c. The
Stage 2 is observed in Fig. 1(e), and the manufactured prototype of Stage proper width chosen will provide the perfect impedance matching. The
3 is represented in Fig. 1(f). The return loss analysis of stages, 2 and 3 is rough method to calculate the length of the patch is considered by
observed in Fig. 1(g). choosing 0.5 λe . Equation (2) represents a method for calculating. λe . The
Stage 1 represents one band response over 0.85 GHz (2.681–3.531) second method represents the length calculation by considering the edge
with a return loss of − 18.79 dB. The stage 2 design structure represents sorting effect, and Equation (3) represents the formula for the analysis
three bands of return loss. The first band was observed over the 0.65 [24].
GHz (2.391–3.041) with S11 of − 28.84 dB, The second band of 3.24
c
GHz (5.731–8.971) with S11 of − 16.44 dB, and a third band of 0.339 λe = √̅̅̅̅ (2)
GHz (10.382–10.721) with S11 of − 10.03 dB. The stage 3 design rep­ f εe
resents a band response of return loss. The first band was observed over
L = λe − 2ΔL (3)
Here, λe Represents an effective dielectric constant. The guided
wavelength in the medium represented by εe , and ΔL represents varia­
tion in length due to the fringing effect. The relative permittivity is
calculated using Equation (4), and the variation in the length is calcu­
lated using Equation (5) [25].
( )− 1
εr + 1 εr − 1 h 2
εe = + 1 + 12 (4)
2 2 W
( )
W
(εe + 0.3)
+ 0.264
h
ΔL = 0.412h ( ) (5)
(εe − 0.258) Wh + 0.8

The suggested design has a length of 78 mm and a width of 50 mm.

FR4 material is used as the dielectric material. The FR4 material
dielectric constant is 4.4 [26]. The thickness is considered as 1.6 mm.
Fig. 2(a) depicts the suggested design structure. The stage-3 design is
analyzed and implemented in the four-port design structure. The size of
square shaped patch element is 20 mm. The length of the feedline is 16
mm, and the thickness is 3 mm. A uniform gap of 6 mm was maintained
among all patch elements. There are two cuts in the patch from the
bottom, which are 4 mm and 6 mm. The patch is engraved with one
circle of R1. The radius R1 is considered a variable. The defective ground
structure is taken for performance enrichment. The length of L1 is varied
to achieve optimum results. Fig. 2(b) illustrates the aerial perspective of
the manufactured four-port MIMO antenna, while Fig. 2(c) presents the
underside view of the suggested four-port MIMO antenna structure. The
return loss (S11), both simulated and measured, can be observed in
Fig. 2(d). There are three band responses observed. Three bands are
resonating at 2.02 GHz, 5.87 GHz and 11.19 GHz. The minimum return
loss for the bands is − 10.27 dB, − 18.51 dB and − 18.59 dB. The band­
widths are respectively 0.32 GHz (2.17–1.85), 2.11 GHz (7.42–5.31),
and 3.94 GHz (12.0–8.06). The amount of coupling between port-1 to
port-2 is represented in Fig. 2(e). The S21 response represents a very
Fig. 1. (a) Geometry of stage-1 structure. (b) The geometry of stage-2 structure. wide band response with a minimum value of − 24.86 dB at 8.64 GHz.
(c) The geometry of stage-3 structure. (d) fabricated prototype of stage-1 The forward transmission coefficient from port 1 to port 3 is illustrated
structure. (e) fabricated prototype of stage-2 structure. (f) fabricated proto­ in Fig. 2(f). The S31 response provides the minimum value of − 40.65 dB
type of stage-3 structure. (g) Return loss comparisons of stage-1, 2 and at 10.69 GHz. The amount of energy transferred from port 1 to port four
3 structures.

