DIRECTIVE

PRINCIPLES OF
STATE POLICY
(राज्य की नी त के
नदर्देशक सद्धांत)
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
(राज्य की नी त के नदर्देशक सद्धांत)
Dr B.R. Ambedkar described these principles as ‘novel features’(
'आदशर्या वशेषताओ ं') of the Indian Constitution.

Granville Austin has described the Directive Principles and the

Directive Fundamental Rights as the ‘Conscience of the Constitution’('सं वधान
Principles of की अं तरात्मा').
State Policy are Objective(लक्ष्य): It promotes the principles of social and economic
enumerated in democracy(सामा जक और आ थर्थि क लोकतंत्र) and envisages establishing a
Part IV of the welfare state.
Constitution Utility(उपयो गता): Directive Principles of State Policy are the ideals
from Articles 36 that the State should keep in mind while formulating policies and
to 51. enacting laws(नी तयां और कानून बनाना).
(सं वधान के भाग IV
में अनुच्छिेद 36 से 51
तक राज्य के नी त Importance(महत्त्व): Directive Principles together with the
नदर्देशक सद्धांतों की Fundamental Rights contain the ‘’philosophy of the
गणना ) Constitution’’(''सं वधान का दशर्यान'') and are known as the ‘’soul of the
constitution’’.
Source(स्रोत) : The concept of DPSP has been borrowed from the
Irish Constitution(आय रश सं वधान) of 1937.
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
(राज्य की नी त के नदर्देशक सद्धांत)
Features of the Directive Principles
(नी त नदर्देशक सद्धांतों की वशेषताएं )

Constitutional ‘Directive Principles of State Policy’ are the constitutional

Instructions instructions or recommendations(संवैधा नक नदर्देश या सफा रशें) given to
(संवैधा नक नदर्देश) the state in legislative, executive and administrative matters.
Instrument of These instructions were issued under the Government of India Act,
Instructions 1935.
( नदर्देशों का साधन )

Welfare state Directive Principles provide a comprehensive economic, social and

(कल्याणकारी political programme(आ थर्थि क, सामा जक, और राजनी तक कायर्णक्रम).
राज्य)

Non-justiciable Directive Principles are non-justiciable in nature(प्रकृ त में गैर-

(गैर न्यायो चत) न्या यक), that is, they are not legally enforceable by the courts for
their violation.
Reason why DPSP are non-justiciable
(डीपीएसपी के गैर-न्या यक होने का कारण)

Lack of resources(संसाधनों का अभाव): When India got its

independence, the country did not have enough resources to
implement all the directive principles.

Following are Conflict with Fundamental rights(मूल अ धकारों के साथ संघषर्ण): Some of the
the reasons directive principles have the potential to encroach in the sphere of
why directive fundamental rights.
principles are Complexity in implementation( क्रयान्वयन में ज टलता): India is a vast
not justiciable and diverse country and the customs, traditions(परंपराओ ं), and
in nature. norms followed by different communities may stand in the way of
(गैर-न्या यक होने their implementation. For example the implementation of Uniform
के नम्न ल खत Civil Code(समान नाग रक सं हता).
कारण है) Sanction by the people(जनता द्वारा दंड): Our Constitution makers
believed in the wisdom of the people rather than in court
procedure as the ultimate sanction for the fulfilment of these
principles. Example: “Right to Education”(" शक्षा का अ धकार")
Constitutional Provisions (संवैधा नक प्रावधान)
Article Subject Matter ( वषय - वस्तु)
(अनुच्छेद)
Article 36 • Definition of the state (राज्य की प रभाषा)
Article 37 • Application of the principles contained( न हत सद्धांतों का अनुप्रयोग) in this
Part.
Article 38 • State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the
people (लोगों के कल्याण को बढ़ावा).
Article 39 • Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State.
Article 39A • Equal justice and free legal aid (समान न्याय और नःशुल्क कानूनी सहायता).
Article 40 • Organisation of village panchayats(ग्राम पंचायतों का गठन)
Article 41 • Right to work(काम का अ धकार), to education and to public assistance in
certain cases.
Article 42 • Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity
relief.
Article 43 • Living wage, etc., for workers.(श्र मकों के लए नवार्याह मजदूरी आ द)
Article 43A • Participation of workers in management of Industries(उद्योगों के प्रबंधन में
श्र मकों की भागीदारी).
Article 43B • Promotion of co-operative societies(सहकारी स म तयाँ)
Constitutional Provisions (संवैधा नक प्रावधान)
Article Subject Matter ( वषय - वस्तु)
(अनुच्छेद)
Article 45 • Provision for early childhood care and education to children below
the age of six years ( प्रारं भक बचपन की देखभाल और शक्षा का प्रावधान)
Article 46 • Promotion of educational and economic interests (कमजोर वगर्गों के शै क्षक
और आ थर्थि क हतों को बढ़ावा)of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and
other weaker sections.
Article 47 • Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of
living and to improve public health.
Article 48 • Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry(पशुपालन).
Article 48A • Protection and improvement of the environment and safeguarding of
forests and wildlife(पयार्यावरण की सुरक्षा और सुधार तथा वनों और वन्यजीवों की सुरक्षा)
Article 49 • Protection of monuments and places and objects of national
importance.
Article 50 • Separation of judiciary from executive.
Article 51 • Promotion of international peace and security(शां त और सुरक्षा).
Article 36: Definition of the State (राज्य की प रभाषा)

It contains the definition of State and says that the term ‘State’ in this part (Part IV)
will mean the same thing as what it means in Part III (Fundamental Rights)('राज्य' शब्द का
अथर्या वही होगा जो भाग III (मौ लक अ धकार) में इसका अथर्या है).

The Government of India,

The Parliament of India (भारतीय संसद),

Hence, it The Government of each of the States (प्रत्येक राज्य की सरकार),

includes
(अत: इसमें शा मल
है) The Legislature of each of the States (प्रत्येक राज्य की सरकार),

All the authorities whether local or any other which are part of
Indian territory(भारतीय क्षेत्र) or under the control of the government.
Article 37: Non Justiciable nature of DPSP
(डीपीएसपी की गैर-न्या यक प्रकृ त)

It mentions the two important characteristics of DPSP. It is not enforceable in any

court of Law(न्यायालय में प्रवतर्यानीय नहीं). But it will be the duty of the State to implement
these principles(इन सद्धांतों को लागू करना राज्य का कतर्णव्य है). This shows that the directives
provided in the constitution are fundamental in the governance of the country.
Classification of The Directive Principles
(नी त नदर्देशक सद्धांतों का वगर्गीकरण)

For better understanding and convenience Socialistic (समाजवादी);

to understand these principles, political
scientist Dr M. P. Sharma suggested that Gandhian(गांधीवादी) and
they can be grouped ideologically, into
three categories, Liberal-Intellectual (उदार-बु द्धजीवी)

This classification finds no mention in the constitution(वगर्शीकरण का सं वधान में कोई

उल्लेख नहीं). This classification is purely an interpretative construct aimed at better
understanding of the nature of these principles.
Socialist Principles (समाजवादी सद्धांत)

These Directive Principles follow the ideas of ‘socialism’('समाजवाद'). These principles

put special emphasis on providing social and economic justice(सामा जक और आ थर्थि क न्याय)
to the people and attaining a welfare state.
The articles in DPSP which advocate socialist principles are – Article 38, Article 39,
Article 39 A, Article 41, Article 42, Article 43, Article 43 A and Article 47.
Article 38: State to secure a social order for the promotion
of welfare of the people
(लोगों के कल्याण को बढ़ावा देने के लए राज्य एक सामा जक व्यवस्थिा
को सुर क्षत करेगा)

It directs that the State should secure a social order which provides social, political
and economic justice(सामा जक, राजनी तक और आ थर्थि क न्याय) to all its citizens.
Article 38(2) provides that the state should try to reduce the inequalities
faced(असमानताओ ं को कम करने का प्रयास) by the people on the grounds of income, status,
facilities, opportunities, etc.
PYQ - Prelims

Q. ‘Economic Justice‘('आ थर्थि क न्याय') as one of the objectives of the Indian

Constitution has been provided in: (2013)

a. The Preamble and the Fundamental Rights.

b. The Preamble and the Directive Principles of the State Policy.
c. The Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy.
d. None of the Above.
Answer - Option (b)
Article 39: Certain principles of policy to be followed by
the State (राज्य द्वारा अनुसरण कए जाने वाले नी तमत सद्धांत)
All the men, women and citizens should have the right to an
Article 39 (a) adequate means of livelihood (आजी वका के पयार्याप्त साधन का अ धकार).

