International Journal of Modern Physics B

Vol. 37, No. 24 (2023) 2350237 (14 pages)

#.c World Scienti¯c Publishing Company
DOI: 10.1142/S0217979223502375
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Thermal performance of aqueous alumina–titania hybrid

nanomaterials dispersed in rotating channel

Ikram Ullah*
Department of Natural Sciences and Humanities,
University of Engineering and Technology, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
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*[email protected]

Saira Shukat
Department of Mathematics, University of Sialkot,
Sialkot 51040, Pakistan

Ashwag Albakri
Department of Computer Science,
College of Computer Science and Information Technology,
Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia

Hamid Khan
Islamia College Peshawar (Chartered University),
Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25000, Pakistan

Ahmed M. Galal
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
College of Engineering in Wadi Alddawasir,
Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University,
Wadi Alddawasir 11991, Saudi Arabia
Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Department,
Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, P.O. 35516, Mansoura, Egypt

Wasim Jamshed
Department of Mathematics,
Capital University of Science and Technology (CUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

Received 9 September 2022

Revised 29 October 2022
Accepted 10 November 2022
Published 24 February 2023

The extension of nanoliquid obtained by adding nano-powder composite or various nano-

particles in regular liquid is term as hybrid nano°uid. Hybrid nano°uids are more potential

*Corresponding author.

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 I. Ullah et al.

materials that signi¯cantly uplift the thermophysical feature and capacity of heat transporta-
tion instead of single nanoparticle nanoliquid. Hence, the paramount interest of this paper is to
model theoretically the °ow of aqueous alumina–titania hybrid nanoliquid across a rotating
channel. Temperature-based viscosity is addressed. This analysis further contributes the impact
of heat source and dissipation phenomena. Additionally, two di®erent shapes of nanoparticles,
namely, bricks- and needle-shaped are included. Similarity variables dimensionless the gov-
erning problem. The obtained system is solved by employing Mathematica-based NDSolve
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approach. The impact of various embedded variables is elucidated graphically. The presence of
hybrid nanocomposite greatly a®ects the temperature and Nusselt number than nanoparticles.
Further outcomes declared that rotation and heat source variables signi¯cantly increase the
thermal ¯eld for hybrid nanophase when compared with nanophase.

Keywords: Alumina–titania hybrid nanoparticles; viscous dissipation; temperature-based vis-

cosity; heat source; rotating channel.
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PACS numbers: 44.10.+i, 61.25.Mv, 61.46.+w, 67.55.Cx.

Nomenclature
u; v; w : Components of velocity
x; y; z : Coordinates axis
p : Pressure
 : Density
 : Viscosity
 : Viscosity variation variable
T0 : Reference temperature
a : Dimensional constant
k : Thermal conductivity
cp : Speci¯c heat
Q0 : Heat generation/absorption parameter
T : Fluid temperature
Kr : Rotation parameter
R : Viscosity variable
Q : Heat source variable
Nux : Nusselt number
Cfx : Skin friction
f : Dimensionless velocity
 : Dimensionless temperature
 : Nanoparticles volume fraction
Ec : Eckert number

Subscript
f : Fluid
hnf : Hybrid nano°uid
nf : Nano°uid
s1 : Nanoparticle type one
s2 : Nanoparticle type two

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 Thermal performance of aqueous alumina–titania hybrid nanomaterials dispersed

1. Introduction
The ability of heat transport needs to be boosted upto ful¯ll the current demand of
energy and this can be accomplished by utilizing liquids with their higher thermo-
physical feature. The initiative work on nanoliquid was done by Choi and Eastman.1
Such kind of liquids are basically the mixture of nanoparticles in the regular liquid.
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An enhancement in heat exchange utilizing nanomaterials is e®ected by distinct