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A. Baz et al. Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101505

Fig. 2. (a) Proposed four-port MIMO antenna. (b) Upper view of fabricated four port MIMO antenna. (c) Bottom view of manufactured prototype. (d) Simulated and
measured Return loss response. (e) Simulated and measured S21 response. (f) Simulated and measured S31 response. (g) Simulated and measured S41 response.

is shown in Fig. 2(g). The extensive band response with a minimum loss pertains to the degree of impedance matching between an antenna
value of − 26.07 dB was observed at 11.91 GHz. Overall in all the con­ and the transmission line or system to which it is linked. The measure­
figurations, healthy isolation among all reactions is kept. Different ment is commonly denoted in decibels (dB) and signifies the proportion
performance indicators like resonating frequency, bandwidth, gain, of reflected power to incident power at the input of the antenna. The
peak directivity, and normalized directivity are taken into consider­ significance of a smaller return loss lies in the following reasons the
ation. The performance index of the proposed design structure is rep­ concept of power efficiency pertains to the relationship between return
resented in Table 1. The significance of a reduced return loss in an loss and the effective radiation of power from an antenna, as well as the
antenna is multifaceted within the realm of antenna performance and reduction of power reflected to the transmitter. A decrease in return loss
the overall efficiency of a communication system. The concept of return signifies a higher degree of power being successfully radiated, while a

Table 1
Performance indicator of proposed four port MIMO antenna structure.
Resonating Frequency Reflection Coefficient Bandwidth Gain Peak Directivity Co-Polar Normalized directivity Cross-Polar Normalized directivity

2.02 − 10.27 0.32 (2.17–1.85) 10.03 0.47 3 to 88 − 129 to − 55

− 19 to − 3
24 to 78
5.87 − 18.51 2.11 (7.42–5.31) 8.60 8.67 − 45 to 16 − 59 to − 32
− 10 to 31
11.19 − 18.59 3.94 (12.0–8.06) 3.59 4.87 − 95 to − 55 − 62 to − 52
− 20 to 11 − 16 to − 9
1 to 21

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A. Baz et al. Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101505

decrease in power being reflected to the transmitter. This phenomenon Antennas with reduced return loss have the potential to enhance
leads to increased power efficiency since a greater proportion of the coverage and extend the range of communication systems. When a
transmitted power is allocated towards establishing the intended greater proportion of the transmitted power is effectively radiated, the
communication link. Antennas that exhibit inefficiency and possess antenna exhibits an increased ability to achieve greater distances,
significant return loss have the potential to dissipate power and diminish rendering it well-suited for long-range communication or the expansion
the effective range of a communication system. of coverage regions. The phenomenon of reduced heating occurs when
The signal quality may be evaluated based on the return loss, which power is reflected into the transmission line as a consequence of high
is an indicator of how well the antenna is matched to the transmission return loss. This can lead to elevated temperatures in both the trans­
line and the impedance of the source. A lower return loss value suggests mission line and the transmitter. A decrease in return loss results in a
a better fit between these components. When an antenna exhibits a high reduction in the level of power that is reflected and contributes to the
degree of impedance matching, it optimizes the efficiency of signal en­ preservation of the system’s thermal stability.
ergy transmission from the transmitter to the antenna, while simulta­
neously minimizing the magnitude of energy that is reflected. 3. Descriptions of the proposed four-port MIMO antenna
Consequently, this results in enhanced signal quality and less distortion.
Antennas exhibiting decreased return loss possess a diminished pro­ The Parametric analysis for performance optimization of MIMO an­
pensity for generating interference or signal reflections inside system. A tennas involves studying and manipulating various parameters to ach­
significant return loss has the potential to result in signal reflections, ieve desired performance characteristics. The physical design and
which can disrupt the primary signal by inducing standing waves and geometry of the antenna elements play a vital role in MIMO perfor­
causing a decline in signal quality. The reduction of return loss aids in mance. Parameters such as element spacing, size, shape, and orientation
mitigating these concerns. can be adjusted to optimize antenna performance. Techniques like

Fig. 3. (a) The parametric response analysis for varying R1 from 1 mm to 4 mm. (b) The parametric response analysis of ground region length L1 variation from 5
mm to 30 mm. (c) The scattering plot response S11, S12, S13 and S14. (d) The scattering plot response S21, S22, S23 and S24. (e) The scattering plot response S31, S32, S33
and S34. (f) The scattering plot response S41, S42, S43 and S44. (g) The scattering plot response of S11, S22, S33, and S44.

