Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

Management

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 Sources of solid wastes
• Sources of solid wastes are, in general, related to land use
and zoning. Although any number of source classifications
can be developed, the following categories have been found
useful:
• (1) residential,
• (2) commercial,
• (3) municipal,
• (4) industrial,
• (5) open areas,
• (6) treatment plants, and
• (7) agricultural.
• Typical waste generation facilities, activities, or locations
associated with each of these sources are presented in
Table 4-1.
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 COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTES
• Information on the composition of solid wastes
is important in evaluating alternative
equipment needs, systems, and management
programs and plans.
• The individual components that make up
municipal solid wastes are described in the
following discussion.

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 Physical composition
• Information and data on the physical
composition of solid wastes are important in
the selection and operation of equipment and
facilities in assessing the feasibility of resource
and energy recovery, and in the analysis and
design of disposal facilities.

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 Chemical composition
• Information on the chemical composition of
solid wastes is important in evaluating
alternative processing and recovery options.
• For example, consider the incineration process.
Typically, wastes can be thought of as a
combination of semi moist combustible and
noncombustible materials.

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 Four most important chemical
properties
• If solid wastes are to be used as fuel, the four
most important properties to be known are:
• 1. Proximate analysis
• a. Moisture (loss at 105°C for 1 h)
• b. Volatile matter (additional loss on ignition at 950°C)
• c. Ash (residue after burning)
• d. Fixed carbon (remainder)

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 Four most important chemical
properties
• 2. Fusing point of ash
• 3. Ultimate analysis,
• Percent of:
– C (carbon),
– H (hydrogen),
– 0 (oxygen),
– N (nitrogen),
– S (sulfur), and
– ash

• 4. Heating value

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 Functional Elements in a
Solid Waste Management System

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 Solid Waste Management

• Solid waste management is defined as the

discipline associated with control of
generation, storage, collection, transport or
transfer, processing and disposal of waste
materials in a way that match with the best
principles of public health, conservation,
economics, aesthetic, engineering and other
environmental considerations.

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 Objectives
• The main goal of solid waste management
is reducing and eliminating adverse
impacts of waste materials on human
health and environment to support
economic development and superior
quality of life.

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 Functional Elements in a Solid Waste
Management System
• The activities
associated with the
management of
solid wastes from
the point of
generation to final
disposal have been
grouped into the six
functional elements.
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 Pictorial view of the functional elements in a
solid waste management system.

• (a) Generation.
• (b) Onsite storage.
• (c) Collection.
• (d) Transfer and transport.
• (e) Processing and recovery.
• (f) Disposal.

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 Generation
• Waste generation
includes those
activities in which
materials are
identified as no
longer being of value
and are either thrown
away or gathered
together for disposal.
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Generation

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 Onsite storage
• Although solid wastes from urban
sources may constitute only 5
percent of the nation's solid
wastes, their management requires
a large and continuous effort.
• The reason is that they are visible
heterogeneous wastes that are
generated, for the most part, where
people live and in areas with
limited storage space.
• The cost of providing storage for
solid wastes at the source normally
is borne by the householder or
apartment owner in the case of
individuals, or by the management
of commercial and industrial
properties. 17
Onsite storage

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 Collection
• The functional element of collection,
includes not only the gathering of
solid wastes, but also the hauling of
wastes after collection to the
location (a transfer station, a
processing station, or a landfill
disposal site) where the collection
vehicle is emptied.
• The collection accounts for close to
80 percent of the total annual cost
of urban solid waste management.
• In large cities, however, where the
haul to the point of disposal often
may be greater than 10 miles, the
haul may have serious economic
implications. Consequently, in most
cases, supplemental transfer and
transport facilities and equipment
are needed. 19
Collection

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 Transfer and transport

• It involves two steps:

 (1) The transfer of wastes from the
smaller collection vehicle to the
larger transport equipment.
 (2) The subsequent transport of the
wastes, usually over long
distances, to the disposal site.
• The transfer usually takes place
at a transfer station.
• Although motor vehicle
transport is most common, rail
cars or long boats are also used
to transport wastes.
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Transfer and transport

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 Processing and recovery
• It includes all the techniques, equipment,
and facilities used both to improve the
efficiency of the other functional
elements and to recover usable materials,
conversion products, or energy from solid
wastes.
• In the recovery of materials, separation
operations have been devised to recover
valuable resources from the mixed solid
wastes delivered to transfer stations or
solid waste processing plants.
• These operations include size reduction
and density separation by air classifiers.
Further separation may include magnetic
devices to pull out iron and etc. 23
Processing and recovery

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 Disposal
• Disposal is the ultimate destiny of all
solid wastes, whether they are
residential wastes collected and
transported directly to a landfill site,
semi solid wastes (sludge) from
municipal and industrial treatment
plants, incinerator residue, compost, or
other substances from the various solid
waste processing plants that are of no
further use to society.
• A modern sanitary landfill is not a
dump. It is a method of disposing of
solid wastes on land without creating
nuisances or hazards to public health,
such as the breeding of rats and insects
and the contamination of groundwater,
or public safety. 25
Disposal

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Thanks

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