mechanisms such as Brownian motion, sedimentation, insertion of particles, trans-
port of ballistic thermophoresis and conduction. Nanomaterials possess substantial
feature-based. It is important in many areas regarding heat mechanism such as fuel
chamber, boiler gas outlet, cooling engine automobile, crushing processes, hybrid
electric engines, temperature control, pharmacological method and local refrigerator.
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After the pioneer work done by Choi and Eastman,1 many studies have elaborated on
nanomaterials.2–24 However, a new type of nanoliquid called hybrid nanoliquid
currently prompted the engineers and scientists. Hybrid material is basically the
combination of physical and chemical aspects of di®erent substances in the same
phase. Hybrid nanomaterial can be made by scattering nanoparticles in two methods
(i) di®erent kinds of nanomaterials dispersed in traditional liquid and (ii) hybrid
(conjoined) nanoparticles dispersed in common liquid. These nano°uids have higher
physical strength, thermal conductivity, chemical stability, mechanical resistance
when compared with sole nanomaterials. Analysis of hybrid mixture (AlO3–Cu/
water) in a circular tube is inspired by Suresh et al.25 They concluded that more
rapidly heat is transferred in hybrid nanoliquid when compared with common
nano°uid. Some current studies in this ¯eld can be observed in Refs. 26–43.
The temperature-based thermal conduction and viscosity gain a tremendous at-
tention owing to the fact that the physical feature °uids may vary substantially with
variation in temperature.44–48 The viscosity escalated for gases as the temperature
rises whereas a reverse trend is noted for liquids. The viscosity and thermal con-
duction of lubricating °uids greatly a®ected the heat production due to the internal
friction. Therefore, these aspects cannot be considered constant further. Because
variation in such properties with temperatures have distinct realistic involvement in
metallurgy, engineering, in extrusion process, in heat handled materials which °ow
between carrier belt and feed roll. The local transportation phenomenon can be
enhanced with an increment in temperature by decaying the viscosity. Thus, the
route of heat transport at the surface is also a®ected. Therefore, to describe the °ow
visualization correctly, it is signi¯cant for the liquid to have variations in viscosity.
The °ow feature remarkably changed by considering the temperature-based viscosity
rather than the constant one.49,50 Turkyilmazoglu51 theoretically explained the im-
portance of temperature-based viscosity on rotating geometry. Some other research
in this area can be noted in Refs. 52–56.
The aforementioned comprehensive analysis suggests that the study has not
attempted to explore the comparative analysis of titania and alumina (TiO2/Al2O3)
hybrid and nano°uids. Thus, our prime objective of this analysis is covered by ¯ve

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 I. Ullah et al.

novel features. First, to model the hybrid nano°uid by considering titania (TiO2) and
alumina (Al2O3) with water (H2O) as a base liquid °ow through rotating channel.
Second, to inspect the temperature-based viscosity of H2O and nanoparticles (TiO2)
and (Al2O3). Third, to consider the heat source and viscous dissipation e®ects.
Fourth, to derive the numerical solutions for the temperature via NDSolve tech-
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nique. Fifth, to disclose the contributions and behavior of signi¯cant variables on

gradient of temperature and skin friction via bar graphs. Sixth, to conduct a com-
parative analysis of nanoliquids and hybrid nanoliquids. At the end, the main
¯ndings of this study are illustrated.

2. Mathematical Development
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2.1. Basic equations

The diagrammatic con¯guration of the problem under inspection is outlined in
Fig. 1. Let uw ¼ ax (a the dimensional constant) denote the lower channel stretch-
able velocity. Moreover, both nanoliquid and channel are swirling about y-axis
having a constant steady angular velocity . A mixture of nanoparticles (TiO2) and
(Al2O3) which is spread in water is considered. The base °uid depends upon tem-
perature which varies exponentially. The nanoparticles are consistently stable and
suspended which eminently shows that there is no sedimentation and agglomeration.
Also, both nanoparticles and traditional liquid (water) are assumed in dynamic and
thermal equilibrium. The thermophysical feature of nanoparticles (see Table 1) is
constant. Xie et al.57 consider the volume fraction for hybrid nanoparticles in the
V
form hnf ¼ Al2VOtotal
3 þTiO2
¼ 1 þ 2 . Further, viscous dissipation and heat source are
incorporated to explore the heat transportation behavior. The aforesaid assumptions

Fig. 1. (Color online) Physical °ow diagram.