The ownership and control of the people over any material

Article 39 (b) resources under the community should be so distributed as best to
subserve the common good;
The functioning of the economic system should be such that it does
Article 39 (c) not result in concentration of wealth and means of production to
the common detriment.
There should be equal pay for equal work for both men and
Article 39 (d) women;
Article 39: Certain principles of policy to be followed by
the State (राज्य द्वारा अनुसरण कए जाने वाले नी तमत सद्धांत)

The health and strength of workers, men and women, and the
tender age of children should not be abused and the citizens
Article 39 (e) should not be forced to enter avocations unsuited to their age or
strength out of their economic necessity;

Children must be given enough opportunities and facilities(बच्चों को

पयार्याप्त अवसर और सु वधाएं ) so that they develop in a healthy manner
Article 39 (f) and in such conditions where their freedom and dignity(स्वतंत्रता और
सम्मान), and their childhood and youth are protected, against any
form of exploitation and against any sort of moral and material
abandonment.
Article 39(f) was modified by the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976
(अनुच्छेद 39(f) को सं वधान (42वां संशोधन) अ ध नयम, 1976 द्वारा संशो धत कया गया). Previously,
Article 39(f) stated that “childhood and youth are protected("बचपन और युवावस्था की सुरक्षा
) or guarded against exploitation or manipulation and against moral and material
abandonment.”
Implementation by Government (सरकार द्वारा कायार्णन्वयन)

In 1950, the Planning Commission was established with the aim of

Establishment securing socio-economic justice and reducing income inequalities
of Planning (समाज-आ थर्थि क न्याय और आय असमानताओ ं को कम करने का उद्देश्य सु न श्चित करना).
Commission
(योजना आयोग की
स्थिापना)
Abolition of intermediaries like zamindars, jagirdars, Inamdars,
etc(जमींदार, जागीरदार, इनामदार आ द जैसे मध्यस्थों का उन्मूलन)
Tenancy reforms like security of tenure(काश्तकारी की सुरक्षा), fair rents,
etc
Land Reforms Imposition of ceilings on land holdings (भू म जोत पर अ धकतम सीमा का
(भू म सुधार) अ धरोपण)
Distribution of surplus land among the landless labourers

Cooperative farming (सहकारी कृ ष)

Implementation by Government (सरकार द्वारा कायार्णन्वयन)

Nationalisation of life insurance (1956),

Steps taken to
Rationalise the
Financial Nationalisation of fourteen leading commercial banks(वा ण ज्यक बैंकों
का राष्ट्रीयकरण) (1969),
Resources
( वत्तिीय संसाधनों Nationalisation(राष्ट्रीयकरण) of general insurance (1971),
को तकर्णसंगत बनाने
के लए उठाए गए
कदम) Abolition of Privy Purses (1971)
Article 39A: Equal justice and free legal aid(समान न्याय और
नःशुल्क कानूनी सहायता)
The article states that the State shall secure operation of a legal system(कानूनी प्रणाली के
संचालन) which promotes justice, by providing equal opportunity to access it.

Article 39A was added by the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976.
(अनुच्छेद 39A सं वधान (42वां संशोधन) अ ध नयम, 1976 द्वारा जोड़ा गया था)

Steps taken to provide Free Legal Aid( नःशुल्क कानूनी सहायता प्रदान
करने के लए कदम उठाए गए): The Legal Services Authorities Act( व धक
सेवा प्रा धकरण अ ध नयम) (1987) has established a nation-wide
network to provide free and competent legal aid to the poor and
to organise Lok Adalat for promoting equal justice.
Implementation
by Government Lok Adalat is a statutory forum for conciliatory settlement of legal
(सरकार द्वारा disputes. (लोक अदालत कानूनी ववादों के समाधान के लए एक सां व धक मंच है)
कायार्णन्वयन)
It has been given the status of a civil court(दीवानी न्यायालय का दजार्या).

Its awards are enforceable, binding on the parties and final as no

appeal lies before any court against them.
Article 41: Right to work, to education and to public
assistance in certain cases
(कुछ मामलों में काम, शक्षा और सावर्णज नक सहायता का अ धकार)
It says that the state shall, within the limits of its economic capacity(आ थर्थि क क्षमता),
make effective provisions for securing the right to work, to education and to public
assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, disablement and in other cases of
undeserved want.
NREGA, National Rural Employment Guarantee Act(राष्ट्रीय ग्रामीण
रोजगार गारंटी अ ध नयम) was passed by the parliament in 2005 as a
social security measure which aims to guarantee the ‘right to
Implementation
work’.
by Government
Ayushman Bharat scheme(आयुष्मान भारत योजना); is a National
(सरकार द्वारा Health Protection Scheme(राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ्य सुरक्षा योजना), covers over 10
कायार्णन्वयन) crore poor and vulnerable families (approximately 50 crore
beneficiaries) providing coverage up to 5 lakh rupees per family
per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization.
Article 42: Provision for just and humane conditions of
work and maternity relief.
(काम की न्यायसंगत और मानवीय स्थि तयों और मातृत्व राहत के लए
प्रावधान)
It says that the state shall make provisions for securing just and humane conditions
(मानवीय प र स्थ तयाँ) of work and for maternity relief(मातृत्व राहत).

Implementation by the Government (सरकार द्वारा कायार्णन्वयन)

Various steps have been
taken by the government Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), a conditional cash
to provide relief to transfer scheme for promoting institutional delivery.
pregnant woman Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) entitles every
(सरकार की ओर से गभर्णवती pregnant woman to free delivery, including for
म हलाओ ं को राहत देने के लए
कई कदम उठाए गए)
caesarean section.
Article 42: Provision for just and humane conditions of
work and maternity relief. (काम की न्यायसंगत और मानवीय
स्थि तयों और मातृत्व राहत के लए प्रावधान)
Implementation by the Government (सरकार द्वारा कायार्णन्वयन)

Various steps Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA) provides

have been pregnant women with free of cost assured and quality Antenatal
taken by the Care on the 9th day of every month.
government to
provide relief LaQshya (Labour room Quality improvement Initiative) to improve
to pregnant the quality of care in Labour room and Maternity operation
woman theatres to ensure that pregnant women receive respectful and
(सरकार की ओर से quality care during delivery and immediate postpartum.
गभर्णवती म हलाओ ं
को राहत देने के The parliament passed The Maternity Benefit (Amendment)
लए कई कदम Act(मातृत्व लाभ (संशोधन) अ ध नयम), 2017 which enhanced the
उठाए गए) duration of paid maternity leave available to women employed
from 12 weeks to 26 weeks.
Article 43: Living wage, decent work etc., for
workers (कमर्णकारों के लए नवार्णह मजदूरी आ द)
It says that the state should try to secure to all workers, by suitable legislation or
economic organization, a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard
of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities.

