Feedback and Oscillators

Lesson #13
Feedback
Section 9.1-2

BME 373 Electronics II – 48

J.Schesser
 Feedback
• Types of Feedback
– Positive: aids the input
p signal
g
– Negative: reduces the input signal
• Positive Feedback Benefits
– Oscillators
O ill t
• Negative Feedback Benefits
– Stabilization of Gain
– Reduction of Nonlinear Distortion
– Reduction of noise
– Control of input
p and output
p impedances
p
– Extension of Bandwidth
• Design of feedback amplifier to avoid unwanted
oscillations
ill ti
BME 373 Electronics II – 49
J.Schesser
 Cl d L
Closed-Loop G
Gain
i

xs xi=xxs-xxf xo=Ax
Axi
Source ∑ Amplifier Load
+ A
-

xf=β xo Feedback
Network
Use x since this will apply β
equally to voltages and currents xo
Af = = A
xi = xs-xf = xs- β xo xs 1 + Aβ
⇒ Closed − Loop Gain = A f
xo= Axi
Open − Loop Gain = A
xo= A(xs- β xo)
Loop Gain = Aβ
BME 373 Electronics II – 50
J.Schesser
 Problems With Positive Feedback

• If |Aβ| ≤ 1 and Aβ is negative:

– then 1+Aβ ≤1; and Af (closed-loop gain) > A (open-loop gain)
– if Aβ = -1, then oscillations occur
– POSITIVE FEEDBACK
• Example:
– A = -10, β = 0.0999 ⇒ Aβ = −0.999; 1+ Aβ = 0.001; Af = -104
– A: -10 → -9.9 ⇒ Aβ = −0.989; 1+ Aβ = 0.011; then Af : -104 → -901
– For a 1% reduction in A there was a 91% reduction of Af
– POOR GAIN STABILITY: worse than the original amplifier

BME 373 Electronics II – 51

J.Schesser
 P bl
Problems (Continued)
(C ti d)

• Another
A th E Example:
l
– As Aβ → -1, Af → ∞ and this implies for a zero input
signal an output signal can be generated and a signal
will flow around the loop w/o an input ⇒ oscillations.
This is ok if an oscillator design is desired.
– Clearly, a high gain amplifier can be designed with
positive feedback; however, care must be taken because
anyy change
g in the design
g ((temperature
p shifts increase
the power supply voltages) may cause Aβ → -1 and
oscillations result

BME 373 Electronics II – 52

J.Schesser
G i St
Gain Stabilization
bili ti Using
U i Negative
N ti Feedback
F db k

• F
For N
Negative
ti FFeedback
db k A Amplifiers
lifi are
designed with Aβ >> 1 and Af ≅ 1/β
– This
hi is
i desirable
d i bl since
i the l off β can be
h value b designed
d i d
using solely stable passive components (e.g., resistors
p
and capacitors) )
– On the other hand A is a function of active components
(e.g., BJT, FET, etc.) whose operating point is highly
d
dependent
d t on temperature
t t VT andd operating
ti point
i t (e.g.,
(
for a BJT rπ=VT/IBQ and g = 2 KP W L I )
m DQ

– This occurs for opp amps

p
BME 373 Electronics II – 53
J.Schesser
 Gain Stabilization Using
g Negative
g Feedback
Continued
l A = 104 and β = 0.01
• Example:
E 0 01 ⇒ Af = 99
– If A → 9000, then Af → 98.9
– For a 10% reduction in A there was only a 0.1% reduction of Af
• Therefore, we can design precision amplifiers using
Negative Feedback
• This states that for small fractional
dA 1 + Aβ − Aβ 1
f
= = changes of Af is the fractional
dA (1 + Aβ ) 2
(1 + Aβ ) 2

change in A divided by 1+Aβ

dA A dA A
dA = = • Clearly, if the loop gain Aβ >> 1
f

A (1 + Aβ ) A 1 + Aβ
f 2

changes of Af are less than A

dAf dA 1
=
Af A 1 + Aβ
BME 373 Electronics II – 54
J.Schesser
 S
Summing-Point
i P i t Constraint
C t i t Revised
R i d

xs xi=xxs-xxf xo=Ax
Axi
Source ∑ Amplifier Load
+ A
-

xf=β xo Feedback
xf = β xo Network
β
xo= Af xs
xf = Af β xs • If Aβ >> 1 then xf ≅ xs and xi = xs – xf ≅ 0
Aβ • This is the summing point constraint
x f = xs
1 + Aβ – Here is how we can design operational amplifiers
from negative feedback amplifiers with Aβ >> 1
BME 373 Electronics II – 55
J.Schesser
 E
Examples
l
• Find Af, xo, xf, and xi for a negative feedback amplifier with A=105, β =
0 01 and xs = 5 sin(2000πt)
0.01
– Af = A / ( 1+Aβ )= 105 / (1+ 105 * 0.01)= 99.9
– xo = Af xs = 499.5 sin(2000πt)
– xf = β xo = 4.995 sin(2000πt)
– xi = xs - xf = .004995 sin(2000πt)

