Int. J. Electron. Commun.

(AEÜ) 171 (2023) 154876

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Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ)

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/aeue

Regular paper

Two-element MIMO antenna system for multiband millimeter-wave, 5G

mobile communication, Ka-band, and future 6G applications with SAR
analysis
Akhilesh Kumar a , Prabina Pattanayak a ,∗, Ramesh Kumar Verma b , Dukhishyam Sabat a ,
Ganesh Prasad a
a
National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, India
b
IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: A two element multiband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system with low specific absorption
Mm-wave rate is proposed for Ka-band space satellite, millimeter-wave (mm-wave), fifth-generation (5G), and future
Multiband sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication applications. The essential characteristics of both 5G and future
SAR
6G communications can be fulfilled by the proposed MIMO antenna design. The proposed MIMO antenna
Radiation mechanism
system has significant advantage of covering four relevant and usable frequency bands, i.e., 16 GHz, 25.5 GHz,
Circuit analysis
Realized gain
28 GHz, and 32 GHz used for the above mentioned applications. The design of the presented antenna looks like
ECC a vertical Yagi-Uda antenna with L-shaped ladder. Moreover, two circular slots and a slotted vertical stub are
CCL etched in a partially shared ground. The complete electrical dimension of the presented antenna is 6.8 𝜆0 ×5.7𝜆0
×0.068𝜆0 , calculated at resonating frequency 25.5 GHz, where 𝜆0 is wavelength in free space. The geometry of
the presented antenna is fabricated using Rogers RO4350TM with dielectric constant (𝜖𝑟 ) of 3.48, a loss tangent
of 0.0025, and the substrate thickness of 0.8 mm. The presented MIMO antenna is excited with a 3 mm wide
microstrip feed line having 50 𝛺 characteristics matched impedance. In terms of performance, the proposed
antenna has achieved a reflection coefficient < - 10 dB, and isolation < -15 dB in all the resonating bands,
radiation efficiency varies 72%–84%, impedance bandwidth of 4.6 GHz, 1.5 GHz, 1.11 GHz, and 7.5 GHz, and
realized gain of 10.18, 12.05, 13.07, & 5.55 dBi is also achieved at frequencies 16 GHz, 25.5 GHz, 28 GHz,
and 32 GHz. The achieved values for various MIMO matrices are envelope correlation coefficient > 0.0048,
diversity gain of 9.98 dB, channel capacity loss < 0.00023 bits/s/Hz, and mean effective gain < -6 dB. The
simulated results obtained by ANSYS I 2022 R2 (HFSS) and the experimental results measured by vector
network analyzer (VNA) show a good agreement.

1. Introduction for wireless communications. Furthermore, when compared to 4G, both

5G as well as upcoming 6G technologies offer better features such as
Over the past few years, a notable growth in mobile phone traffic faster data rate, wider bandwidth, huge throughput, higher capacity,
and wireless communications has been identified with the ultimate
extensive connectivity, lower latency, better stable connection, and
desire of achieving higher data rate and bandwidth utilization [1,2].
more frequency band channels.
Today the existing fourth-generation (4G) technology has provided
enough data rate and bandwidth to meet the telecommunication indus- In the present scenario, the mobile phones require miniaturized
try needs. However, data traffic from the numerous social applications, antennas which can operate in multiple bands and resonate at higher
smart cities, video streaming, internet of things (IOTs), cloud services frequencies, owing to the availability of limited space in mobile phones
etc would exceed the capacity of 4G infrastructure [3,4]. Moreover, [5–7]. To achieve this, multiband multiple-input multiple-output
higher connectivity, low latency, and low consumption of energy be- (MIMO) antennas are the most preferred solutions for 5G mobile ap-
came crucial parameters for the future communications. In order to plications. Moreover, the telecommunication industries and free space
solve these issues, the researchers are exploring and moving forward
satellite communications are going towards the unused and higher
into the fifth-generation (5G) and beyond it (i.e., sixth-generation (6G))

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Pattanayak).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2023.154876
Received 27 June 2023; Accepted 25 August 2023
Available online 1 September 2023
1434-8411/© 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
A. Kumar et al. AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 171 (2023) 154876

