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Bird species composition and conservation challenges in the Gaoligong

Mountains, one of the most diverse bird areas in the world

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DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2097-3772.2023.001

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Article Open Access

Bird species composition and conservation challenges in the

Gaoligong Mountains, one of the most diverse bird areas in
the world
Fei Wu1,8,*, Jian-Yun Gao1, Dao Yan1, Le Yang2, Lu-Ming Liu3, Shun-Yu Yao1, Chang-Sheng Zuo4, Jun Sun5, Ge Gao6,
Jian-Yong Su5, Li Luo5, Ying-Chun Li5, Ming Liu1, Yuan-Fang Hu1, Ming Wei7, Xiao-Jun Yang1,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Conservation of
Gaoligong Mountain, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
2
Xizang Plateau Institute of Biology, Lhasa, Xizang 850001, China
3
Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223,
China
4
Yunnan Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve, Dehong, Yunnan 679300, China
5
Yunnan Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, Nujiang, Yunnan 671400, China
6
Yunnan Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, Baoshan, Yunnan 678000, China
7
China Birdwatching Association, Kunming, Yunnan 650225, China
8
Gaoligong Mountain Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Dulongjiang Forest Ecosystem Research
Station, Gongshan, Yunnan 673500, China

ABSTRACT still faces considerable challenges in the GLGM due to

The Gaoligong Mountains (GLGM), located in limitations in the protected area network, transboundary
southwestern China, extend north to south along the nature of the regions, and existing gaps in monitoring and
western border of the Hengduan Mountains, spanning research.
approximately 600 km. In this study, we consolidated
Keywords: Birds; Gaoligong Mountains; Zoogeographic
findings from 17 bird surveys conducted in the GLGM
region; Conservation challenge
between 2010 and 2022. We found that the GLGM harbors
tremendous bird diversity, with a total of 796 documented INTRODUCTION
bird species in the region. Nearly a quarter (23.0%) of
these species are listed as state key protected species or The Gaoligong Mountains (GLGM), located in southwestern
China, run north to south along the western border of the
as Chinese and global threatened species. Analysis of
Hengduan Mountains, spanning approximately 600 km. The
species richness at the county level showed a decreasing
broadly defined GLGM region encompasses the area between
trend with increasing latitude, with the greatest diversity in
the Nujiang River to the east and the Irrawaddy River to the
Yingjiang (661 species). Observations indicated that the
west, beginning at Chayu County in Xizang, China, and
GLGM belongs to the Oriental realm, primarily composed
extending southward into Burma. For the current study, the
of bird species from southern and southwestern China. GLGM is confined to a region inclusive of all or part of the
The GLGM plays an important role in avian conservation
by sheltering exceptional bird diversity, providing corridors Received: 25 September 2023; Accepted: 11 December 2023; Online: 20
and flyways for bird migration and dispersal, and mitigating January 2024
the effects of climate change. In response to the Foundation items: This work was supported by the National Key R&D
conservation needs of birds and other wildlife, the Chinese Program of China (2022YFC2602500, 2022YFC2602502), Biodiversity
government has established numerous protected areas Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and
within the GLGM. Despite these efforts, avian conservation Environment, China, Second Xizang Plateau Scientific Expedition and
Research Program (STEP, 2019QZKK0501), Major Science and Technique
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the
Programs in Yunnan Province (202102AA310055), National Natural
Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// Science Foundation of China (32070435), Science and Technology Basic
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted Resources Investigation Program of China “Wild germplasm collection and
non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, preservation in Great Gaoligong Mountain” (2021FY100200), Project for
provided the original work is properly cited. Talent and Platform of Science and Technology in Yunnan Province
Copyright ©2024 Editorial Office of Zoological Research: Diversity and Science and Technology Department (202205AM070007)
Conservation, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of *Corresponding authors, E-mail: [email protected]; yangxj@mail.
Sciences kiz.ac.cn
seven counties west of the Nujiang River, including Chayu and 2022. The surveys covered all eight counties within the
county in Xizang and Gongshan, Fugong, Lushui, Longyang, GLGM across Yunnan and Xizang, incorporating a range of
Tengchong, Longling, and Yingjiang counties in Yunnan. elevations in each region (Figure 1). Detailed information
The GLGM region is characterized by its rugged terrain of regarding the surveys is listed in Supplementary Table 1,
deep valleys and high mountains, with elevations ranging from including dates of visits to each area.
210 m to 5 128 m a.s.l. The geographical location of the
Bird sampling
GLGM, together with its wide altitudinal and latitudinal range,
Bird data from the GLGM were obtained through systematic
give rise to extreme differences in climate. The area can be
surveys and opportunistic observations during field work. The
categorized into seven climate zones, including tropical,
systematic surveys involved point counts, line transects, and
southern subtropical, mid-subtropical, northern subtropical,
mist netting techniques.
warm temperate, temperate, and cold temperate zones. The
Unlimited radius point counts and line transect sampling
annual mean temperature in the region is approximately 15°C,
were carried out during the peak period of bird activity,
and the annual mean precipitation is over 3 000 mm. Annual
specifically 4 h after sunrise and 3 h before sunset. Each point
precipitation peaks at 4 700 mm in Dulongjiang, marking it as
count lasted 10 min and the line transect lengths ranged from
one of the areas in China with the most precipitation each
2–5 km. During the survey, all birds observed and heard were
year.
recorded, and the horizontal distance from the central point to
The diverse climate and topography of the GLGM have
each detected bird was estimated. Due to the extremely
resulted in extremely high levels of biodiversity, forming a
crossroad of three global biodiversity hotspots (i.e., Indo- rugged terrain and limited accessibility, points and line
Burma, Himalaya, and Mountains of Southwest China) transects were established on pre-existing trails or along low-
(Mittermeier et al., 2005; Myers et al., 2000), and making it traffic roads (Simons et al., 2006; Wu et al., 2010). Points
one of the most biologically rich places on Earth (Chan et al., were located a minimum of 200 m apart, while line transects
2019; Mittermeier et al., 2005). The area boasts a forest were located a minimum of 500 m apart. Point count and line
coverage of 93.67%, featuring the largest and most transect sampling was only performed on days with little or no
continuous subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in wind, rain, or fog.
China, containing many animal and plant groups, including Mist netting was employed to assess understory bird
endemic and relic species (Chan et al., 2019; Dumbacher species. At each site, mist nets (2.5 m×12.0 m, 36 mm mesh)
et al., 2011; Stotz et al., 2003). Birds, as one of the most were established at least 40 m apart. The nets were
thoroughly documented animal groups and effective operational from dawn to dusk for a period of 3 to 4 days. With
environmental indicators (Bibby et al., 2000), demonstrate permission from the Management Bureau of Gaoligongshan
remarkable diversity in the GLGM. The region has been the National Nature Reserve and Forestry and Grassland Bureau
subject of extensive ornithological research over a long period. of Nujiang, traditional museum specimens were prepared from
The earliest recorded bird observations in the ranges date representatives of each avian taxon captured from each
back to John Anderson’s explorations in 1868 (Anderson, location. The specimens were deposited in the Kunming
1871a, 1871b), with Dumbacher et al. (2011) providing an Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of
excellent review of the history of ornithological exploration in Zoology (Yunnan, China).
the GLGM before 2010. The first systematic review of bird Due to the unfavorable conditions for bird surveys on rainy
species diversity in the GLGM was conducted by Peng et al. days, the majority of fieldwork was conducted during the dry
(1980), documenting 473 avian taxa in the region.
Subsequently, based on a five-year ornithological exploration
(2002–2006) and historical data, Dumbacher et al. (2011)
reported 486 bird species in the GLGM. More recently, Wu
et al. (2021) updated this list to include 749 bird species.
However, these reviews of bird species diversity in the GLGM
primarily focused on parts of Yunnan, while excluding parts of
Xizang. Therefore, a comprehensive review of bird species
across the entire GLGM is warranted to fully understand the
current status.
Commencing in 2010, we conducted a series of bird
diversity surveys in the GLGM, covering both Yunnan and
Xizang. In this study, we combined our data with records from
existing literature, natural reserve management bureaus, and
birdwatchers’ photographs, to compile a comprehensive list of
GLGM avifauna. We also summarized the current state of
knowledge, zoogeographic regions, and conservation status of
the avifauna within these mountain ranges. The primary
objective of this study is to elucidate the distribution patterns
of bird species across the GLGM. Through the examination of
conservation challenges, particularly focusing on spatial
distribution and present conservation status, we hope to
enhance avian conservation efforts within the GLGM.
Figure 1 Study area and sample sites (yellow solid circles) of
MATERIALS AND METHODS
field surveys conducted in the Gaoligong Mountains
The research team conducted 17 bird surveys between 2010 Purple labels represent eight counties, respectively.

2 www.zrdc.ac.cn
season (October to May), which encompassed the bird species abundance, which is suitable for our study (Wolda,
breeding season, winter season, and migration season. 1981). Hierarchical cluster analysis was then performed to
Nevertheless, some bird surveys were also conducted during evaluate spatial changes in breeding bird composition among
the rainy season (June to September) to ensure survey the eight counties based on the Bray-Curtis distances.
integrity (Supplementary Table S1). To achieve representative Statistical analyses and plot visualization were performed
and valid sampling across each county, the bird surveys using the “vegan” (Oksanen et al., 2022), “ggplot2” (Wickham,
covered all vegetation types, from river valleys to mountain 2016), and “ggtree” (Yu et al., 2017) packages in R (v4.0.3; R
ridges. Core Team).
In this study, we determined avian diversity of the GLGM
based on our surveys, published papers, and photographic RESULTS
records. The photographic records, obtained from
birdwatchers and nature reserve management bureaus since Species diversity
2010, were meticulously reviewed by authors at the Kunming In total, 796 bird species were recorded in the GLGM based
Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Only on bird surveys from 2010 to 2022, published papers, and
those photographic records that showed distinctive features of photographic records, including 584 species recorded by the
the species were accepted. Bird records from published authors (Table 1). This assemblage of 796 bird species,
papers were also examined, excluding any species that belonging to 20 orders and 92 families, accounts for 55.1% of
appeared doubtful. the 1 445 bird species in China (Zheng, 2017), and increases
The zoogeographic characterization of each county was by 5.7% compared to a recent avifaunal report in the similar
determined based on the composition of breeding bird areas (Gao et al., 2023). Among the 20 orders, Passeriformes
species. To analyze the origins of birds in the GLGM, we was the largest, comprising 497 species, while the remaining
investigated the zoogeographic regions of breeding bird 19 included 299 species. At the family level, Muscicapidae
species using range information from ornithological was the largest with 67 species. Other significant families,
publications (del Hoyo et al., 2016; Liu & Chen, 2021; each with over 30 species, included Leiothrichidae (39
MacKinnon, 2022; Yang et al., 1995; Yang & Yang, 2004; species), Accipitridae (35 species), Fringillidae (31 species),
Zhang, 2011; Zheng, 2017) for each bird species listed in the and Phylloscopidae (30 species). Sixteen families, including
GLGM (Table 1). The breeding range for each species was Podargidae, Hemiprocnidae, Burhinidae, Ibidorhynchidae,
characterized according to two primary zoogeographic realms: Rostratulidae, Pandionidae, Threskiornithidae, Upupidae,
Palearctic and Oriental. Those species breeding in both Indicatoridae, Artamidae, Remizidae, Troglodytidae,
realms were classified as widespread. The Palearctic and Regulidae, Bombycillidae, Elachuridae, and Irenidae,
Oriental realms were further divided into seven specific contained only one species (Table 1).
regions, including four regions in the Palearctic realm Of the 796 bird species, 543 were residents, 35 were
(Northeast China, Northwest China, North China, Xizang residents or summer breeders, 43 were summer breeders, six
Plateau) and three regions in the Oriental realm (Central were summer breeders or passage migrants, 17 were summer
China, Southwest China, South China). At the regional level, breeders or winter visitors, 65 were winter visitors, 49 were
most species were found to inhabit multiple regions. For winter visitors or passage migrants, 19 were passage
instance, Treron sphenurus was native to the Southwest migrants, and 20 were vagrants. Residents accounted for
China, Central China, and South China regions (Table 1). 68.2% of the total species in the GLGM (Table 1).
Consequently, in such cases, the total ratio of zoogeographic Species richness among counties
region species in each county exceeded 1. Among the eight counties surveyed, Yingjiang exhibited the
Taxonomy followed Zheng (2017). The GLGM bird species highest diversity with 661 species, while Chayu had the lowest
were recorded as year-round resident, passage migrant, diversity with 281 species. In addition to Yingjiang, the species
winter visitor, summer breeder, or vagrant following Yang richness in Tengchong (488 species), Longyang (460
et al. (1995), Yang & Yang (2004), del Hoyo et al. (2016), and species), and Lushui (449 species) also surpassed 400
Zheng (2017). Zoogeographic regions and elevational (Figure 2A). Overall, species richness decreased with
distributions followed Yang et al. (1995), Yang & Yang (2004), increasing latitude, although this trend did not reach statistical
del Hoyo et al. (2016), and Zheng (2017). The IUCN and significance (R2adj=0.26, P=0.114) (Figure 2B).
Chinese Red List Categories followed IUCN (2022) and Zhang
& Zheng (2021), respectively. Protection levels followed the Zoogeographic region
revised List of State Key Protected Wild Animals (National The zoogeographic regions were determined based on the
Forestry and Grassland Administration, 2021). composition of breeding birds. In the GLGM, there were 643
breeding bird species, including residents and summer
Data analysis breeders. Of these, 492 were Oriental species, 92 were
The bird species list for each county in the GLGM was also widespread species, and 59 were Palearctic species, with
based on our surveys, published papers, and photographic Oriental species accounting for 76.5% of the breeding bird
records. Polynomial regression analyses were performed to species in the GLGM (Table 1). Analysis of each county
determine the relationship between species richness and revealed that the ratio of Oriental species decreased with
average latitude of the eight counties in the GLGM using the increasing latitude, while the ratio of Palearctic species
formula: (maximum latitude+minimum latitude)/2. The best-fit increased with increasing latitude (Figure 3). Notably, even in
models with the lowest corrected Akaike Information Criterion Chayu County, the northernmost area, the ratio of Oriental
(AICc) values were selected (Quinn & Keough, 2002). species (53.9%) was higher than that of Palearctic species
Pairwise Bray-Curtis distances were calculated for each (22.9%), suggesting that the whole GLGM region belongs to
county. The Bray-Curtis distance is sensitive to changes in the Oriental realm.

Zoological Research: Diversity and Conservation X(X): 1−32, 2024 3

Table 1 List of bird species documented in the Gaoligong Mountains (GLGM) of Yunnan, China
a Zoogeographic Elevation
Chinese Protectio Red List Chinese Resident
English name Scientific name b
region distribution Sourcee
name n level endemic status
China IUCN Realmc Regionsd (m)
GALLIFORMES 鸡形目 GALLIFORMES
Phasianidae 雉科 Phasianidae
Arborophila 1, 2, 3, 4,
Common Hill Partridge 环颈山鹧鸪 II LC LC R O VII 1750–2600
torqueola 5, 7
Rufous-throated Hill Arborophila
红喉山鹧鸪 II LC LC R O VII 200–2100 1, 2, 5, 7
Partridge rufogularis
White-cheeked Hill Arborophila
白颊山鹧鸪 II NT NT R O VII 900–1500 2, 5
Partridge atrogularis
Bar-backed Hill Arborophila
褐胸山鹧鸪 II NT LC R O VI, VII 620–1740 9
Partridge brunneopectus
Tropicoperdix
Green-legged Partridge 绿脚树鹧鸪 II NT LC R O VII 500–1500 7
chloropus
Snow Partridge 雪鹑 Lerwa lerwa NT LC R P IV, V 3000–5000 8, 9
Tetraophasis
Buff-throated Partridge 黄喉雉鹑 I VU LC √ R P IV, V 3500–5000 1, 6, 8
szechenyii
Tetraogallus
Tibetan Snowcock 藏雪鸡 II NT LC R P V 3800–4400 1, 9
tibetanus
Francolinus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Chinese Francolin 中华鹧鸪 NT LC R O V, VI, VII 200–1500
pintadeanus 5, 7
Tibetan Partridge 高原山鹑 Perdix hodgsoniae LC LC R P IV, V 3600–4600 1
Japanese Quail 鹌鹑 Coturnix japonica LC NT WP 200–3000 5, 6
Mountain Bamboo 1, 2, 3, 4,
棕胸竹鸡 Bambusicola fytchii LC LC R O V, VI, VII 800–2500
Partridge 5, 7
Blood Pheasant 血雉 Ithaginis cruentus II NT LC R W VII 2600–4500 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
Blyth’s Tragopan 灰腹角雉
Tragopan blythii I DD VU R O V 1980–2600 2, 4, 7
Tragopan IV, V, VI,
Temminck’s Tragopan 红腹角雉 II NT LC R O 2000–4000 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
temminckii VII
Pucrasia
Koklass Pheasant 勺鸡 II LC LC R W IV, V 3000–4000 1, 6
macrolopha
Lophophorus
Himalayan Monal 棕尾虹雉 I NT LC R O V 3200–4000 1, 9
impejanus
Lophophorus
Sclater’s Monal 白尾梢虹雉 I EN VU R O V 2500–4200 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
sclateri
Red Junglefowl 红原鸡 Gallus gallus II NT LC R O VII 200–2000 2, 5, 7
Lophura
Kalij Pheasant 黑鹇 II NT LC R O V, VII 800–2400 2, 4, 5, 7
leucomelanos
Lophura 1, 2, 3, 4,
Silver Pheasant 白鹇 II LC LC R O VII 500–2300
nycthemera 5, 7
Crossoptilon
White Eared Pheasant 白马鸡 II NT NT √ R P IV, V 2750–4400 1, 8
crossoptilon
1, 2, 3, 4,
Hume’s Pheasant 黑颈长尾雉 Syrmaticus humiae I VU NT R O VI, VII 800–2800
5, 6, 7
Phasianus
Common Pheasant 环颈雉 LC LC R W V, VI, VII 300–3350 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
colchicus
Lady Amherst’s Chrysolophus 1, 2, 3, 4,
白腹锦鸡 II NT LC R O V, VI, VII 1500–3600
Pheasant amherstiae 5, 6, 7
Polyplectron
Grey Peacock Pheasant 灰孔雀雉 I EN LC R O VII 200–1500 2, 5, 7
bicalcaratum
2, 3, 4, 5,
Green Peafowl 绿孔雀 Pavo muticus I CR EN R O V, VII 200–1500
6, 7
PSITTACIFORMES 雁形目 ANSERIVFORMES
Anatidae 鸭科 Anatidae
Dendrocygna
Lesser Whistling Duck 栗树鸭 II VU LC R O V, VI, VII, 200–2400 1, 2, 5
javanica
Greylag Goose 灰雁 Anser anser LC LC W 1900–4000 9
Greater White-fronted
白额雁 Anser albifrons II LC LC W 600–1500 1
Goose
Bar-headed Goose 斑头雁 Anser indicus LC LC W 2000–3510 1, 7, 9
Cygnus
Tundra Swan 小天鹅 II NT LC W 600–1500 9
columbianus
Asarcornis
White-winged duck 白翅栖鸭 II – EN V 200–1550 1, 9
scutulata
Common Shelduck 翘鼻麻鸭 Tadorna tadorna LC LC W 1200–2650 1
I, II, III,
Ruddy Shelduck 赤麻鸭 Tadorna ferruginea LC LC SW P 800–3600 1, 3, 5, 7
IV, V, VII
I, II, III, V,
Mandarin Duck 鸳鸯 Aix galericulata II NT LC SW W 900–2700 9
VI, VII