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 Thermal performance of aqueous alumina–titania hybrid nanomaterials dispersed

lead to the following expressions:

@u @v
þ ¼ 0; ð1Þ
@x @y


2 
@u @u @p @ u @2u
hnf u þv þ 2w ¼  þ hnf þ ; ð2Þ
@x @y @x @x2 @y2
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2 
@v @v @p @ v @2v
hnf u þv ¼ þ hnf þ ; ð3Þ
@x @y @y @x2 @y2


2 
@w @w @ w @2w
hnf u þv  2u ¼ hnf þ : ð4Þ
@x @y @x2 @y2
Here, ðu; v; wÞ are the respective velocities in (x; y; z) directions, hnf and hnf are
Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 2023.37. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

the hybrid nanoliquid density and viscosity, respectively. The liquid viscosity f
is considered as temperature-dependent expressed in the form f ¼
0 eðT Th Þ=ðT0 Th Þ ,54 where  designates the viscosity variation variable and sub-
script 0 represents the reference state (T ¼ T0 ). The relevant conditions are58

y ¼ 0; u ¼ uw ðxÞ ¼ ax; v ¼ w ¼ 0;
ð5Þ
y ¼ h; u ¼ v ¼ w ¼ 0:

2.2. Energy analysis

The energy expression for energy is given by59–61
 2  9
@T @T @T khnf @ T @2T @2T Q0 ðT  Th Þ >
u þv þw ¼ þ þ þ >
@x @y @z ðcp Þhnf @x2 @y2 @z2 ðcp Þhnf >>
>
>
 
2
2
2 
2 >
=
hnf @u @v @w @v
þ 2 þ þ þ ð6Þ
ðcp Þhnf @x @y @z @x >
>

2
  >
>
@w @w @u 2 >
>
þ þ þ : >
;
@z @x @z
Here Q0 is the heat generation/absorption variable, khnf is the thermal conductivity
of hybrid nanoliquid, cp is the speci¯c heat and T is the respective temperature of
hybrid nanoparticles. The relevant conditions are

y ¼ 0; T ¼ T0 ;
ð7Þ
y ¼ h; T ¼ Th :

2.3. Similarity variables

We de¯ned the following similarity variables:

v ¼ ahfðÞ; u ¼ axf 0 ðÞ; w ¼ axgðÞ;  ¼ y=h;
ð8Þ
ðT0  Th ÞðÞ ¼ ðT  Th Þ:
The insertion of u ¼ axf 0 ðÞ, v ¼ ahgðÞ and w ¼ axgðÞ ful¯lls expression (1)
automatically.

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 I. Ullah et al.

2.4. Transformed systems

The above variables reduce Eqs. (2) and (3) to the following forms:
 
2Kr expðÞð0 f 00  f 000 Þ 1 @p
a2 x f 02  ff 00 þ gþ ¼ ; ð9Þ
R RA1 A2 hnf @x
 
1 1 @p
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a2 h ff 0 þ ðf 0 expðÞÞ0 ¼  : ð10Þ
RA1 A2 hnf @y
Eliminating modi¯ed pressure of above expressions, we di®erentiate Eqs. (9) and
(10) via y and x, respectively

expðÞ ð1  20 Þf 0000 þ ð2 ð0 Þ2  00 Þf 00  2Kr g0 þ RA1 A2 ½ðff 000  f 0 f 00 Þ ¼ 0:
ð11Þ
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Further Eqs. (4)–(7) generate the following nonlinear system of equations:

expðÞ½g00  0 g0   RA1 A2 ðgf 0  fg0 Þ þ 2Kr A1A2f 0 ¼ 0; ð12Þ
1
A4 00 þ R Pr A1 A3 f0 þ Pr RQ þ Pr REc ð4f 02 þ g2 Þ ¼ 0; ð13Þ
A1
with

f 0 ð0Þ ¼ ð0Þ ¼ 1; fð0Þ ¼ gð0Þ ¼ 0;
ð14Þ
f 0 ð1Þ ¼ fð1Þ ¼ gð1Þ ¼ 0; ð1Þ ¼ 0;
where
A1 ¼ ð1  1 Þ2:5 ð1  2 Þ2:5 ; ð15Þ