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A. Baz et al. Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101505

element decoupling or isolation can be employed to minimize interfer­ where the antennas are closely spaced and have identical characteristics,
ence between elements. In the proposed design, two parametric study is their electromagnetic interaction becomes more significant. Mutual
considered. The first is a variation in the circular-shaped engraved coupling affects the antennas’ radiation patterns, impedance matching,
component of the patch region, and the second is the varying length of and overall performance. As a result, variations in the scattering pa­
the ground region. rameters can arise due to differences in the coupling effects between the
Fig. 3(a) represents the variation of diameter (R1) over 1 mm–4 mm. elements. Manufacturing tolerances also contribute to scattering plot
The interpretation does not majorly affect the number of bands, but the variations. Slight deviations in the antenna elements’ dimensions, po­
return loss is slightly affected due to this variation. After analyzing all sitions, or alignment can occur during fabrication, leading to discrep­
performance indexes, the 4 mm value of R1 is considered. The ground ancies in the scattering parameters.
region’s length variation is considered from 5 mm to 30 mm, as repre­ Additionally, environmental factors can impact the scattering plot.
sented in Fig. 3(b). The step size of 5 mm is taken, and return loss is Surrounding structures, objects, and electromagnetic interference in the
analyzed. The variation in the size of the ground region majorly affects operating environment can influence the propagation characteristics of
the return loss. Based upon consideration of comprehensive band the antennas, causing variations in the scattering parameters. Crosstalk
response of 15 mm length of the ground region is best suitable compared and interference between the closely spaced elements in a symmetric
to other variations. MIMO system can further contribute to scattering plot variations.
Scattering parameters (S-parameters) are highly advantageous for Crosstalk refers to the unwanted coupling or interference between the
analysis in MIMO antenna systems due to their comprehensive and antenna elements, altering the radiation patterns and impedance
system-level characterization capabilities. Unlike other metrics, S-pa­ matching. Measurement errors and uncertainties also play a role in
rameters provide a holistic understanding of the antenna system by scattering plot variations. Imperfections in the measurement setup,
describing the interactions between the ports, each representing a calibration, or inaccuracies in the measurement equipment can intro­
separate antenna element. By analyzing S-parameters, engineers can duce deviations in the measured scattering parameters. It is essential to
gain insights into important aspects such as coupling, isolation, and consider these factors to accurately interpret the performance of sym­
interference between antennas, which are crucial for optimizing the metric MIMO antennas and account for any variations to ensure reliable
performance of MIMO systems. S-parameters offer measurement and system analysis and optimization [27].
design flexibility, allowing for accurate characterization and iterative The Directivity of a MIMO antenna system refers to its ability to
design refinements. They can be easily measured and analyzed using concentrate and direct radiated energy in specific directions. In contrast
vector network analyzers (VNAs), enabling efficient optimization of to a single antenna element, the Directivity of a MIMO antenna system is
antenna performance for specific MIMO applications. determined by the combined radiation pattern of all antenna compo­
Furthermore, S-parameters facilitate system-level analysis, consid­ nents. The Directivity is influenced by various factors, including the
ering the overall performance of the MIMO system. They provide in­ configuration and placement of antenna elements, spacing between el­
formation about parameters like diversity gain, channel capacity, and ements, individual element radiation patterns, and the weights and
spatial correlation. Another advantage is the simplicity of modelling phases applied to each component. By carefully designing and opti­
provided by S-parameters. They allow for accurate system behavior and mizing these parameters, the Directivity of the MIMO antenna system