frequency bands of millimeter-wave (mm-wave), i.e., 30 to 300 GHz Although the performance of the designs given in [20–22] are ac-
in the electromagnetic spectrum to achieve these 5G and future 6G ceptable, the overall size of these antennas is bulkier because of the
services which primarily require large data rates, low latency, and huge presence of dielectric resonator antenna (DRA). Therefor, a number
bandwidth [8]. However, MIMO antennas requiring multiple complex of planner MIMO antennas with low dimensions have been recorded
feeding techniques may cause additional losses especially in the mm- in [23,24] for mm-wave 5G applications which are covering the bands
wave bands. Furthermore, the mm-wave bands have the capability 24 to 30 GHz and 37 to 40 GHz respectively. The authors in [23]
to provide ultra high broadband services, 5G cellular communica- reported a circularly polarized dual-band slotted patch MIMO antenna.
tions, video streaming, and cloud wireless network services (needed In terms of performance, they achieved antenna peak gain of 5.2 and 5
potentially in 5G and future 6G wireless mobile communication appli- dBi at resonating frequencies 28 and 38 GHz respectively. A circularly
cations) [9]. As a result, the industries as well as academia/researchers polarized MIMO antenna with periodically-stub-loaded microstrip line
are progressing towards the designing of MIMO antennas for the was reported in [24]. They achieved a maximum gain of 10 dBi at
mm-wave bands. 28 GHz & 9 dBi at 31 GHz, isolation <−20 dB, ECC < 0.015, and
In general, the two main technological concerns, i.e., MIMO an- DG varied between 0.999 to 10 dB. The above mentioned MIMO
tennas and mm-wave are affecting the functioning and performance antennas face some major issues such as the antenna gain and achieved
of mobile communication networks, high link connectivity, better link bandwidth are less in [17,18], and in [19], the isolation, and ECC
reliability, 5G, and future 6G technologies [10,11]. In this regard, with values are comparatively less from the proposed work. However, the
the development of 5G and future 6G technologies, the researchers overall size of antennas reported in [20–22] are bulkier because of the
aim to explore the designing of MIMO antennas for mm-wave bands. presence of DRA. Moreover, the antenna peak gain, isolation and ECC
However, the Friis transmission equation demonstrates that the sig- are less in [23–25]. Furthermore, the size of the antenna, CCL, peak
nal wavelength shortens and consequently the free-space path loss gain, isolation, ECC, BW, and total efficiency of proposed antenna are
rises with an increase of the operating frequency [12,13]. Therefore, much more better than the reported works in [26–31].
in order to mitigate the significant path loss, design of higher gain This paper proposed a two-port novel and unique MIMO antenna
MIMO antennas are desirable [14]. Furthermore, reduction of substrate structure, which looks like a vertically Yagi-Uda ladder L-shaped an-
thickness helps the MIMO antennas to resonate at higher frequencies. tenna. The proposed design has a partial ground structure along with
However, with increase of number of ports in MIMO antenna may etched circular slots on the ground plane. The novelty of presented
also lead to undesirable mutual coupling [15]. Therefore, enhancement antenna is that it operates at four bands of frequency like 16 GHz,
of diversity parameters and total efficiency of the MIMO antenna are 25.5 GHz, 28 GHz, and 32 GHz. The unique structured MIMO antenna
always essential. has an overall dimensions of 6.8 𝜆0 × 5.7𝜆0 × 0.068𝜆0 , where 𝜆0 is
wavelength (W/L) in the free space medium at 25.5 GHz. Furthermore,
1.1. Related work the proposed antenna exhibits very good results such as high isolation
(−53.23 dB), huge realized gain (10.18, 12.05, 13.07, and 5.55 dBi),
The antenna community faces a number of difficulties when de- good radiation efficiency (72%–84%), and better radiation characteris-
signing antennas for the mm-wave bands. In order to design mm-wave tics like co-and cross-polarization with omnidirectional behavior. The
MIMO antenna, there are few main difficulties that are considered, proposed antenna can be used for mm-wave, multiband, 5G, Ka-band
i.e., antenna size, isolation, bandwidth, high frequency radiation losses space satellite, and future 6G mobile communications. This antenna
along with diversity parameters. Therefore, keeping above all these also has low-specific absorption rate (SAR) for male and female right
problems in mind, high gain MIMO antennas need to be designed hand palm along with head. In addition, this work introduced circuit
in the frequency ranges of mm-wave bands. Recently some MIMO analysis along with comparative reflection coefficient and isolation.
antennas are made available for various mm-wave bands to support The organization of this paper is as follows: The design evolution
5G wireless communications and mobile phones. In this regard, various along with simulated reflection coefficient & isolation of the proposed
mm-wave antennas with dual resonance band are reported in [16,17]. structure is presented in Section 2.1. The proposed MIMO antenna
Authors in [16] had proposed an antenna with slotted patch which geometry with complete dimensional parameters is discussed along
radiates with dual band. This work achieved, antenna peak gain of with the analysis of measured prototype design in Section 2.2. Section 3
4 and 4.5 dBi, bandwidth of 850 MHz and 750 MHz, and radiation illustrates the results & discussions of various antenna parameters such
efficiency of 84% and 91% respectively for the resonating frequencies as, surface current distribution (SCD), scattering parameters (reflec-
at 28 and 38 GHz. Moreover, a 4 × 4 butler matrix steering antenna tion coefficient & isolation), radiation mechanism, realized gain, and
along with partial ground plane was reported in [17]. The reported radiation efficiency. Section 4 shows results of various diversity param-
antenna in [17] achieved a huge peak gain of 7.74 dBi, and a reflection eters like ECC, DG, mean effective gain (MEG), total active reflection
coefficient of −36.24 dB used for mm-wave applications. Moreover, coefficient (TARC), channel capacity loss (CCL), branch power ratio
in a similar way, the two-port mm-wave antennas for single-band as (BPR), and group delay (GD). Section 5 exhibits SAR analysis of the
well as multiband were also reported in [18–24]. In [18] authors had male & female right-hand palm and human head. Further, Section 6
introduced a substrate-integrated wave guide (SIW) antenna with two introduced an equivalent circuit extraction and comparative analysis
triangular shaped slots and two annular slots. In terms of performance, of reflection coefficient and isolation with simulated (HFSS & ADS) as
this work achieved an antenna peak gain 6.9 dBi, bandwidth 400 MHz, well as measured (VNA). Finally, Section 7 deals with the conclusions
isolation < −30 dB, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) < 0.001, of this paper.
and diversity gain (DG) 9.99 dB at operating frequency of 28 GHz.
This work is used for the applications of mm-wave bands. Authors 2. Two-port MIMO antenna
in [19] had introduced 2-port meandered monopole MIMO antenna
system. This work used for 5G and mm-wave applications covering 2.1. Design evolution of the proposed antenna
25 to 30 GHz frequency range. In terms of performance, the antenna
proposed in [19] achieved realized gain 15 dBi, isolation < −25 dB, The complete design evolution of the proposed antenna is comprised
ECC < 0.024 & 0.0068, and DG 9.997 dB & 9.999 dB at resonating of four steps, i.e., step-1 (Ant.-1), step-2 (Ant.-2), step-3 (Ant.-3) and
frequencies ranging from 25 to 30 GHz. step-4 (Ant.-4: final proposed design). These steps are illustrated in
Moreover, various dielectric resonator (DR) based MIMO antennas Fig. 1(a) to (f). Furthermore, Fig. 2(a) & (b) represent the simulated
were reported in the literature for mm-wave frequency ranges of 29.7 to reflection coefficient and isolation respectively corresponding to the
31.5 GHz [20], 27.25 to 28.59 GHz [21], and 23.87 to 24.36 GHz [22]. design evolution of Ant.-1 to Ant.-4. Ant.-1 (the initial design) looks

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A. Kumar et al. AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 171 (2023) 154876

Fig. 1. Evolution of antenna design (Ant.-1 to 4).