s1 
A2 ¼ ð1  2 Þ ð1  1 Þ þ 1 þ 2 s2 ; ð16Þ
f f


ðcp Þs1 ðcp Þ2
A3 ¼ ð1  2 Þðð1  1 Þ þ 1 Þ þ 2 ; ð17Þ
ðcp Þf ðcp Þf
ks2 ðs  1Þkbf  ðs  1Þ2 ðkbf  ks2 Þ ks1 ðs  1Þkf  ðs  1Þ1 ðkf  ks1 Þ
A4 ¼ : ð18Þ
ks2 þ ðs  1Þkbf þ 2 ðkbf  ks2 Þ ks1 þ ðs  1Þkf þ 1 ðkf  ks1 Þ
h2 f
In the above expressions, Kr ð¼ 0 Þ refers to rotation parameter, prime symbolizes
ah2 f af
di®erentiation via , Rð¼ 0 Þ is the viscosity variable, Ecð¼ ðcp Þf Þ is the Eckert
 f ðcp Þf Q0
number, Prð¼ kf Þ is the Prandtl number and Qð¼ aðcp Þf
Þ is the heat source variable.

2.5. Engineering quantities

Skin friction (Cfx ) and gradient of temperature (Nux ) are

 9
hnf @u >
1
Re x Cfx ¼ 2
; >
>
=
f ðaxÞ @y y¼0

 ð19Þ
xkhnf @T >
>
Nux ¼  :>
;
kf ðT0  Th Þ @y y¼0

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 Thermal performance of aqueous alumina–titania hybrid nanomaterials dispersed

In nondimensional form
9
1 x 00
Cfx ¼  f ð0Þ; >>
=
A1 h
ð20Þ
k x >
Nux ¼  hnf 0 ð0Þ; >
;
kf h
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f
where Re 1
x ¼ ax2 symbolizes the local Reynolds number.

3. Computational Procedure and Discussion

The nonlinear problem with considered boundary conditions is computed by
employing the NDSolve-based shooting technique. Computational software known
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as Mathematica is used for the computational procedure. The average CPU time in
each iteration and execution is 20 s. The computed outcomes are interpreted
graphically in Figs. 2–12. Table 1 is drawn for description of thermophysical features
for both base liquid and nanoparticles. Throughout the complete analysis, dotted line
in the ¯gures is for Al2O3 and water and the solid line stands for Al2O3–TiO2–water.
Behavior of physical variables i.e., Eckert number (Ec), rotation parameter (Kr ),
nanoparticle volumetric fraction (2 ), heat source variable (Q) and viscosity variable
(R) on ðÞ is interpreted in Figs. 2–6. Impact of Ec on ðÞ is reported in Fig. 2. An
intensi¯cation in ðÞ is noted for higher Ec as it increases the nanomaterials' kinetic
energy. In addition, it is noted that hybrid nanoliquid (Al2O3–TiO2–water) shows a
consequential part in increasing the temperature when compared with nanoliquid
(Al2O3–water). Features of rotation parameter (Kr ) on temperature is described in
Fig. 3. The result reveals an increase in temperature (ðÞ). Further observation
shows that hybrid nanoliquid is more e®ective in enhancing temperature than
nanoliquid. The impact of 2 by keeping 1 ¼ 0:02 for Al2O3 and Al2O3–TiO2 on

Fig. 2. (Color online) Behavior of ðÞ through Ec.

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 I. Ullah et al.
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Fig. 3. (Color online) Behavior of ðÞ through Kr .

temperature (ðÞ) is declared through Fig. 4. Enlargement in 2 causes thermal ¯eld

enhancements. The main reason behind this aspect is increment in thermal con-
ductivity and heated boundaries contribute to a rise in the temperature. Less tem-
perature is reported for nanoparticles (Al2O3) when compared with Al2O3–TiO2.
Features of Q on thermal ¯eld (ðÞ) are clari¯ed in Fig. 5. It is identi¯ed that
thermal ¯eld signi¯cantly improves for higher Q. This happens due to internal heat
production. Moreover, the maximum temperature is accomplished in case of hybrid
nanoliquid (Al2O3–TiO2–water). Figure 6 exhibits that rise in viscosity variable (R)
enhances temperature as nanoliquid thermal conductivity ascended for larger vis-
cosity variable (R). Thus, °uid attained more heat from the surface, ultimately

Fig. 4. (Color online) Behavior of ðÞ through 2 .