Implementation by the Government (सरकार द्वारा कायार्णन्वयन)

The Minimum Wages Act (1948), Code on Wages, 2020
The Contract Labour Regulation and Abolition Act (1970)
The Child Labour Prohibition(बाल श्रम नषेध) and Regulation Act
(1986) Renamed as the Child and Adolescent Labour Prohibition
Labour and Regulation Act, 1986 in 2016.
Reforms The Bonded Labour System Abolition Act(बंधुआ मजदूरी प्रथा उन्मूलन अ ध नयम)
(श्रम सुधार) (1976)
The Mines and Minerals (खान और ख नज)(Development and Regulation)
Act, 1957
The Maternity Benefit Act(प्रसू त लाभ अ ध नयम) (1961) and the Equal
Remuneration Act (1976) have been passed to protect the interests
of women workers.
Article 43A: Participation of workers in management
of Industries(उद्योगों के प्रबंधन में श्र मकों की भागीदारी)
It says that the State should take steps by suitable legislation( वधान) or any other way
to secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings or
establishments engaged in any industry.

Various schemes by the Government provide provisions for

ensuring the participation of the workers in the management of
Implementation Industries, for example Works committee is provided under
by Government Industrial dispute act(औद्यो गक ववाद अ ध नयम), Joint management
(सरकार द्वारा councils are provided to discuss various matters relating to
कायार्णन्वयन) working of the Industry; these have equal number of
representatives from both employer and side of employees,
Provision of Joint councils is there in every Industrial unit having
more than 500 employees etc.
Article 47: Raise the level of nutrition and the standard of
living and to improve public health(पोषाहार के स्तर और जीवन
स्तर को ऊपर उठाना और लोक स्वास्थ्य में सुधार करना)

It says that the State shall look into the matter of raising the level of nutrition(पोषण)
and the standard of living of its people and it is the duty of the State to keep a check
on the improvement of public health(लोक स्वास्थ्य).

Rural Area Development(ग्रामीण क्षेत्र वकास): To raise the

standard of living in rural areas the government had started
programmes such as the Community Development
Implementation Programme(सामुदा यक वकास कायर्याक्रिम) (1952), Integrated Rural
by Government Development Programme(एकीकृत ग्रामीण वकास कायर्याक्रिम) (1978-79)
(सरकार द्वारा and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
कायार्णन्वयन) Act (MGNREGA-2006).
Various steps have been taken to improve the level of nutrition
for example providing Anganwadi Services, Pradhan Mantri
Matru Vandana Yojana, Poshan Abhiyaan
Gandhian Directive Principles (गांधीवादी नदेशक सद्धांत)

These principles are based on Gandhian ideology(गाँधीवादी वचारधारा) to represent the

programme of reconstruction that Gandhi emphasised during national independence
movements (राष्ट्रीय स्वतंत्रता आं दोलनों) in colonial India.

The articles in DPSP which advocate Gandhian Principles are – Article 40, Article 43,
Article 43 B, Article 46, Article 47 and Article 48.
Article 40: Organisation of village panchayats(ग्राम
पंचायतों का गठन)

It says that the state shall take steps to organize village panchayats and endow them
with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as a
unit of Self Government.
Implementation Constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj System(पंचायती राज
by Government व्यवस्थिा को संवैधा नक दजार्ण): Through 73rd Constitutional Amendment
(सरकार द्वारा
कायार्णन्वयन) Act(संवैधा नक संशोधन अ ध नयम), 1992, a three tier ‘Panchayati Raj
System’( त्रस्तरीय 'पंचायती राज व्यवस्था') was introduced.
Article 43B: Promotion of co-operative
societies(सहकारी स म तयों का प्रचार-प्रसार)
It says that the state shall endeavour to promote the voluntary formation(स्वै च्छिक गठन),
autonomous functioning(स्वायत्त कायर्याप्रणाली), democratic control(लोकतां त्रक नयंत्रण) and
professional management of cooperative societies.
It was added by the 97th amendment act in 2011.
Implementation by
Government The government has a target of establishing and promoting
(सरकार द्वारा 10000 new Farmer Producer’s Organizations( कसान उत्पादक
कायार्णन्वयन) संगठनों) (FPOs) by 2027. These FPOs are based on the principle
of cooperatives(सहका रता सद्धांत).

• The provision regarding promotion of ‘cottage industries’(कुटीर उद्योगों) in article 43

can be regarded as a Gandhian principle(गांधीवादी सद्धांत) as Gandhiji always
emphasised on small scale industries in rural India being the backbone of economic
development.
Article 46: Promotion of educational and economic
interests of scheduled Castes, scheduled Tribes and other
weaker sections (अनुसू चत जा त, अनुसू चत जनजा त और अन्य
कमजोर वगर्गों के शै क्षक और आ थर्थि क हतों की अ भवृ द्ध)
The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interest of
the weaker sections of people, and, in particular of the Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of
exploitation.
Implementation by Government (सरकार द्वारा कायार्णन्वयन)

Provision of The Untouchability(अस्पृश्यता) (Offences) Act, 1955, which was

reservation & renamed as the Protection of Civil Rights Act in 1976.
upliftment(आर
क्षण और उत्थान) The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes(अनुसू चत जा त और अनुसू चत
for the Weaker जनजा त) (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.
Section
Article 46: Promotion of educational and economic
interests of scheduled Castes, scheduled Tribes and other
weaker sections (अनुसू चत जा त, अनुसू चत जनजा त और अन्य
कमजोर वगर्गों के शै क्षक और आ थर्थि क हतों की अ भवृ द्ध)
National Commission for Minorities(राष्ट्रीय अल्पसंख्यक आयोग) (1993),
Establishment
of various National Commission for Women (1992) and
National-level
commissions National Commission for Protection of Child Rights(बाल अ धकारों का
(राष्ट्रीय स्तर के संरक्षण) (2007).
व भन्न आयोगों की National Commission for Backward Classes(राष्ट्रीय पछड़ा वगर्या आयोग)
स्थिापना) (1993) – It was conferred a constitutional status(संवैधा नक दजार्या) by
the 102nd amendment act, 2018.
Article 47: Raise the level of nutrition and the standard of
living and to improve public health(पोषाहार के स्तर और जीवन
स्तर को ऊपर उठाना और लोक स्वास्थ्य में सुधार करना)

The provisions in the article with regards to prohibiting the consumption of

intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious for health, except for medicinal
purposes has been inspired from the Gandhian ideals.

Various states in India have alcohol prohibition(शराबबंदी) in

Implementation by force for example Bihar, Gujarat, Mizoram and Nagaland.
Government
(सरकार द्वारा It is believed that liquor prohibition leads to lowering of rates
कायार्णन्वयन)
of ‘drinking’ among men and incidences of domestic violence
against women(म हलाओ ं के खलाफ घरेलू हं सा)
Article 48: Organisation of agriculture and animal
husbandry (कृ ष और पशुपालन संगठन)
The State shall endeavour to organise agriculture and animal husbandry(कृ ष एवं
पशुपालन) using modern methods and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps
for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter of cows and
calves and other milch and draught animals.