performance prediction before physical implementation, saving time can be enhanced. Higher Directivity enables the system to focus the
and resources. Additionally, standardizing S-parameter measurement radiated energy in desired directions, improving signal strength,
techniques and reference standards ensures consistency and facilitates coverage, and capacity. It plays a crucial role in applications where
interoperability between antenna systems and components. directional communication is essential, such as point-to-point wireless
The proposed structure is symmetric; therefore, the response should links, beamforming for improved signal reception, or interference
be uniform. Fig. 3(c) represents the scattering plot response based upon mitigation. Moreover, Directivity in a MIMO antenna system allows for
the considering excitation of port-1. The reaction of S11, S12, S13 and S14 spatial multiplexing, where multiple streams of data can be transmitted
represents the multiband response with minimum scattering response and received simultaneously in different spatial directions, enhancing
values of − 18.59 dB, − 24.86 dB, − 40.65 dB and − 26.07 dB. Fig. 3(d) the communication system’s overall capacity and spectral efficiency.
represents the scattering plot response based upon the considering In a MIMO antenna system, co-polar and cross-polar components
excitation of port-2. The response of S21, S22, S23 and S24 represents the play a vital role in understanding the polarization characteristics of the
multiband response with minimum scattering response values − 24.86 transmitted and received signals between the antenna elements. Co-
dB, − 19.16 dB, − 26.25 dB and − 36.55 dB. Fig. 3(e) represents the polar refers to the signal component that aligns with the intended po­
scattering plot response based upon the considering excitation of port-3. larization, meaning the received signal has the same polarization as the
The response of S31, S32, S33 and S34 represents the multiband response transmitted signal [28]. This alignment is desirable in MIMO systems as
with minimum scattering response values − 40.65 dB, − 26.25 dB, it ensures efficient signal strength and effective communication. On the
− 18.19 dB and − 25.25 dB. Fig. 3(f) represents the scattering plot other hand, cross-polar represents the component of the signal that is
response based upon the considering excitation of port-4. The response orthogonal or perpendicular to the intended polarization. It indicates
of S41, S42, S43 and S44 represents the multiband response with minimum the received signal with a different polarization than the transmitted
scattering response values, respectively − 26.07 dB, − 36.55 dB, − 25.25 signal. Cross-polar signals are typically considered undesirable in MIMO
dB and − 19.44 dB. The return loss response for the individual port systems as they can lead to signal degradation, interference, and reduced
element of the MIMO antenna is analyzed in terms of S11, S22, S33, and overall system performance. The presence and management of co-polar
S44 and it is presented in Fig. 3(g). The symmetric response for exciting and cross-polar components in a MIMO antenna system are critical for
all port response is observed. The final design of the port structure achieving optimal performance. Engineers employ techniques such as
provides resonance at major three frequencies 2.02 GHz, 5.87 GHz and polarization diversity, polarization filtering, and advanced signal pro­
11.19 GHz. The resonance at 2.02 GHz will target Space research, WiFi, cessing algorithms to enhance co-polar signals and mitigate the effects of
and Earth exploration applications, The 5.87 GHz resonance is helpful to cross-polar components. By carefully managing co-polar and cross-polar
cover 5G communication, WLAN, radio location, Amateur radio and characteristics, MIMO antenna systems can achieve efficient signal
fixed satellite communication applications, and 11.19 GHz resonance is transmission and reliable communication and maximize system capacity
helpful to cover earth exploration-based applications. [29].
Variation in the scattering plot of symmetric MIMO antennas can Fig. 4 depicts the suggested design structure’s directivity response.
occur due to several factors. The mutual coupling of the antenna com­ The analysis of directivity response is analyzed for different resonating
ponents is an important issue. In symmetric MIMO configurations, frequencies. The resonating frequency of 2.02 GHz represents a peak co-