Fig. 2. Comparative curves in terms of (a) reflection coefficient and (b) isolation.

like a horizontal L-shaped structure which comprises a full ground antenna. This design is presented in Fig. 1(b). Ant.-2 has two resonating
plane. Ant.-1 covers the 19.6–23.4 GHz operating band and resonates frequencies, i.e., 20.8 and 24 GHz. Ant.-2 covers frequency ranges from
at frequency 22.1 GHz. Ant.-1 obtained a maximum value of −11 dB 19.8–22.3 GHz and 22.9–24.9 GHz. However, the reflection coefficient
for reflection coefficient & isolation value >−10 dB. In the geometry plot of Ant.-2 is not <−10 dB and the isolation for Ant.-2 is >−18 dB.
of Ant.-2, some more horizontal L-shaped stubs along with partial Therefore, Ant.-2 does not satisfy the minimum condition for the
shared ground plane are added, which looks like a vertical Yagi-Uda reflection coefficient (which should be <−10 dB).

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A. Kumar et al. AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 171 (2023) 154876

Therefore, in Ant.-3, one vertical strip of size 80 × 12 mm2 is added Table 1

Parameter values of the proposed antenna.
on the patch as well as ground plane and two symmetrical circles are
Parameters Values (mm) Parameters Values (mm)
removed from the ground plane, which is depicted in Fig. 1(c) and (d)
(top and bottom view). Ant.-3 is resonating in three band, i.e., 10.4, L 68 𝐿10 10
W 80 𝐿11 8
20.5, and 26 GHz. Moreover, the maximum reflection coefficient of 𝐿𝑔 68 𝐿12 33
Ant.-3 are −28 dB, −22 dB, and −18 dB and the isolation of Ant.- 𝑊𝑔 17 𝐿13 71
3 are −25 dB, −32 dB, and −13.9 dB at operating frequencies 10.4, 𝐿1 10.5 𝑊1 2
𝐿2 3 𝑊2 2
20.5, and 26 GHz respectively. Ant.-3 achieves the minimum threshold
𝐿3 9.5 𝑊3 2
values for reflection coefficient. However, few resonating frequency 𝐿4 2 𝑊4 6
bands achieved by Ant.-3 do not fall in the range of desired resonating 𝐿5 4 𝑊5 12
frequency bands as well as the isolation achieved for 26 GHz does 𝐿6 5 𝑊6 17
𝐿7 11 𝑊𝑓 3
not meet the minimum threshold value (i.e., <−15 dB). Additionally, 𝐿8 8 r 5
another major drawback of Ant.-3 is that the frequency bands for |𝑆11 | 𝐿9 37
and |𝑆22 | do not superimpose on each other in the first resonating band
but renaming bands superimpose to each other. Therefore, Ant.-3 is not
suitable for MIMO systems and required further improvement.
3. Results and discussions
Finally, Fig. 1(e) and (f) display the novel final design (top and
bottom view) of the proposed antenna (Ant.-4) which is designed
In this section, we have explored all the results of antenna metrics
by etching a vertical slot of size 71 × 6 mm2 from vertical stub of
such as, SCD, scattering parameters, radiation mechanism, radiation
patch as well as ground plane to enhance the isolation and reflection
efficiency, and realized gain of antenna (dBi). Additionally, some more
coefficient simultaneously. This design operates within four bands, MIMO parameters such as, ECC, DG, TARC, CCL, MEG, BPR, and GD
i.e., 16 GHz, 25.5 GHz, 28 GHz, & 32 GHz. The corresponding re- have been studied as well. Moreover, at last we have also discussed the
flection coefficient values of Ant.-4 (final proposed work) are −17.26, SAR analysis of the human (male & female) right hand palm as well as
−22.14, −14.178, and −21.98 dB at the resonating frequencies 16 GHz, head. Further, in the next section we also discussed the circuit analysis
25.5 GHz, 28 GHz, and 32 GHz respectively. Moreover, the respective and its comparative plot of reflection coefficient and isolation.
isolation values of Ant.-4 are −29.54, −53.23, −45.57, and −43.65 dB
at 16 GHz, 25.5 GHz, 28 GHz, and 32 GHz. These resonating fre-
3.1. Surface Current Distribution (SCD)
quencies fully cover the microwave & mm-wave bands for 5G wireless
mobile communications and beyond. The simulation performance is
Due to the close proximity of the antenna elements, the mutual
done by ANSYS high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) version
coupling is exhibited in the MIMO systems. Therefore, SCD parameter
2022 I R2.
is required to study and analyze the mutual coupling between the
different antenna elements [25]. Fig. 4(a) to (d) depicted the SCD of the
2.2. Antenna geometry proposed work at the radiating frequencies 16 GHz, 25.5 GHz, 28 GHz,
& 32 GHz respectively. In the presented MIMO antenna, excited only
one port & another port is terminated by a 50 Ω matched impedance
Keeping huge realized gain and better isolation in mind, the two
load line. We can observe from Fig. 4(a) to (d) that the distribution of
symmetrical antenna elements are placed neighboring to each other
current density increases on the patch with the increase in resonating
with spacing 17 mm (𝑊6 ) and provided common ground plane for
frequencies. Therefore, we can say that the distributions of current are
both the antenna elements. The final geometry (top and bottom view)
directly proportional to frequencies. Also it can observed from Fig. 4(a)
of proposed two-port MIMO antenna is shown in Fig. 3(a) and (b). to (d) that the SCD is maximum near the feed line and SCD decreases as
The presented design looks like a vertical Yagi-Uda (ladder L-shaped) we move away from the feeding. Therefore, it can also be stated that the
two-ports identical MIMO antenna. This design has a partially shared resonating frequencies are inversely proportional to resonating length.
ground plane, with two symmetrical circular slots and a slotted vertical In the proposed work, the maximum and minimum magnitude values
stub (patch and ground plane). All dimensional parameters of the pro- of the SCD are 20.9633 A/m and 0.0007 A/m correspondingly in all
posed geometry are clearly mentioned in Fig. 3(a) & (b). Furthermore, the Figures. Moreover, we can realize from these figures that the high
all the parameters values of geometry are mentioned in Table 1. In concentration of surface current is seen on the partially shared ground
the proposed design, the etched circular slots from the shared partial plane along with patch, which is near the feed line. The concentration
ground enhanced the reflection coefficient and slotted vertical stubs of SCD is minimum on the upper portions of the patch of the presented
(from the patch as well as ground plane) in between the MIMO antenna antenna, i.e., away from the feed line. Furthermore, the distribution of
elements are responsible for improving isolation. The fabricated proto- surface current on the metallic patch reveals the behavior of isolation.
type top view & bottom view of the anticipated antenna are illustrated
in Fig. 3(c) & (d) correspondingly. 3.2. Scattering parameters
The complete electrical dimensions of the presented MIMO antenna
is 6.8 𝜆0 ×5.7𝜆0 ×0.068𝜆0 , calculated at resonating frequency 25.5 GHz, The simulated and experimentally tested reflection coefficient and
where 𝜆0 is wavelength in free space. We can achieve the value of 𝜆0 by isolation of the presented design are illustrated in Fig. 5(a) & (b)
using 𝑓𝑐 , where light velocity is 𝑐 in the free space and 𝑓𝑟 is resonating respectively. Furthermore, we realized from Fig. 5(a) that the proposed
𝑟
frequency, i.e., 25.5 GHz. Moreover, the antenna is fabricated using MIMO antenna resonates at 4-bands, i.e., 16 GHz, 25.5 GHz, 28 GHz,
Rogers RO4350TM with dielectric constant (𝜖𝑟 ) = 3.48, a tangent loss and 32 GHz. The simulated and measured reflection coefficient showing
of 0.0025, and the thickness is 0.8 mm. Furthermore, the presented an overall −10 dB impedance bandwidth (IBW) at all the resonat-
MIMO antenna is excited with a 3 mm microstrip feed line having 50 ing frequencies are ranging from 13.75–18.35 GHz, 25.0–26.5 GHz,
Ω characteristics matched impedance. In the proposed work, due to 27.01–28.12 GHz, & 29.0–36.5 GHz (simulated), and 11.1–14.89 GHz,
perfect impedance matching feeding circuits provide better reflection 24.23–25.53 GHz, 26.81–27.12 GHz, & 30.5–33.75 GHz (measured).
coefficient and consumes less power. The peak values of the reflection coefficient are −17.26 dB, −22.14 dB,