States like Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya

Pradesh have completely banned the slaughter of cows(गायों के
वध पर पूरी तरह से रोक लगा दी) while others like West Bengal allow
Implementation by it in case of old or unfit cows after the acquisition of “fit for
the Government slaughter” certificate.
(सरकार द्वारा
कायार्णन्वयन) The National Dairy Development Board(राष्ट्रीय डेयरी वकास बोडर्ण)
(NDDB) was constituted as a statutory body under the Ministry
of Fisheries(मत्स्य मंत्रालय), Animal Husbandry and Dairying
(पशुपालन और डेयरी). NDDB promotes dairy farming across India
using modern techniques.
Liberal - Intellectual Directives ( उदार-बौ द्धक सद्धांत)

These principles represent the modern ideology of ‘liberalism’('उदारवाद'). They put

emphasis on ideas of modern sciences, uniformity in civil laws, international
cooperation and peace, and education.
The articles which follow this approach in DPSP are – Article 44, Article 45, Article 48,
Article 48 A, Article 49, Article 50 and Article 51.
Article 44: Uniform civil code for the citizens(नाग रकों
के लए एक समान नाग रक सं हता)

The State shall endeavour to secure for all citizens a uniform civil code(एक समान नाग रक
सं हता) throughout the territory of India
Uniform Civil Code - Critical analysis (समान नाग रक सं हता -
आलोचनात्मक वश्लेषण)
Uniform Civil Code - Critical analysis (समान नाग रक
सं हता - आलोचनात्मक वश्लेषण)

Definition(प रभाषा): Uniform Civil Code means that all sections of

the society irrespective of their religion will be treated equally
according to a common civil code.

Coverage(कवरेज): It may cover areas such as Marriage, divorce,

maintenance, inheritance, adoption and succession of the
About property( ववाह, तलाक, भरण-पोषण, उत्तरा धकार, गोद लेना और संप त्त का
उत्तरा धकार).
Present situation(वतर्णमान स्थि त): At present, Goa is the only state in
India with a uniform civil code. The Portuguese Civil Code of 1867,
is applicable to all the people having their domicile in Goa. There is
no uniform civil code in the rest of the country.
Merits of Having a UCC (एक सामान नाग रक सं हता
(UCC) होने के लाभ)
Merits of Equal status to all Citizens(सभी नाग रकों को समान दजार्ण): A Uniform Civil
Having a UCC Code(समान नाग रक सं हता) would help towards providing equal status
to all citizens irrespective of the community they belong to.
(एक सामान
नाग रक सं हता
(UCC) होने के Promote Gender Parity and Justice (लैं गक समानता और न्याय को बढ़ावा
लाभ) देना): A Uniform civil code will do away with practices which
undermine a woman’s right to equality.
End contentious provisions of Personal laws(व्य क्तगत कानूनों के
ववादास्पद प्रावधानों को समाप्त करना): The codification and
implementation of the Uniform Civil Code will destroy the sanctity
of the patriarchal orthodox people or will oppose it profusely.
Promote national integration(राष्ट्रीय एकीकरण को प्रोत्साहन): during
constituent assembly debates, Shri Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar
had talked about the problems of having excessive cultural
relativity.
Accommodate the aspirations of the young population(युवा आबादी
की आकांक्षाओ ं को पहचानना): The enactment of Uniform Civil Code will
help in utilizing their full potential towards nation building.
Merits of Having a UCC (एक सामान नाग रक सं हता (UCC) होने
के लाभ)

Simplification of laws(कानूनों का सरलीकरण): The same civil law will

then be applicable to all citizens irrespective of their faith. It will
simplify laws that are segregated at present based on religious
beliefs.
Sign of a modern Progressive Nation(आधु नक प्रग तशील राष्ट्र का संकेत):
Merits of UCC will help the society move forward based on the modern
Having a UCC constitutional value system of liberty, equality and justice.
(एक सामान
नाग रक सं हता Judicial pronouncement(न्या यक घोषणा): Many judicial
(UCC) होने के pronouncements of higher judiciary have favoured UCC in some or
लाभ) the other forms.
Legitimate government( व धगत सरकार): It can be argued that it was
probably wise in 1858 for a foreign colonial power to stay away
from areas related to religion and personal custom in the overall
interest of maintaining peace. But in independent India, where
sovereignty rests with the people, there is no external constraint
that can prevent the Indian Government, duly and successively
elected to power on the principle of universal suffrage for seven
decades to legislate on a common uniform personal code.
Challenges with Enacting UCC (यूसीसी को अ ध नय मत
करने की चुनौ तयाँ)

Practical India’s diversity makes it difficult to implement a uniform set of

difficulties due laws on personal issues(व्य क्तिगत मुद्दों पर कानून) like marriage, divorce,
to diversity inheritance and maintenance( ववाह , तलाक, संप त्त और भरण-पोषण).
( व वधता के कारण
व्यावहा रक क ठनाइयाँ)

Perception Minority communities(अल्पसंख्यक समुदाय) believe that Uniform civil

among code is an encroachment on their right to religious freedom.
minorities
(अल्पसंख्यकों के बीच
धारणा)

Violates the A UCC is seen, by many, as a contradiction to the fundamental

Fundamental rights guaranteed(मौ लक अ धकारों की गारंटी) under Article 25, Article
right to Freedom 26(b), and Article 29.
(स्वतंत्रता के मौ लक
अ धकार का उल्लंघन)
Challenges with Enacting UCC (यूसीसी को अ ध नय मत
करने की चुनौ तयाँ)

Issues with The implementation of Uniform Civil Code is a very demanding task
drafting of UCC as it will bring many changes like adopting expansive
(यूसीसी के प्रारूपण interpretations on marriage, maintenance, adoption and
के मुद्दे) succession( ववाह, भरण-पोषण, गोद लेने और उत्तरा धकार).

Need for In consideration to the major opposition from Muslim

sufficient time community(मु स्लम समुदाय) in India, there are issues related to
(पयार्णप्त समय की controversies over beef, saffronisation(भगवाकरण) of schools and
आवश्यकता) colleges, love jihad, etc.
Relevant Supreme Court Judgements (प्रासं गक सवर्वोच्च
न्यायालय के नणर्णय)

Shah Bano The Supreme Court dealt with the issue of maintenance under
Judgment Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure(आपरा धक प्र क्रिया) after
(शाहबानो फैसला) Shah Bano’s husband pronounced talaq (divorce) against her.

The Sarla Mudgal vs Union of India is considered a landmark

judgment(ऐ तहा सक नणर्याय) which highlighted the need for a uniform
Sarla Mudgal civil code. In the case there were 2 main petitioners first Kalyani, an
and others vs NGO which worked for helping distressed women which was
Union of India headed by Sarla Mudgal. The second petitioner(या चकाकतार्या) was
and others Meena Mathur whose Husband had converted to Islam and
(सरला मुद्गल और solemnised his second marriage. Meena Mathur had complained
अन्य बनाम भारत संघ that her husband converted to Islam only for the purposes of
और अन्य) getting married again and circumvented the provisions of Section
494 of IPC (Section 494 IPC punishes bigamy or polygamy). The
court held the second marriage as illegal and talked about the need
for Uniform civil code.
Relevant Supreme Court Judgements
(प्रासं गक सवर्वोच्च न्यायालय के नणर्णय)

Lily Thomas vs Also known as Lily Thomas Bigamy case, it is considered as a

Union of India landmark judgment in India. The Supreme court took preventive
( लली थॉमस बनाम measures in order to avoid solemnizing a second marriage without
भारत संघ) dissolution( वघटन) of the first marriage.