4 www.zrdc.ac.cn
 Continued
a Zoogeographic Elevation
Chinese Protectio Red List Chinese Resident
English name Scientific name region distribution Sourcee
name n level endemic statusb
China IUCN Realmc Regionsd (m)
Nettapus II, III, V,
Asian Pygmy Goose 棉凫 II EN LC S W 500–2000 9
coromandelianus VI, VII
Gadwall 赤膀鸭 Mareca strepera LC LC W 1400–2700 1, 9
Eurasian Wigeon 赤颈鸭 Mareca penelope LC LC W 1200–2650 1, 9
Mallard 绿头鸭 Anas platyrhynchos LC LC W 1200–4000 1, 2, 4, 7, 9
Anas 1, 2, 3, 4,
Indian Spot-billed Duck 南亚斑嘴鸭 LC LC R O VII 200–2500
poecilorhyncha 5, 7
Spot-billed Duck 斑嘴鸭 Anas zonorhyncha LC LC W 200–3300 1, 9
Northern Pintail 针尾鸭 Anas acuta LC LC W 1200–2500 7, 9
Green-winged Teal 绿翅鸭 Anas crecca LC LC W 400–2700 3, 5, 7, 10
Northern Shoveler 琵嘴鸭 Spatula clypeata LC LC W 400–2700 3, 7
Spatula
Garganey 白眉鸭 LC LC W 1400–2700 4
querquedula
Red-crested Pochard 赤嘴潜鸭 Netta rufina LC LC WP 1300–2700 1
Common Pochard 红头潜鸭 Aythya ferina LC VU W 1250–2700 9
Baer’s Pochard 青头潜鸭 Aythya baeri I CR CR W 1900–2100 3, 7
Ferruginous Duck 白眼潜鸭 Aythya nyroca NT NT W 1200–3700 9
Tufted Duck 凤头潜鸭 Aythya fuligula LC LC W 600–3700 9
Long-tailed Duck 长尾鸭 Clangula hyemalis CR VU V 650 11
II, IV, V,
Common Merganser 普通秋沙鸭 Mergus merganser LC LC SW P 200–2650 1, 7, 8, 9
VII
PODICIPEDIFORMES 目 PODICIPEDIFORMES
Podicipedidae 䴙䴘科 Podicipedidae
I, II, III,
Tachybaptus
Little Grebe 小 LC LC R W IV, V, VI, 400–2600 1, 3, 4, 7, 9
ruficollis
VII
Great Crested Grebe 凤头 Podiceps cristatus LC LC W 1140–2600 3, 7
COLUMBIFORMES 鸽形目 COLUMBIFORMES
Columbidae 鸠鸽科 Columbidae
II, III, IV,
Rock Dove 原鸽 Columba livia LC LC R W 3000–5000 1
V
I, II, III,
Hill Pigeon 岩鸽 Columba rupestris LC LC R P 2900–4200 1, 8
IV, V
III, IV, V,
Snow Pigeon 雪鸽 Columba leuconota LC LC R P 2500–4100 1, 8
VII
II, IV, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Speckled Wood Pigeon 斑林鸽 Columba hodgsonii LC LC R O 600–3500
VII 5, 7, 8
Columba
Ashy Wood Pigeon 灰林鸽 LC LC R O V, VII 1700 1, 2, 5, 7
pulchricollis
I, II, III,
Streptopelia 1, 2, 3, 4,
Oriental Turtle Dove 山斑鸠 LC LC R W IV, V, VI, 200–3250
orientalis 5, 7, 8
VII
I, II, III,
Streptopelia 1, 2, 3, 4,
Red Turtle Dove 火斑鸠 LC LC R W IV, V, VI, 200–2100
tranquebarica 5, 6, 7
VII
Streptopelia 1, 2, 3, 4,
Spotted-necked Dove 珠颈斑鸠 LC LC R O V, VII 200–2500
chinensis 5, 7
Barred Cuckoo Dove 斑尾鹃鸠 Macropygia unchall II NT LC R O V, VII 600–1400 1, 2, 5, 7
Emerald Dove 绿翅金鸠 Chalcophaps indica LC LC R O V, VI, VII 200–800 5, 7, 9
Orange-breasted Green
橙胸绿鸠 Treron bicinctus II NT LC R O VII 200–600 9
Pigeon
Thick-billed Green
厚嘴绿鸠 Treron curvirostra II NT LC R O VII 400–800 6, 9
Pigeon
Yellow-footed Green Treron
黄脚绿鸠 II NT LC R O VII 500–1600 9
Pigeon phoenicopterus
Pin-tailed Green Pigeon 针尾绿鸠 Treron apicauda II NT LC R O V, VII 600–1250 2, 5, 7
Wedge-tailed Green 1, 2, 3, 4,
楔尾绿鸠 Treron sphenurus II NT LC R O V, VI, VII 200–2600
Pigeon 5, 6, 7, 8
Mountain Imperial
山皇鸠 Ducula badia II NT LC R O VII 600–1250 5, 7
Pigeon
CAPRIMULGIFOR
CAPRIMULGIFORMES 夜鹰目
MES
Podargidae 蛙口夜鹰科 Podargidae
黑顶蛙口夜 Batrachostomus
Hodgson’s Frogmouth II LC LC R O VII 1250 1
鹰 hodgsoni

Zoological Research: Diversity and Conservation X(X): 1−32, 2024 5

 Continued
a Zoogeographic Elevation
Chinese Protectio Red List Chinese Resident
English name Scientific name region distribution Sourcee
name n level endemic statusb
China IUCN Realmc Regionsd (m)
Caprimulgidae 夜鹰科 Caprimulgidae
Great Eared Nightjar 毛腿夜鹰 Lyncornis macrotis DD LC R O VII 740–1400 1, 3, 4, 7
I, II, III,
Caprimulgus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Grey Nightjar 普通夜鹰 LC LC R W IV, V, VI, 300–3400
indicus 5, 7, 8
VII
Caprimulgus
Large’tailed Nightjar 长尾夜鹰 LC LC R O VII 200–1900 2, 3, 5, 7
macrurus
Hemiprocnidae 凤头雨燕科 Hemiprocnidae
Hemiprocne
Crested Treeswift 凤头树燕 II LC LC R O VII 620–1250 1
coronata
Apodidae 雨燕科 Apodidae
Aerodramus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Himalayan Swiftlet 短嘴金丝燕 NT LC R O V, VII 600–2100
brevirostris 5, 7
White-throated 白喉针尾雨 Hirundapus
LC LC R W IV, V, VII 1400–1750 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
Needletail 燕 caudacutus
灰喉针尾雨 Hirundapus
Silver-backed Needletail II NT LC S O VII 1200–1800 9
燕 cochinchinensis
Brown-backed 褐背针尾雨 Hirundapus
LC LC V 500–1500 9
Needletail 燕 giganteus
Cypsiurus
Asian Palm Swift 棕雨燕 LC LC R O V, VII 600–3000 2, 5, 6, 7, 9
balasiensis
II, III, V,
Fork–tailed Swift 白腰雨燕 Apus pacificus LC LC S W 1000–1750 1, 2, 4, 5, 7
VI, VII
Dark-rumped Swift 暗背雨燕 Apus acuticauda DD VU V 200–2000 9
II, V, VI, 1, 2, 3, 4,
House Swift 小白腰雨燕 Apus nipalensis LC LC RS O 300–1890
VII 5, 7, 9
CUCULIFORMES 鹃形目 CUCULIFORMES
Cuculidae 杜鹃科 Cuculidae
Greater Coucal 褐翅鸦鹃
Centropus sinensis II LC LC R O VII 200–1200 1, 5, 6
Centropus
Lesser Coucal 小鸦鹃 II LC LC R O II, VI, VII 200–1250 1, 3, 4, 5, 7
bengalensis
Phaenicophaeus 1, 2, 3, 5,
Green-billed Malkoha 绿嘴地鹃 LC LC R O IV, V, VII 200–1200
tristis 6, 7
Chestnut-winged Clamator
红翅凤头鹃 LC LC S O II, VI, VII 200–1800 5, 7, 10
Cuckoo coromandus
Jacobin Cuckoo 斑翅凤头鹃 Clamator jacobinus LC LC V 200–2000 7; 11
Eudynamys II, III, IV, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Common Koel 噪鹃 LC LC S O 200–2100
scolopaceus V, VI, VII 5, 6, 7
Chrysococcyx IV, V, VI, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Asian Emerald Cuckoo 翠金鹃 NT LC RS O 200–2100
maculatus VII 6, 7
Chrysococcyx
Violet Cuckoo 紫金鹃 NT LC R O VII 620–2750 9
xanthorhynchus
Cacomantis
Banded Bay Cuckoo 栗斑杜鹃 LC LC RS O V, VI, VII 270–1300 1, 5, 6
sonneratii
Cacomantis II, V, VI, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Plaintive Cuckoo 八声杜鹃 LC LC S O 200–2100
merulinus VII 5, 6, 7, 8
II, V, VI, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Drongo Cuckoo 乌鹃 Surniculus lugubris LC LC S O 200–1250
VII 5, 7
Hierococcyx II, III, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Large Hawk Cuckoo 大鹰鹃 LC LC S O 200–2500
sparverioides VI, VII 5, 7
Hierococcyx II, V, VI,
Whistling Hawk Cuckoo 棕腹鹰鹃 LC LC S W 500–1200 1
nisicolor VII
Cuculus I, II, IV, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Lesser Cuckoo 小杜鹃 LC LC S W 400–3650
poliocephalus VI, VII 7, 8
I, II, III,
Cuculus
Indian Cuckoo 四声杜鹃 LC LC S W IV, V, VI, 600–1890 1
micropterus
VII
II, V, VI,
Himalayan Cuckoo 中杜鹃 Cuculus saturatus LC LC S W 400–2100 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
VII
II, IV, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Common Cuckoo 大杜鹃 Cuculus canorus LC LC S W 200–2500
VI, VII 5, 6, 7, 8
GRUIFORMES 鹤形目 GRUIFORMES
Rallidae 秧鸡科 Rallidae
Rallina
Slaty-legged Crake 白喉斑秧鸡 VU LC R O VI, VII 200–700 9
eurizonoides
Slaty-breasted Rail 灰胸秧鸡 Lewinia striata LC LC R O II, VI, VII 400–2750 2, 3, 4, 7
Brown-cheeked Rail 普通秧鸡 Rallus indicus LC LC W 480–760 9

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IV, V, VI,
Black-tailed Crake 棕背田鸡 Zapornia bicolor II LC LC R O 250–2500 1, 6, 10
VII
Ruddy-breasted Crake 红胸田鸡 Zapornia fusca NT LC R W V, VII 200–2100 2, 3, 4, 7
I, II, III,
White-breasted Amaurornis 1, 2, 3, 4,
白胸苦恶鸟 LC LC RS O IV, V, VI, 200–2700
Waterhen phoenicurus 5, 4, 6, 7
VII
I, II, III,
Watercock 董鸡 Gallicrex cinerea LC LC S W IV, V, VI, 200–2100 3, 5, 7
VII
Purple Swamphen 紫水鸡 Porphyrio porphyrio II VU NR R O V, VII 500–2200 1, 3, 4, 7, 9
I, II, III,
Common Moorhen 黑水鸡 Gallinula chloropus LC LC R W IV, V, VI, 400–2700 1, 2, 5, 6
VII
Common Coot 白骨顶 Fulica atra LC LC W 800–2700 1, 9
Gruidae 鹤科 Gruidae
Sarus Crane 赤颈鹤 Grus antigone I RE VU R O VII 600–3250 2, 4, 5, 6
Demoiselle Crane 蓑羽鹤 Grus virgo II LC LC W 600–2000 9
Common Crane 灰鹤 Grus grus II NT LC W 300–3600 1, 3, 5, 7
Black-necked Crane 黑颈鹤 Grus nigricollis I VU NT W 1800–3600 9
CHARADRIIFORM
CHARADRIIFORMES 鸻形目
ES
Burhinidae 石鸻科 Burhinidae
Esacus
Great Thick-knee 大石鸻 II LC NT W 620–1400 6
recurvirostris
Ibidorhynchidae 鹮嘴鹬科 Ibidorhynchidae
I, II, III,
Ibidorhyncha
Ibisbill 鹮嘴鹬 II NT LC R P IV, V, VI, 1400–1800 1, 2, 4, 9
struthersii
VII
Recurvirostridae 反嘴鹬科 Recurvirostridae
Himantopus
Black-winged Stilt 黑翅长脚鹬 LC LC WP 480–2400 4, 8
himantopus
Recurvirostra
Pied Avocet 反嘴鹬 LC LC WP 500–3000 9
avosetta
Charadriidae 鸻科 Charadriidae
Northern Lapwing 凤头麦鸡 Vanellus vanellus LC NT W 600–3300 1
River Lapwing 距翅麦鸡 Vanellus duvaucelii NT NT R O V, VI, VII 200–1200 2, 5, 7, 9
Grey-headed Lapwing 灰头麦鸡 Vanellus cinereus LC LC W 400–2400 1, 3, 4, 5, 7
2, 3, 4, 5,
Red-wattled Lapwing 肉垂麦鸡 Vanellus indicus LC LC R O VI, VII 200–1400
6, 7
Pacific Golden Plover 金鸻 Pluvialis fulva LC LC WP 300–2400 3, 4, 7
Grey Plover 灰鸻 Pluvialis squatarola LC LC WP 760–1400 1
Long-billed Plover 长嘴剑鸻 Charadrius placidus NT LC W 600–2600 1, 3, 4, 5, 7
Little Ringed Plover 金眶鸻 Charadrius dubius LC LC R W V, VI, VII 200–2200 1, 2, 5, 9
Charadrius
Kentish Plover 环颈鸻 LC LC WP 1400–2300 9
alexandrinus
Rostratulidae 彩鹬科 Rostratulidae
I, II, III,
Rostratula
Greater Painted Snipe 彩鹬 LC LC R W IV, V, VI, 500–1000 3, 4, 7
benghalensis
VII
Jacanidae 水雉科 Jacanidae
Hydrophasianus II, V, VI,
Pheasant-tailed Jacana 水雉 II NT LC R O 500–1200 9
chirurgus VII
Bronze-winged Jacana 铜翅水雉 Metopidius indicus II DD LC R O VII 620 9
Scolopacidae 鹬科 Scolopacidae
2, 3, 4, 5,
Eurasian Woodcock 丘鹬 Scolopax rusticola LC LC W 400–2800
6, 7
Solitary Snipe 孤沙锥 Gallinago solitaria LC LC W 600–1800 4, 10
Pintail Snipe 针尾沙锥 Gallinago stenura LC LC WP 600–3000 5, 6, 8, 9
Common Snipe 扇尾沙锥 Gallinago gallinago LC LC W 760–1400 9
Black-tailed Godwit 黑尾塍鹬 Limosa limosa LC NT P 300–1450 3, 4, 7
Numenius
Whimbrel 中杓鹬 LC LC P 300–1500 9
phaeopus
Common Redshank 红脚鹬 Tringa totanus LC LC WP 300–2400 1