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A. Kumar et al. AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 171 (2023) 154876

Fig. 3. Geometry of proposed MIMO antenna (a) Top view, (b) Bottom view (c) Top view of fabricated prototype (d) Bottom view of fabricated prototype.

−14.17 dB, & −21.98 dB (simulated) and −13.25 dB, −35.0 dB,- plots of radiation pattern in E- & H-planes are illustrated in Fig. 7(a) to
22.56 dB, and −14.57 dB (measured) corresponding to the four operat- (f) correspondingly at the operating frequencies 25.5 GHz, 28 GHz, and
ing frequencies. Furthermore, another scattering parameter is isolation, 32 GHz. We have obtained the co-and cross-polarization levels, when
which is significantly improved and <−15 dB over all resonating fre- applying Phi = 90◦ and Phi = 0◦ respectively at the corresponding
quencies. In the suggested work, the simulated & measured magnitude radiating frequencies 25.5 GHz, 28 GHz, and 32 GHz. Moreover, we
values of the isolation are −29.54 dB, −53.23 dB, −45.57 dB, & observed from Fig. 7(a) to (f) that the level of co-polarization is higher
−43.65 dB (simulated), and −31.23 dB, −40.01 dB, −42.45 dB, & than the level of cross-polarization.
−43.67 dB (measured). It can be realized from Fig. 5(a) & (b) that We can realize from Fig. 7(a) to (f) that the behavior of the radi-
the measured reflection coefficient and isolation perfectly match with ation characteristic looks like an omnidirectional at all the resonating
the simulated characteristics. The simulated and experimental results frequencies of 25.5 GHz, 28 GHz, and 32 GHz. It is also observed that
have some insignificant discrepancies due to high frequency resonance, these radiation behaviors are getting affected and exhibits substantial
probe, and SMA connector losses. The pictures of the measured reflec- losses with the rise of resonating frequency [32], which can be observed
tion coefficient from the fabricated prototype as captured on the VNA from Fig. 7(c) to (f). Fig. 8(a) & (b) respectively present the top view
and the measurement setup with the SMA connectors are presented & bottom view of the radiation pattern far-field measurement set-up
in Fig. 6(a) & (b) respectively. (in the multiprobe dark room anechoic chamber) of the fabricated
prototype 2-port MIMO antenna.
3.3. Radiation mechanism
3.4. Realized gain and radiation efficiency
The simulated radiation characteristics of the proposed design are
computed by the HFSS software version 2022 I R2. However, the The simulated and experimentally tested antenna realized gain
measured far-field radiation characteristics (co-and cross-polarization) along with simulated radiation efficiency are depicted in Fig. 9. The
were performed in the multiprobe anechoic chamber dark room. Fur- maximum simulated & measured realized gain of the suggested antenna
thermore, the radiation mechanism is obtained when one port is excited are 10.18, 12.05, 13.07, and 5.55 dBi (simulated), 8.79, 11.22, 12.64,
and another port is terminated by a 50 Ω impedance matched line. and 5.07 dBi (measured) correspondingly at the 16 GHz, 25.5 GHz,
As the structures of both ports are identical, the radiation pattern 28 GHz, and 32 GHz. The simulated plot of antenna realized gain
measurement is monitored at only one port, and assumed that port 2 is in good agreement with the measured plot. Due to huge realized
displays the same behavior. The simulated and experimentally tested gain, the presented antenna has less free space path loss and enhanced

