18 December 2014

Chief Electro-Tech

© 2016 City of Glasgow College Charity Number: SCO 36198

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Q1.

Solution:

Redraw the circuit as follows:

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a)The current in the cable between the 30A and 70A load:

Let I S1 be the current fed at point A hence the total current distributions is as shown in
the figure.

The resistance of various sections are:

RAC = (0.02/100)x 200= 0.04Ω

RCD = (0.02/100)x 250= 0.005Ω

RDE = (0.02/100)x 200= 0.04Ω

REF = 0.02Ω

RFB = (0.02/100)x 150= 0.03Ω

Applying KVL, starting from the LHS;

E 1 = V 1 + V 2 +V 3 + V 4 + V 5 + E 2

440= (𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 x 0.04) + (𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −30)0.005 + (𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −100)0.04+ (𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −160)0.02 +(𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −200)0.03+ 440

(𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 x 0.04) + (𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −30)0.005 + (𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −100)0.04+ (𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −160)0.02 +(𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −200)0.03 = 0

0.04𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 + 0.005𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −0.15 + 0.04 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 − 4 + 0.02 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −3.2 +0.03 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 − 6 =0

0.135𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −13.35=0 ⇒ 0.135𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 =13.35

⇒ 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 =13.35 / 0.135

⇒𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 = 98.89A

The current in the cable between the 30A and 70A load = (𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 − 30) A

⇒(𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 − 30) = 98.89 − 30 = 68.89𝐴𝐴

b)The lowest p.d across the load:

V30A = 440− (𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 x RAC) = 440− (98.89x0.04) = 440− 3.96= 436.04V

V70A = 436.04− ( 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −30)RCD = 436.04−(98.89 −30) 0.005= 436.04− 0.344= 435.69V

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V60A = 435.69− (𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −100)RDE = 435.69− (98.89 −100) x 0.04 = 435.69+ 0.044 = 435.734V

V40A = 435.734− (𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −160)REF = 435.734− (98.89 −160) 0.02 = 435.69+ 1.22 = 436.91V

VB = 436.91− (𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −200)RFB = 436.91− (98.89 −200) 0.03 = 436.91+ 3.03 = 440V

C) The total power loss in the distributor:

Total PowerLOST = PAC + PCD + PDE + PEF + PFB

P= 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 2 x RAC + (𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −30)2 RCD + (𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −100) x RDE + ( 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −160) x REF +( 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆1 −200) x RFB

=[(98.892 x0.04)+(98.89 −30)2 x0.005+(98.89 −100)2 x 0.04+(98.89 −160)2 x 0.02

+(98.89 −200)2 x 0.03]

P= 391.17+ 23.73+ 0.049+ 74.68+ 306.69

P = 796.32W

Q2.

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Solution:

a) The time taken for the p.d across the capacitor to reach 80volts:
𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 =V (1−𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡/𝜏𝜏 )
τ = CR= 200x10−6x 100x10−3= 20s
𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 = 80V
V= 120V
80= 120(1−𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡/20 )
(1−𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡/20 )= 80/12
(1−𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡/20 )= 0.66 ⇒ 𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡/20 = 0.34
ln(𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡/20 )= ln(0.34)
-t/20 = -1.08 ⇒ t=20x1.08=21.6sec.

b) The charge on the capacitor at this time:

Q=CxV

= 200x10−6x80=0.016 coulomb

c) The final p.d. across the pair of capacitors:

Q1= 200x10−6 x80=0.016 coulomb

Q2 = 100x10−6 x80= 0.008 coulomb

QTotal = Q1 +Q2 = 0.016+ 0.008= 0.024 coulomb

CTotal = C1 +C2 = 200x10−6+ 100x10−6 =300x10−6 F

Q=CxV

V= Q/C

= 0.024/300x10−6= 80V

d) The energy stored by the pair of capacitors:

1 1
W= × 𝐶𝐶 × 𝑉𝑉 2 = × 300 × 10−6 × 802 = 0.96 𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽𝐽
2 2

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Q3.