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 Thermal performance of aqueous alumina–titania hybrid nanomaterials dispersed
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Fig. 5. (Color online) Behavior of ðÞ through 2 .

temperature rises. Also, it is noted that hybrid nanoliquid has a greater impact on
temperature enhancement than nanoliquid.
Figures 7–12 are designed to analyze the e®ect of interested physical variables on
temperature gradient and skin friction for both Al2O3–TiO2–water and Al2O3–water
nanoliquids. It is seen via Fig. 7 that for larger Ec, temperature gradient for both
nano and hybrid nanoliquids is enhanced. In fact, the higher values of Ec provide
more energy to working liquid, that is why temperature gradient is enhanced. In-
°uence of Q on temperature gradient is designed via Fig. 8. Observation indicates
that temperature gradient increases via Q for both cases of nanoliquids. Further, it is
worth indicating from Figs. 7 and 8 that a dominant behavior is observed for hybrid

Fig. 6. (Color online) Behavior of ðÞ through R.

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Fig. 7. (Color online) E®ect of Nux through Ec.

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Fig. 8. (Color online) Behavior of Nux through Q.

nanoliquid. Figures 9 and 10 are designed to inspect the variation of Q and Ec on

temperature gradient (Nusselt number) for Al2O3–TiO2–water and Al2O3–water.
The temperature gradient is computed for two distinct shape factors of nano-
particles. It is deduced that for larger estimations of Ec and Q, magnitude of Nusselt
number is enhanced. Moreover, maximum temperature gradient is noted in case
of needle-shaped nanoparticles of Al2O3–TiO2 and Al2O3 when compared with

Fig. 9. (Color online) Nusselt number for bricks and needle shapes.

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 Thermal performance of aqueous alumina–titania hybrid nanomaterials dispersed
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Fig. 10. (Color online) Nusselt number for bricks and needle shapes.

Fig. 11. (Color online) Skin frication for bricks and needle shapes.

Fig. 12. (Color online) Skin frication for bricks and needle shapes.

2350237-11
 I. Ullah et al.

Table 1. Thermal and physical aspects of Al2O3 and

TiO2 and (H2 O).

Constituents  (kg/m3 ) cp (J/kgK) k (W/mk)

H2 O 997.1 4179 0.613

TiO2 4250 686.2 8.9538
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Al2 O3 3970 765 40

brick-shaped nanoparticles of Al2O3–TiO2 and Al2O3. The next set of Figs. 11 and 12
discloses the graphic description for the impact of  and 2 on skin friction. Through
Fig. 11, it is declared that higher estimation of  skin friction is enhanced for Al2O3–
water while it decays for Al2O3–TiO2–water. Skin friction increases via 2 for both
Al2O3–TiO2–water and Al2O3–water. Maximum values of Cfx are noticed for Al2O3–
Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 2023.37. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

water nanoliquid than Al2O3–TiO2–water hybrid nanoliquid. Further, Figs. 11 and

12 depict that marginally maximum values of skin friction are pointed out for needle-
shaped of Al2O3–TiO2 and Al2O3.

4. Final Remarks
In this work, we give attention to examine the comparative analysis of aqueous
alumina–titania hybrid nanoliquid between rotating channels. This work may be
bene¯cial and useful in polymer industry, lubrication, energy and academic research.
The key ¯ndings are described as follows:

. The appearance of 2 ; Kr ; R and Q strengthen the thermal distribution.

. Temperature is more in case of hybrid phase than single particles nano°uid.
. Temperature gradient is growing function of Ec and Q. Also, it is more for hybrid
nano°uid when compared with nano°uid.
. For higher , skin friction decays in case of hybrid nanomaterials while the reverse
trend is noted for nano°uid.
. Nanoparticles of needle-shape are more potential than the others.
. One of the most important technical applications is the utilization of heat transfer
with nanosuspension to resolve the cooling issues in heat transfer processes.

Acknowledgment
The author extends his appreciation to the Deanship of Scienti¯c Research at King
Khalid University for funding this work through Group Research Project under
grant number RCAMS/KKU/0018-22.

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