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Marsh Sandpiper 泽鹬 Tringa stagnatilis LC LC WP 600–2000 9
Common Greenshank 青脚鹬 Tringa nebularia LC LC W 760–2400 1, 5, 6, 7
2, 3, 4, 6,
Green Sandpiper 白腰草鹬 Tringa ochropus LC LC WP 500–2670
7, 8
Wood Sandpiper 林鹬 Tringa glareola LC LC WP 800–1740 4, 5, 8
Common Sandpiper 矶鹬 Actitis hypoleucos LC LC WP 280–2600 1, 4, 5, 7, 9
Little Stint 小滨鹬 Calidris minuta LC LC P 500–2000 9
Temminck’s Stint 青脚滨鹬 Calidris temminckii LC LC WP 270–1870 6
Long-toed Stint 长趾滨鹬 Calidris subminuta LC LC P 1200–1300 8
Turnicidae 三趾鹑科 Turnicidae
Yellow-legged
黄脚三趾鹑 Turnix tanki LC LC W 600–1800 1, 5, 7
Buttonquail
1, 2, 3, 4,
Barred Buttonquail 棕三趾鹑 Turnix suscitator LC LC R O V, VI, VII 600–1800
5, 6, 7
Glareolidae 燕鸻科 Glareolidae
Glareola
Oriental Pratincole 普通燕鸻 LC LC P 300–1820 9
maldivarum
Little Pratincole 灰燕鸻 Glareola lactea II LC LC R O VII 250–1500 1
Laridae 鸥科 Laridae
Chroicocephalus
Brown-headed Gull 棕头鸥 LC LC W 480–2640 6, 7, 9
brunnicephalus
Chroicocephalus
Black-headed Gull 红嘴鸥 LC LC W 200–2700 9
ridibundus
Ichthyaetus
Pallas's Gull 渔鸥 LC LC WP 1800–2700 1, 9
ichthyaetus
River Tern 河燕鸥 Sterna aurantia I NT VU S O VII 200–1870 2, 5, 7
II, III, IV,
Common Tern 普通燕鸥 Sterna hirundo LC LC S P 3900 1, 8
V
Black-bellied Tern 黑腹燕鸥 Sterna acuticauda II EN EN R O VII 200–620 2, 4, 5
Whiskered Tern 灰翅浮鸥 Chlidonias hybrida LC LC P 200–1350 9
CICONIIFORMES 鹳形目 CICONIIFORMES
Ciconiidae 鹳科 Ciconiidae
Asian Open-bill Stork 钳嘴鹳 Anastomus oscitans LC LC V 500–2100 9
2, 3, 4, 5,
Black Stork 黑鹳 Ciconia nigra I VU LC W 700–3600
7, 9
Leptoptilos
Lesser Adjutant Stork 秃鹳 II DD VU V 800–1000 9, 11
javanicus
SULIFORMES 鲣鸟目 SULIFORMES
Phalacrocoracidae 鸬鹚科 Phalacrocoracidae
Little Cormorant 黑颈鸬鹚 Microcarbo niger II LC LC R O VII 500–850 2, 3, 4, 5, 7
Phalacrocorax 1, 2, 3, 4,
Great Cormorant 普通鸬鹚 LC LC W 800–2700
carbo 5, 6, 7
PELECANIFORME
PELECANIFORMES 鹈形目
S
Threskiornithidae 鹮科 Threskiornithidae
Glossy Ibis 彩鹮 Plegadis falcinellus I NT LC P 500–2000 9
Ardeidae 鹭科 Ardeidae
Eurasian Bittern 大麻鳽 Botaurus stellaris LC LC WP 1300–1800 12
I, II, III, V,
Yellow Bittern 黄斑苇鳽 Ixobrychus sinensis LC LC S W 600–1400 9
VI, VII
Ixobrychus I, II, III, V, 2, 4, 6, 7,
Von Schrenck’s Bittern 紫背苇鳽 LC LC S W 1500–1800
eurhythmus VI, VII 8, 9
Ixobrychus I, II, III, V, 2, 3, 4, 5,
Cinnamon Bittern 栗苇鳽 LC LC S W 200–2100
cinnamomeus VI, VII 6, 7
Gorsachius II, V, VI,
Malayan Night Heron 黑冠鳽 II NT LC S O 500–640 9
melanolophus VII
I, II, III,
Black-crowned Night Nycticorax
夜鹭 LC LC S W IV, V, VI, 620–2400 3, 4, 5, 7
Heron nycticorax
VII
II, V, VI, 2, 3, 4, 5,
Striated Heron 绿鹭 Butorides striata LC LC RS O 600–2200
VII 6, 7, 9
Indian Pond Heron 印度池鹭 Ardeola grayii LC LC V 600–2000 9
I, II, III,
1, 2, 3, 4,
Chinese Pond Heron 池鹭 Ardeola bacchus LC LC R W IV, V, VI, 500–2400
5, 6, 7
VII
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I, II, III,
1, 2, 3, 4,
Cattle Egret 牛背鹭 Bubulcus ibis LC LC R W IV, V, VI, 500–2400
5, 6, 7, 9
VII
I, II, III,
Grey Heron 苍鹭 Ardea cinerea LC LC R W IV, V, VI, 600–2500 9
VI
White-bellied Heron 白腹鹭 Ardea insignis I DD CR V 1790 9
I, II, III,
Purple Heron 草鹭 Ardea purpurea LC LC R W 490–1400 9
VI, VII
Great Egret 大白鹭 Ardea alba LC LC WP 600–2400 9
I, II, IV, V,
Intermediate Egret 中白鹭 Ardea intermedia LC LC R O 600–2200 1, 2, 5
VI, VII
I, II, III,
Little Egret 白鹭 Egretta garzetta LC LC RS O IV, V, VI, 624–2700 1, 4, 5, 7
VII
ACCIPITRIFORME
ACCIPITRIFORMES 鹰形目
S
Pandionidae 鹗科 Pandionidae
Osprey 鹗 Pandion haliaetus II NT LC WP 600–2400 9
Accipitridae 鹰科 Accipitridae
II, IV, V,
Black-winged Kite 黑翅鸢 Elanus caeruleus II NT LC R O 800–2400 3, 4, 6, 7, 9
VI, VII
I, II, III,
Bearded Vulture 胡兀鹫 Gypaetus barbatus I NT NT R P 3000–4600 1
IV, V, VI
Pernis
Oriental Honey Buzzard 凤头蜂鹰 II NT LC RS W V, VII 600–2400 1, 4, 7
ptilorhynchus
IV, V, VI,
Jerdon’s Baza 褐冠鹃隼 Aviceda jerdoni II NT LC R O 500–1800 1
VII
I, II, III,
Himalayan Vulture 高山兀鹫 Gyps himalayensis II NT NT R W IV, V, VI, 2800–4200 1, 3, 4, 7
VII
2, 3, 4, 5,
Red-headed Vulture 黑兀鹫 Sarcogyps calvus I CR CR R O V, VII 400–1500
6, 7
Aegypius
Cinereous Vulture 秃鹫 I NT NT WP 1200–4000 9
monachus
Crested Serpent Eagle 蛇雕 Spilornis cheela II NT LC R O IV, V, VII 500–1500 1, 5, 7
Short-toed Snake Eagle 短趾雕 Circaetus gallicus II NT LC P 200–2000 1
II, IV, V,
Mountain Hawk-Eagle 鹰雕 Nisaetus nipalensis II NT NT R O 2000–4700 1, 7, 9
VI, VII
Rufous-bellied Hawk- Lophotriorchis
棕腹隼雕 II NT NT R O VII 280 1, 5
Eagle kienerii
Ictinaetus
Black Eagle 林雕 II VU LC R O II, IV, VII 600–1900 1, 7
malaiensis
Greater Spotted Eagle 乌雕 Clanga clanga I EN VU W 1200 7, 9
Hieraaetus
Booted Eagle 靴隼雕 II VU LC P 500–3000 9
pennatus
Steppe Eagle 草原雕 Aquila nipalensis I VU EN WP 500–2600 1
Imperial Eagle 白肩雕 Aquila heliaca I EN VU WP 210–3300 5, 6
II, III, IV,
Golden Eagle 金雕 Aquila chrysaetos I VU LC R W 930–4000 1, 3, 4, 7, 9
V, VI, VII
Bonelli’s Eagle 白腹隼雕 Aquila fasciata II VU LC R O II, VI, VII 1000–2000 7, 9
II, V, VI,
Crested Goshawk 凤头鹰 Accipiter trivirgatus II NT LC R O 624–2000 1, 2, 3, 5, 7
VII
II, IV, V,
Shikra 褐耳鹰 Accipiter badius II NT LC R O 620–1400 1, 6, 7
VI, VII
I, II, III, V,
Chinese Sparrowhawk 赤腹鹰 Accipiter soloensis II LC LC S W 2200 9
VI, VI
I, II, III,
1, 2, 3, 4,
Besra 松雀鹰 Accipiter virgatus II LC LC R W IV, V, VI, 620–3000
5, 6, 7, 8
VII
Eurasian Sparrowhawk 雀鹰 Accipiter nisus II LC LC W 600–2400 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
Northern Goshawk 苍鹰 Accipiter gentilis II NT LC WP 600–2400 1, 9, 10
Eastern Marsh Harrier 白腹鹞 Circus spilonotus II NT LC W 1700–1800 1
Hen Harrier 白尾鹞 Circus cyaneus II NT LC WP 400–2500 1, 3, 4, 7
Circus 2, 3, 4, 5,
Pied Harrier 鹊鹞 II NT LC WP 200–2000
melanoleucos 6, 7, 9

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Black Kite 黑鸢 Milvus migrans II LC LC R W VII 500–3800
6, 7, 8
II, V, VI,
Brahminy Kite 栗鸢 Haliastur indus II VU LC R O 600–2400 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
VII
Haliaeetus
Pallas’s Fish Eagle 玉带海雕 I EN EN V 800–4000 9
leucoryphus
White-tailed Sea Eagle 白尾海雕 Haliaeetus albicilla I VU LC W 800–3300 6, 9
Grey-faced Buzzard 灰脸鵟鹰 Butastur indicus II NT LC V ? 7
Upland Buzzard 大鵟 Buteo hemilasius II VU LC W 1800 1, 9
1, 2, 3, 4,
Eastern Buzzard 普通鵟 Buteo japonicus II LC LC W 400–2750
5, 6
Himalayan Buzzard 喜山鵟 Buteo refectus II LC LC R O IV, V 800–4000 1, 4, 9
STRIGIFORMES 鸮形目 STRIGIFORMES
Strigidae 鸱鸮科 Strigidae
Mountain Scops Owl 黄嘴角鸮 Otus spilocephalus II NT LC R O IV, VI, VII 1400–1700 1, 9
II, V, VI, 2, 3, 4, 5,
Collared Scops Owl 领角鸮 Otus lettia II LC LC R W 300–1400
VII 6, 7
Oriental Scops Owl 红角鸮 Otus sunia II LC LC R W VI, VII 1800–2500 3, 4, 7
II, IV, V,
Eurasian Eagle-Owl 雕鸮 Bubo bubo II NT LC R W 300–2100 2, 3, 4, 7, 9
VI, VI
Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl 林雕鸮 Bubo nipalensis II NT LC R O IV, V, VII 580 9
Brown Fish Owl 褐渔鸮 Ketupa zeylonensis II EN LC R O VI, VII 600–1900 2, 3, 4, 7, 9
II, V, VI,
Tawny Fish Owl 黄腿渔鸮 Ketupa flavipes II EN LC R O 620–1000 11
VII
II, V, VI, 2, 3, 4, 5,
Brown Wood Owl 褐林鸮 Strix leptogrammica II NT LC R O 1000–1700
VII 6, 7, 9
II, IV, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Tawny Owl 灰林鸮 Strix aluco II NT LC R W 1710–4000
VI, VII 6, 7, 8
II, IV, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Collared Owlet 领鸺鹠 Glaucidium brodiei II LC LC R O 740–3000
VI, VII 5, 7
Glaucidium 1, 2, 3, 5,
Asian Barred Owlet 斑头鸺鹠 II LC LC R O V, VII 200–2500
cuculoides 6, 7
Spotted Owlet 横斑腹小鸮 Athene brama II NT LC R O V 200–1500 9
II, III, V,
Brown Boobook 鹰鸮 Ninox scutulata II NT LC R O 300–1400 3, 4, 7, 9
VI, VII
Long-eared Owl 长耳鸮 Asio otus II LC LC W 1900 12
Short-eared Owl 短耳鸮 Asio flammeus II NT LC W 620–1900 4, 6，7, 9
Tytonidae 草鸮科 Tytonidae
Barn Owl 仓鸮 Tyto alba II NT NR R O V, VI, VII 600–2100 9
II, V, VI,
Eastern Grass Owl 草鸮 Tyto longimembris II NT LC R O 300–2100 5, 7
VII
Bay Owl 栗鸮 Phodilus badius II NT LC R O VII 620 5
TROGONIFORMES 咬鹃目 TROGONIFORMES
Trogonidae 咬鹃科 Trogonidae
Orange-breasted
橙胸咬鹃 Harpactes oreskios II NT LC R O VII 600–1250 5, 7
Trogon
Harpactes 1, 2, 3, 4,
Red-headed Trogon 红头咬鹃 II NT LC R O V, VII 300–2200
erythrocephalus 5, 6, 7
1, 2, 3, 4,
Ward's Trogon 红腹咬鹃 Harpactes wardi II NT NT R O V 1500–3200
5, 7
BUCEROTIFORME
BUCEROTIFORMES 犀鸟目
S
Bucerotidae 犀鸟科 Bucerotidae
Austen’s Brown Hornbill 白喉犀鸟 Anorrhinus austeni I VU NT R O VII 600–800 5
Anthracoceros
Oriental Pied Hornbill 冠斑犀鸟 I CR LC R O V, VII 620–1250 5, 7
albirostris
Great Hornbill 双角犀鸟 Buceros bicornis I CR VU R O V, VII 270–800 2, 5, 7
Rufous-necked Hornbill 棕颈犀鸟 Aceros nipalensis I CR VU R O V, VII 600–800 5, 7
花冠皱盔犀 Rhyticeros
Wreathed Hornbill I EN VU R O V, VII 400–1000 1, 5, 9
鸟 undulatus
Upupidae 戴胜科 Upupidae
I, II, III, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Common Hoopoe 戴胜 Upupa epops LC LC R W 200–2950
IV, V, VII 5, 7
CORACIIFORMES 佛法僧目 CORACIIFORMES

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Meropidae 蜂虎科 Meropidae
Blue-bearded Bee-eater 蓝须夜蜂虎 Nyctyornis athertoni II VU LC R O VII 200–1200 1, 2, 5, 7
Green Bee-eater 绿喉蜂虎 Merops orientalis II LC LC R O V, VII 250–1200 2, 3, 4, 5, 7
1, 2, 3, 4,
Blue-tailed Bee-eater 栗喉蜂虎 Merops philippinus II LC LC S O V, VII 600–1350
5, 7
Chestnut-headed Bee- Merops
栗头蜂虎 II LC LC S O VII 200–400 2, 3, 5, 7
eater leschenaultia
Coraciidae 佛法僧科 Coraciidae
Coracias
Indian Roller 棕胸佛法僧 NT LC R O V, VII 200–1450 2, 3, 4, 5, 7
benghalensis
Eurystomus I, II, III,
Dollarbird 三宝鸟 LC LC RS O 200–1300 6, 9
orientalis VI, VII
Alcedinidae 翠鸟科 Alcedinidae
Pelargopsis
Stork-billed Kingfisher 鹳嘴翡翠 II LC LC R O VII 200–600 1
capensis
Ruddy Kingfisher 赤翡翠 Halcyon coromanda LC LC R O VII 200–600 9
White-throated 1, 2, 3, 4,
白胸翡翠 Halcyon smyrnensisII LC LC R O V, VI, VII 200–2100
Kingfisher 5, 6, 7
I, II, III, V,
Black-capped Kingfisher 蓝翡翠 Halcyon pileata LC VU S W 200–1750 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
VI, VII
I, II, III,
1, 2, 3, 4,
Common Kingfisher 普通翠鸟 Alcedo atthis LC LC R W IV, V, VI, 200–2750
5, 6, 7
VII
Blyth's Kingfisher 斑头大翠鸟 Alcedo hercules II VU NT R O VI, VII 800–1100 5, 7
Oriental Dwarf
三趾翠鸟 Ceyx erithaca LC LC R O VII 200–1800 2, 3, 4, 5, 7
Kingfisher
I, II, III, V, 2, 3, 4, 5,
Crested Kingfisher 冠鱼狗 Megaceryle lugubris LC LC R O 260–1500
VI, VII 6, 7
Pied Kingfisher 斑鱼狗 Ceryle rudis LC LC R O VII 200–1800 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
PICIFORMES 啄木鸟目 PICIFORMES
Capitonidae 拟啄木鸟科 Capitonidae
1, 2, 3, 4,
Great Barbet 大拟啄木鸟 Psilopogon virens LC LC R O V, VI, VII 200–2250
5, 6, 7
Lineated Barbet 绿拟啄木鸟 Psilopogon lineatus LC LC R O VII 270–800 5, 6, 7
金喉拟啄木 1, 2, 3, 4,
Golden-throated Barbet Psilopogon franklinii LC LC R O IV, V, VII 200–2300
鸟 5, 6, 7
蓝喉拟啄木 1, 2, 3, 4,
Blue-throated Barbet Psilopogon asiatica LC LC R O VII 200–1440
鸟 5, 6, 7
蓝耳拟啄木
Blue-eared Barbet Psilopogon australis LC LC R O VII 500–900 1
鸟
赤胸拟啄木 Psilopogon
Coppersmith Barbet LC LC R O VII 200–1280 1, 2, 3, 5, 7
鸟 haemacephalus
Indicatoridae 响蜜鴷科 Indicatoridae
Yellow-rumped Indicator
黄腰响蜜 NT NT R O V, VII 1500–2500 1, 6, 9
Honeyguide xanthonotus
Picidae 啄木鸟科 Picidae
1, 2, 3, 4,
Eurasian Wryneck 蚁䴕 Jynx torquilla LC LC WP 400–3350
5, 6, 7
Picumnus II, V, VI,
Speckled Piculet 斑姬啄木鸟 LC LC R O 200–3600 1, 2, 3, 5, 7
innominatus VII
白眉棕啄木
White-browed Piculet Sasia ochracea LC LC R O VII 200–1400 1, 2, 5, 7
鸟
Rufous-bellied Dendrocopos 1, 2, 4, 5,
棕腹啄木鸟 LC LC R W IV, V, VII 760–3650
Woodpecker hyperythrus 6, 7
Grey-capped Dendrocopos 1, 2, 3, 4,
星头啄木鸟 LC LC R W V, VI 200–3300
Woodpecker canicapillus 5, 7
Stripe-breasted Dendrocopos
纹胸啄木鸟 DD LC R O VII 740–2000 1, 2, 5, 7
Woodpecker atratus
Crimson-breasted Dendrocopos 1, 2, 3, 4,
赤胸啄木鸟 LC LC R O V, VII 400–2750
Woodpecker cathpharius 5, 6, 7
Dendrocopos 1, 2, 3, 4,
Darjeeling Woodpecker 黄颈啄木鸟 LC LC R O IV, V, VII 1200–3000
darjellensis 5, 6, 7
Great Spotted IV, V, VI, 1, 2, 3, 4,
大斑啄木鸟 Dendrocopos major LC LC R W 200–3750
Woodpecker VII 5, 7
II, III, IV,
Three-toed Woodpecker 三趾啄木鸟 Picoides tridactylus II LC LC R P 3700–4100 6, 8
V, VI, VII
White-bellied 白腹黑啄木
Dryocopus javensis II NT LC R O V, VI, VII 600–2500 2, 6, 7
Woodpecker 鸟
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Black Woodpecker 黑啄木鸟 Dryocopus martius II LC LC R W II, IV, V 3160 1, 8, 9
Greater Yellownape 大黄冠啄木 Chrysophlegma
II EN LC R O V, VII 300–1850 1, 2, 3, 6, 7
Woodpecker 鸟 flavinucha
Lesser Yellownape
黄冠啄木鸟 Picus chlorolophus II NT LC R O VII 500–1400 5, 6, 7, 9
Woodpecker
Streak-throated 纹喉绿啄木 Picus
DD LC R O VII 1850 6
Woodpecker 鸟 xanthopygaeus
Grey-headed 灰头绿啄木 1, 2, 3, 4,
Picus canus LC LC R W IV, V 300–3600
Woodpecker 鸟 5, 6, 7, 8
Common Flamebacked Dinopium
金背啄木鸟 DD LC R O V, VII 600–800 9
Woodpecker javanense
Greater Flamebacked 大金背啄木 Chrysocolaptes
NT LC R O V, VII 500–1250 5, 6
Woodpecker 鸟 lucidus
Pale-headed
竹啄木鸟 Gecinulus grantia LC LC R O VII 270–800 2, 5
Woodpecker
黄嘴栗啄木 1, 2, 3, 4,
Bay Woodpecker Blythipicus pyrrhotis LC LC R O V, VII 250–2300
鸟 5, 7
Micropternus
Rufous Woodpecker 栗啄木鸟 LC LC R O V, VII 200–1200 2, 3, 5, 7
brachyurus
Mulleripicus
Great Slaty Woodpecker大灰啄木鸟 II NT VU R O V, VII 600–800 5, 7
pulverulentus
FALCONIFORMES 隼形目 FALCONIFORMES
Falconidae 隼科 Falconidae
Microhierax
Collared Falconet 红腿小隼 II NT LC R O VII 270 1, 5, 6
caerulescens
I, II, III,
1, 2, 3, 4,
Common Kestrel 红隼 Falco tinnunculus II LC LC R W IV, V, VI, 500–3600
5, 6, 7
VII
Amur Falcon 红脚隼 Falco amurensis II NT LC P 620 1
Merlin 灰背隼 Falco columbarius II NT LC W 900 1
1, 2, 3, 4,
Eurasian Hobby 燕隼 Falco subbuteo II LC LC S W V, VI, 200–1800
5, 6, 7
Oriental Hobby 猛隼 Falco severus II NT LC R O V, VII 1750–2100 1,
Peregrine Falcon 游隼 Falco peregrinus II NT LC R W V, VII 500–1800 1
PSITTACIFORMES 鹦形目 PSITTACIFORMES
Psittacidae 鹦鹉科 Psittacidae
亚历山大鹦
Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria II LC NT R O VII 200–800 9
鹉
Rose-ringed Parakeet 红领绿鹦鹉 Psittacula krameri II LC LC R O VII 200–1500 9
1, 2, 3, 4,
Grey-headed Parakeet 灰头鹦鹉 Psittacula finschii II LC NT R O V, VII 250–3000
5, 6, 7
Blossom-headed
花头鹦鹉 Psittacula roseata II DD NT R O VII 200–1000 1
Parakeet
Lord Derby’s Parakeet 大紫胸鹦鹉 Psittacula derbiana II VU NT R O V, VII 600–3200 1, 8
Red-breasted Parakeet 绯胸鹦鹉 Psittacula alexandri II VU NT R O V, VII 200–1400 5, 6, 7
PASSERIFORMES 雀形目 PASSERIFORMES
Pittidae 八色鸫科 Pittidae
Blue-naped Pitta 蓝枕八色鸫 Pitta nipalensis II VU LC R O VII 200–800 1
Rusty-naped Pitta 栗头八色鸫 Pitta oatesi II VU LC R O VII 200–1800 5, 7, 9
Blue Pitta 蓝八色鸫 Pitta cyanea II NT LC R O VII 600–800 9
Hooded Pitta 绿胸八色鸫 Pitta sordida II VU LC S O V, VII 200–1300 1
Eurylaimidae 阔嘴鸟科 Eurylaimidae
Psarisomus
Long-tailed Broadbill 长尾阔嘴鸟 II NT LC R O V, VII 250–1850 1, 2, 3, 5, 7
dalhousiae
Silver-breasted Broadbill银胸丝冠鸟 Serilophus lunatus II NT LC R O VII 200–1400 1, 5
Oriolidae 黄鹂科 Oriolidae
1, 2, 3, 4,
Slender-billed Oriole 细嘴黄鹂 Oriolus tenuirostris LC LC R O V, VII 200–2500
5, 7
Black-naped Oriole 黑枕黄鹂 Oriolus chinensis LC LC RS W V, VI 200–2500 1,
Black-hooded Oriole 黑头黄鹂 Oriolus xanthornus LC LC R O V, VII 200–500 5, 6
1, 2, 3, 4,
Maroon Oriole 朱鹂 Oriolus traillii NT LC R O V, VII 200–1700
5, 6, 7
Vireonidae 莺雀科 Vireonidae
Erpornis 1, 2, 3, 4,
White-bellied Erpornis 白腹凤鹛 LC LC R O VII 600–2100
zantholeuca 5, 7
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Black-headed Shrike 1, 2, 3, 4,
棕腹鵙鹛 Pteruthius rufiventer LC LC R O VII 1220–2700
Babbler 7, 9
1, 2, 3, 4,
Blyth's Shrike Babbler 红翅鵙鹛 Pteruthius aeralatus LC LC R O V, VII 200–2500
5, 7
Pteruthius
Green Shrike Babbler 淡绿鵙鹛 NT LC R O VII 800–2700 1, 5
xanthochlorus
Black-eared Shrike Pteruthius 1, 2, 3, 4,
栗喉鵙鹛 LC LC R O V, VII 800–2700
Babbler melanotis 5, 7
Pteruthius
Clicking Shrike Babbler 栗额鵙鹛 LC NR R O V, VII 500–2500 1, 2
intermedius
Campephagidae 山椒鸟科 Campephagidae
1, 2, 3, 4,
Large Cuckooshrike 大鹃鵙 Coracina macei LC LC R O VII 200–1750
5, 7
Black-winged Lalage 1, 2, 3, 4,
暗灰鹃鵙 LC LC RS O VII 200–2100
Cuckooshrike melaschistos 5, 7
1, 2, 3, 4,
Rosy Minivet 粉红山椒鸟 Pericrocotus roseus LC LC RS O VII 200–2100
5, 7
1, 2, 3, 4,
Grey-chinned Minivet 灰喉山椒鸟 Pericrocotus solaris LC LC R O V, VII 1180–2300
5, 6, 7
Pericrocotus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Long-tailed Minivet 长尾山椒鸟 LC LC R O V, VII 200–3650
ethologus 5, 6, 7, 8
Pericrocotus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Short-billed Minivet 短嘴山椒鸟 LC LC RS O VII 250–2100
brevirostris 6, 7
Pericrocotus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Scarlet Minivet 赤红山椒鸟 LC LC R O V, VII 200–1700
flammeus 5, 7
Artamidae 燕鵙科 Artamidae
Ashy Woodswallow 灰燕鵙 Artamus fuscus LC LC R O VI, VII 200–1400 3, 4, 5, 7
Vangidae 钩嘴鵙科 Vangidae
Bar-winged Flycatcher- 1, 2, 3, 4,
褐背鹟鵙 Hemipus picatus LC LC R O V, VI, VII 200–2300
shrike 5, 7
Tephrodornis
Large Woodshrike 钩嘴林鵙 LC LC R O VI, VII 400–1450 1, 2, 5
virgatus
Aegithinidae 雀鹎科 Aegithinidae
1, 2, 3, 4,
Common Iora 黑翅雀鹎 Aegithina tiphia LC LC R O V, VII 250–1560
5, 6, 7
Aegithina
Great Iora 大绿雀鹎 LC LC R O VII 600–800 5, 7
lafresnayei
Rhipiduridae 扇尾鹟科 Rhipiduridae
1, 2, 3, 4,
White-throated Fantail 白喉扇尾鹟 Rhipidura albicollis LC LC R O V, VI, VII 500–2670
5, 7
White-browed Fantail 白眉扇尾鹟 Rhipidura aureola LC LC R O VII 300–1000 2, 3, 6, 7
Dicruridae 卷尾科 Dicruridae
I, II, III,
Dicrurus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Black Drongo 黑卷尾 LC LC RS W IV, V, VI, 200–1900
macrocercus 5, 6, 7, 8
VII
Dicrurus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Ashy Drongo 灰卷尾 LC LC RS W V, VI, VII, 200–3000
leucophaeus 5, 6, 7
Crow-billed Drongo 鸦嘴卷尾 Dicrurus annectans LC LC RS O VII 200–1700 4, 5, 6, 7, 9
1, 2, 3, 4,
Bronzed Drongo 古铜色卷尾 Dicrurus aeneus LC LC R O V, VII 250–1720
5, 7
Dicrurus II, V, VI,
Hair-crested Drongo 发冠卷尾 LC LC RS O 200–2100 1, 3, 4, 5, 7
hottentottus VII
Lesser Racket-tailed 1, 2, 3, 4,
小盘尾 Dicrurus remifer II NT LC RS O VII 300–1800
Drongo 5, 7
Greater Racket-tailed
大盘尾 Dicrurus paradiseusII VU LC RS O VII 500–900 5, 6, 7
Drongo
Monarchidae 王鹟科 Monarchidae
Black-naped Monarch 黑枕王鹟 Hypothymis azurea LC LC R O V, VI, VII 200–1400 1, 2, 4, 5
Indian Paradise Terpsiphone
印度寿带 LC LC RS O VII 200–1500 5, 6
Flycatcher paradisi
Oriental Paradise
东方寿带 Terpsiphone affinis LC LC RS O VI, VII 200–1500 2, 6
Flycatcher
Amur Paradise I, II, III, V,
寿带 Terpsiphone incei LC LC RS W 200–1500 4
Flycatcher VI, VII
Laniidae 伯劳科 Laniidae
Bull-headed Shrike 牛头伯劳 Lanius bucephalus LC LC V 1600 11
I, II, V, VI, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Brown Shrike 红尾伯劳 Lanius cristatus LC LC SW W 300–2750
VII 5, 7