It was held that a single mother of the Christian religion was

ABC vs The
eligible to apply for sole guardianship of her child without the
State (NCT of
consent of the biological father under the Guardian and Wards Act,
Delhi)
एबीसी बनाम द 1890 that had not recognised the right of Christian single mothers.
े (एनसीटी दल्ली)In the case, the court pointed out the inconvenience(असु वधाजनक)
स◌्टट
was being caused due to absence of a Uniform civil code.
Article 45: Early childhood care and education to children
below the age of six years
(छह वषर्ण से कम आयु के बच्चों के लए प्राथ मक शक्षा और देखभाल)

The State shall endeavour to provide early childhood care and education for all
children until they complete the age of six years.

Right to education act( शक्षा का अ धकार अ ध नयम), 2009:

Government introduced the 86th constitutional amendment
Implementation by and subsequently passed the Rights to Education Act 2009,
Government Elementary Education has been accepted as Fundamental
(सरकार द्वारा कायार्णन्वयन) Right(मौ लक अ धकार) of each child between the 6 to 14 years
of age.
Recently launched National Education Policy(राष्ट्रीय शक्षा
नी त) seeks to realise the provisions of Article 45, among
other things.
Article 48: Organisation of agriculture and animal
husbandry (कृ ष और पशुपालन का संगठन)

The State shall endeavour to organise agriculture and animal husbandry(पशुपालन) on

modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and
improving the breeds(नस्लें), and prohibiting( न षद्ध) the slaughter of cows and calves and
other milch and draught animals.

Implementation Various government steps have been taken in this regard for
by government example; Rashtriya Gokul mission is being implemented for
(सरकार द्वारा development and conservation of indigenous bovine breeds,
कायार्णन्वयन) National Livestock Mission(राष्ट्रीय पशुधन मशन) is a scheme on
entrepreneurship development and breed improvement in
poultry(मुगर्शी पालन), sheep, goat(भेड़, बकरी) including feed and
fodder development.
Article 48A: Protection of environment, Forest and
wildlife (पयार्णवरण, वन और वन्य जीवन का संरक्षण)

The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard
the forest and wildlife(वन और वन्य जीवन) of the country.
This was inserted by the 42nd constitutional amendment act, 1976.
Protected Areas(संर क्षत क्षेत्र), viz. National Parks,
Sanctuaries(अभयारण्य), Conservation Reserves and Community
Reserves have been created in the country to provide better
protection to wildlife.
Implementation Financial assistance is provided to the State/Union Territory
by Government Governments under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme of
(सरकार द्वारा ‘Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats’
कायार्णन्वयन)
The Wild Life Crime Control Bureau(वन्यजीव अपराध नयंत्रण ब्यूरो)
(WCCB) coordinates with State/UTs and other enforcement
agencies to gather intelligence about poaching and unlawful
trade in wild animals and animal articles.
Article 49: Protection of monuments and places and
objects of national importance (राष्ट्रीय महत्व के स्मारकों और
स्थिानों और वस्तुओ ं का संरक्षण)

It shall be the obligation of the state to protect every monument or place or object of
artistic or historic interest, (declared by or under law made by Parliament) to be of
national importance, from spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal or
export(लूटपाट, वरूपण, वनाश, हटाने, नपटान, या नयार्यात), as the case may be.

The Ancient and Historical Monument and Archaeological Sites

and Remains Act(प्राचीन स्मारक और पुरातत्व स्थिल और अवशेष अ ध नयम)
(1958) has been enacted to protect the monuments, places and
Implementation
objects of national importance.
by Government
(सरकार द्वारा There are more than 3500 ancient monuments and archaeological
कायार्णन्वयन) sites(पुराता त्वक स्थल) and remains of national importance which are
preserved through various circles of ASI (Archaeological survey of
India) spread across the country.
Article 50: Separation of judiciary from executive
(कायर्णपा लका से न्यायपा लका का पृथक्करण)

It advocates the Separation of Judiciary from the Executive(कायर्यापा लका से न्यायपा लका के
पृथक्करण).
It says that the State should take steps to separate judiciary from the executive in the
public services of the State.

Revision in the Criminal Code (आपरा धक सं हता में संशोधन): The

Criminal Procedure Code (1973) separated the judiciary from the
Implementation executive. After the separation, the judicial powers were taken
by Government away from these executive authorities(कायर्याकारी प्रा धकरण) and
(सरकार द्वारा vested in the hands of district judicial magistrates who work
कायार्णन्वयन) under the direct control of the state high court.
Article 51: Promotion of international peace and
security (अं तरार्णष्ट्रीय शां त और सुरक्षा को प्रोत्साहन )

Promote international peace and security;

Maintain friendly and honourable relations(मैत्रीपूणर्या और सम्मानजनक

It says that the संबंध) between nations;
state shall
endeavour to Foster respect for international law(अं तरार्याष्ट्रीय कानून) and treaty(सं ध)
(इसमें कहा गया है obligations in the dealings of organised peoples with other person;
क राज्य इसके लए and
प्रयास करेगा)
Encourage settlement of international disputes by the method of
arbitration.
Article 51: Promotion of international peace and security
(अं तरार्णष्ट्रीय शां त और सुरक्षा को प्रोत्साहन )
Implementation by Government (सरकार द्वारा कायार्णन्वयन)

Various initiatives such as Non Alignment Movement, International

Solar Alliance(अं तरार्याष्ट्रीय सौर गठबंधन), India’s commitments under Paris
climate agreement help in promotion of international peace and
security.
Indian Technical and Economic cooperation programme(भारतीय
Various steps तकनीकी एवं आ थर्थि क सहयोग कायर्णक्रम) (ITEC): India launched ITEC in 1964
have been under the Ministry of external affairs (MEA) to share knowledge
taken by the and skills with fellow developing nations.
Government in
this regard Pan-African e-Network(पैन-अफ्रीकी ई-नेटवकर्ण): In 2009 India embarked
(सरकार द्वारा इस on an ambitious and visionary project(महत्वाकांक्षी और दूरदशर्शी प रयोजना),
संबंध में कई कदम known as the “Pan-African e-Network,” to provide educational and
उठाए गए हैं) medical support to 54 participating African countries via satellite
technology.
UN Peacekeeping missions(संयुक्त राष्ट्र शां त मशन): India has a long
history of service in UN Peacekeeping, having contributed more
personnel than any other country.
Amendments in DPSP (डीपीएसपी में संशोधन)

42nd Constitutional Amendment(संवैधा नक संशोधन), 1976

Article 39A: To provide free legal aid to the poor.
It introduced
certain changes Article 39(f): Children must be given enough opportunities and
in the part-IV facilities so that they develop in a healthy manner and in such
of the conditions where their freedom and dignity, and their childhood
Constitution by and youth are protected, against any form of exploitation and
adding new against any sort of moral and material abandonment.
directives:
(इसने नए नदर्देशों को
जोड़कर सं वधान के Article 43A: Participation of workers in management of
भाग IV में कुछ
प रवतर्णन कए) Industries(उद्योगों के प्रबंधन में श्र मकों की भागीदारी).
Article 48A: To protect and improve the environment.
Amendments in DPSP (डीपीएसपी में संशोधन)

44th It inserted Section-2 to Article 38(धारा -2 से अनुच्छेद 38 तक) which

Constitutional declares that; “The State in particular shall strive to minimise
Amendment, economic inequalities in income and eliminate inequalities in
1978 status, facilities and opportunities not amongst individuals but also
(44वां संवैधा नक amongst groups”. It also eliminated the Right to Property from the
संशोधन) list of Fundamental Rights.
It changed the subject-matter of Article
86th 45(अनुच्छेद 45 की वषय-वस्तु में प रवतर्णन) and made elementary
Amendment education(बु नयादी शक्षा) a fundamental right under Article 21 A.
Act of 2002
PYQ - Prelims ( पछले वषर्ण के प्रश्न -प्रारं भक परीक्षा)