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A. Kumar et al. AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 171 (2023) 154876

Fig. 4. SCD at radiating frequencies (a) 16 GHz, (b) 25.5 GHz, (c) 28 GHz, and (d) 32 GHz.

Fig. 5. Simulated and measured results (a) Reflection coefficient and (b) isolation.

data transmission quality in wireless communications systems. The metrics like ECC, DG, MEG, TARC, CCL, BPR and GD are evaluated for
simulated peak value of the radiation efficiency is 72%, 81.24%, 84.0%, the proposed two-port MIMO antenna.
and 80.09% at the operating frequencies 16 GHz, 25.5 GHz, 28 GHz,
and 32 GHz respectively. 4.1. Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) and Diversity Gain (DG)

In order to achieve good performance of diversity in MIMO antenna

4. Diversity performances we need to have high isolation and low ECC between neighboring
antennas. This performance metric is the measure of the field corre-
Diversity performance metrics play a vital role to assess the perfor- lation for the neighboring antenna elements of the MIMO systems. ECC
mance of MIMO antenna. Therefore, in this section, various diversity also represents the level of independence between the various antenna

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A. Kumar et al. AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 171 (2023) 154876

Fig. 6. (a) Measurement setup along with reflection coefficient measured through VNA and (b) Measurement setup with SMA connector.

elements of a MIMO system. The simulated and measured plots of the performance in fading environments. The simulated and tested values
ECC & DG for our proposed MIMO structure plotted by far-field method of MEG-1 and MEG-2 are illustrated in Fig. 11 and these values are
are shows in Fig. 10. Here, the 𝜌𝑒 (𝑖, 𝑗) is computed numerically by <−6 dB over the entire bands. Moreover, in order to compute the values
following Eq. (1) [33] as given below: of MEGs, by using 3D far-field of the relevant Eq. (3) [37]:
|∬4𝜋 [𝐹𝑖 (𝜃, 𝜙) ∗ 𝐹𝑗 (𝜃, 𝜙)]𝑑𝛺|2 𝑃 2𝜋 𝜋 [
𝑋𝑃 𝑅
𝜌𝑒 (𝑖, 𝑗) = (1) 𝜉= 𝑟 = ∗ 𝐹𝜃 (𝜃, 𝜙)𝑃𝜃 (𝜃, 𝜙)
|∬4𝜋 𝐹𝑖 (𝜃, 𝜙)𝑑𝛺|2 |∬4𝜋 𝐹𝑗 (𝜃, 𝜙)𝑑𝛺|2 𝑃𝑖𝑛 ∫0 ∫0 1 + 𝑋𝑃 𝑅
]
where, 𝐹𝑖 (𝜃, 𝜙) indicated the 3D-radiation pattern of antenna, while 𝑖th 1
+ ∗ 𝐹𝜙 (𝜃, 𝜙)𝑃𝜙 (𝜃, 𝜙) 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙 (3)
port is excited. However, 𝛺 is solid angle, the (*) denoted the Hermitian (1 + 𝑋𝑃 𝑅)
product and 𝜌𝑒 (𝑖, 𝑗) is indicate the ECC between the 𝑖th and 𝑗th antenna where
element, which is based on N-elements MIMO antenna system. 𝑃𝜈
If the ECC value > 0.5, then the presented MIMO antenna design is 𝑋𝑃 𝑅 = (4)
𝑃ℎ
considered as unsuitable and if the ECC value < 0.3, then the presented
MIMO antenna design is considered as more suitable for the MIMO Here, XPR is power ratio of the cross-polarization (discrimination),
systems [33,34]. Moreover, both the simulated & measured ECC peak which indicates the distribution of incoming power (i.e., ratio of
values are >0.0048 at all the operating frequencies. We observed from the vertical mean incoming power to the horizontal mean incoming
Fig. 10 that the proposed ECC values are significantly low. Therefore, power). Moreover, 𝐹𝜃 (𝜃, 𝜙) and 𝐹𝜙 (𝜃, 𝜙) indicate the gain components
the interference between two antennas exhibits very low. Moreover, of antenna. However, 𝑃𝜃 (𝜃, 𝜙) and 𝑃𝜙 (𝜃, 𝜙) represent the statistical
due to these attributes, the total efficiency and isolation are substan- distribution of the incident wave in the environment, assuming that
tially enhanced. Therefore, the presented work is very much suitable both the waves are uncorrelated. The values for both MEG-1 & MEG-2
for 5G & 6G mobile communications and mm-wave communications. are not exceeding the <−6 dB, which is regarded as the desirable value
Another important MIMO parameter is DG, which should be very high for better diversity [38].
as compared to ECC. Moreover, the simulated & experimentally tested
DG values of the proposed antenna are less than 9.98 dB at all the 4.3. Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC)
corresponding frequencies. Due to these suitable values of DG, this
work is considered to be a good candidate for MIMO systems. Here, The TARC is also another crucial metric which is used to validate the
the DG value is numerically calculated by Eq. (2) [35], MIMO performance. Basically, TARC is defined as the ratio of incident
√ power to reflected power [39]. The TARC are calculated for different
( )2
𝐷𝐺𝑖𝑗 = 10 1 − 𝜌𝑒 (𝑖, 𝑗) (2) values of angle 𝜃 at, 𝜃 = 0◦ , 𝜃 = 30◦ , & 𝜃 = 150◦ using equations given
Moreover, due to the high values of DG, the proposed work will result in [33].
high values for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Therefore, the proposed Moreover, the simulated and experimentally tested values are plot-
work is very much suitable for improving the data transmission quality ted in Fig. 12. Simulated & measured plots have a good agreement
and reliability of a wireless link. It can be observed from Fig. 10 that between them for the overall band of operation.
the simulated result matches with the experimental result to a greater
extent. 4.4. Channel Capacity Loss (CCL)