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A. Baz et al. Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101505

Fig. 4. (a) The 0.47 dB peak co-polar and 0.56 dB cross-polar directivity for 2.02 GHz resonating frequency. (b) The 850 of co-Polar, 740, 160, and 540 of cross-polar
response for 2.02 GHz of Normalized Directivity. (c) The 8.67 dB peak co-polar and 7.83 dB cross-polar directivity for 5.87 GHz resonating frequency. (d) The 610 of
co-polar, and 270, 410 of cross-polar response for 5.87 GHz of Normalized Directivity. (e) The 4.87 dB peak co-polar and 8.66 dB cross-polar directivity for 11.19 GHz
resonating frequency. (f) The 400, 310 of co-polar, and 100, 70, and 200 of cross-polar response for 11.19 GHz of Normalized Directivity.

polar response of 0.47 dB, and a cross-polar response of 0.56 dB is the antenna configuration, element spacing, and weights to achieve
illustrated in Fig. 4(a). The normalized directivity response for 2.02 GHz desired signal strength in specific directions, enhance spatial multi­
represents one band of the co-polar response of 850 (30 to 880) and three plexing, and improve overall system capacity. Fig. 5(a) shows the total
bands of cross-polar response 740 (− 1290 to − 550), 160 (− 190 to − 30), gain response for 2.02 GHz resonating frequency is 10.03 dB. The total
540 (240 to 780) are observed in Fig. 4(b). The resonating frequency of gain response for 5.87 GHz represents a total gain of 8.60 dB, repre­
5.87 GHz represents a peak co-polar response of 8.67 dB, and a cross- sented in Fig. 5(b) and 5(c) represents a total gain of 3.59 dB for the
polar response of 7.83 dB is illustrated in Fig. 4(c). The normalized resonance of 11.19 GHz.
directivity response for 5.87 GHz represents one band of the co-polar The antenna radiation pattern, sometimes referred to as the antenna
response of 610 (− 450 to 160), and two bands of cross-polar response pattern or radiation diagram, is a visual depiction that characterizes how
270 (− 590 to − 320) and 410 (− 100 to 310) are observed in Fig. 4(d). The an antenna emits or captures electromagnetic energy within a certain
resonating frequency of 11.19 GHz represents a peak co-polar response spatial domain. The displayed information illustrates the magnitude and
of 4.87 dB, and a cross-polar response of 8.66 dB is illustrated in Fig. 4 orientation of radiation about spatial coordinates within a three-
(e). The normalized directivity response for 11.19 GHz represents two dimensional framework. The comprehension of antenna radiation pat­
bands of the co-polar response of 400 (− 950 to − 550) and 310(− 200 to terns is imperative to gain insight into the transmission and reception of
110). There are three bands of cross-polar response 100 (− 620 to − 520), signals via antennas. These patterns also have significant importance in
70 (− 160 to − 90), and 200 (10 to 210) are observed in Fig. 4(f). The the development and examination of communication systems.
Directivity and 3 dB down directivity values are represented in Table 1. In the co-polar radiation pattern, the energy is concentrated in the
The gain plot of MIMO antenna systems provides a visual represen­ desired polarization, indicating strong signal transmission and reception
tation of the radiation pattern and performance in different directions. in the intended direction. The cross-polar radiation pattern indicates the
The plot showcases the antenna’s gain, it representing the ratio of the energy that is radiated in polarization directions other than the intended
power radiated in a particular approach to the energy emitted by an polarization. It represents undesired radiation and can lead to signal
ideal isotropic radiator. The gain plot allows engineers to analyze the degradation and interference. Analyzing the co and cross-polar helps to
antenna’s Directivity, sensitivity, and spatial coverage. It illustrates the evaluate the antenna performance. By measuring or simulating the ra­
regions of maximum and minimum radiation, lobes indicating high gain, diation pattern, engineers can assess the level of co-polar energy con­
and nulls indicating low gain or absence of radiation. In the case of a centration and the extent of cross-polar radiation. Through careful
MIMO antenna system, the gain plot displays the combined radiation design and optimization, engineers can enhance the co-polar radiation,
pattern of all the antenna elements, considering their positions, orien­ focusing the energy in the desired direction while minimizing the cross-
tations, and radiation characteristics. The gain plot helps optimize the polar radiation to improve system performance, signal quality, and
antenna system by providing insights into the coverage area, beam­ overall capacity. The co-polar and cross-polar radiation pattern for 2.02
forming capabilities, and interference mitigation. Engineers can adjust GHz, 5.87 GHz and 11.19 GHz is represented in Fig. 5(d)–(f). Overall the