Q. Which principle among the following was added to the Directive Principles
of State Policy(राज्य नी त के नदर्देशक सद्धांत) by the 42nd Amendment to the
Constitution? (2017)

a. Equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
b. Participation of workers in the management of industries.
c. Right to work, education and public assistance.
d. Securing living wage and human conditions of work to workers.
Answer - Option (b)
Directives outside Part IV (भाग IV के बाहर दशा नदर्देश)

The Constitution Claims of SCs and STs to Services (Article 335; Part XVI)
makers gave a few
some more
directives outside Instruction in mother tongue (Article 350-A; Part XVII)
Part IV, these are
(सं वधान नमार्णताओ ं ने
भाग IV के बाहर कुछ और
नदर्देश दए, ये हैं) Development of Hindi Language (Article 351; Part XVII)
Utility of Directive Principles ( नदेशक सद्धांतों की उपयो गता)

Sir B.N. Rau, the Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Assembly, recommended
that the rights of an individual should be divided into two categories; Justiciable
Rights and Non-justiciable Rights(न्यायो चत अ धकार और गैर-न्यायो चत अ धकार).
This recommendation was accepted by the Drafting Committee.
And as a result the Fundamental Rights, which are justiciable in nature, are
incorporated in Part III and the Directive Principles, which are non - justiciable(गैर -
न्यायो चत) in nature, are incorporated in Part IV of the Constitution.
It reminds those in power that the goal of the Indian polity is to introduce ‘socialism in
the economic sphere’ or ‘economic democracy’('आ थर्थि क लोकतंत्र') as distinguished from
political democracy.
Force of public opinion(जनमत की श क्त): These directives are constituted as a basic
standard of national conscience and violating its dictats would risk the position of
those in power.
Utility of Directive Principles ( नदेशक सद्धांतों की उपयो गता)
Amplify the
vision of the These directives emphasise that the goal of the Indian polity is not
Preamble Laissez Faire but to establish a welfare state(कल्याणकारी राज्य).
(प्रस्तावना की दृ ष्टि को
बढ़ाना)
Reference for These Directives have helped the courts in exercising their power of
courts judicial review(न्या यक समीक्षा) while determining the constitutional
(न्यायालयों के लए validity of a law.
संदभर्ण)
Stable Policy They facilitate a stable domestic and foreign policy(घरेलू तथा वदेश
( स्थिर नी त) नी त) in political, economic and social spheres(आ थर्थि क और सामा जक
क्षेत्र) no matter which party in power.
Supplement They are intended to fill the gap in Part III by providing for social
Fundamental and economic rights(सामा जक एवं आ थर्थि क अ धकार).
Rights (मौ लक
अ धकारों के पूरक)
Non-implementation(गैर कायार्यान्वयन) of DPSP gives opposition parties
Empower the an opportunity to criticise the government for its failure to fulfil the
Opposition aspirations of the people, the Constitution and the Constitution
( वपक्ष को सशक्त makers. This gives rise to a healthy democracy(स्वस्थ लोकतंत्र).
बनाना )
Criticism of Directive Principles (नी त नदर्देशक सद्धांतों
की आलोचना)
No Legal
sanction DPSPs are criticised because of their non-justiciable(गैर न्यायो चत)
( कोई कानूनी प्रावधान nature.
नहीं)

Lack of Sir Ivor Jennings had expressed that fundamental rights are “based
consistent on no consistent philosophy”(" कसी संयुक्ति दशर्यान पर आधा रत नहीं होने के आधार
philosophy पर"). Directive Principles are also characterised by the same
( नय मत दशर्णन की
कमी) weakness.

Conservative Part IV of the Constitution expresses Fabian Socialism without the

(रू ढ़वादी) socialism.

K Santhanam has pointed out that the Directives lead to

constitutional conflicts, for example- between the centre and states
Constitutional as centre can give directions to the states with regards to the
Conflict implementation of these principles, and in case the states do not
(संवैधा नक संघषर्ण)
follow the directions, centre can dismiss the state government.
 Comparison between Fundamental Rights and DPSP
(मौ लक अ धकार और डीपीएसपी के बीच तुलना)
Parameters Fundamental Rights Directive Principles(
(मापदंड) (मौ लक अ धकार) नदर्देशक सद्धांत)
Characteristics Limit state control Impose duties on state
Enforceable in court
Legal status Non-enforceable(अप्रवतर्यानीय)
(न्यायालय में प्रवतर्यानीय)
Establish socio-economic
Objective Establish political democracy
democracy
Force Have legal sanctions Have moral and political sanctions
Fundamental for individual Promote community welfare,
Need
development(व्य क्तिगत वकास) socialist in nature
Enforcement Many do not require legislation Require legislation
Violation not basis for declaring law
Court must declare law
Justiciability unconstitutional, but Court can
unconstitutional if it violates
(न्यायसंगतता) uphold validity of law to give effect
rights
to directive
 Conflict Between
Fundamental Rights and
Directive Principles of State
Policy
(मौ लक अ धकारों और राज्य नी त के
नदर्देशक सद्धांतों के बीच संघषर्ण)
Champakam Dorairajan v the State of Madras,1951
(चंपकम दोरैराजन बनाम मद्रास राज्य, 1951)
Topic Champakam Dorairajan v State of Madras, 1951
• Quota system for admissions in educational institutes in Madras.
• 1927 Government Order providing caste-based reservation(जा त
Background
आधा रत आरक्षण).
(पृष्ठभू म)
• Brahmin Smt. Champakam Dorairajan unable to get admission in
medical college despite qualifying marks due to her caste.
• Supreme Court upheld Madras High Court's decision to strike down
Government Order.
Judgment • Reservation system based on caste was a violation of the
(न्या यक नणर्णय) constitution of India.
• Fundamental rights prevail over Directive Principles of State
Policy. (मौ लक अ धकार राज्य के नी त नदेशक सद्धांतों पर प्रबल होते हैं)
• 1st constitutional amendment(संवैधा नक संशोधन) added clause 15 (4)
as an exception to Article 15.
Aftermath
• Primacy given to Fundamental rights(मौ लक अ धकारों को प्राथ मकता).
• However, Government's power to amend the constitution did
extend to the Fundamental rights.
Golaknath vs State of Punjab, 1967 (गोलकनाथ बनाम
पंजाब राज्य, 1967)

Background (पृष्ठभू म)
• Golaknath family challenged the 1953 Punjab Act which restricted(प्र तबं धत) them
to keep only 30 acres of land.
• They filed a petition(या चका) under Article 32, challenging the Act on the grounds of
violating their Fundamental rights.
• The 17th constitutional amendment, which had placed this law under the 9th
schedule(अनुसूची) of the constitution, was also challenged.
Golaknath vs State of Punjab, 1967 (गोलकनाथ बनाम पंजाब
राज्य, 1967)

Judgment (न्या यक नणर्णय)

• Whether the Constitutional Amendment(संवैधा नक संशोधन) is a ‘law’ under the
meaning of Article 13?
• The court reversed its earlier judgments of Shankari Prasad and Sajjan Singh case
and held that a constitutional amendment under Article 368 of the Constitution
was an ordinary 'law'(साधारण 'क़ानून') within the meaning of Article 13(3) of the
Constitution.
• Whether Fundamental rights(मौ लक अ धकार) could be amended or not?
• The court held that Fundamental rights are sacrosanct and could not be
amended even for implementation of Directive principles.
• All constitutional amendments that violated Fundamental rights(मौ लक अ धकारों
का हनन) were held void.
Golaknath vs State of Punjab, 1967 (गोलकनाथ बनाम पंजाब
राज्य, 1967)

