Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter encompasses the research methodology which covers the method of

research, population, sample size, sampling technique, research instruments, data gathering

procedure, and statistical treatment of data that were used in this study.

Method of Research
(1st paragraph removed)

The researchers employed the descriptive type of research which involves the use of

numerical data and statistical tools to analyze that data to provide answers to queries like who,

how much, what, where, when, how many, and how (Apuke, 2017). In addition, quantitative

research deals with evaluating and quantifying factors to get outcomes. It describes how to

obtain facts in numerical form to explain a problem or phenomenon. In using this, researchers

can have data that can help become a basis for a school-based transitioning support program

that can further help student-athletes adapt to their new school and environment.

Population, Sample Size, And Sampling Technique

Within a 1-month time frame, 243 student-athletes who participated in SCUAA-NCR

are the respondents. A non-probability sampling technique was utilized in this study, snowball

sampling. In snowball sampling, researchers generated a pool of respondents for a research

study through referrals made by individuals who share a particular characteristic of research

interest with the target population (Frey, 2018). The researchers looked for the respondents who

shared an experience but varied in characteristics and individual experiences. In addition, the

respondents will be chosen based on their availability at the time the survey is conducted. Thus,
the snowball sampling method was used for the following reasons: first, the proximity and

availability of the respondents, which was evident in their respective schools. Second, it would

be easier to gather the respondents according to what was needed.

Description of Respondents

The respondents of the study are composed of 243 student-athletes who participated in

SCUAA-NCR in the academic year 2022-2023. They are one of the vital processes for the study

to be successful. All of the respondents were selected through a non-probability sampling

method: snowball sampling technique. Thus, 243 survey questionnaires were distributed and

collected in a one-month time frame via Google Forms.

Research Instrument

The researchers used a survey questionnaire that was adopted and modified from 2

parallel instruments on the studies, “Academic Stress: A Case of the Undergraduate Students”

by Wycliffe Yumba, and “Coping the Academic Stress: The Way the Students Dealing with

Stress” by Aina & Wijayati in which was the primary data to gather information. Furthermore, the

secondary data was the information from the internet and other references. This helped the

researchers to arrive at reasonable findings.

The survey was divided into three parts: the first part covered the sociodemographic

profile of the respondents which answered respondents’ year level, sex, event played, and their

school affiliation. The second part covered the questions regarding the struggles of student-

athletes. It was adapted from the study of Wycliffe Yumba entitled “Academic Stress: A Case of

the Undergraduate Students” which is composed of 5 sub-categories with 45 questions in

statement form. The instrument in the study of Yumba was also utilized in the study, “Academic

Stress Scale” by Sheu, Shen, Chong, et al., which reported the alpha value of Cronbach’s

reliability test for this questionnaire as 0.90.

 Lastly, covered the questions about the coping mechanism of student-athletes. It was

adopted from the study, “Coping the Academic Stress: The Way the Students Dealing with

Stress” by Aina & Wijayati which has 10 sub-categories with 20 questions formed in sentences.

Furthermore, the reliability score of the instrument is 0.91 (Cronbach alpha) which they had

reported. Moreover, the Likert scale was utilized to express their answers to each question in

the second and third part. It is a 4-point Likert Scale which has responses of strongly agree,

agree, disagree, and strongly disagree.

The research instrument was presented to the research adviser for initial checking. In

addition, they asked permission from the authors of the said studies to adopt their

questionnaires respectfully. The researchers consulted experts for further validation in which

they will provide comments and possible recommendations.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers got permission to conduct the research study from the Research Ethics

Committee and the Department of the College of Human Kinetics at Polytechnic University of

the Philippines Main Campus. After having sought their permission, the researchers adopted a

survey questionnaire that will be answered by the respondents in one month. The questionnaire

was also standardized and permitted by its respective authors to be adapted. Afterward, it was

consulted by experts aligned in the field of the study. Then, the researchers personally asked

permission to conduct the survey questionnaire to the respective schools’ head of PE

department to gather the needed information after their approval. All the questionnaires were

distributed and collected in the allotted time with the help of a Google Form link. All data has

been tabulated, computed, analyzed by the statistician, and interpreted by the researchers with

the help of their research adviser.

Statistical Treatment of Data

Percentage Frequency Distribution. A data arrangement that demonstrates the frequency of

various values or groupings of variables. This showed the frequency and percentage of student-

athletes when grouped according to their profile. The formula was used to calculate the

percentage of each provided piece of data.

% = (F/N) X 100

Where:

%= Percentage

F= frequency

N= number of respondents

Likert Scale. Used to measure the responses of the respondents in the questionnaire provided.

It can be expressed in the table below:

Verbal Interpretation Likert Scale

Strongly Agree 3.26-4.00

Agree 2.51-3.25

Disagree 1.76-2.50

Strongly Disagree 1.00-1.75

Mean. Used to get the average and can be an effective tool to use when comparing a

unique set of data. By this, the researchers utilized means to determine the struggles and

coping mechanisms of student-athletes in SCUAA-NCR, and this can be expressed in the

formula given below:

the sum of the terms

m=
number of terms
Analysis of Variance. This was utilized to compare the mean response of school of student-

athletes to another. An ANOVA Table was constructed to compute the F Value, and this will be

compared with the critical value from the F Table. If the F value exceeds the critical, then the

null hypothesis should be rejected, concluding that there is a significant difference.

Source of Sum of Mean

Degrees of Freedom F Value
Variation Squares squares

Between
SSB df1 MSB f
Groups

Error SSE df2 MSE

Total SST df3

Where,
 ,

K denotes the number of groups