4.2. Mean Effective Gain (MEG) One more metric which needs to be analyzed and investigated for
the MIMO system is CCL. It revels the system’s capacity loss which
MEG is one more vital metric to justify the diversity metrics of happens because of correlation effect due to the radiations by two
the MIMO systems. MEG measures the antenna’s capacity in a multi- or more than two nearby antenna elements [40]. Moreover, for an
path environment [36]. The MEG is used to measure the diversity efficient and huge throughput data transmission, a low CCL value

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A. Kumar et al. AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 171 (2023) 154876

Fig. 7. Co-and cross-polarization in E- & H-plane at (a) 25.5 GHz E-plane (b) 25.5 GHz H-plane (c) 28 GHz E-plane (d) 28 GHz H-plane (e) 32 GHz E-plane and (f) 32 GHz
H-plane respectively.

Fig. 8. Pictures of far-field radiation pattern measurement setup in an anechoic chamber.

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A. Kumar et al. AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 171 (2023) 154876

Fig. 12. Simulated & measured plots of TARC.

Fig. 9. Simulated and measured realized gain with simulated radiation efficiency of
the proposed work.

Fig. 13. Simulated and measured results of CCL.

Fig. 10. Simulated & measured ECC and DG of the proposed structure by using
far-field.
(8). The maximum acceptable CCL value is 0.4 bits/s/Hz [40].

𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = − log2 det(𝑎) (5)

where 𝑎 is matrix of correlation, which has dimension of 2 × 2.

Moreover, this matrix of correlation is related with antenna at the
receiver and can be quantified using the following Eqs. (6)–(8):
[ ]
𝜎 𝜎12
𝑎 = 11 (6)
𝜎21 𝜎22
where,
( )
𝜎𝑖𝑖 = 1 − |𝑆𝑖𝑖 |2 + |𝑆𝑖𝑗 |2 , 1 ≤ 𝑖, 𝑗 ≤ 2, 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, (7)
( )
𝜎𝑖𝑗 = − 𝑆𝑖𝑖∗ 𝑆𝑖𝑗 + 𝑆𝑗𝑖∗ 𝑆𝑗𝑗 , 1 ≤ 𝑖, 𝑗 ≤ 2, 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, (8)

The simulated and experimentally obtained values are presented in

Fig. 13. We can realized from Fig. 13 that the CCL values are <0.00023
bits/s/Hz (which is in the acceptable range) over the entire bands.

4.5. Branch Power Ratio (BPR) (k)

Fig. 11. Simulated & measured plots for MEG-1 & MEG-2 using far-field.

BPR is also one of the prominent parameter to justify the designs

for MIMO antennas. In the MIMO antenna systems, there are multiple
is always preferred. For the determination of CCL values, Eq. (5) is antennae at transmitter and receiver. Each and every antenna radiates
used [41]. Moreover, Eq. (6) indicates the 2 × 2 correlation matrix (𝑎). some power. Due to close proximity of all antennas, the relative power
The elements of correlation matrix (𝑎) are represented by Eqs. (7) and level of all branches can affect the performance of MIMO antenna. In

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A. Kumar et al. AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 171 (2023) 154876

Fig. 14. Simulated & measured results of branch power ratio. Fig. 15. Group delay of the proposed work.