After math (प रणाम)

• Parliament brought two amendments, the 24th and 25th constitutional
amendments(संवैधा नक संशोधन), to overcome the difficulties created by the
judgment.
• The 24th constitutional amendment declared that the Parliament(संसद) has the
power to abridge or take away any of the Fundamental Rights through amendment
and made it mandatory for the President to give his assent to the constitutional
amendment bill.
• The 25th Amendment inserted a new Article 31C with two main provisions:
• Any law that seeks to implement Article 39 (b) and Article 39 (c) cannot be
challenged in the Court on the grounds that it violated Article 14, 19 and 31
(Right to Property).
• No law containing a declaration for giving effect to such a policy shall be
questioned in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such a
policy.
Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala, 1973
(केशवानंद भारती बनाम केरल राज्य, 1973)
Background (पृष्ठभू म)
• The state government of Kerala brought the
Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963, which restricted
the property rights of citizens(नाग रकों के अ धकार).
Using the provisions of the act the state
government acquired the land of Edneer Mutt
(a Hindu institution of monks) located in Kerala,
India. The act was challenged on the ground
that it violates Article 14, 19(1)(f), 25, 26 of the
Indian Constitution.
• Also to overcome the Golaknath judgment the
parliament had come up with 24th, 25th and 29th
Amendment Act. The constitutional
validity(संवैधा नक वैधता) of these amendments
was also taken up by the court.
Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala, 1973
(केशवानंद भारती बनाम केरल राज्य, 1973)
Judgment (न्या यक नणर्णय)

• The Judgment dealt with two major questions:

• Can the Parliament amend the Fundamental rights? (क्या संसद मौ लक अ धकारों में
संशोधन कर सकती है?)
• The Court overturned its judgment in the Golaknath vs State of Punjab case
and held the 24th constitutional amendment partially valid which provided
that the Parliament can amend any provision of the constitution including
Fundamental rights.
• What is the scope of Parliament power(संसदीय श क्त) when it comes to
amending the constitution?
• The court came up with the basic structure doctrine which held that
Parliament can amend the constitution but not the basic features of the
constitution.
Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala, 1973

Aftermath (प रणाम)

• The Government responded to the judgment by bringing major changes(मुख्य

बदलाव) in the constitution. The 42nd constitutional amendment was passed by the
government which completely changed the relationship between the fundamental
rights and Directive Principles of state policy(मौ लक अ धकार और राज्य नी त के नदर्देशक
सद्धांत).
• The provisions of Article 31C were changed and Article 14, 19 and 31 was made
subservient to all the directive principles (extending from Article 39 (a) and Article
39 (b)). Later, the 44th constitutional amendment abolished the right to property
(संप त्ति का अ धकार) and made it a legal right(कानूनी अ धकार) under Article 300 A.
Minerva mills vs Union of India, 1980

Background (पृष्ठभू म)
• Minerva mills was a textile company in the state of Karnataka. The company was
seeing a significant downfall in its production. This nationalisation(राष्ट्रीयकरण) was
done under the provisions of Nationalisation act(राष्ट्रीयकरण अ ध नयम) of 1974 [Sick
Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act, 1974]. This was challenged in the high
court and eventually in the Supreme court by writ petition under Article 32 of the
Indian constitution.
• Two major clauses i.e. clause 4 and 5 of the 42nd constitutional amendment act
were challenged on the basis that they destroy the basic structure(बु नयादी ढाँचे) of
the constitution.
Minerva mills vs Union of India, 1980 ( मनवार्ण मल्स बनाम
भारत संघ, 1980)
Judgment (न्या यक नणर्णय)

• Two major questions were dealt by the court in its judgment:

(अदालत ने अपने फैसले में दो प्रमुख सवालों पर वचार कया था)
• To what extent does the addition to Article 31C and Article 368 into the Constitution by
the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 impair the basic structure doctrine?
• The court condemned the newly added clauses to Article 368. The court held the
provisions, which give limitless amending power(सुधारात्मक श क्ति) to the Parliament, as
unconstitutional(असंवैधा नक). The court held that the constitution had conferred limited
amending power(सी मत संशोधन श क्त) to the Parliament. This limited amending power is a
basic feature of the Indian constitution.
• If the Directive Principle of state policy(राज्य नी त के नदर्देशक सद्धांत) takes precedence over
the Fundamental Right guaranteed by the Indian Constitution?
• The court ensured a balance between DPSP and Fundamental Rights(मौ लक अ धकार). It
was held that this balance was a part of the ‘basic structure’ of the constitution. The
provisions which made Article 14, 19 and 31 subservient to all the directive principles
were struck down .
• The Minerva Mills case is regarded as a landmark Judgment(ऐ तहा सक नणर्याय) as it was the first
case which applied and evolved the doctrine of basic structure given in the Kesavananda
Bharati case.
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES (मौ लक कतर्णव्य)
• Moral obligations and commitments(नै तक दा यत्व और
Definition
प्र तबद्धताएँ ) of citizens towards society and the nation.
Correlative • Rights and duties(अ धकार और कतर्याव्य) are inseparable and
Relationship correlative.
Origin • Borrowed from the USSR.
Recommendation
• Recommended by the Swaran Singh committee.
(अनुशंसा)
42nd Constitutional • Added provisions related to Fundamental Duties(मौ लक
Amendment Act कतर्याव्य) in the Indian Constitution.
Added Provisions • Part IV-A and Article 51-A were added to the Indian
(शा मल प्रावधान) Constitution.
Initial Duties • There were 10 Fundamental Duties initially(प्रारंभ में 10
(प्रारं भक कतर्णव्य) मौ लक कतर्याव्य).
• Added a new Fundamental Duty, which mandates
86th Constitutional
parents of children aged 6-14 years to provide them
Amendment
opportunities for education.
Characteristics of Fundamental Duties (मौ लक कतर्णव्यों
की वशेषताएं )

Non-justiciable(गैर-न्या यक) and cannot be directly enforced by the courts.

There is no legal sanction against their

violation(उल्लंघन के खलाफ कोई कानूनी प्र तबंध नहीं), but parliament can provide for their
enforcement through suitable legislation.
Applicable only to citizens(केवल नाग रकों के लए लागू) of India and not to foreigners.

Fundamental duties combine moral and civic duties(नै तक और नाग रक कतर्णव्य शा मल)
Swaran Singh Committee (स्वणर्ण सं ह स म त)
Aspect (स्वरूप) Details ( ववरण)
About • Committee set up in 1976 by Indira Gandhi government.
Chairman • Sardar Swaran Singh
• Need for fundamental duties felt during internal
Reason for setup
emergency.
• Inclusion of a separate chapter on fundamental duties.
Recommendations
• Stress on balance between rights and duties(अ धकारों और
(अनुशंसाएँ )
कतर्णव्यों के बीच संतुलन पर तनाव).
• 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act(संवैधा नक संशोधन
Outcome (नतीजा) अ ध नयम) (1976) added 10 fundamental duties to the
Constitution
• Paying taxes(करों का भुगतान) should be a fundamental duty.
• Parliament may provide penalty or punishment(संसद जुमार्णना
Recommendations
या सजा प्रदान) for non-compliance.
not accepted
• No judicial review(कोई न्या यक समीक्षा नहीं) for any penalty or
punishment imposed.
Rationale for Fundamental Duties (मौ लक कतर्णव्यों के लए तकर्ण)
Provision in original Article 33 provided Fundamental Duties for the armed forces
constitution (मूल and police(सशस्त्र बल और पु लस).
सं वधान में प्रावधान)
Swaran Singh Committee was set up in 1976 to establish
Internal emergency fundamental duties during the National Emergency(राष्ट्रीय
(आं त रक आपातकाल) आपातकाल).