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1, 2, 3, 4,
Burmese Shrike 栗背伯劳 Lanius collurioides NT LC RS O V, VI, VII 280–1400
5, 6, 7
II, V, VI, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Long-tailed Shrike 棕背伯劳 Lanius schach LC LC R O 200–2500
VII 5, 7
II, III, IV, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Grey-backed Shrike 灰背伯劳 Lanius tephronotus LC LC R O 300–3600
V, VI, VII 5, 6, 7, 8
Corvidae 鸦科 Corvidae
Eurasian Jay 松鸦 Garrulus glandarius LC LC R W VII 400–3700 1, 6, 8
Yellow-billed Blue 1, 2, 3, 4,
黄嘴蓝鹊 Urocissa flavirostris LC LC R O IV, V, VII 1400–3200
Magpie 5, 6, 7
Urocissa 1, 2, 3, 4，
Red-billed Blue Magpie 红嘴蓝鹊 LC LC R W V 200–2750
erythroryncha 5, 6, 7
Common Green Magpie 蓝绿鹊 Cissa chinensis II NT LC R O V, VII 270–1500 5, 6, 7, 9
Dendrocitta
Rufous Treepie 棕腹树鹊 LC LC R O VII 270 1, 5
vagabunda
Dendrocitta 1, 2, 3, 4,
Grey Treepie 灰树鹊 LC LC R O VII 200–1750
formosae 5, 7
Collared Treepie 黑额树鹊 Dendrocitta frontalis LC LC R O V, VII 200–2100 1
1, 2, 3, 4,
Common Magpie 喜鹊 Pica pica LC LC R W III, IV, V 600–2500
5, 6, 7, 8
Nucifraga II, IV, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Spotted Nutcracker 星鸦 LC LC R P 1900–4000
caryocatactes VI, VII 6, 7, 8
Pyrrhocorax II, III, IV,
Red–billed Chough 红嘴山鸦 LC LC R P 2800–5500 1, 8
pyrrhocorax V, VII
Pyrrhocorax II, III, IV,
Alpine Chough 黄嘴山鸦 LC LC R P 3000–5500 1
graculus V
I, II, IV, V,
Daurian Jackdaw 达乌里寒鸦 Corvus dauuricus LC LC R P 1250–4000 1, 8
VI, VII
House Crow 家鸦 Corvus splendens LC LC R O IV, V, VII 200–1200 2, 4, 5, 6
Carrion Crow 小嘴乌鸦 Corvus corone LC LC WP 250–3500 1, 5
Corvus III, IV, V, 1, 2, 3, 45,
Large-billed Crow 大嘴乌鸦 LC LC R W 200–3500
macrorhynchos VI, VII 6, 7, 8
Common Raven 渡鸦 Corvus corax LC LC R P III, IV, IV 3000–4500
Stenostiridae 玉鹟科 Stenostiridae
Citrine Canary- Chelidorhynx 1, 2, 3, 4,
黄腹扇尾鹟 LC LC R O V, VII 850–3950
Flycatcher hypoxanthus 5, 6, 7
Grey-headed Canary Culicicapa 1, 2, 3, 4,
方尾鹟 LC LC R O V, VI, VII 200–2670
Flycatcher ceylonensis 5, 7, 8
Paridae 山雀科 Paridae
Cephalopyrus II, V, VI,
Fire-capped Tit 火冠雀 LC LC R O 2000–3000 1, 3, 4, 7
flammiceps VII
Sylviparus IV, V, VI,
Yellow-browed Tit 黄眉林雀 LC LC R O 1500–3000 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
modestus VII
Melanochlora
Sultan Tit 冕雀 NT LC R O VII 500–1200 5, 6, 7
sultanea
Periparus III, IV, V,
Rufous-vented Tit 黑冠山雀 LC LC R O 2750–3970 1, 2, 4, 7, 8
rubidiventris VI
II, IV, V,
Coal Tit 煤山雀 Periparus ater LC LC R W 2600–4700 1, 2, 4
VI
I, II, III,
Pardaliparus
Yellow-bellied Tit 黄腹山雀 LC LC √ R O IV, V, VI, 700–1400 1, 7
venustulus
VII
Lophophanes
Grey-crested Tit 褐冠山雀 LC LC R W IV, V 2600–3700 1, 2, 4, 7, 8
dichrous
Marsh Tit 沼泽山雀 Poecile palustris LC LC R P IV, V, VI 2640–3400 1, 4, 8
四川褐头山
Sichuan Tit Poecile weigoldicus NT LC √ R O IV, V 2600–3600 1
雀
Pseudopodoces II, III, IV,
Ground Tit 地山雀 LC LC √ R P 3500–5000 1, 8
humilis V
1, 2, 3, 4,
Cinereous Tit 大山雀 Parus cinereus LC NR R W IV, V, VII 200–3200
5, 6, 7
II, III, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Green-backed Tit 绿背山雀 Parus monticolus LC LC R O 200–3000
VI, VII 5, 6, 7, 8
Machlolophus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Yellow-cheeked Tit 黄颊山雀 LC LC R O V, VI, VII 750–2600
spilonotus 5, 7
Remizidae 攀雀科 Remizidae
Chinese Penduline Tit 中华攀雀 Remiz consobrinus LC LC P 1500 6
Alaudidae 百灵科 Alaudidae

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Calandrella
Greater Short-toed Lark 大短趾百灵 LC LC S W III, IV, V 2000–2950 2, 3, 4, 7
brachydactyla
1, 2, 3, 4,
Oriental Skylark 小云雀 Alauda gulgula LC LC R O V, VI, VII 500–3250
6, 7
Eremophila
Horned Lark 角百灵 LC LC R P IV, V 0–5400 1
alpestris
Cisticolidae 扇尾莺科 Cisticolidae
I, II, IV, V, 2, 3, 4, 5,
Zitting Cisticola 棕扇尾莺 Cisticola juncidis LC LC R W 500–2250
VI, VII 6, 7
Golden-headed
金头扇尾莺 Cisticola exilis LC LC R O VII 200–1200 5
Cisticola
II, IV, V,
Striated Prinia 山鹪莺 Prinia crinigera LC LC R O 600–2150 1, 6
VI, VI
Brown Prinia 褐山鹪莺 Prinia polychroa LC LC R O VII 300–2150 2, 3, 4, 7
1, 2, 3, 4,
Black-throated Prinia 黑喉山鹪莺 Prinia atrogularis LC LC R O VI, VII 300–2250
5, 6, 7
Rufescent Prinia 暗冕山鹪莺 Prinia rufescens LC LC R O V, VII 200–1500 1,
1, 2, 3, 4,
Grey-breasted Prinia 灰胸山鹪莺 Prinia hodgsonii LC LC R O IV, V 200–2050
5, 7
Yellow-bellied Prinia 黄腹山鹪莺 Prinia flaviventris LC LC R O VII 500–1000 5, 6, 7
1, 2, 3, 4,
Plain Prinia 纯色山鹪莺 Prinia inornata LC LC R O V, VI, VII 200–2000
5, 6, 7
Orthotomus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Common Tailorbird 长尾缝叶莺 LC LC R O V, VII 200–1450
sutorius 5, 7
Orthotomus
Dark-necked Tailorbird 黑喉缝叶莺 LC LC R O VII 500–1000 9
atrogularis
Acrocephalidae 苇莺科 Acrocephalidae
Acrocephalus
Blunt-winged Warbler 钝翅苇莺 LC LC WP 1800 2, 3, 7
concinens
Acrocephalus
Paddyfield Warbler 稻田苇莺 LC LC P ？ 9
agricola
Acrocephalus
Blyth’s Reed Warbler 布氏苇莺 LC LC V 850 9
dumetorum
Thick-billed Warbler 厚嘴苇莺 Arundinax aedon LC LC WP 500–2200 2, 5, 7
Pnoepygidae 鳞胸鹪鹛科 Pnoepygidae
Scaly-breasted Wren- Pnoepyga
鳞胸鹪鹛 LC LC R O V, V 1500–2600 1, 2, 4, 5, 7
Babbler albiventer
1, 2, 3, 4,
Pygmy Wren-Babbler 小鳞胸鹪鹛 Pnoepyga pusilla LC LC R O V, VI, VII 500–2600
5, 6, 7
Locustellidae 蝗莺科 Locustellidae
高山短翅蝗
Russet Bush Warbler Locustella mandelli LC LC R O V, VI 1250–2600 1
莺
斑胸短翅蝗
Spotted Bush Warbler Locustella thoracica LC LC S W V, VI, VII 1550–2000 1, 9, 10
莺
棕褐短翅蝗 Locustella II, IV, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Brown Bush Warbler LC LC R O 1250–2600
莺 luteoventris VI, VII 6, 7,
Locustella
Lanceolated Warbler 矛斑蝗莺 NT LC P 500–1800 6
lanceolata
Pallas’s Grasshopper
小蝗莺 Locustella certhiola LC LC P 500–1200 2, 5, 6
Warbler
Striated Grassbird 沼泽大尾莺 Megalurus palustris LC LC R O V, VI, VII 500–1800 2, 4, 5, 6, 7
Hirundinidae 燕科 Hirundinidae
Brown-throated Martin 褐喉沙燕 Riparia paludicola LC LC R O VII 200–1000 1, 3, 4, 7
Sand Martin 崖沙燕 Riparia riparia LC LC P 0–2100 1, 8
Pale Martin 淡色崖沙燕 Riparia diluta LC LC V 850 9
I, II, III,
1, 2, 3, 4,
Barn Swallow 家燕 Hirundo rustica LC LC RS W IV, V, VI, 200–2750
5, 6, 7
VII
Wire-tailed Swallow 线尾燕 Hirundo smithii LC LC R O VII 200 1
Ptyonoprogne I, II, III,
Eurasian Crag Martin 岩燕 LC LC RS P 200–3000 1
rupestris IV, V
Common House Martin 毛脚燕 Delichon urbicum LC LC WP 500–3000 1, 5, 7
Asian House Martin 烟腹毛脚燕 Delichon dasypus LC LC S W II, V, VI 760–3900 1, 6
Nepal House Martin 黑喉毛脚燕 Delichon nipalense LC LC R O VII 200–3000 1, 2, 4, 7
II, III, IV,
Red-rumped Swallow 金腰燕 Cecropis daurica LC LC S W 200–2600 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
V, VI, VII

