THORAX ANATOMY SUMMARY

Organ introducton Location Parts/ structure Relations Neurovasculature/ Clinical relevance

Lymphatics

Mammary Gland The mammary gland or extends horizontaly regions: Circular body Pectoralis major N.S: Anterior and lateral Breast Cancer
breast are paired from lateral border of and Axillary tail. At the muscle , retromammary cutaneous branch of 4-
structures locatewd in sternum to mid axillary center of breast is the space, suspensory 6th intercostal nerves.
anterior thoracic wall line. Spans between 2nd nipple surrounded by ligaments. (posteriorly)
widely known for thier and 6th costal pigmented areloae and B.S: (medial breast) by
active role in lactation. cartilages. sebacous glands. internal thoracic artery.
(Lateral breast): by
STRUCTURE: conatins Lateral thoracic and
15-20 series of ducts thoracoacromial
and secretory lobules. branches , lateral
each drained into mammary branches,
lactiferous ducts. mammary branch of
anterior intercostal
artery. VD: axillary and
internal thoracic veins.
LD: Axillary,parasternal
and posterior intercostal
nodes.

Heart The heart is the primary the heart is roughly the Chambers: right and left B.S: Coronary arteries. Heart failure
muscular organ of size of a fist. it is located atruim, Right and left
circulaton responsible for in the middle ventricles. Valves: V.D: Coronary veins. Hypertension
pupming blood . mediastinum. Atrioventricular (AV)
Tetralogy of fallot
(seperates atria from
ventricles, triscupid
valve on right and mitral
valve on left, Semilunar
Valve ( pulmonary and
 aortic valve)

Muscle tissue:
Myocardioum pumps
blood.

Lungs The lungs is the primary The lungs is roughly The lungs have apex, LEFT LUNG: heart, B.S: PUlmonary veins. Pulmonary embolism
organ of respiration. a pair cone shaped , located in base, three surface and Arch of aorta, Pulmonary artery.
with the function of the thorax on either side three borders. Thoracic aorta,
oxygenation of blood. of mediastinum. Oesophagus. V.D: Bronchial veins.
surrounded by pleura LOBES: right lung has
3lobes( superior,middle RIGHT LUNG: N.S:
cavity.
and inferior divided by Oesophagus, heart,
Parasympathetic: vagus
oblique and horizontal Inferior vena cava,
nerve. Sympathetic:
fissure respectively) superior vena cava,
sympathetic trunks
Left lung has just 2 Azygous vein.
stimulating bronchial
( superior and inferior
muscles.
divided by oblique
fissure)

SURFACES: Costal,
LD : superficial( lung
mediastinal and
paranchyma), deep(lung
diaphragmatic.
root) . tracheobronchial
nodes.
ROOT/ HILIUM OF
LUNGS: The root of
lungs are structures
suspending lung from
mediastinum. each
roots contains
bronchus,pulmonary
plexus,artery, vein and
lymphatic vessels.

Hilium is a passage way

for structures inside and
 outside of lungs.

COVERING:

Organ introducion Location Parts/ structure Functions Neurovasculature CLINICALS

Pericardium a frbro-serous, fluid Covering the heart Fibrous layer: continous - Fixes the heart in the phrenic nerve Cardiac tamponade: the
filled sack that with central tendon of mediastinum relatively inextensible
surrounds the muscular diaphragm, made of fibrous pericardium can
body of the heart and tough connective tissue. - Prevents overfilling of cause problems when
the roots of the great non distensible, the heart. there is an accumulation
vessels ( aorta, prevents rapid of fluid, known as
- Lubrication.
pulmonary overfilling of the heart. pericardial effusion,
artery,pulmonary veins, within the pericardial
- Protection from
superior and inferior Serous layer: divided cavity.
infection
vena cava. into parietal layer lining
inside of fibrous Pericarditis:
pericardium and
Visceral layer that forms Inflamation of
outer layer of heart, pericardium.
also called epicardium.

Pleura Serous membrane lining Around the Lung. divided into two parts: Pleural cavity: this is the Parietal pleura : Pneumothorax:
the lungs and thoracic potential space btw innervated by phrenic Entorage of air into fluid
cavity. they permit Visceral pleura that parietal and visceral and intercostal nerves. filled Pleural cavity.
efficient and effortless covers outside the pleura. it contains small blood supply from
respiration. lungs. volume of serous fliud intercostal arteries.
with function of
Parietal pleura covers Visceral: nerve supply
lubricating surfaces of
internal surface of from pulmonary plexus.
layers of pleurae.
thoracic cavity.
subdivided into: Pleural recesses: B.S: Bronchial arteries.
Mediastinal, Cervical, Anteriorly and
Costal pleura, posteriorly, the pleura
 Diaphragmatic pleura. cavity is not completely
filled by the lungs. This
gives rise to recesses.
Costodiaphragmatic and
costomediastinal.

SPACES

Organ Introduction Anatomy/ structure Vasculature Innervation Functions Clinicals

Intercostal space These are the gaps Muscles: the intercostal Intercostal artery, vein intercostal nerve. Respiratory regulation Intercostal space are
between adjacent ribs muscles have 3 layers. fxn. important in medical
in the rib cage. procedures such as
- External intercostal intercostal nerve blocks
muscles: located for pain management,
superficially,aid in thoracentesis and
inhalation by elevation placement of chest
of ribs. tubes for draining air or
fluid.
- Internal intercostal
muscles: deeper,assist
in exhalation by
depressing the ribs.

- Innermost intercostal
muscles: found deepest
among intercostal
muscles, contribute to
both inhalation and
exhalation.

Mediastinum The mediastinum is the SUPERIOR (INFERIOR) ANTERIOR (INFERIOR) MIDDLE (INFERIOR) POST. INFLAMMATION.
central compartment of MEDIASTINUM: MEDIASTINUM: MEDIASTINUM: MEDIASTINUM:
the thoracic cavity,
located between the Borders: Borders: Borders: Anterior Borders:
two pleural sacs. it Superiorly(Thoracic Lateral(Mediastinal ( pericardium), Post. Anterior(pericardium),
contains most of the inlet), pleura), Ant.(body of ( pericardium), Lateral( Mediastinal
thoracic organs. Divided Inferior(continous with sternum), post. Laterally(Mediastinal pleura), Post.(t5-t12
into inferior mediastinum) (pericardium), pleura of lungs, vertbrae,roof(imaginary
Ante.(Manubrium of Roof(continous with Inferiorly(diphragm), line extending between
- Superior sternum), Post.( T1-T4 superior mediastinum), Superiorly ( Imaginary sternal angle,
vertebrae), Floor(Diaphragm). line extending between Floor(Diaphragm).
- Inferior: Subdivided
Lateral( Pleura of lungs). sternal angle.
into anterior, middle Contents: no major Contents:
and posterior Contents: Arch of aorta structures, Contents:
mediastinum. ( Brachiocephalic,left sternopericardial Thoracic aorta,
common carotid, left ligament. Organs: heart, Oesophagus, Thoracic
subclavian artery ) pericardium, trachea duct, Azygous system of
bifurcation. veins, thoracic
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA sympathetic trunks.
Vessels: Ascending
Nerves: Vagus nerve, aorta, pulmonary trunk,
phrenic n., cardiac n. Superior vena cava.

Structures: Thymus, Nerves: Cardiac plexus,

Oesophagus, Phrenic nerves right and
Sternothyroid musc. left.

Lymphatics:
tracheobronchial lymph
nodes.