Solution:

a)The minimum value of series resistor:

Solution:

a)

Zener diode powe rating= 3W; (V S ) min = 20V; (V S ) max = 30V;

𝑃𝑃 3
P=VI; 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑉𝑉 = 15 = 0.2𝐴𝐴;

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(𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 ) min − 𝑉𝑉𝑍𝑍 20−(15+0.001×1)

(R S ) min = = = 25Ω;
𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 0.2

b)

Output Voltage:
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 −𝑉𝑉𝑍𝑍
⇒ 𝑅𝑅𝑆𝑆 = ;
𝐼𝐼𝑍𝑍 +𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿

⇒ 𝑉𝑉𝑍𝑍 = 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 = 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 − 𝑅𝑅𝑆𝑆 (𝐼𝐼𝑍𝑍 + 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 );

⇒ 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 = 20 − 25(0.001 + 30 × 0.001) = 19.23𝑉𝑉;

c)

Maximum Output current:

⇒ 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝐼𝐼𝑍𝑍 + 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

30−15 15
⇒ 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝐼𝐼𝑍𝑍 = 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
− 1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 25 − 0.001 = 0.599𝐴𝐴;

Q4.

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Solution:

a) & b)

The resistance & inductance of the coil:

V=I x Z; Z= V/I

120 120
Z 50HZ = = 30Ω and Z 100HZ = = 40Ω
4 3

Z=√𝑅𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿2 ; Z 50HZ = √R2+(X L ) 50HZ 2

30= √ R2+ (X L ) 50HZ 2

P

⇒ R2= 302− (X L ) 50HZ 2 -------Eqn (1)

P

Z 100HZ = √R2+ (X L ) 100HZ 2

P

40= √ R2+ (X L ) 100HZ 2

P

⇒ R2= 402− (X L ) 100HZ 2 -------Eqn (2)

P

Equating Eq. (1) and Eq. (2);

302− (X L ) 50HZ 2 = 402− (X L ) 100HZ 2

P P

⇒ (X L ) 100HZ 2 − (X L ) 50HZ 2 = 402− 302-------Eqn (3)

P P

Since 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 = 2 × 𝜋𝜋 × 𝑓𝑓 × 𝐿𝐿

Therefore, (X L ) 50HZ = 2 × 𝜋𝜋 × 50 × 𝐿𝐿

And, (X L ) 100HZ = 2 × 𝜋𝜋 × 100 × 𝐿𝐿

Now Eqn (3) becomes,

(X L ) 100HZ 2 − (X L ) 50HZ 2 = 402− 302 ⇒ (2 × 𝜋𝜋 × 100 × 𝐿𝐿)2 − (2 × 𝜋𝜋 × 50 × 𝐿𝐿)2 = 700

P P

⇒ (628.3xL)2− (314.16xL)2= 700 ⇒ 296064.38xL2 = 700

P

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700
L = �296064.38 = 2.36 × 10−3 = 2mH

L= 2mH

Now Eq. (1) yields;

R2= 302− (X L ) 50HZ 2 = 900−(2 × 𝜋𝜋 × 50 × 2 × 10−3 )2 = 900 − 0.394 = 899.6

P

⇒R2= 899.6

R =30Ω

c)

Power factor of the coil at 50HZ:

30
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃50𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 =R/Z 50HZ ⇒ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃50𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = =1
30

d)

The power dissipated by the coil at 100HZ:

P= 𝑉𝑉 × 𝐼𝐼 × 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐∅

PF 100HZ = 30/40 = 0.75

P 100HZ = 120 × 3 × 0.75 = 270𝑊𝑊

Q5.

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Solution:

a)

Resistance and inductance of each coil:

Delta connection

V L =V ph = 440v; f=50HZ; Total power(P)= 9KW; p.f= 0.8;

Total power = 3xV ph x I ph x cos∅

⇒ 9000=3x 440x I ph x 0.8

9000
⇒ 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝ℎ = =8.52A
3×440×0.8

⇒Z ph = V ph /I ph ⇒ Z ph = 440/8.52= 51.64Ω ; ⇒ Z A = Z B =Z C =51.64 Ω;

Resistance of each coil, R ph = Z ph X cos∅ ⇒ R ph =51.64 x 0.8= 4.13Ω

Reactance of each coil, X L(ph) = √𝑍𝑍 2 − 𝑅𝑅 2

⇒ X L(ph) = √51.642− 4.132 = 51.47Ω

P

Inductance of each coil, L=𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 /2 × 𝜋𝜋 × 𝑓𝑓 = 51.47/2 × 𝜋𝜋 × 50 = 0.1638H;

Resistance of each coil = 4.13Ω

Inductance of each coil = 0.1638H

b)

Star connection:

Consider short Circuit in Phase A:

The current in Phase A is equal to the neutral line current, I A = I N . Therefore, I N is the
phasor sum of I B and I C .