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1, 2, 3, 4,
Striated Swallow 斑腰燕 Cecropis striolata LC NR RS O VII 200–1800
5, 7
Pycnonotidae 鹎科 Pycnonotidae
1, 2, 3, 4,
Crested Finchbill 凤头雀嘴鹎 Spizixos canifrons LC LC R O V, VI, VII 300–2800
5, 6, 7
Brachypodius
Black-headed Bulbul 黑头鹎 LC LC R O VII 590–640 9
atriceps
1, 2, 3, 4,
Striated Bulbul 纵纹绿鹎 Pycnonotus striatus LC LC R O V, VII 300–2700
5, 6, 7
Pycnonotus
Black-crested Bulbul 黑冠黄鹎 LC LC R O VII 200–1450 1, 5, 6, 7
melanicterus
II, VI, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Red-whiskered Bulbul 红耳鹎 Pycnonotus jocosus LC LC R O 200–2000
VII 5, 7
Pycnonotus IV, V, VI, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Brown-breasted Bulbul 黄臀鹎 LC LC R O 250–2750
xanthorrhous VII 5, 6, 7
1, 2, 3, 4,
Red-vented Bulbul 黑喉红臀鹎 Pycnonotus cafer LC LC R O V, VI, VII 800–1300
5, 6, 7
Pycnonotus
Sooty-headed Bulbul 白喉红臀鹎 LC LC R O V, VI, VII 200–1950 1, 7
aurigaster
Pycnonotus
Stripe-throated Bulbul 纹喉鹎 LC LC R O VII 500–1300 9
finlaysoni
Pycnonotus
Flavescent Bulbul 黄绿鹎 NT LC R O VII 600–1900 1, 2, 3, 5, 7
flavescens
Alophoixus
White-throated Bulbul 黄腹冠鹎 LC LC R O V, VII 200–1250 2，3, 5, 7
flaveolus
Puff-throated Bulbul 白喉冠鹎 Alophoixus pallidus LC LC R O VI, VII 600–1550 4, 5, 6, 7
Grey-eyed Bulbul 灰眼短脚鹎 Iole propinqua LC LC R O VII 200–1200 1, 6
1, 2, 3, 4,
Mountain Bulbul 绿翅短脚鹎 Ixos mcclellandii LC LC R O V, VII 200–2800
5, 7, 8
Ashy Bulbul 灰短脚鹎Hemixos flavala LC LC R O V, VII 200–1250 1, 2, 4, 5, 7
Hypsipetes 1, 2, 3, 4,
Black Bulbul 黑短脚鹎 LC LC R O V, VI, VII 200–2700
leucocephalus 5, 6, 7, 8
Phylloscopidae 柳莺科 Phylloscopidae
Phylloscopus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Dusky Warbler 褐柳莺 LC LC WP 250–3210
fuscatus 5, 6, 7
Phylloscopus
Smoky Warbler 烟柳莺 LC LC SP P IV, V 800–4000 4, 6
fuligiventer
Tickell’s Leaf Warbler 黄腹柳莺 Phylloscopus affinis LC LC S O IV, IV 2000–5000 1
Phylloscopus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Alpine Leaf Warbler 华西柳莺 NT NR SW P II, IV, V 600–3200
occisinensis 6, 7
Phylloscopus II, III, IV,
Buff-throated Warbler 棕腹柳莺 LC LC S O 800–3250 1, 4, 5, 6, 7
subaffinis V, VI, VI
Phylloscopus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Yellow-streaked Warbler棕眉柳莺 LC LC SW P V, VI, VII 200–3950
armandii 5, 6, 7, 8
Phylloscopus
Buff-barred Warbler 橙斑翅柳莺 LC LC SW O III, IV, V 1500–4130 1, 2, 4, 5, 7
pulcher
Phylloscopus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Ashy-throated Warbler 灰喉柳莺 LC LC R O IV, V 1300–2500
maculipennis 6, 7
Phylloscopus
Chinese Leaf Warbler 云南柳莺 LC LC W 400–2800 1, 9
yunnanensis
Phylloscopus
Pallas’s Leaf Warbler 黄腰柳莺 LC LC W 250–3970 1, 5
proregulus
Phylloscopus
Lemon-rumped Warbler 淡黄腰柳莺 LC LC SW O V 1000–3500 1, 2, 3, 4, 8
chloronotus
Phylloscopus
Sichuan Leaf Warbler 四川柳莺 LC LC SP W II, IV, V 1500–4000 1, 7, 9
forresti
Phylloscopus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Yellow-browed Warbler 黄眉柳莺 LC LC W 500–4000
inornatus 5, 6, 7
Hume’s Leaf Warbler 淡眉柳莺 Phylloscopus humei LC LC SW P II, IV, V 1000–3500 1, 6, 8, 9
Phylloscopus
Arctic Warbler 极北柳莺 LC LC WP 400–1200 1, 7, 9
borealis
Phylloscopus III, IV, V,
Greenish Warbler 暗绿柳莺 LC LC SW P 200–3900 1, 6, 8
trochiloides VI
Phylloscopus
Two-barred Warbler 双斑绿柳莺 LC LC WP 200–2000 1
plumbeitarsus
Large-billed Leaf Phylloscopus II, III, IV,
乌嘴柳莺 LC LC R O 800–3600 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
Warbler magnirostris V, VI
Eastern Crowned Phylloscopus
冕柳莺 LC LC P 1600–2750 1
Warbler coronatus

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西南冠纹柳 Phylloscopus 1, 2, 4, 6,
Blyth’s Leaf Warbler LC LC SW W V, VII 250–3300
莺 reguloides 7, 8, 9
Phylloscopus
Claudia’s Leaf Warbler 冠纹柳莺 LC LC W 250–3300 1, 2
claudiae
云南白斑尾 Phylloscopus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Davison’s Leaf Warbler LC LC SW O V, VII 600–3000
柳莺 davisoni 5, 6, 7
Phylloscopus
Yellow-vented Warbler 黄胸柳莺 LC LC R O V, VII 200–2500 1, 7, 9
cantator
Sulphur-breasted Phylloscopus
黑眉柳莺 LC LC WP 200–1500 1
Warbler ricketti
White-spectacled
白眶鹟莺 Seicercus affinis LC LC R O IV, V, VII 1300 1
Warbler
Green-crowned Warbler 金眶鹟莺 Seicercus burkii LC LC S O IV, V 2500–3800
Seicercus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Grey-crowned Warbler 灰冠鹟莺 LC LC R O V, VI, VII 1200–1900
tephrocephalus 5, 6, 7, 8
Bianchi’s Warbler 比氏鹟莺 Seicercus valentini LC LC R O V, VI 1700–3100 1,
Seicercus
Grey-cheeked Warbler 灰脸鹟莺 LC LC R O IV, V, VII 1400–2000 1, 2, 4, 7
poliogenys
Chestnut-crowned Seicercus 1, 2, 3, 4,
栗头鹟莺 LC LC R O V, VII 1300–2600
Warbler castaniceps 5, 6, 7
Cettiidae 树莺科 Cettiidae
Abroscopus
Yellow-bellied Warbler 黄腹鹟莺 LC LC R O V, VII 200–940 1, 2, 5
superciliaris
Abroscopus
Rufous-faced Warbler 棕脸鹟莺 LC LC R O V, VII 600–970 1
albogularis
Abroscopus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Black-faced Warbler 黑脸鹟莺 LC LC R O V, VII 1650–2670
schisticeps 5, 6, 7
Phyllergates 1, 2, 3, 5,
Mountain Tailorbird 栗头织叶莺 LC LC R O V, VII 300–1750
cucullatus 6, 7
Broad-billed Warbler 宽嘴鹟莺 Tickellia hodgsoni LC LC R O VII 600–800 1, 7, 9
Brownish-flanked Bush II, IV, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
强脚树莺 Horornis fortipes LC LC R O 1500–1880
Warbler VI, VII 5, 7, 8
Yellow-bellied Bush Horornis II, IV, V,
黄腹树莺 LC LC R O 1250–2000 1, 4, 8
Warbler acanthizoides VI, VII
Horornis II, IV, V, 1, 3, 4, 6,
Aberrant Bush Warbler 异色树莺 LC LC R O 1880–2400
flavolivaceus VII 7, 9
1, 2, 3, 4,
Grey-bellied Tesia 灰腹地莺 Tesia cyaniventer LC LC R O V, VII 840–2200
5, 7
1, 2, 3, 4,
Slaty-bellied Tesia 金冠地莺 Tesia olivea LC LC R O V, VII 1600–2000
5, 7
Chestnut-crowned Bush
大树莺 Cettia major LC LC RS O IV, V, VII 200–4000 1, 3, 4, 7, 9
Warbler
Grey-sided Bush
棕顶树莺 Cettia brunnifrons LC LC R O V, VII 2900–3600 1, 2, 4, 9
Warbler
Cettia 1, 2, 3, 4,
Chestnut-headed Tesia 栗头树莺 LC LC R O IV, V, VII 1900–2950
castaneocoronata 6, 7, 9
Pale-footed Bush
淡脚树莺 Hemitesia pallidipes LC LC R O VII 800–1250 1, 2, 5, 6, 7
Warbler
Aegithalidae 长尾山雀科 Aegithalidae
红头长尾山 Aegithalos 1, 2, 3, 4,
Black-throated Bushtit LC LC R O V, VI, VII 760–2670
雀 concinnus 5, 6, 7
黑眉长尾山 1, 2, 3, 4,
Black-browed Bushtit Aegithalos bonvaloti LC LC R O V, VI, VII 2500–3500
雀 5, 6, 7, 8
White-browed Tit Leptopoecile
花彩雀莺 LC LC R P IV, V 2500–5000 1, 8
Warbler sophiae
Leptopoecile
Crested Tit Warbler 凤头雀莺 NT LC √ R P III, IV, V 3000–4000 8
elegans
Sylviidae 莺鹛科 Sylviidae
Fire-tailed Myzornis 火尾绿鹛 Myzornis pyrrhoura NT LC R O V, VII 2000–3600 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
Lesser Whitethroat 白喉林莺 Sylvia curruca LC LC V 200–1900 11
Rufous-tailed Babbler 宝兴鹛雀 Moupinia poecilotis II LC LC R O V 2500–3250
Golden-breasted 1, 2, 3, 4,
金胸雀鹛 Lioparus chrysotis II LC LC R O V, VII 800–3000
Fulvetta 6, 7, 9
1，2, 3, 4,
White-browed Fulvetta 白眉雀鹛 Fulvetta vinipectus LC LC R O VII 1000–4300
5, 6, 7
Chinese Fulvetta 中华雀鹛 Fulvetta striaticollis II LC LC √ R O IV, V 3970–4100 1, 7
Spectacled Fulvetta 棕头雀鹛 Fulvetta ruficapilla LC LC R O V, VII 1400–2650 1, 3, 4, 7
1, 2, 4, 5,
Streak-throated Fulvetta 褐头雀鹛 Fulvetta cinereiceps LC LC R O VII 840–2700
6, 7
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Chrysomma 1, 2, 3, 4,
Yellow-eyed Babbler 金眼鹛雀 LC LC R O V, VI, VII 200–1700
sinense 5, 7
Conostoma II, IV, V,
Great Parrotbill 红嘴鸦雀 LC LC R O 2500–3250 1, 6
aemodium VI
1, 2, 3, 4,
Brown Parrotbill 褐鸦雀 Cholornis unicolor LC LC R O V, V 1600–3400
5, 6, 7
Sinosuthora 1, 2, 3, 4,
Brown-winged Parrotbill 褐翅鸦雀 LC LC R O V, VII 1500–2300
brunnea 5, 6, 7
Fulvous Parrotbill 黄额鸦雀 Suthora fulvifrons LC LC R O V 1600–4000 1, 2, 4, 5, 7
Black-throated Parrotbill 黑喉鸦雀 Suthora nipalensis DD LC R O VII 1500–2600 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
Lesser Rufous-headed Chleuasicus
黑眉鸦雀 LC LC R O VII 300–1500 5, 7
Parrotbill atrosuperciliaris
White-breasted
红头鸦雀 Psittiparus ruficeps LC LC R O V, VII 1000–1250 1, 2, 4, 5, 7
Parrotbill
Grey-headed Parrotbill 灰头鸦雀 Psittiparus gularis LC LC R O VII 600–1200 1, 4, 5, 6, 7
Paradoxornis II, V, VI, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Spot-breasted Parrotbill 点胸鸦雀 LC LC R O 1000–2750
guttaticollis VII 5, 6, 7
Zosteropidae 绣眼鸟科 Zosteropidae
Striated Yuhina 栗耳凤鹛 Yuhina castaniceps LC LC R O V, VII 600–1600 1, 2, 4, 5, 7
White-naped Yuhina 白颈凤鹛 Yuhina bakeri LC LC R O V, V 1880–2600 1, 2, 4, 7
1, 2, 3, 4，
Whiskered Yuhina 黄颈凤鹛 Yuhina flavicollis LC LC R O VII 250–2500
5, 6, 7
IV, V, VI, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Stripe-throated Yuhina 纹喉凤鹛 Yuhina gularis LC LC R O 250–3200
VII 5，6, 7
1, 2, 3, 4,
White-collared Yuhina 白领凤鹛 Yuhina diademata LC LC R O V, VII 1000–3600
6, 7
1, 2, 3, 4,
Rufous-vented Yuhina 棕臀凤鹛 Yuhina occipitalis LC LC R O V, VII 1000–3350
5, 6, 7
1, 2, 4, 7,
Black-chinned Yuhina 黑颏凤鹛 Yuhina nigrimenta LC LC R O V, VI, VII 600–2750
8, 9
Chestnut-flanked White- Zosterops
红胁绣眼鸟 II LC LC WP 300–2350 1, 3, 5, 6, 7
eye erythropleurus
II, V, VI, 1, 2, 4, 5,
Japanese White-eye 暗绿绣眼鸟 Zosterops japonicus LC LC RS O 300–2800
VII 6, 7
Zosterops 1, 2, 3, 4,
Oriental White-eye 灰腹绣眼鸟 LC LC R O V, VI, VII 250–2500
palpebrosus 5, 7, 8
Timaliidae 林鹛科 Timaliidae
Erythrogenys
Large Scimitar Babbler 长嘴钩嘴鹛 LC LC R O VII 640 5, 7
hypoleucos
Black-necked Scimitar- Erythrogenys 1, 2, 3, 4,
斑胸钩嘴鹛 LC LC R O IV, VII 300–3200
Babbler gravivox 5, 7, 8
Streak-breasted Pomatorhinus 1, 2, 3, 4,
棕颈钩嘴鹛 LC LC R O V, VII 200–2670
Scimitar Babbler ruficollis 5, 7, 8
Red-billed Scimitar Pomatorhinus
棕头钩嘴鹛 LC LC R O VII 620–1600 1, 5, 6
Babbler ochraceiceps
Coral-billed Scimitar Pomatorhinus
红嘴钩嘴鹛 LC LC R O VII 900–1800 1, 2, 5, 7
Babbler ferruginosus
Slender-billed Scimitar Pomatorhinus 1, 3，6, 7,
细嘴钩嘴鹛 NT LC R O V 2040
Babbler superciliaris 9
Short-tailed Scimitar
短尾钩嘴鹛 Jabouilleia danjoui DD NT R O VII 540 11
Babbler
Bar-winged Wren- Spelaeornis 1, 2, 3, 4,
斑翅鹩鹛 LC LC R O V 840–2800
Babbler troglodytoides 5, 7
Long-tailed Wren- Spelaeornis
长尾鹩鹛 NT LC R O V, VII 1400–2800 1, 2, 4, 6, 7
Babbler chocolatinus
Wedge-billed Wren-
楔嘴穗鹛 Stachyris roberti NT NT R O V 2010 1, 6, 7
Babbler
Grey-throated Babbler 黑头穗鹛 Stachyris nigriceps LC LC R O VII 200–1700 1, 2, 5, 7
Cyanoderma
Buff-chested Babbler 黄喉穗鹛 LC NR R O V 1000–2500 2, 4, 7
ambiguum
Cyanoderma 1, 2, 3, 4,
Rufous-capped Babbler 红头穗鹛 LC LC R O V, VII 300–2670
ruficeps 5, 6, 7
Cyanoderma
Golden Babbler 金头穗鹛 LC LC R O V, VII 500–2600 1, 2, 4, 5, 7
chrysaeum
Striped Tit-Babbler 纹胸鹛 Mixornis gularis LC LC R O V, VII 200–1400 1
Chestnut-capped
红顶鹛 Timalia pileata LC LC R O VI, VII 200–1400 1, 2, 4, 7
Babbler
Pellorneidae 幽鹛科 Pellorneidae

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Schoeniparus
Yellow-throated Fulvetta 黄喉雀鹛 LC LC R O V 1500–2600 1, 2, 4, 7, 9
cinereus
Schoeniparus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Rufous-winged Fulvetta 栗头雀鹛 LC LC R O V, VII 1000–3000
castaneceps 5, 6, 7, 8
Schoeniparus
Rusty-capped Fulvetta 褐胁雀鹛 LC LC R O V, VI, VII 200–2670 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
dubius
Alcippe
Brown-cheeked Fulvetta 褐脸雀鹛 LC LC R O VII 300–1250 6, 7
poioicephala
1, 2, 3, 4，
Grey-cheeked Fulvetta 灰眶雀鹛 Alcippe morrisonia LC NR R O VII 600–2750
5, 7
Nepal Fulvetta 白眶雀鹛 Alcippe nipalensis LC LC R O V, VII 200–1000 1
Turdinus
Streaked Wren-Babbler 短尾鹪鹛 LC LC R O VII 700–1700 1, 2, 5, 7
brevicaudatus
Eyebrowed Wren- Napothera
纹胸鹪鹛 LC LC R O VII 1700 7, 9
Babbler epilepidota
Gampsorhynchus
White-hooded Babbler 白头鵙鹛 LC LC R O VII 200–1500 2, 5, 7
rufulus
Long-billed Wren- Rimator
长嘴鹩鹛 LC LC R O V 1500 1, 6
Babbler malacoptilus
Pellorneum
Spot-throated Babbler 白腹幽鹛 LC LC R O VI, VII 500–1000 1, 2, 5, 7
albiventre
1, 2, 3，5,
Puff-throated Babbler 棕头幽鹛 Pellorneum ruficeps LC LC R O VII 200–1500
7
Buff-breasted Babbler 棕胸雅鹛 Trichastoma tickelli NT LC R O VII 200–1200 1, 5
Leiothrichidae 噪鹛科 Leiothrichidae
V, II, IV, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Chinese Babax 矛纹草鹛 Babax lanceolatus LC LC R O 550–3600
VI, VII 5, 6, 7
Tibetan Babax 棕草鹛 Babax koslowi II NT NT √ R P IV 4000 1, 8
II, V, VI, 2, 3, 4, 5,
Hwamei 画眉 Garrulax canorus II NT LC R O 200–2000
VII 6, 7
White-crested Garrulax
白冠噪鹛 LC LC R O IV, VII 250–1500 1, 2, 5, 6, 7
Laughingthrush leucolophus
Moustached
灰翅噪鹛 Garrulax cineraceus LC LC R O V, VI, VII 1000–2670 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
Laughingthrush
Rufous-chinned
棕颏噪鹛 Garrulax rufogularis LC LC R O V, VII 600–1500 1
Laughingthrush
Giant Laughingthrush 大噪鹛 Garrulax maximus II LC LC √ R O V, VI, VII 2500–4050 1
Spotted Laughingthrush 眼纹噪鹛 Garrulax ocellatus II NT LC R O V, VII 1900–3100 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
White-throated II, IV, V,
白喉噪鹛 Garrulax albogularis LC LC R O 1000–2700 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
Laughingthrush VI, VII
Lesser Necklaced
小黑领噪鹛 Garrulax monileger LC LC R O VII 600–1600 1, 2, 5, 6, 7
Laughingthrush
Greater Necklaced
黑领噪鹛 Garrulax pectoralis LC LC R O VII 500–1600 1, 5, 6, 7
Laughingthrush
Black-throated
黑喉噪鹛 Garrulax chinensis II LC LC R O VII 200–1700 2, 5, 6, 7
Laughingthrush
Rufous-necked
栗颈噪鹛 Garrulax ruficollis NT LC R O VII 480–1200 2, 5, 6, 7
Laughingthrush
Grey-sided
灰胁噪鹛 Garrulax caerulatus LC LC R O VII 1750–2100 2, 3, 4, 6, 7
Laughingthrush
White-browed 1, 2, 3, 4,
白颊噪鹛 Garrulax sannio LC LC R O V, VII 200–2500
Laughingthrush 5, 6, 7
Spot-breasted
斑胸噪鹛 Garrulax merulinus LC LC R O VII 1100 1, 3, 7
Laughingthrush
Grammatoptila 1, 2, 3, 4,
Striated Laughingthrush 条纹噪鹛 LC LC R O V, VII 1250–2600
striata 6, 7, 9
Blue-winged Trochalopteron 1, 2, 4, 5,
蓝翅噪鹛 LC LC R O VII 200–2600
Laughingthrush squamatum 6, 7, 9
Trochalopteron 1, 2, 3, 4,
Scaly Laughingthrush 纯色噪鹛 LC LC R O VII 840–3300
subunicolor 5, 6, 7
Trochalopteron II, III, V,
Elliot’s Laughingthrush 橙翅噪鹛 II LC LC √ R O 2500–4700 1, 6, 8
elliotii VI
Brown-cheeked Trochalopteron
灰腹噪鹛 LC LC √ R P IV 2500–4500 1, 8
Laughingthrush henrici
Black-faced Trochalopteron 1, 2, 3, 4,
黑顶噪鹛 LC LC R O V, VII 1500–4000
Laughingthrush affine 6, 7
Chestnut-crowned Trochalopteron 1, 2, 3, 4,
红头噪鹛 LC LC R O V, VII 840–2600
Laughingthrush erythrocephalum 5, 6, 7
Red-tailed Trochalopteron 1, 2, 3, 4,
红尾噪鹛 II LC LC R O VI, VII 1300–2400
Laughingthrush milnei 5, 7