this paper, introduces the ratio of minimum power to maximum power 5. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
as BPR (𝑘) [42].
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 The radiation emitted by an antenna can effect the human body
𝑘= (9) parts at cellular level [45]. SAR is a parameter which is generally used
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
to measure of the rate of RF energy absorption (radiated from the
where, 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 represent the minimum and maximum power
antenna being measured) by different human body parts. Therefore,
level among all the antenna elements respectively. However, we have
we need to analyze the SAR values for health precautionary. In the
computed the BPR using the mathematical expression with the help of
presented work, we analyze the SAR values for human body parts
MEG-1 and MEG-2 as follows [42]:
( ) (i.e., right hand palm of male and female as well as human head).
MEG-2 MEG-1 Fig. 16(a), & (b) show the SAR analysis of the human male & female
𝑘 = min , (10)
MEG-1 MEG-2 right hand palm at 25.5 GHz. However, the SAR analysis of head is
where, MEG-1 & MEG-2 is the MEG value corresponding to port-1 & shown in Fig. 16(c) at 25.5 GHz. The SAR value can be determined
port-2. Fig. 14 illustrated the simulated & measurement plots of BPR. based on Eq. (11) [46],
In the MIMO antenna system’s BPR value should be greater than −3 dB
𝜎𝐸𝑟2
in order to achieve the highest diversity gain & prevent a major loss 𝑆𝐴𝑅 = , (11)
in diversity performance [42]. We can realized from Fig. 14 that the 𝜌
tested values exactly match with simulated values. where 𝜎 is conductivity, 𝐸𝑟 is the electric field, and 𝜌 is the density
of the body parts. Moreover, the numerical values used for calculating
4.6. Group Delay (GD) SAR for human (male & female) right hand palm are as follows:
(i) For 3.1 mm thick skin (male) and 2.82 mm thick skin (female): 𝜖𝑟
The GD parameter is commonly employed for measuring time do- = 36.95 v/m, 𝜎 (S/m) = 1.48, and 𝜌 (kg/m3 ) = 1001,
main characteristics. Moreover, it is very crucial metric, that affects (ii) For 7.1 mm & 7.0 mm thick Fat: 𝜖𝑟 = 5.27 v/m, 𝜎 (S/m) = 0.22, &
the overall performance of the MIMO antenna systems, specially in 𝜌 (kg/m3 ) = 900, and
terms of quality of signal & capability to resolve multi-path signals. (iii) For muscle: 𝜖𝑟 = 52.66 v/m, 𝜎 (S/m) = 1.78, and 𝜌 (kg/m3 ) = 1007.
In MIMO systems, due to multiple received and transmitted signals by In a similar way, the numerical values used for calculating SAR for
different antennas, the GD effects the phase relationship between the human head as follows:
signals. This will have impact on the coherent combining and maximum
(i) Brain tissues : Relative permittivity 𝜖𝑟 = 43, conductivity (𝜎) = 0.276
output performance of the MIMO antenna. The phase of the signal
(S/m).
will distort more if GD experiences much variation. The GD for the
(ii) Skull bone: Relative permittivity 𝜖𝑟 = 13, conductivity (𝜎) = 0.01
proposed antenna has been simulated for both front-to-front and side-
(S/m).
by-side arrangement. Fig. 15 presents the simulated result of the GD
(iii) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Relative permittivity 𝜖𝑟 = 55, conductiv-
for the proposed work. The simulated values of GD lies between −0.8
ity (𝜎) = 1.8 (S/m).
to +0.7 ns as illustrated in Fig. 15 and thus advocates better results
(as it varies within the specified threshold limit of ± 1 ns [43]) in the (iv) Scalp: Relative permittivity 𝜖𝑟 = 5, conductivity (𝜎) = 0.5 (S/m).
operating bands. As we observed from Fig. 16(a) and (b) that the effect of electro-
For the reader’s suitability, Table 2 shows a equitable comparison of magnetic radiation is more on the male right-hand palm as compared
our proposed design with the existing literature. As per the comparative to the female right-hand palm. For human palm the standard acceptable
analysis of the presented antenna, it can be concluded that the present maximum value of SAR for (1 g) tissue is 1.69 W/kg [47]. However, the
design results has enhanced performance metrics like realized gain, maximum SAR (10 g) is 1.0 W/kg for human head. Furthermore, the
isolation, bandwidth, & radiation efficiency over the existing works maximum and minimum SAR values of the presented antenna for male
taken from the literature. Moreover, essential diversity parameters like right hand palm are 1.24 and 1.008 W/kg, while for female right hand
CCL (bits/s/Hz) and ECC of the presented structure is also provided palm are 1.19 and 1.00 W/kg respectively. However, the maximum and
in Table 2 and it can be observed that these diversity metrics of minimum values of SAR for phantom of head are 0.2230 and 0.0001
proposed work are better than the reported literatures. Furthermore, W/kg respectively. We can observe from Fig. 16(a) and (b) that at
the anticipated antenna seems to be suitable for Ka-band, mm-wave, higher frequency the impact of radiations is very less on human hands
and 5G & future 6G mobile communications. because of shortened wavelength of the signals. Therefore, the proposed

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A. Kumar et al. AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 171 (2023) 154876

Table 2
Comparative analysis of the presented antenna.
Refs. year Size (𝜆0 ) Substrate Rad. Freq. CCL Realized gain Isolation ECC BW Radi. Effi.
bps
characteristics (GHz) ( Hz ) (dBi) (dB) (GHz) (%)
[26] (5.60 × 9.33 × 0.09)𝜆0 Sbr-A 25 NR 3.86 <−15 <0.134 1.7 75%
2017 = 4.70 𝜖𝑟 = 3.0 28 <−25 6.6
ℎ𝑠 = 0.965
LT = 0.0013
[27] (14.59 × 6.53 × 0.047)𝜆0 Sbr-B 3.5 NR 3.5 <−15 0.3 0.45 70% to 98%
2021 =4.55 𝜖𝑟 = 2.2 28 8.2 1.62
ℎ𝑠 = 0.508 38 8.7 0.9
LT = 0.0009
[28] (8.32 × 8.32 × 0.0408)𝜆0 Sbr-B 2.45 NR 5 <−16 <0.16 2.4 <70%
2019 =2.82 𝜖𝑟 = 2.2 2.6 6 2.8
ℎ𝑠 = 0.51 5.2 11 5.1
LT = 0.0009 24 5.6
28
[29] (14.75 × 7.26 × 0.035)𝜆0 Sbr-B 2 NR 7.2 <−17 <0.001 0.8 65%
2019 =3.80 𝜖𝑟 = 2.2 28 25−40 60%
ℎ𝑠 = 0.381 37
LT = 0.0009 39
[30] (8.80 × 3.52 × 0.14)𝜆0 Sbr-C 25.5 NR 3.86 <−20 0.0001 6.0 77%
2022 =4.36 𝜖𝑟 = 4.4 26.4 <−28 3.6
ℎ𝑠 = 1.6
LT = 0.02
[44] (2.78 × 2.314 × 0.214)𝜆0 Sbr-D 25.25 NR 3.84 <−16 <0.1 3.08 <75%
2020 =1.37 𝜖𝑟 = 2.3 34.74 4.56 11.13
ℎ𝑠 = 1.85 39.80 2.91
LT = 0.0003
[31] (9.33 × 5.60 × 0.07)𝜆0 Sbr-B 24 <0.4 8.5 <−35 <0.001 6 92.56%
2022 =3.70 𝜖𝑟 = 2.2 28 11.4 94.68%
ℎ𝑠 = 0.51
LT = NR
Proposed (6.8 × 5.7 × 0.068)𝜆0 Sbr-E 16 <0.00023 10.18 −29.54 <0.078 4.6 72.0%
work =2.63 𝜖𝑟 = 3.48 25.5 12.05 −53.23 <0.0048 1.5 81.24%
ℎ𝑠 = 0.8 28 13.07 −45.57 <0.0081 1.11 84.0%
LT = 0.0025 32 5.55 −43.65 <0.0098 7.5 80.09%