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A. Baz et al. Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101505

Fig. 5. (a) 10.03 dB of total gain response for 2.02 GHz. (b) 8.60 dB of total gain response for 5.87 GHz. (c) 3.59 dB of total gain response for 11.19 GHz. (d) Co and
cross-polar radiation pattern for 2.02 GHz. (e) Co-polar and cross-polar radiation pattern for 5.87 GHz. (f) Co and cross-polar radiation pattern for 11.19 GHz. (g)
Simulated and measured radiation response of 2.02 GHz. (h) Simulated and measured radiation response of 5.87 GHz. (i) Simulated and measured radiation response
of 11.19 GHz.

broad radiation pattern is observed for different resonating frequencies. environmental conditions, and electromagnetic interactions.
Simulated and measured radiation patterns play a crucial role in Comparing radiation patterns allows researchers to validate the ac­
evaluating and understanding the routine of a MIMO antenna. Simu­ curacy of the simulation models and understand the differences between
lated radiation patterns are obtained through finite element-based the idealized simulation and real-world performance. Discrepancies
simulation tools. The simulations use mathematical models and algo­ between the two can be attributed to various factors, including
rithms to predict the antenna’s radiation behaviour based on its physical manufacturing tolerances, material properties, nearby objects, and
properties, such as geometry, material properties, and excitation pa­ installation effects. This comparison helps identify any discrepancies or
rameters. Simulated radiation patterns provide a theoretical under­ deviations and aids in fine-tuning the simulation models to improve
standing of how the antenna is expected to perform in terms of signal their accuracy. Combining simulated and measured radiation patterns
propagation, Directivity, and polarization characteristics. Measured ra­ provides a comprehensive understanding of the MIMO antenna perfor­
diation patterns, on the other hand, are obtained through experimental mance. It enables engineers to optimize the design, placement, and
measurements using specialized equipment such as an anechoic cham­ configuration of the antenna elements and develop effective signal-
ber, antenna range, or network analyzer. The antenna under test is processing techniques to maximize the system’s capacity, coverage,
physically unstable, and its radiation characteristics are measured at and overall performance. Fig. 5(g), (h), and Fig. 5(i) represent the
various frequencies and angles. Measured radiation patterns provide comparison of radiation patterns for resonating frequencies 2.02 GHz,
real-world insights into the actual performance of the antenna system, 5.87 GHz and 11.19 GHz.
accounting for any practical factors, such as imperfections,