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1, 2, 3, 4,
Himalayan Cutia 斑胁姬鹛 Cutia nipalensis LC LC R O V, VII 1750–2600
7, 9
1, 2, 3, 4,
Blue-winged Minla 蓝翅希鹛 Siva cyanouroptera LC LC R O V, VI, VII 350–2550
5, 6, 7
Chrysominla 1, 2, 3, 4,
Bar-throated Minla 斑喉希鹛 LC LC R O V, VII 1350–3000
strigula 5, 6, 7
V, VII, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Red-tailed Minla 红尾希鹛 Minla ignotincta LC LC R O 840–2550
VI, VII 5, 6, 7
Red-faced Liocichla 灰头薮鹛 Liocichla phoenicea NT LC R O VII 1000–2000 2, 4, 7
1, 2, 3, 5,
Scarlet-faced Liocichla 红翅薮鹛 Liocichla ripponi LC LC R O VII 800–2100
6, 7
1, 2, 3, 4,
Rusty-fronted Barwing 栗额斑翅鹛 Actinodura egertoni LC LC R O VII 1300–2400
5, 6, 7
1, 2, 3, 4,
Streak-throated Barwing 纹胸斑翅鹛 Sibia waldeni LC LC R O V, VII 1500–3000
5, 6, 7
Leiothrix 1, 2, 3, 4,
Silver-eared Mesia 银耳相思鸟 II NT LC R O V, VII 300–2300
argentauris 5, 7
1, 2, 3, 4,
Red-billed Leiothrix 红嘴相思鸟 Leiothrix lutea II LC LC R O V, VII 300–2400
5, 7
Rufous-backed Sibia 栗背奇鹛 Leioptila annectens LC LC R O VII 600–2750 1, 5, 7
Heterophasia
Grey Sibia 灰奇鹛 LC LC R O VII 800–1600 2, 4, 5, 7
gracilis
Heterophasia 1, 2, 3, 4,
Black-headed Sibia 黑头奇鹛 LC LC R O V, VI, VII 300–3200
desgodinsi 6, 7
Heterophasia 1, 2, 3, 4,
Beautiful Sibia 丽色奇鹛 LC LC R O V, VII 1500–3000
pulchella 5, 6, 7, 8
Heterophasia
Long-tailed Sibia 长尾奇鹛 LC LC R O VII 1150–2000 1, 2, 3, 5, 7
picaoides
Certhiidae 旋木雀科 Certhiidae
II, IV, V,
Hodgson’s Treecreeper 霍氏旋木雀 Certhia hodgsoni LC LC R O 2000–4500 1, 3, 6, 7
VI
II, IV, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Bar-tailed Treecreeper 高山旋木雀 Certhia himalayana LC LC R O 1500–3900
VI, VII 7, 8, 9
Rusty-flanked
红腹旋木雀 Certhia nipalensis LC LC R O V, VII 1890–3000 1, 2, 7
Treecreeper
Certhia 1, 2, 3, 4,
Hume’s Treecreeper 休氏旋木雀 LC LC R O VII 1500–2500
manipurensis 5, 6, 7
Sittidae 科 Sittidae
Chestnut-vented 1, 2, 3, 4,
栗臀䴓 Sitta nagaensis LC LC R W V, VII 800–3200
Nuthatch 5, 6, 7, 8
Chestnut-bellied
栗腹䴓 Sitta castanea LC LC R O VII 500–1100 5, 6
Nuthatch
White-tailed Nuthatch 白尾䴓 Sitta himalayensis NT LC R O V, VII 1850–2600 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
1, 2, 3, 4,
Yunnan Nuthatch 滇䴓 Sitta yunnanensis II VU NT √ R O V, VI, VII 1200–3350
7, 8
Velvet-fronted Nuthatch 绒额䴓 Sitta frontalis NT LC R O V, VI, VII 250–1800 1, 2, 5
Giant Nuthatch 巨䴓 Sitta magna II EN EN R O V, VI, VII 950–2000 4, 6
Beautiful Nuthatch 丽䴓 Sitta formosa II EN VU R O VII 1600–1900 1, 9
I, II, III,
Wallcreeper 红翅旋壁雀 Tichodroma muraria LC LC R P IV, V, VI, 1500–3900 1, 2, 4, 9
VII
Troglodytidae 鹪鹩科 Troglodytidae
Troglodytes V, VII, V, 1, 2, 4, 7,
Eurasian Wren 鹪鹩 LC LC R W 1700–4500
troglodytes VI 8, 9
Cinclidae 河乌科 Cinclidae
White-throated Dipper 河乌 Cinclus cinclus LC LC R P IV, V, VII 2700–3280 1, 2, 4, 8
I, II, III,
1, 2, 3, 4,
Brown Dipper 褐河乌 Cinclus pallasii LC LC R W IV, V, VI, 750–2600
5, 7
VII
Sturnidae 椋鸟科 Sturnidae
Saroglossa
Spot-winged Starling 斑翅椋鸟 LC LC R O VII 600–1500 9
spiloptera
Ampeliceps
Golden-crested Myna 金冠树八哥 NT LC R O VII 620 9
coronatus
Hill Myna 鹩哥 Gracula religiosa II VU LC R O VII 400–950 1, 2, 5
Acridotheres 2, 3, 4, 5,
Great Myna 林八哥 LC LC R O V, VII 200–1000
grandis 6, 7

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Acridotheres II, III, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Crested Myna 八哥 LC LC R O 200–2100
cristatellus VI, VII 5, 6, 7
Acridotheres
Collared Myna 白领八哥 LC LC R O VII 200–2750 4, 5, 6, 7
albocinctus
2, 3, 4, 5,
Common Myna 家八哥 Acridotheres tristis LC LC R O III, V, VII 300–1500
6, 7
Vinous-breasted Acridotheres
红嘴椋鸟 LC LC R O VII 270 5, 6
Starling burmannicus
Spodiopsar II, V, VI,
Red-billed Starling 丝光椋鸟 LC LC R O 500–1700 1
sericeus VII
Spodiopsar
White-cheeked Starling 灰椋鸟 LC LC W 1000–1980 9
cineraceus
2, 3, 4, 5,
Black-collared Starling 黑领椋鸟 Gracupica nigricollis LC LC R O VI, VII 500–1750
6, 7
Asian Pied Starling 斑椋鸟 Gracupica contra LC LC R O VII 200–970 2, 5, 6
Daurian Starling 北椋鸟 Agropsar sturninus LC LC P 250–800 9
Chestnut-cheeked Agropsar
紫背椋鸟 LC LC W 250–1000 9
Starling philippensis
1, 2, 3, 4,
Chestnut-tailed Starling 灰头椋鸟 Sturnia malabarica LC LC R O V, VII 200–1600
5, 6, 7
Common Starling 紫翅椋鸟 Sturnus vulgaris LC LC P 500–760 9
Turdidae 鸫科 Turdidae
Orange-headed Thrush 橙头地鸫 Geokichla citrina LC LC R O V, VII 600–1500 1, 5, 6
Siberian Thrush 白眉地鸫 Geokichla sibirica LC LC WP 300–2000
1
1, 2, 3, 4,
Plain-backed Thrush 淡背地鸫 Zoothera mollissima LC LC R O V, VI, VII 1300–4000
6, 7
四川淡背地
Sichuan Thrush Zoothera griseiceps NT LC P 1300–3300 5, 6
鸫
喜山淡背地
Himalayan Thrush Zoothera salimalii NT LC W 1000–4000 9
鸫
Long-tailed Thrush 长尾地鸫 Zoothera dixoni LC LC R O IV, V, VII 1550–4050 1
White’s Thrush 虎斑地鸫 Zoothera aurea LC LC WP 600–2600 1, 2, 4
Scaly Thrush 小虎斑地鸫 Zoothera dauma LC LC RS O V, VII 600–2600 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Long-billed Thrush 大长嘴地鸫 Zoothera monticola LC LC R O VII 900–1500 9
Dark-sided Thrush 长嘴地鸫 Zoothera marginata LC LC R O VII 600–1750 1, 9
1, 2, 3, 4,
Black-breasted Thrush 黑胸鸫 Turdus dissimilis NT LC R O VII 300–2750
5, 6, 7
White-collared Blackbird 白颈鸫 Turdus albocinctus LC LC R O IV, V 1500–4000 1, 8
II, V, VI,
Grey-winged Blackbird 灰翅鸫 Turdus boulboul LC LC R O 640–2500 1
VII
II, III, IV,
Chinese Blackbird 乌鸫 Turdus mandarinus LC LC √ R W 600–2000 4，6
V, VI, VII
Tibetan Blackbird 藏乌鸫 Turdus maximus LC LC R P VI, VI 2000–4500 1
II, IV, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Chestnut Thrush 灰头鸫 Turdus rubrocanus LC LC R O 300–4700
VI, VII 5, 6, 7, 8
Kessler’s Thrush 棕背黑头鸫 Turdus kessleri LC LC R O IV, V 3000–4200 1, 10
Eyebrowed Thrush 白眉鸫 Turdus obscurus LC LC WP 200–3140 1, 6, 9
Pale Thrush 白腹鸫 Turdus pallidus LC LC W 800–2000 2, 3, 4, 5, 7
Red-throated Thrush 赤颈鸫 Turdus ruficollis LC LC WP 1400–3900 1, 2, 4, 6, 9
2, 3, 4, 5,
Naumann’s Thrush 红尾斑鸫 Turdus naumanni LC LC WP 1600–1900
6, 7
Dusky Thrush 斑鸫 Turdus eunomus LC LC WP 200–3000 1, 2, 4, 6
II, IV, V,
Chinese Thrush 宝兴歌鸫 Turdus mupinensis LC LC √ R W 1400–3200 1, 10
VI
Purple Cochoa 紫宽嘴鸫 Cochoa purpurea II LC LC R O V, VI, VII 1400–2750 3, 7, 9, 10
Green Cochoa 绿宽嘴鸫 Cochoa viridis II LC LC R O V, VII 600–800 9
Muscicapidae 鹟科 Muscicapidae
Rufous-tailed Robin 红尾歌鸲 Larvivora sibilans LC LC W 300–1300 8, 9
II, IV, V, 1, 3，4, 7,
Indian Blue Robin 栗腹歌鸲 Larvivora brunnea LC LC S O 1400–3200
VI 9
Siberian Blue Robin 蓝歌鸲 Larvivora cyane LC LC WP 300–1400 4, 6
1, 2, 3, 5,
Siberian Rubythroat 红喉歌鸲 Calliope calliope II LC LC WP 200–2070
6, 7
白须黑胸歌 Calliope
Chinese Rubythroat LC LC S P III, IV, V 200–4170 1, 6, 8
鸲 tschebaiewi

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Firethroat 金胸歌鸲 Calliope pectardens II VU NT S O IV, V, VI 3200–4000 1,
Luscinia II, III, IV,
White-bellied Redstart 白腹短翅鸲 LC LC R O 1400–3250 1, 4
phoenicuroides V, VI
Bluethroat 蓝喉歌鸲 Luscinia svecica II LC LC WP 600–800 1, 6
Orange-flanked Bluetail 红胁蓝尾鸲 Tarsiger cyanurus LC LC W 300–3970 1, 2, 6
II, III, IV, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Himalayan Bluetail 蓝眉林鸲 Tarsiger rufilatus LC LC R W 1500–4000
V, VI 5, 8
White-browed Bush
白眉林鸲 Tarsiger indicus LC LC R O V 2160–2950 1, 4, 7
Robin
Rufous-breasted Bush Tarsiger 1, 2, 3，4,
棕腹林鸲 II NT LC R O IV, V 1800–3200
Robin hyperythrus 7, 9
II, IV, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Golden Bush Robin 金色林鸲 Tarsiger chrysaeus LC LC S O 760–3970
VI 6, 7, 8
Heteroxenicus
Gould’s Shortwing 栗背短翅鸫 LC LC R O V, VII 1000–3660 1, 7
stellatus
Brachypteryx
Rusty-bellied Shortwing 锈腹短翅鸫 NT NT R O V 1880–1900 2, 4
hyperythra
Brachypteryx
Lesser Shortwing 白喉短翅鸫 LC LC R O V, VI, VII 600–2000 1, 2, 4, 5
leucophris
Brachypteryx 1, 2, 3, 4,
White-browed Shortwing蓝短翅鸫 LC LC R O V, VII 300–2900
montana 5, 6, 7
1, 2, 3, 4,
Oriental Magpie Robin 鹊鸲 Copsychus saularis LC LC R O V, VI, VII 200–2500
5, 6, 7
Kittacincla
White-rumped Shama 白腰鹊鸲 LC LC R O VII 500–1050 1
malabarica
Phoenicuropsis II, III, IV, 1, 3，4, 5,
White-throated Redstart 白喉红尾鸲 LC LC R O 3000–4200
schisticeps V, VI 7, 8
Phoenicuropsis II, III, IV, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Blue-fronted Redstart 蓝额红尾鸲 LC LC R O 330–4600
frontalis V, VI, VII 6, 7, 8
Phoenicurus II, III, IV,
Black Redstart 赭红尾鸲 LC LC RS P 880–3970 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
ochruros V, VI
Phoenicurus II, III, IV,
Hodgson’s Redstart 黑喉红尾鸲 LC LC R O 1300–2640 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
hodgsoni V
I, II, III,
Phoenicurus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Daurian Redstart 北红尾鸲 LC LC SW P VI, II, III, 600–3200
auroreus 5, 7, 8
IV, V, VI
Phoenicurus
White-winged Redstart 红腹红尾鸲 LC LC W 2000–4800 1, 9
erythrogastrus
Plumbeous Water Rhyacornis II, III, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
红尾水鸲 LC LC R W 300–3400
Redstart fuliginosa VI, VII 5, 6, 7, 8
White-capped Water Chaimarrornis II, III, IV, 1, 2, 3, 4,
白顶溪鸲 LC LC R W 300–3350
Redstart leucocephalus V, VI, VI 5, 6, 7, 8
II, III, IV, 1, 2, 3, 4,
White-tailed Robin 白尾蓝地鸲 Myiomela leucurum LC LC R O 640–2100
V, VI, VII 5, 6, 7
Myophonus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Blue Whistling Thrush 紫啸鸫 LC LC R W V, VII 250–3300
caeruleus 5, 6, 7, 8
Grandala 蓝大翅鸲 Grandala coelicolor LC LC R O IV, V, VI 2800–5500 1, 9
1, 2, 3, 4,
Little Forktail 小燕尾 Enicurus scouleri LC LC R O V, VI, VII 760–2700
5, 7
Enicurus
Black-backed Forktail 黑背燕尾 LC LC R O V, VII 1900–2200 6, 7
immaculatus
Enicurus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Slaty-backed Forktail 灰背燕尾 LC LC R O V, VI, VII 200–2000
schistaceus 5, 6, 7
Enicurus III, V, VI,
White-crowned Forktail 白额燕尾 LC LC R O 250–2160 1, 2, 4, 5, 7
leschenaulti VII
IV, V, VI, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Spotted Forktail 斑背燕尾 Enicurus maculatus LC LC R O 600–2100
VII 5, 6, 7
II, III, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Siberian Stonechat 黑喉石䳭 Saxicola maurus LC NR R W 200–3200
VI, VII 5, 6, 7, 8
1, 2, 3, 4,
Pied Bushchat 白斑黑石䳭 Saxicola caprata LC LC R O V, VII 200–2100
5, 7
Jerdon’s Bushchat 黑白林䳭 Saxicola jerdoni LC LC R O VII 480–880 11
II, IV, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Grey Bushchat 灰林䳭 Saxicola ferreus LC LC R O 300–2800
VI, VII 5, 6, 7, 8
II, III, IV, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Blue Rock Thrush 蓝矶鸫 Monticola solitarius LC LC R W 1300–3700
V, VI, VII 5, 7
Chestnut-bellied Rock 1, 2, 3, 4,
栗腹矶鸫 Monticola rufiventris LC LC R O V, VI, VII 1540–3900
Thrush 5, 6, 7
II, IV, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Dark-sided Flycatcher 乌鹟 Muscicapa sibirica LC LC S P 250–3600
VII 5, 6, 7, 8