Notations: NR = Not Reported, Sbr-A = Rogers RO3003, Sbr-B = Rogers RT/Duroid5880, Sbr-C = FR-4 epoxy, Sbr-D = AgHT-8, Sbr-E = Rogers RO4350TM.

Fig. 16. SAR analysis of the right-hand palm with human head (a) Male & (b) Female (c) human head.

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A. Kumar et al. AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 171 (2023) 154876

Fig. 17. Equivalent circuit analysis of the proposed work.

Fig. 18. Circuit performance (a) Comparative reflection coefficient, (b) Comparative Isolation.

antenna design can suitably used for the 5G mobile communications Table 3
applications involving human (male & female) right hand palm as well Values of lumped parameters of the proposed antenna.

as human head. The input power of 100 mW has been used for SAR Parameters Values Parameters Values Parameters Values

calculation. 𝑅1 = 𝑅∗ 1 45 Ω 𝑅5 = 𝑅∗ 5 36.67 Ω 𝑅9 = 𝑅∗ 9 150.63 Ω

𝐿1 = 𝐿∗ 1 0.5 nH 𝐿5 = 𝐿∗ 5 0.29 nH 𝐿9 = 𝐿∗ 9 12.55 nH
𝐶1 = 𝐶 ∗ 1 0.72 pF 𝐶5 = 𝐶 ∗ 5 1.33 pF 𝐶9 = 𝐶 ∗ 9 1.55 pF
6. Equivalent circuit analysis
𝑅2 = 𝑅∗ 2 72 Ω 𝑅6 = 𝑅∗ 6 31.40 Ω 𝑍𝑖𝑛1 50 Ω
𝐿2 = 𝐿∗ 2 0.16 nH 𝐿6 = 𝐿∗ 6 5.61 nH 𝑍𝑖𝑛2 50 Ω
In this section, we extract and analyze the circuit model for the 𝐶2 = 𝐶 ∗ 2 0.22 pF 𝐶6 = 𝐶 ∗ 6 2.45 pF 𝐿𝑏 5.5 nH
proposed two-port multiband mm-wave MIMO antenna system. The 𝑅3 = 𝑅∗ 3 22.99 Ω 𝑅7 = 𝑅∗ 7 8.89 Ω 𝐿∗ 𝑏 5.5 nH
design of the circuit assembly consisting of two segments (radiating 𝐿3 = 𝐿∗ 3 4.14 nH 𝐿7 = 𝐿∗ 7 5.68 nH 𝐶𝑏 0.05 pF
𝐶3 = 𝐶 ∗ 3 3.52 pF 𝐶7 = 𝐶 ∗ 7 1.15 pF 𝐶∗𝑏 0.05 pF
patch left and radiating patch right) as illustrated in Fig. 17. Further- 𝑅4 = 𝑅∗ 4 26.45 Ω 𝑅8 = 𝑅∗ 8 53.64 Ω 𝐿𝑠 30 nH
more, we discussed the comparative analysis of the simulated reflection 𝐿4 = 𝐿∗ 4 0.68 nH 𝐿8 = 𝐿∗ 8 6.17 nH 𝐿∗ 𝑠 30 nH
coefficient and isolation as depicted in Fig. 18(a) and (b) respectively. 𝐶4 = 𝐶 ∗ 4 2.85 pF 𝐶8 = 𝐶 ∗ 8 2.15 pF Cs 0.01 pF
The process of equivalent circuit abstraction, realization, and tuning is
performed by the Advanced Design System (ADS) EM-Simulation inter-
face. The two-port multiband mm-wave MIMO antenna circuit model
are shown in Fig. 18(a) and (b) respectively. It can be observed from
of the radiating patches are represented as 𝐶𝑝 , 𝐿𝑝 , 𝑅𝑝 , 𝐶𝑝∗ , 𝐿∗𝑝 , and 𝑅∗𝑝
∑ Fig. 18(a) and (b) that the simulated and experimentally tested curves
along with various L-shaped stacked in series such as ( 9𝑅,𝐿,𝐶,𝑅∗ ,𝐿∗ ,𝐶 ∗ =1
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ have good agreement with each other.
(R,L,C, 𝑅 , 𝐿 , 𝐶 )). Furthermore, 𝐿𝑠 , 𝐿𝑠 (inductive grids), and 𝐶𝑠
(integrated capacitance) were introduced as isolation. Further, the
ground plane and feeding terminals are illustrated as 𝐿𝑏 , 𝐶𝑏 , 𝐿∗𝑏 , and 7. Conclusion
𝐶𝑏∗ with 50 Ω input terminals. All the parameter values are presented in
Table 3. Moreover, the comparative plots of simulated (HFSS and ADS) A two-port MIMO antenna resembling a vertical Yagi-Uda (lad-
and experimentally tested (VNA) of reflection coefficient and isolation der L-shaped) structure has been designed successfully for multiband

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A. Kumar et al. AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 171 (2023) 154876

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