8
A. Baz et al. Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101505

4. Diversity parameters analysis of four port MIMO antenna spatial diversity. Therefore, a desired ECC value is typically less than 0.5
for improved communication. The ECC response can be calculated using
The return loss, Gain, Electric field, and Directivity may be used for a Equation (6) [31,32].
fundamental radiating patch antenna analysis. Aside from the given ⃒ ⋆ ⃒
⃒S S12 + S⋆ S22 ⃒2
characteristics, additional factors for MIMO antennas, such as Envelope ECC = ( ( 11
))( 21 ( )) (6)
correlation coefficient (ECC), Diversity gain (DG), Total effective 1 − |S11 |2 − |S21 |2 1 − |S22 |2 + |S12 |2
reflection coefficient (TARC), and Channel capacity loss (CCL) must be
addressed since MIMO antennas have numerous resonating parts [30]. The ECC accuracy obtained using scattering parameters is unreliable
due to the Complex conjugate representation (*). As a result, the ECC
4.1. Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) value is calculated using the far-field approach. The plot in Fig. 6(a)
illustrates the ECC value, which falls within an acceptable range. A peak
The ECC allows for quantifying the level of correlation between the value of 0.2 was observed.
signal envelopes of different antenna components when multiple an­
tennas are employed. The ECC measures the similarity of the received 4.2. Diversity gain (DG)
signal envelopes, representing the signals’ magnitude independent of
their phase. When the ECC approaches 1, indicating strong coupling MIMO systems make use of the wireless channel’s spatial dimension
between the signals received by the antennas, the potential spatial di­ to obtain significant performance benefits over single-antenna systems.
versity gain achievable with multiple antennas is reduced. Conversely, a DG improves the quality of sent and received signals by using several
small ECC indicates independent signals received by the antennas, antennas at both the transmitter and receiver. MIMO systems employ
maximizing the potential spatial diversity gain. The ECC is derived from several antennas to transmit and receive different signals within a
the power levels and correlation coefficient between the signals received shared frequency range. As wireless channels offer diverse propagation
by the antenna components. The correlation coefficient, obtained paths, signals can experience varying degrees of fading and attenuation.
through cross-correlation and auto-correlation methods, provides a Using multiple antennas mitigates the impact of fading, thereby
linear measure of the relationship between the signals received by the improving system performance. The calculation of DG takes into ac­
antennas. Factors such as antenna coupling, mutual coupling, re­ count factors such as the number of antennas, the correlation between
flections, and scattering from surrounding objects can contribute to an them, and channel conditions. DG typically increases with a more sig­
elevated ECC, potentially diminishing the spatial diversity gain of the nificant number of antennas and a more diverse channel. When the
MIMO system due to undesired correlations. Evaluating the ECC is channels exhibit a strong correlation, the diversity benefit diminishes,
crucial for optimizing the design and implementation of a MIMO system while uncorrelated channels maximize the diversity gain. Advanced
to enhance wireless communication reliability and quality by leveraging MIMO techniques like beamforming, precoding, and space-time coding

Fig. 6. (a) The ECC response of the proposed MIMO antenna. The ECC value is near zero. (b) The DG response to the proposed structure. The DG response is near 10
dB. (c) The negative TARC response of the proposed design. (d) The CCL response is observed near zero. (e) The MEG response of the presented design. All diversity
parameters are showing good agreement.

9
A. Baz et al. Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101505

can further enhance the diversity benefit. The resulting MIMO diversity [ ]
gain can significantly enhance reliability, capacity, and coverage by ζ11 ζ12
ζV = (10)
ζ21 ζ22
incorporating multiple antennas in wireless communication systems
[33]. The diversity gain is calculated using Equation (7) [34]. For the [ ]
2 2
whole spectrum, the DG value is close to 10 dB as shown in Fig. 6(b). ζ11 = 1 − |S11 | + |S12 | ,
[ ]
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
ζ22 = 1 − |S22 |2 + |S21 |2 , (11)
DG = 10 1 − (ECC)2 (7) [ ∗ ]
∗
ζ12 = − S11 S12 + S21 S12 ,
[ ∗ ∗
]
4.3. Total active reflection coefficient (TARC) ζ21 = − S22 S21 + S12 S21 .