• What is the maximum value of Af if we want it not to vary greater than

± 1% (and ± 0.1%) for an amplifier with A = 105 ± 10%
– ∆A/A = .10; ∆Af /Af < .01
• ∆Af /Af = ∆A/A *[1/(1+Aβ)]
• Af = A/(1+Aβ) ⇒ Af = A* ∆Af /Af *(A/∆A) = 105*.01/.1=104
– Af = A* ∆Af /Af *(A/∆A) = 105*.001/.1=103

BME 373 Electronics II – 56

J.Schesser
 R d ti off Non-linear
Reduction N li Distortion
Di t ti
• Assume we have an amplifier which has the
following non-linear gain characteristics.
xo
x0 10
10

xi

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2
t
-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

-10 -5

• If we wantt to
t reduce
d this
thi distortion
di t ti with
ith an
amplifier of Af ≅ 10 and β = .1, we would need to
have Aβ >> 1,, but A = 10 and 5.
BME 373 Electronics II – 57
J.Schesser
 Reduction off Non-linear Distortion
(Continued)
• To solve this we can add a linear preamplifier of gain of 1000.
• Th cascade
The d has
h an open-loop
l gain
i of:
f
104 (=103x10) for 0< xo<10 and 5000 (=103x5) for –10< xo<0.
• And a closed loop gain of
9.99 for 0<xo<10 and 9.98 for –10<xo<0.
x’i
xi xo
PreAmp Non –linear
linear
xs Amplifier
Source ∑ 1000 Load
+ 10 x’i>0; 5 x’i<0
-
Feedback
Network
xf=β xo β
BME 373 Electronics II – 58
J.Schesser
 C
Compensation
ti off Non-linear
N li Distortion
Di t ti

• Let’s
L t’ look
l k att the
th input
i t signal
i l att the
th amplifier:
lifi
xi = xs − x f
Aβ 1
xi = xs − xs = xs
1 + Aβ 1 + Aβ
xi = xs (1 + 10 4 × .1) = xs 1001 for 0 < xs < 10
xi = xs (1 + 5000 × .1) = xs 501 for - 10 < xs < 0

• We see that the negative feedback compensate for

the
h non-linear
li distortion
di i byb altering
l i (pre-
(
distorting) the input signal to the amplifier.

BME 373 Electronics II – 59

J.Schesser
 N i Reduction
Noise R d ti

• Sources
S off N
Noise
i
– Power-supply (60 cycle) hum
– Coupling of non-wanted
non wanted signals
– Thermal noise in resistors (heat dissipation)
– Shot noise ((current flow mayy not be continuous))
• Signal-to-Noise Ratio
– A wayy of quantifying
q y g the noise performance
p of a circuit
– Desired power divided by the noise power
– Given in terms of rms values of the signals and dBs

BME 373 Electronics II – 60

J.Schesser
 Si
Signal-to-Noise
l t N i Ratio
R ti
( A1 X S ) 2
Psignal =
RL
( A1 X noise ) 2
Pnoise = Xo
RL ∑ A1 RL
Xs +
SNR =
Psignal
=
(X s ) 2 +
Pnoise ( X noise )
2
Xnoise
SNRdB = 10 log(SNR )
Psignal
SNRdB = 10 log
Pnoise
Xs
SNRdBd = 20 log
X noise
BME 373 Electronics II – 61
J.Schesser
 SNR Analysis
y
Xnoise
Xs X2 X1 Xo
A2 A1
∑ ∑ RL
+ Noise Free Noisy
-

β
Xf =β Xo
X O = A1 X 1 [ X S A1 A2 (1 + βA1 A2 )]2
SNR =
[ X noise A1 (1 + βA1 A2 )]2
X 1 = X noise + A2 X 2
( X S )2
X 2 = X S − βX O SNR = × ( A2
) 2

( X noise ) 2
X O = A1[ X noise + A2 ( X S − β X O )] This says that by using negative feedback,
A1 A2 A1 SNR can be improved by (A2)2.
XO = XS + X noise
1 + A1 A2 β 1 + A1 A2 β
BME 373 Electronics II – 62
J.Schesser
 E
Examples
l
• Power Supply output is 10 V rms and receives
hum at .1 V rms. Compute the SNR in dB.
– SNR = 20 log(10/.1) = 40 dB
• U
Using
i a low
l noise
i amp we wantt to t improve
i the
th
SNR by 20 dB, what is the gain of the amp?
– SNRpre-amp SNRoriginal A2
pre amp =SNR
– SNRpre-amp db =SNRoriginal db + 20 log A
– SNRpre-amp db =SNRoriginal db + 20 dB
– 20 log A = 20
– log A = 1
– A = 10
BME 373 Electronics II – 63
J.Schesser
 H
Homework
k

• Effects
Eff t off Feedback
F db k
– Problems: 9.1-3,5-9
• Reduction of Nonlinear Distortion and
Noise
– Problems: 9.10,16,18-20

BME 373 Electronics II – 64

J.Schesser