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Asian Brown Flycatcher 北灰鹟 Muscicapa dauurica LC LC WP 500–3600 1, 5, 6
Brown-breasted
褐胸鹟 Muscicapa muttui LC LC SP O V, VI, VII 850–2100 1, 9
Flycatcher
Muscicapa II, IV, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Ferruginous Flycatcher 棕尾褐鹟 LC LC SW O 300–2200
ferruginea VII 7, 8
Pygmy Blue Flycatcher 侏蓝姬鹟 Ficedula hodgsoni LC LC R O V, VII 1450–1800 1, 3, 7, 9
12, 3, 4, 5,
Slaty-backed Flycatcher 锈胸蓝姬鹟 Ficedula sordida LC LC RS O V, VI, VII 600–3550
6, 7
Rufous-gorgeted 1, 2, 3, 4,
橙胸姬鹟 Ficedula strophiata LC LC S O V, VI, VII 1500–3600
Flycatcher 5, 6, 7
1, 2, 4, 5,
Taiga Flycatcher 红喉姬鹟 Ficedula albicilla LC LC WP 300–3920
6, 7
Snowy-browed IV, V, VI, 1, 2, 3，4,
棕胸蓝姬鹟 Ficedula hyperythra LC LC R O 700–2450
Flycatcher VII 7, 9
Ficedula 1, 2, 3, 4,
Little Pied Flycatcher 小斑姬鹟 LC LC R O V, VI 300–2100
westermanni 5, 6, 7
Ficedula
Ultramarine Flycatcher 白眉蓝姬鹟 LC LC SW O V, VII 600–2670 1, 7, 8, 9
superciliaris
Slaty-blue Flycatcher 灰蓝姬鹟 Ficedula tricolor LC LC SP O V, VII 1350–2750 1, 2, 5
Sapphire Flycatcher 玉头姬鹟 Ficedula sapphira LC LC S O V, VII 840–2670 1, 2, 3, 5, 7
Eumyias 1, 2, 3, 4,
Verditer Flycatcher 铜蓝鹟 LC LC R O V, VI, VII 300–2500
thalassinus 5, 6, 7, 8
Pale Blue Flycatcher 纯蓝仙鹟 Cyornis unicolor LC LC RS O V, VI, VII 600–2600 4, 5, 6, 7
Pale-chinned Flycatcher 灰颊仙鹟 Cyornis poliogenys LC LC R O V, VII, 1000–1800 9
1, 2, 3, 4,
Hill Blue Flycatcher 山蓝仙鹟 Cyornis banyumas LC LC RS O V, VI, VII 200–2000
5, 7
Cyornis
Blue-throated Flycatcher蓝喉仙鹟 LC LC RS O VII 1200–2000 1, 9,
rubeculoides
Cyornis
Chinese Blue Flycatcher中华仙鹟 LC LC RS O V, VI, VII 1200–2000 4, 6
glaucicomans
White-tailed Flycatcher 白尾蓝仙鹟 Cyornis concretus LC LC R O VII 500–850 1
White-gorgeted
白喉姬鹟 Anthipes monileger LC LC R O VII 600–1000 1
Flycatcher
II, V, VI,
Fujian Niltava 棕腹大仙鹟 Niltava davidi II LC LC R O 1000–2000 9
VII
V, VII, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Rufous-bellied Niltava 棕腹仙鹟 Niltava sundara LC LC R O 300–2750
VI 5, 6, 7
V, VI, VII,
Vivid Niltava 棕腹蓝仙鹟 Niltava vivida LC LC R O 500–2200 1, 8, 9
VI
1, 2, 3, 4,
Large Niltava 大仙鹟 Niltava grandis II LC LC R O V, VII 350–2200
5, 6, 7
Niltava
Small Niltava 小仙鹟 LC LC R O V, VI, VII 900–2200 1, 2, 4, 7
macgrigoriae
Regulidae 戴菊科 Regulidae
II, IV, V,
Goldcrest 戴菊 Regulus regulus LC LC R W 2000 1, 2, 4, 7, 8
VI, VII
Bombycillidae 太平鸟科 Bombycillidae
Japanese Waxwing 小太平鸟 Bombycilla japonica LC NT V 2000 1
Elachuridae 丽星鹩鹛科 Elachuridae
Elachura 丽星鹩鹛 Elachura formosa NT LC R O VI, VII 300–2100 1, 6
Irenidae 和平鸟科 Irenidae
Asian Fairy Bluebird 和平鸟 Irena puella NT LC R O V, VII 300–800 5, 7
Chloropseidae 叶鹎科 Chloropseidae
Chloropsis
Blue-winged Leafbird 蓝翅叶鹎 LC LC R O VII 200–1560 1, 6，
cochinchinensis
Golden-fronted Leafbird 金额叶鹎 Chloropsis aurifrons NT LC R O V, VII 200–1040 1, 5, 6, 7
Chloropsis 1, 2, 3, 4,
Orange-bellied Leafbird 橙腹叶鹎 LC LC R O V, VII 200–2300
hardwickii 5, 7
Dicaeidae 啄花鸟科 Dicaeidae
Thick-billed
厚嘴啄花鸟 Dicaeum agile LC LC R O V, VII 1100 9
Flowerpecker
Yellow-vented Dicaeum
黄臀啄花鸟 LC LC R O VII 200–1600 2, 3, 5, 6, 7
Flowerpecker chrysorrheum
Yellow-bellied Dicaeum 1, 2, 3, 4,
黄腹啄花鸟 LC LC R O IV, V, VII 250–3100
Flowerpecker melanozanthum 5, 7
1, 3, 4, 5,
Plain Flowerpecker 纯色啄花鸟 Dicaeum concolor LC LC R O V, VI, VII 200–2100
6, 7

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Fire-breasted 1, 2, 3, 4,
红胸啄花鸟 Dicaeum ignipectus LC LC R O V, VI, VII 500–2350
Flowerpecker 5, 6, 7
Scarlet-backed Dicaeum
朱背啄花鸟 LC LC R O V, VI, VII 600–2135
Flowerpecker cruentatum
Nectariniidae 花蜜鸟科 Nectariniidae
Chalcoparia
Ruby-cheeked Sunbird 紫颊太阳鸟 LC LC R O VII 300–1600 5, 9
singalensis
Anthreptes
Brown-throated Sunbird 褐喉食蜜鸟 LC LC R O VII 200–1500 9
malacensis
Hypogramma
Purple-naped Sunbird 蓝枕花蜜鸟 LC LC R O VII 200–950 9
hypogrammicum
Purple Sunbird 紫花蜜鸟 Cinnyris asiaticus LC LC R O VII 200–1200 1
1, 2, 3, 4,
Mrs Gould’s Sunbird 蓝喉太阳鸟 Aethopyga gouldiae LC LC R O V, VI, VII 600–3100
5, 6, 7, 8
Aethopyga 1, 2, 3, 4,
Green-tailed Sunbird 绿喉太阳鸟 LC LC R O V, VII 840–3000
nipalensis 5, 6, 7
1, 2, 3, 4,
Black-throated Sunbird 黑胸太阳鸟 Aethopyga saturata LC LC R O V, VII 200–2100
5, 6, 7
Crimson Sunbird 黄腰太阳鸟 Aethopyga siparaja LC LC R O VII 200–1500 1, 2, 3, 5, 7
Aethopyga V, IV, V,
Fire-tailed Sunbird 火尾太阳鸟 LC LC R O 1800–4100 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
ignicauda VII
Arachnothera
Little Spiderhunter 长嘴捕蛛鸟 LC LC R O VII 200–800 1, 5, 6, 7
longirostra
Arachnothera 1, 2, 3, 4,
Streaked Spiderhunter 纹背捕蛛鸟 LC LC R O V, VII 200–2100
magna 5, 6, 7
Prunellidae 岩鹨科 Prunellidae
1, 2, 4, 7,
Alpine Accentor 领岩鹨 Prunella collaris LC LC R P IV, V, VI 2800–5000
8, 9
Prunella II, III, IV,
Robin Accentor 鸲岩鹨 LC LC R P 4000–4300 1, 8
rubeculoides V
Rufous-breasted II, III, IV,
棕胸岩鹨 Prunella strophiata LC LC R O 1900–4170 1, 2, 4, 7, 9
Accentor V, VI
II, III, IV,
Brown Accentor 褐岩鹨 Prunella fulvescens LC LC R P 3000–4000 1
V, VII
Maroon-backed Prunella II, IV, V,
栗背岩鹨 LC LC R O 2100–4100 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
Accentor immaculata VI, VII
Ploceidae 织雀科 Ploceidae
Streaked Weaver 纹胸织雀 Ploceus manyar LC LC R O V 500–700 1
Baya Weaver 黄胸织雀 Ploceus philippinus LC LC R O VII 500–1100 2, 3, 7
Estrildidae 梅花雀科 Estrildidae
Amandava
Red Avadavat 红梅花雀 LC LC R O VI, VII 200–1550 2, 3, 5, 6, 7
amandava
Pin-tailed Parrotfinch 长尾鹦雀 Erythrura prasina LC LC V 500 9
II, V, V,
White-rumped Munia 白腰文鸟 Lonchura striata LC LC R O 200–2350 1, 2, 5
VI, VII
Lonchura 1, 2, 3, 4,
Scaly-breasted Munia 斑文鸟 LC LC R O V, VII 200–2100
punctulata 5, 6, 7, 8
Chestnut Munia 栗腹文鸟 Lonchura atricapilla LC LC R O V, VII 500–1000 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Passeridae 雀科 Passeridae
House Sparrow 家麻雀 Passer domesticus LC LC V 850 9
Passer 1, 2, 3, 4,
Russet Sparrow 山麻雀 LC LC R W V, VI, VII 760–3000
cinnamomeus 5, 6, 7, 8
II, III, IV, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Eurasian Tree Sparrow 麻雀 Passer montanus LC LC R W 200–3100
V, VI, VII 5, 6, 7, 8
White-winged
白斑翅雪雀 Montifringilla nivalis LC LC R P IV, IV 2500–4500 1
Snowfinch
Montifringilla
Tibetan Snowfinch 褐翅雪雀 LC LC R P IV, V 3500–5200 1
adamsi
Rufous-necked
棕颈雪雀 Pyrgilauda ruficollis LC LC R P IV, V 3800–5000 1
Snowfinch
Blanford’s Snowfinch 棕背雪雀 Pyrgilauda blanfordi LC LC R P IV, V 4200–5000 1
Motacillidae 鹡鸰科 Motacillidae
I, II, III,
Dendronanthus
Forest Wagtail 山鹡鸰 LC LC SP W IV, V, VI, 200–1890 2, 4, 5, 6
indicus
VI
Motacilla
Eastern Yellow Wagtail 黄鹡鸰 LC LC WP 200–2070 1, 2, 4, 7, 8
tschutschensis

24 www.zrdc.ac.cn
 Continued
a Zoogeographic Elevation
Chinese Protectio Red List Chinese Resident
English name Scientific name region distribution Sourcee
name n level endemic statusb
China IUCN Realmc Regionsd (m)
Citrine Wagtail 黄头鹡鸰 Motacilla citreola LC LC SW P I, II, III, III 280–2000 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
1, 2, 3, 4,
Grey Wagtail 灰鹡鸰 Motacilla cinerea LC LC W 200–2670
5, 7
II, IV, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
White Wagtail 白鹡鸰 Motacilla alba LC LC R P 200–3250
VI, VII 5, 7, 8
1, 2, 3, 4,
Richard’s Pipit 田鹨 Anthus richardi LC LC W 300–2500
6, 7, 9
Paddyfield Pipit 东方田鹨 Anthus rufulus LC LC R O VII 300–1000 2, 4, 5, 6
II, III, IV,
Blyth’s Pipit 布氏鹨 Anthus godlewskii LC LC SP P 800–3000 9
IV
I, II, III, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Olive-backed Pipit 树鹨 Anthus hodgsoni LC LC SW W 200–4050
VII, 5, 6, 7
II, III, IV, 1, 3, 4, 5,
Rosy Pipit 粉红胸鹨 Anthus roseatus LC LC RS W 500–3900
V, VI, VII 6, 7, 8
Buff-bellied Pipit 黄腹鹨 Anthus rubescens LC LC W 500–2400 1, 6
Water Pipit 水鹨 Anthus spinoletta LC LC W 1500–3140 1, 2, 4, 7
II, V, VI,
Upland Pipit 山鹨 Anthus sylvanus LC LC R O 1300–2400 1, 4
VII
Fringillidae 燕雀科 Fringillidae
Common Chaffinch 苍头燕雀 Fringilla coelebs LC LC V 3287 9
Fringilla 1, 2, 3, 4,
Brambling 燕雀 LC LC W 1400–2200
montifringilla 7, 9
黄颈拟蜡嘴
Collared Grosbeak Mycerobas affinis LC LC R O IV, V, VI 3200–3500 3, 7, 12
雀
白点翅拟蜡 Mycerobas 1, 2, 3, 4,
Spot-winged Grosbeak LC LC R O IV, V, VII 500–2750
嘴雀 melanozanthos 7, 9
白斑翅拟蜡 III, IV, V,
White-winged Grosbeak Mycerobas carnipes LC LC R P 2500–4000 1, 4, 8
嘴雀 VI
Chinese Grosbeak 黑尾蜡嘴雀 Eophona migratoria LC LC WP 300–3000 6, 9
V, VI, VII,
Brown Bullfinch 褐灰雀 Pyrrhula nipalensis LC LC R O 1000–3600 1, 2, 4
II
1, 3, 4, 5,
Grey-headed Bullfinch 灰头灰雀 Pyrrhula erythaca LC LC R W V 1500–3300
6, 7, 8
Agraphospiza IV, V, VI,
Blanford’s Rosefinch 赤朱雀 LC LC R O 1800–3970 1, 9
rubescens VII
Pyrrhoplectes IV, V, VI, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Gold-naped Finch 金枕黑雀 LC LC R O 1800–3000
epauletta VII 5, 6, 7
Dark-breasted Procarduelis II, IV, V, 1, 2, 3, 4,
暗胸朱雀 LC LC R O 2000–4100
Rosefinch nipalensis VI, VII 7, 9
Leucosticte
Plain Mountain Finch 林岭雀 LC LC R P III, IV, V 1500–3000 1, 2, 4, 7, 8
nemoricola
Brandt’s Mountain Finch 高山岭雀 Leucosticte brandti LC LC R P IV, V 3000–5500 1, 8
Carpodacus II, III, IV, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Common Rosefinch 普通朱雀 LC LC S P 600–3400
erythrinus V, VII 5, 7, 8
Carpodacus
Streaked Rosefinch 拟大朱雀 NT LC W 3500–4400 1
rubicilloides
1, 2, 3, 4,
Scarlet Finch 血雀 Carpodacus sipahi LC LC R O V, VII 1500–3000
5, 6, 7, 9
Himalayan Beautiful Carpodacus II, III, IV,
红眉朱雀 LC LC R P 2000–4000 1, 4, 6, 8
Rosefinch pulcherrimus V, VI, VII
Pink-rumped Rosefinch 曙红朱雀 Carpodacus waltoni LC LC R O IV, V, VII 2750–4000 1, 8
Carpodacus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Dark-rumped Rosefinch 棕朱雀 LC LC R O IV, V, VII 840–4300
edwardsii 5, 6, 7, 8
Carpodacus
Sharpe’s Rosefinch 点翅朱雀 LC LC R O V, VII 2400–4400 1, 4
verreauxii
Carpodacus II, V, VI, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Vinaceous Rosefinch 酒红朱雀 LC LC R O 1300–2900
vinaceus VII 5, 7
Carpodacus
Long-tailed Rosefinch 长尾雀 LC LC R P IV, V 1500–2600 4,
sibiricus
Three-banded Carpodacus
斑翅朱雀 LC LC √ R O II, IV, V 3200 4,
Rosefinch trifasciatus
Chinese White-browed
白眉朱雀 Carpodacus dubius LC LC R O V, V 2700–4600 1, 4, 8
Rosefinch
Carpodacus 1, 2, 3, 4,
Crimson-browed Finch 红眉松雀 LC LC R O IV, V, VII 2000–4200
subhimachala 7, 8
Grey-capped
金翅雀 Chloris sinica LC LC W 200–1600 4, 5
Greenfinch
Yellow-breasted
高山金翅雀 Chloris spinoides LC LC R O V, VII 1600–4400 1
Greenfinch

Zoological Research: Diversity and Conservation X(X): 1−32, 2024 25

 Continued
a Zoogeographic Elevation
Chinese Protectio Red List Chinese Resident
English name Scientific name region distribution Sourcee
name n level endemic statusb
China IUCN Realmc Regionsd (m)
Black-headed 1, 2, 3, 4,
黑头金翅雀 Chloris ambigua LC LC R O IV, V, VII 300–3300
Greenfinch 5, 7, 8
Twite 黄嘴朱顶雀 Linaria flavirostris LC LC R P III, IV, V 3000–5000 1
Red Crossbill 红交嘴雀 Loxia curvirostra II LC LC R P IV, V 3000–4500 1, 2
1, 2, 3, 4,
Tibetan Serin 藏黄雀 Spinus thibetanus NT LC R O V, VII 780–2500
5, 6, 7
Emberizidae 鹀科 Emberizidae
1, 2, 3, 4,
Crested Bunting 凤头鹀 Melophus lathami LC LC R O V, VI, VII 200–2400
5, 7
Emberiza
Godlewski’s Bunting 灰眉岩鹀 LC LC R P IV, VII, V 800–3300 1, 2, 4, 5, 8
godlewskii
II, IV, V,
Meadow Bunting 三道眉草鹀 Emberiza cioides LC LC R P <3000 1
VI, VII
Tibetan Bunting 藏鹀 Emberiza koslowi II VU NT √ R P IV, V 3600–4600 1
Tristram’s Bunting 白眉鹀 Emberiza tristrami NT LC W 300–1800 9
I, II, III, V, 1, 2, 4, 5,
Chestnut-eared Bunting 栗耳鹀 Emberiza fucata LC LC RW W 500–2800
VI, VII 6, 7, 8
1, 2, 3, 4,
Little Bunting 小鹀 Emberiza pusilla LC LC R 300–3100
5, 7
II, V, VI,
Yellow-throated Bunting 黄喉鹀 Emberiza elegans LC LC WP W 1500–2700 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
VII
Yellow-breasted Bunting黄胸鹀 Emberiza aureola I CR CR WP 300–2200 3, 7
Chestnut Bunting 栗鹀 Emberiza rutila NT LC V 300–2500 1
Emberiza
Black-headed Bunting 黑头鹀 LC LC R 240–1200 9
melanocephala
II, III, V,
Emberiza
Black-faced Bunting 灰头鹀 LC LC W VI, VII, III, 500–2700 1, 2, 3, 5, 7
spodocephala
III
Scientific and English names follow Zheng (2017). The protection level follows the revised List of State Key Protected Wild Animals (National
Forestry and Grassland Administration, 2021). IUCN and Chinese Red List Categories follow IUCN (2022) and Zhang and Zheng (2021),
respectively. Chinese endemic follows Zheng (2017). Resident status, zoogeographic region, and elevational distribution by birds follow Yang
(1995), Yang and Yang (2004), del Hoyo et al. (2016), and Zheng (2017)
a
Red List for each species was recorded as Regionally Extinct (RE), Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Near
threatened (NT), Least Concern (LC) and Data Deficient (DD).
b
Resident status for each species was recorded as year–round resident (R), winter visitor (W), summer breeder (S), Passenger migrant (P), or
vagrant (V). If a species has different resident status within different parts of the GLGM, both are recorded here.
c
The realm of zoogeographic region are Palearctic (P), Oriental (O), or widespread (W).
d
The regions of zoogeographic region are Northeast China (I), North China (II), Northwest China (III), Tibetan Plateau (IV), Southwest China (V),
Central China (VI), South China (VII).
e
The resources show as below.
1–Records of our surveys between 2010 and 2022.
2–Bird Group, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1980. Survey report of vertebrates in Gaoligongshan region, Vol. 2,
Birds Beijing: Science Press. [in Chinese]
3–Xue JR. 1995. the Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House. [in Chinese].
4–Tang CZ, Xu YG, Yang L. 1996. The Series of the Scientific Expedition to the Hengduan mountains, Qinghai–Xizang Plateau: Birds of the
Hengduan Mountains Region. Beijing: Science Press. [in Chinese]
5–Yang YM, Du F. 2006. Integrated scientific studies of Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Yunnan. Yunnan: Yunnan Science Press. [in Chinese]
6–Yang L, Yang XJ. 2004. The avifauna of Yunnan Vol. 2 Passeriformes. Kunming: Yunnan Science and Technology Press. [in Chinese]; Yang L,
Wen XJ, Han LX, Yang XJ, Shi WY, Wang SF. 1995. The avifauna of Yunnan China, Vol. 1 Non–Passeriformes. Kunming, Yunnan: Yunnan
Science and Technology Press. [in Chinese]
7–Dumbacher JP, Miller J, Flannery ME, Yang XJ. 2011. Avifauna of the Gaoligong Shan Mountains of western China: a hotspot of avian species
diversity. Ornithological Monographs, 70: 30–63.
8–Zheng ZX, Li DH,Wang ZX. 1983. The Avifauna of Xizang ( Tibet). Beijing: Science Press. [in Chinese]
9–Wu F, Yan D, Gao JY, Liu LM, Li F. 2021. A photographic guide to the birds of Gaoligong Mountain. Kunming: Yunnan Science and Technology
Press. [in Chinese]
10–Liang D, Gao G, Wang B, Wang XW, Chen YX, Wu XR et al. 2015. The Diversity and Vertical Distribution of the Birds in Middle Gaoligong
Mountain, Yunnan. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 34(6): 930–940.
11–Photos records from birdwatchers.
12–Records from natural reserve management bureaus.