Objective (उद्देश्य) Fundamental duties serve as a reminder to citizens to observe

basic democratic(लोकतां त्रक) conduct and behavior.
Views of Indira Fundamental duties establish a democratic balance between
Gandhi rights and duties(अ धकार और कतर्याव्य).
Fulfils International
Conforms to Article 29(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human
obligations(अं तरार्णष्ट्रीय
दा यत्वों) Rights (मानव अ धकार).
Views of the
Opposition ( वपक्ष की
राय) Initially opposed, but later accepted by Janata Government.
Consensus across
party lines Demonstrated by the addition of Art 51-A(k) in 2002.
 List of Fundamental Duties (मौ लक कतर्णव्यों की सूची)
Article 51A - (अनुच्छेद 51क)
Fundamental duties(मौ लक कतर्णव्य)— It shall be the duty of every citizen of India—
(a) To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National
Anthem (राष्ट्रीय ध्वज और राष्ट्रीय गान);
(b) To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle(राष्ट्रीय संघषर्ण) for freedom;
(c) To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity(संप्रभुता, एकता और अखंडता) of India;
(d) To defend the country and render national service(राष्ट्रीय सेवा) when called upon to do so;
(e) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood (भाईचारा) amongst all the people of India
transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to renounce practices
derogatory to the dignity of women(म हलाओ ं की ग रमा के लए अपमानजनक प्रथाओ ं का त्याग);
(f) To value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite culture;
(g) To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have
compassion for living creatures(जीव जंतुओ ं के प्र त दया);
(h) To develop the scientific temper(वैज्ञा नक मनोवृ त्ति), humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
(i) To safeguard public property(सावर्णज नक संप त्ति) and to abjure violence;
(j) To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation
constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement; and
(k) To provide opportunities for education( शक्षा के अवसर) to his child or ward between the age of six and
fourteen years.
• Provision 51A (k) was added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.
Applications of Fundamental Duties (मौ लक कतर्णव्यों का
अनुप्रयोग)

All Fundamental Duties are under Article 51A. (सभी मौ लक कतर्याव्य अनुच्छेद 51ए के तहत)

Some Duties encourage patriotism and social responsibility(देशभ क्ति और सामा जक

उत्तरदा यत्व) (a, b, c, d, g, j).
Others discourage negative behavior (e, f, h) or encourage positive behavior (k).

Peaceful protest is encouraged over violent ones (i).

Applications of Fundamental Duties (मौ लक कतर्णव्यों का
अनुप्रयोग)

Fundamental Duty (मौ लक कतर्णव्य) Article No.

Standing up for national anthem 51A (a)
Including Desh Bhakti curriculum in school syllabus 51A (b)
Being vigilant during times of crisis 51A (c)
Volunteering during COVID-19 crisis 51A (d)
Stopping mob lynching or honour killings 51A (e)
Avoiding objectification of women in advertisements 51A (e)
Stopping making graffiti on monument walls 51A (f)
Reusing, reducing & recycling plastic waste 51A (g)
Not falling prey to fake news 51A (h)
Adhering to peaceful protests 51A (i)
Valuing entrepreneurship and start-up culture 51A (j)
Increasing consciousness regarding the importance of education 51A (k)
Importance of Fundamental Duties (मौ लक कतर्णव्यों का महत्व)

Serve as a reminder: Duties remind citizens to be conscious of their responsibilities

(दा यत्वों के प्र त जागरूक) towards country and fellow citizens while enjoying their rights.

Positive transformation of the Nation(राष्ट्र का सकारात्मक प रवतर्णन): Other countries have

transformed into developed economies by emphasizing the principles of responsible
citizenship.
Used in legal interpretation(कानूनी व्याख्या में प्रयुक्त): Duties create a feeling of inspiration
and promote a sense of discipline and commitment among citizens.

Used in legal interpretation(कानूनी व्याख्या में प्रयुक्त): Courts can use duties to examine
and determine the constitutional validity of a law.

Enforceable by law(कानून द्वारा प्रवतर्णनीय): Duties serve as a warning against anti-national

and anti-social activities, and can be enforced with penalties or punishments.

Rooted in Indian Culture(भारतीय संस्कृ त में न हत): Duties represent social concepts that
have grown through Indian tradition and values such as tolerance, peace, and
communal harmony.
Criticisms of Fundamental Duties (मौ लक कतर्णव्यों की आलोचना)

Superfluous in nature (प्रकृ त में अ तश्यो क्तिपूणर्या)

Fundamental Non-justiciable in nature (प्रकृ त में गैर-न्या यक)

duties have
been criticized Appended to Part IV instead of being added after the chapter on
for being fundamental rights
(मौ लक कतर्णव्यों
की आलोचना) Vague and ambiguous (अस्पष्ट और सं दग्ध)
Non-exhaustive in nature (प्रकृ त में गैर- वस्तृत)

Despite criticism, fundamental duties are important because they embody the
concept of responsible citizenship ( जम्मेदार नाग रकता की अवधारणा)
Responsible citizenship includes all the responsibilities and duties that citizens of a
nation should exercise and respect
Important Judgments
and Observations on
Fundamental Duties
(मौ लक कतर्णव्यों पर महत्वपूणर्ण
नणर्णय और अवलोकन)
Judgments (न्या यक नणर्णय)

Balaji Raghavan v Union of India, 1995: upheld constitutional validity(संवैधा नक वैधता)

of national awards, citing Article 51A(j) on citizens' duty to strive for excellence.

M.C. Mehta vs Kamal Nath case, 2000: invalidated lease(अवैध लीज) for hotel in
ecologically sensitive area.

Javed vs State of Haryana, 2003: upheld Haryana Panchayati raj act, 1995 debaring
those with more than two children from certain offices.

Aruna Roy vs Union of India, 2002: upheld National Curriculum Framework(राष्ट्रीय

पाठ्यचयार्या की रूपरेखा ) for School Education, citing Article 51A(e) on promoting harmony
and renouncing derogatory practices.
Observations (अवलोकन)
Observations (अवलोकन)
• Verma Committee Observations (1999): recommended disseminating information
on Fundamental duties to public and including duty to vote as Fundamental Duty.
• Identified legal provisions paving way for execution of Fundamental Duties:
• Representation of People Act(जनप्र त न धत्व अ ध नयम), 1951: rejects membership
of corrupt members of Parliament or State Legislatures.
• Unlawful Activities Protection Act (गैरकानूनी ग त व धयाँ संरक्षण अ ध नयम), 1967:
bans sectarian organizations within national boundaries.
• Protection of Civil Rights Act(नाग रक अ धकार अ ध नयम का संरक्षण), 1955: punishes
offenders of untouchability.
• Wildlife Protection Act(वन्यजीव संरक्षण अ ध नयम), 1972: prohibits illegal trading of
rare animals, birds, and plants.
• Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act( राष्ट्रीय गौरव अपमान नवारण अ ध नयम),
1971: prohibits disrespect of national anthem, flag, and constitution.
• Forest Conservation Act(वन संरक्षण अ ध नयम), 1980: prohibits destruction of
natural forest and regulates usage for other human activities.
Mains Question (मुख्य प्रश्न)

How does Part IV of the Indian Constitution seek to establish socio-economic

democracy in the country? (10 marks, 150 words)
(भारतीय सं वधान का भाग IV देश में सामा जक-आ थर्थि क लोकतंत्र की स्थापना कैसे करता है?)
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