Equation (9) to Equation (11) are used to calculate the CCL [38].
TARC holds significant importance as a parameter in the MIMO Fig. 6(d) represents the simulated and measured CCL response of the
structure, serving as a vital metric for designing and evaluating wireless proposed design. The peak CCL response of 0.25 is observed, and the
communication systems. It quantifies the reflection coefficient observed value is within the acceptable range.
by the transmitter at the input of the antenna system, taking into account
active components like amplifiers and matching networks. A higher
TARC value indicates that a portion of the incident power is being re­ 4.5. Mean effective gain (MEG)
flected to the transmitter, resulting in performance degradation. This
reflected power can create standing waves, reduce antenna system ef­ The MIMO is a metric that quantifies the average gain of an antenna
ficiency, and introduce interference and noise. Therefore, minimizing system across various fading conditions. It measures the antennas’ col­
TARC becomes a critical consideration in wireless communication sys­ lective performance in capturing and radiating signal power. MEG
tem design. This is typically achieved by incorporating matching net­ considers factors such as antenna configuration, channel characteristics,
works and employing impedance-matching techniques to ensure that and diversity techniques. A higher MEG value indicates better antenna
the impedance of the antenna system matches that of the transmitter and efficiency and link quality, enhancing system performance. The MEG
transmission line, thereby reducing reflected power. TARC is defined as metric considers the number and spacing of antennas, radiation pat­
the ratio of incident power to radiated energy. Equation (8) was used to terns, antenna correlation, and wireless channel properties. By opti­
calculate the TARC [35]. The TARC response for the proposed designs is mizing these factors, MEG can be increased, resulting in improved
showed in Fig. 6(c). The TARC value should be less than zero. The overall performance of the MIMO system. MEG is a valuable tool in
negative value of TARC represents the good isolation among different designing, evaluating, and optimizing MIMO antenna systems, enabling
radiating elements [29]. comparisons between different configurations and guiding the
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
[ ] [ ] enhancement of wireless communication performance [39]. Fig. 6(e)
2
|(S11 + S12 ejθ )| + |(S21 + S22 ejθ )|
2
depicts the MEG response to the given work, and the response is
TARC = √̅̅̅ (8) satisfactory.
2 The performance comparison of the presented design with a similar
four-port design structure is presented in Table 2. The miniaturization
4.4. Channel capacity loss (CCL) feature, the suggested design delivers healthy gain and appropriate
isolation.
The article [36] investigates and analyzes the average capacities of
common systems like as SISO, SIMO, MISO, and MIMO. Beginning with
5. Conclusion
the MIMO system, the study investigates the relationship between the
MIMO system’s channel capacity and the number of sending and
The article provides a detailed description of a compact four-port
receiving antennas. The simulation and analysis results show that in an
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna that exhibits a
independent and flat Rayleigh fading channel, the system’s channel
notable high gain attribute. The architecture under consideration is
capacity grows proportionately with the number of antennas used.
evaluated over the frequency range spanning from 1 GHz to 12 GHz. The
When comparing the capacity of the MIMO system to that of the single
identification of the form of a single radiating patch element involves
input single output (SISO) system at the same signal-to-noise ratio, the
the analysis of three distinct steps. The incorporation of a cut at the base
MIMO system is approximately a whole number multiple of the SISO
of the patch, together with engraving in a circular pattern, will result in
system’s capacity. However, in practice, due to methodological re­
an increased bandwidth for the structure. The structure is constructed
strictions and real-world situations, the number of antennas increases.
utilizing a substrate material with a low profile, which is based on FR4.
The MIMO CCL refers to the reduction in the achievable data rate or
To evaluate the level of tolerance, a comparison and analysis of simu­
capacity of a MIMO communication system compared to its ideal ca­
lated and measured data is conducted. The dimensions of the structure
pacity in the absence of any channel impairments. This capacity loss is
in question are 78 mm by 50 mm. The suggested concept has a compact
primarily influenced by factors such as the spatial correlation between
form factor and demonstrates a substantial increase in gain when
antenna elements, channel fading caused by multipath propagation,
interference from other sources, noise, channel estimation errors, and
synchronization issues. Spatial correlation limits the diversity gain and Table 2
Comparison of the proposed four-port MIMO structure with other comparable
an adequate number of independent channels while fading, interference,
papers.
and noise degrade the signal quality and reduce the achievable capacity.
Inaccurate channel estimation and lack of synchronization further References Physical Size Gain ECC

contribute to capacity loss. To mitigate the loss MIMO systems employ [40] 70x70 6 0.007
advanced signal processing algorithms, adaptive modulation and cod­ [41] 87 × 81 8.4 0.1
[42] 100 × 100 0.1
ing, antenna selection, and beamforming to optimize performance and –
[43] 100 × 50 − 0.8 0.1
maximize the achievable capacity in the presence of these channel im­ [44] 66 × 66 3.67 0.04
pairments [37]. [45] 90 × 90 9.2 0.2
[46] 100 × 60 3.86 0.13
Closs = − log2 det (ζv ) (9) [47] 120 × 60 3.2 0.248
Proposed work 78x50 10.03 0.05

10
A. Baz et al. Results in Engineering 20 (2023) 101505

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