As previously discussed, the Oriental and Palearctic realms regional species in Lushui (Figure 4) indicated that the
in China were categorized into seven zoogeographic regions. boundary between the South and Southwest China regions
Our findings demonstrated that the South and Southwest was located in Lushui. Similar results were shown based on
China species ratios were higher than those of the other five hierarchical cluster analysis of bird species composition
zoogeographic regions. Moreover, the intersection of two across the eight counties, which indicated a general latitudinal

26 www.zrdc.ac.cn
Figure 2 Species richness of each county in the Gaoligong Mountains (GLGM) and their spatial pattern along latitude
A: Heatmap of bird species richness in each county in GLGM. B: Latitudinal pattern of bird species richness in each county in GLGM. *: P<0.05.

Figure 3 Ratios of Oriental, Palearctic, and widespread species among eight counties in the Gaoligong Mountains

gradient in species turnover. Notably, bird species region demonstrated high richness of these protected species,
composition in Chayu, the northernmost county, differed from with 184 documented, representing almost a quarter (23.1%)
that of the other seven counties. Excluding Chayu, the other of the 796 bird species found in the GLGM. Among these
seven counties divided into two branches, one consisting of species, 29 are under first-class protection and 155 are under
northern Fugong and Gongshan and the other consisting of second-class protection (Figure 6; Table 1).
southern Yingjiang, Longling, Tengchong, Longyang, and Red List of Threatened Species: Based on the IUCN Red
Lushui. Furthermore, within the southern five counties, the bird List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2022), 26 species in the
species composition of Yingjiang differed from that of the other GLGM are listed as threatened species, including four
counties (Figure 5). Critically Endangered (CR), six Endangered (EN), and 16
Species under special focus Vulnerable (VU) (Table 1). Based on China’s Red List of
State Key Protected Species: Under the Wildlife Protection Threatened Species (Zhang & Zheng, 2021), 49 species in the
Law of the People’s Republic of China, the state provides GLGM are listed as threatened species, including eight
special protection to wildlife species that are either rare or Critically Endangered (CR), 13 Endangered (EN), 28
nearing extinction. The List of State Key Protected Species Vulnerable (VU), and one Regionally Extinct (RE) (Grus
was updated by the National Forestry and Grassland antigone) (Figure 6).
Administration and Ministry of Agriculture in 2021. The GLGM Endemic species: No species endemic to the GLGM were

Zoological Research: Diversity and Conservation X(X): 1−32, 2024 27

Figure 4 Ratio of each zoogeographic regional species among eight counties in the Gaoligong Mountains

species throughout the entire GLGM, including parts of

Yunnan and Xizang. Certain bird species recorded in
Dumbacher et al. (2011), including Gyps fulvus, Accipiter
gularis, and Circus pygargus, were excluded from our list for
two reasons. Firstly, these species were not direct field
records of Dumbacher et al. (2011) and lacked exact location
details. Secondly, while these species were new records in
Yunnan, they were not recognized or accepted in subsequent
authoritative publications (Yang et al., 2016; Zheng, 2017).
Our findings highlight the tremendous diversity of bird species
in the GLGM, with a total of 796 species documented,
surpassing the bird species count in all but 28 countries
worldwide (BirdLife International, 2023). Thus, the GLGM
region can be considered as one of the most diverse in the
world.
The inclusion of bird species from Chayu in the GLGM bird
list is a primary reason contributing to the increased length of
Figure 5 Hierarchical cluster analysis of breeding bird our list compared to earlier versions (749 bird species, Wu
composition among eight counties in the Gaoligong Mountains et al., 2021). The avian composition in Chayu exhibited
recorded. However, 16 species, including Tetraophasis distinct differences from the other seven counties in the region
szechenyii, Crossoptilon crossoptilon, Pardaliparus (Figure 5). Out of the 281 bird species recorded in Chayu, 37
venustulus, Poecile weigoldicus, Pseudopodoces humilis, were unique to this area and were characteristic of the
Leptopoecile elegans, Fulvetta striaticollis, Babax koslowi, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, including Perdix hodgsoniae,
Garrulax maximus, Trochalopteron elliotii, Trochalopteron Crossoptilon crossoptilon, Gypaetus barbatus, Pyrrhocorax
Henrici, Sitta yunnanensis, Turdus mandarinus, Turdus pyrrhocorax, Pyrrhocorax graculus, Pseudopodoces humilis,
mupinensis, Carpodacus trifasciatus, and Emberiza koslowi Leptopoecile sophiae, Leptopoecile elegans, Babax koslowi,
are endemic to China. Among all bird species in China, 16 Trochalopteron henrici, Turdus maximus, Prunella
species are only distributed in the GLGM, including rubeculoides, Prunella fulvescens, Montifringilla nivalis,
Arborophila atrogularis, Cairina scutulata, Apus acuticauda, Montifringilla adamsi, Pyrgilauda ruficollis, Pyrgilauda
Ardea insignis, Rhyticeros undulatus, Picus xanthopygaeus, blanfordi, Leucosticte brandti, Carpodacus rubicilloides,
Microhierax caerulescens, Psittacula eupatria, Psittacula Carpodacus waltoni, Chloris spinoides, Linaria flavirostris, and
krameri, Psittacula roseata, Rhipidura aureola, Hirundo Emberiza koslowi.
smithii, Jabouilleia danjoui, Stachyris roberti, Heterophasia As a reflection of its remarkable bird diversity, GLGM was
gracilis, and Acridotheres burmannicus (Figure 6). shown to harbor a significant number of threatened species,
including 183 State Key Protected Species (Table 1), as well
DISCUSSION as 49 and 26 species listed as threatened in China’s Red List
of Threatened Species and the IUCN Red List of Threatened
Importance of bird diversity in GLGM Species, respectively (Table 1). Among the globally
In our study, we conducted a comprehensive review of bird threatened species, Ardea insignis (CR) and Cairina scutulata

28 www.zrdc.ac.cn
Figure 6 Number of bird species under special focus in the Gaoligong Mountains (GLGM)
SKP: State Key Protected Species; ITS: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; CTS: China’s Red List of Threatened Species; END: Species
endemic to China; ODG: species only distributed in the GLGM in China.

(EN) represent new bird species records for China (Han et al., biodiversity hotspots: Southwest China mountains, Indo-
2015; Zhang et al., 2019). Moreover, 16 bird species unique to Burma, and Himalaya hotspots (Dumbacher et al., 2011).
China appear to be exclusive to the GLGM, further highlighting
Intersection of zoogeographic regions in GLGM
its critical role in the conservation of birds in China.
Our findings on breeding bird composition indicated that the
The distribution of bird species richness across the GLGM
GLGM belonged to the Oriental realm. In both the entire
was not uniform. There was a general trend of decreasing
GLGM and particularly in Chayu, the northernmost county, the
species richness from the southern to northern parts of the
proportion of Oriental species was higher than that of
GLGM (Figure 2). These results are consistent with those
Palearctic species (Figure 3). However, defining the boundary
reported by Dumbacher et al. (2011) and Lan & Dunbar between the Oriental and Palearctic realms within the GLGM
(2000), whose bird surveys were conducted in the Yunnan is challenging due to its location in the Hengduan Mountains,
section of the GLGM. Of note, the bird species richness in a complex region characterized by multiple mountain ranges
Yingjiang (661 species) was the highest among the sampled and large, swift rivers (Zhang, 2011). Tang et al. (1996) noted
counties. Moreover, the bird species richness of Yingjiang that the ratio of Oriental to Palearctic bird species becomes
County is higher than 32 of the 34 provinces in China, only equal at elevations near 3 900 m a.s.l. in the GLGM.
lower than that of Sichuan Province (757, Que et al., 2020) Consistent with this, we found that although Oriental species
and Guangxi Province (744 bird species, Jiang, 2021). were more prevalent than Palearctic species in Chayu, the
Moreover, in the past decade, 10 bird species in China, trend was reversed at elevations above 3 900 m, where
including Arborophila atrogularis, Sterna aurantia, Sterna Palearctic species (47.6%, 39/82 species) outnumbered
acuticauda, Pelargopsis capensis, Mulleripicus pulverulentus, Oriental species (35.4%, 29/82 species) (Table 1).
Microhierax caerulescens, Psittacula krameri, Psittacula Considering the varied bird species along elevations in Chayu
roseata, Saxicola jerdoni, and Hirundo smithii, have only been (Figure 5), the higher elevation of Chayu belonged to the
recorded in Yingjiang. It is also worth noting that the low Palearctic realm.
species richness in Chayu may be partly due to poor survey Further analysis of breeding birds in the GLGM at the
coverage. Certain parts of the GLGM in Chayu are controlled zoogeographic level revealed a predominance of species from
by India, which were not included in our surveys. South China and Southwest China. These results align with
Our results also showed that the GLGM contains 16 those reported by Yang & Yang (2004) and Zhang (2011).
endemic species of China, although none is endemic to the However, our study identified a difference in the delineation of
GLGM alone, indicating that the region itself is not an area of the border between South China and Southwest China in the
avian endemism. The bird composition of GLGM shows a GLGM compared to Yang & Yang (2004), who located the
crossroad character, which is affected by three major border in Tengchong. Our results revealed that the

Zoological Research: Diversity and Conservation X(X): 1−32, 2024 29

intersection of bird species ratios from South China and efforts to protect birds and other wildlife species, significant
Southwest China occurred in Lushui (Figure 4). Additionally, challenges remain in these conservation endeavors.
the composition of breeding birds in the northern regions of A primary challenge lies in optimizing the existing network of
Fugong and Gongshan differed markedly from that in the protected areas in the GLGM. Bird species richness is
southern regions of Yingjiang, Longling, Tengchong, markedly higher in the southern regions of the GLGM,
Longyang, and Lushui (Figure 5). These findings suggest that particularly in Yingjiang, which not only boasts the highest
the border should be positioned in Lushui, consistent with richness but also harbors several species exclusively (Figure
Zhang (2011). 2). In addition, the Nujiang Valley is important for bird
migration and dispersal. These areas also face more intense
Bird conservation value and efforts of GLGM
human disturbance due to higher population density
In addition to its exceptional bird diversity, the GLGM also
(Dumbacher et al., 2011; Lan & Dunbar, 2000). However,
plays a vital role in avian conservation. Firstly, biogeographic
existing reserves, such as the Cibagou National Nature
crossroads, such as the GLGM, are recognized as pivotal
Reserve and Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, are
areas for biodiversity conservation (Spector, 2002). Notably,
situated in northern GLGM and predominantly cover higher
the bird composition in the GLGM demonstrates this
elevations. Only a portion of the Tongbiguan Provincial Nature
characteristic due to the influence of three major biodiversity
Reserve is located in Yingjiang, and there are no reserves in
hotspots (Dumbacher et al., 2011). Moreover, the GLGM is
the Nujiang Valley. This highlights the need for establishing
strategically located at the intersection of the Oriental and
more and higher-level reserves in the southern GLGM and the
Palearctic realms to the north, and between South China and
Nujiang Valley. Moreover, the current configuration of the
Southwest China to the south.
Secondly, the north-south orientation of the GLGM serves Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, consisting of three
as a vital corridor and flyway for bird migration and dispersal, fragmented sections, is suboptimal for bird conservation in the
marking a significant convergence of lowland and highland GLGM.
faunas. These corridors are crucial for both highland, ridge- The transboundary nature of bird conservation presents
following species and lowland, river-following species another significant challenge in the GLGM. With their ability to
(Dumbacher et al., 2011). As an example, certain species fly and migrate, birds are not confined by national boundaries
such as Garrulax merulinus and Harpactes oreskios were (Liu et al., 2020). Various bird species in the GLGM, including
previously only recorded in the lowlands of southern Yunnan endangered species such as Sterna aurantia, Tragopan
(Liu & Chen, 2021; Yang et al., 1995; Yang & Yang, 2004; blythii, Lophophorus sclateri, and hornbills, engage in
Zheng, 2017), but were both found in the Nujiang Valley of transboundary movement. Therefore, even with robust
Chayu, far from their known northern range limits, in our study. protection measures for bird species within the GLGM region
This suggests that the Nujiang Valley acts as a corridor in China, conservation efforts would be insufficient if they do
facilitating the northward dispersal of bird species from the not extend across national borders. Such challenges
south. Similarly, the valleys within the GLGM function as complicate bird conservation in the GLGM. Yang et al. (2019)
migration pathways, with species such as Grus grus and noted that there are extensive transboundary conservation
Milvus migrans regularly observed by rangers migrating along priority areas in the GLGM, with over 80% not currently under
the Nujiang and Dulongjiang valleys during the migration any protected status. Thus, there is an urgent need for China
season (September to November in Yunnan). and neighboring countries to strengthen transboundary
Furthermore, considering the poleward and higher elevation conservation initiatives for birds and other wildlife. For
shifts in species ranges as global temperatures increase example, fewer than 10 adult individuals of Sterna aurantia
(Loarie et al., 2009; Parmesan & Yohe, 2003), the north-south have been recorded in Yingjiang in the past six years, the only
orientation of the GLGM may become increasingly important, known breeding site for this species in China (Zheng et al.,
providing crucial future habitat and dispersal corridors for bird 2020). Sterna aurantia breeds in Yingjiang and winters
species currently distributed further south or at lower abroad. Despite effective protection of the breeding site by
elevations.
rangers and successful breeding in Yingjiang, the population
To protect birds and other wildlife, the Chinese government
there has not shown recovery. Therefore, it is imperative to
has established several nature reserves in the GLGM,
extend conservation efforts to their winter habitats and
including the Cibagou National Nature Reserve (101 400 ha)
migration routes outside China, ensuring their safety
in Chayu, Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve (405 000
throughout the year (Zheng et al., 2020).
ha) covering Gongshan, Fugong, Lushui, Longyang and
Furthermore, bird conservation in the GLGM is also
Tengchong, Tongbiguan Provincial Nature Reserve (Yingjiang
impacted by gaps in systematic and long-term bird monitoring
Section) (32 180 ha) in Yingjiang, Xiaoheishan Provincial
and research. Birds are considered good environmental
Nature Reserve (5 805 ha) in Longling, and Beihai Wetland
indicators and are relatively easy to sample (Bibby et al.,
Provincial Nature Reserve (1 629 ha) in Tengchong. In
2000). While several monitoring projects within select reserves
addition, four areas in the GLGM are recognized by Birdlife
have been conducted in the last decade, focusing on
International as Important Bird Areas (IBAs) for hosting
individual endangered species such as Lophophorus sclateri,
globally threatened bird species listed on the IUCN Red List of
hornbills, and Sterna aurantia, there remains a substantial lack
Threatened Species (Chan et al., 2009), including Chayu
of comprehensive information and baseline data on the spatial
(CN153) in Xizang, Dulong Jiang River Valley (CN232),
and temporal distribution and composition of birds, posing a
Gaoligong Shan Nature Reserve-Southern Section (CN244),
significant challenge to conservation efforts in the GLGM.
and Tongbiguan Nature Reserve (CN245) in Yunnan, all of
In conclusion, the GLGM plays a vital role in avian
which overlap established nature reserves.
conservation due to its exceptional bird diversity (Dumbacher
Implications for bird conservation in GLGM et al., 2011). However, bird conservation within the GLGM still
Despite the government-established reserves and dedicated faces major challenges. Recently, the Chinese government

30 www.zrdc.ac.cn
unveiled plans to establish a new national park aimed at IUCN. 2022. The IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2023-
providing refuge for birds and other wildlife in the GLGM. The 1.https://www.iucnredlist.org.
new Gaoligongshan National Park will encompass nearly all Jiang AW. 2021. Field Guide to the Birds of Guangxi. Nanning: Guangxi
higher elevational zones in the GLGM, including the existing Science & Technology Publishing House. (in Chinese)
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SCIENTIFIC FIELD SURVEY PERMISSION INFORMATION
Liu Y, Chen SH. 2021. The CNG Field Guide to the Brids of China.
Fieldwork in the GLGM was approved by the Yunnan Provincial Forestry
Changsha: Hunan Science & Technology Press. (in Chinese)
and Grassland Administration and Xiang Autonomous Region Forestry and
Loarie SR, Duffy PB, Hamilton H, et al. 2009. The velocity of climate
Grassland Administration.
change. Nature, 462(7276): 1052−1055.
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA MacKinnon J. 2022. Guide to the Birds of China. Li YF, trans. Beijing: The
Supplementary data to this article can be found online. Commercial Press. (in Chinese)
Mittermeier RA, Gil PR, Hoffmann M, et al. 2005. Hotspots Revisited: Earth’
COMPETING INTERESTS s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions. Mexico
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. City: Conservation International.
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AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
for conservation priorities. Nature, 403(6772): 853−858.
F.W. and X.J.Y. conceived the study; F.W., J.Y.G., D.Y., L.Y., L.M.L. and
National Forestry and Grassland Administration. 2021. List of state key
W.M. collected the data with assistance from C.S.Z., J.S., G.G., J.Y.S., and
protected wild animals. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-02/09/5586227/
Y.C.L.; F.W., J.Y.G., D.Y., L.Y., and L.M.L. processed the raw data; F.W.,
files/e007df5cdb364bcdbcb89d169047d6c5.pdf. (in Chinese)
S.Y.Y., J.Y.G., M.L., and Y.F.H. analyzed the data; F.W., X.J.Y. and S.Y.Y.
Oksanen JARI, Blanchet FG, Friendly M, et al. 2022. Vegan: community
wrote the manuscript. All co-authors contributed to edits and comments
ecology package. R package version 2.5-7.
toward the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version
Parmesan C, Yohe G. 2003. A globally coherent fingerprint of climate
of the manuscript.
change impacts across natural systems. Nature, 421(6918): 37−42.
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Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve and Chayu Cibagou National 1–304. (in Chinese)

Nature Reserve Management Bureau for their permission and help with Que PJ, Zhu L, Zhang J, et al. 2020. Updates to the checklist of birds in

fieldwork. Sichuan Province. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 39(3): 332−360. (in

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