Line current, I B = V L / Z B = 440/ 51.64 = 8.52A

⇒ 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 = 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 8.52𝐴𝐴

c)

Consider coil A is open circuited: (I A =0 A)

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Current Flow in Lines B and C becomes the resultant of loads B and C in Series

Therefore, 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 = 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 ;

I B = V L /(𝑍𝑍𝐵𝐵 + 𝑍𝑍𝐶𝐶 ) = 440/ (51.64+51.64) = 4.26A;

⇒ 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 = 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 4.26𝐴𝐴

Q6

Solution:

Note: The unit of rotor speed is not correct in the question.

It should be 14.4 rev/sec.

a)Slip

ns: synchronous speed in rev/sec

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Where: f: the supply frequency in Hz ; p: the pair of magnetic poles

Therefore,

𝑓𝑓 60
nS= = =15rev/sec; rotor speed,n r = 14.4 rev/sec;
𝑝𝑝 8/2

15−14.4
⇒S= 15
× 100 = 4%

b)

Frequency of rotor e.m.f:

f’=S x f = 0.04 x 60= 2.4HZ

c)

Input power to the motor:

1st method:

Motor output= 7KW; stator loss= 0.6KW;

rotational losses (windage+friction) = 0.4KW;

Motor input= Output + stator loss+ rotational losses + Rotor copper loss

Motor input = 7+0.6+0.4+ Rotor copper loss

(OR)

2nd method:

Motor input= √3 × 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 × 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 × 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐∅

Motor input= √3 × 440 × 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 × 0.8

Note:

To find input power rotor cu loss or line current is required. The required data is not
given in the question.

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Q7.

Solution:

a)
1. The normal range voltmeter and ammeter can be used along with these transformers
to measure high voltage and currents.
2. The rating of low range meter can be fixed irrespective of the value of high voltage
or current to be measured.
3. These transformers isolate the measurement from high voltage and circuits. This
ensures safety of the operator and makes the handling of the equipment very easy and
safe.
4. These can be used for operating many types of protecting devices such as relays or
pilot lights.
5. Several instruments can be fed economically by single

b)
The secondary circuit of a CT must never be opened while mains primary load current is
flowing. Excessive heating will be developed in an open-circuited CT with an extremely
high voltage, arising at the open secondary terminals. If an ammeter is to be removed
from circuit, the CT secondary output terminal must be first short-circuited, with the
primary circuit switched off. The secondary short circuit will not damage the CT when
the primary current is switched on. For further safety, one end of the secondary
winding of a CT is connected to earth.

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c)

d)

Power= V x I x cos∅

𝑃𝑃 8000
Power factor, cos∅ = = = 0.83
𝑉𝑉×𝐼𝐼 240×40

Q8.

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Solution:

a)

Full wave three phase rectifier:

b)

Output waveform:

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c)

The advantage of three phase rectification over single phase is the ease of achieving a
reasonable level of smoothing for larger power loads without the requirement for
expensive smoothing components. It can be observed from output voltage waveform,
for each full cycle of any waveform there are six positive peaks. This produces DC with
a much smaller ripple compared to the single phase circuit. The distance and therefore
time between peaks is shorter therefore a smaller capacitor can be used for smoothing
without compromising the percentage ripple. The smaller capacitors are cheaper and
occupy less space.

Q9.

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Solution:

a)

Power Factor is a measure of how efficiently electrical power is consumed. In the ideal
world Power Factor would be unity (or 1). Unfortunately in the real world Power Factor
is reduced by highly inductive loads to 0.7 or less. This induction is caused by
equipment such as lightly loaded electric motors, luminaire transformers and
fluorescent lighting ballasts and welding sets, etc.

This is normally achieved by the addition of capacitors to the electrical network which
compensate for the reactive power demand of the inductive load and thus reduce the
burden on the supply. There should be no effect on the operation of the equipment.

b)

Advantages:

1. Increase in efficiency of system and devices

2. Reduction in size of a conductor and cable which reduces cost of the Copper
3. Line Losses (Copper Losses) I2R is reduced
4. Saving in the power bill
5. Saving in energy as well as rating and the cost of the electrical devices and
equipment is reduced

c)

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The power factor can be improved by connecting capacitors in parallel with the
equipment operating at lagging power factor. The capacitor (generally known as static
capacitor) draws a leading current and partly or completely neutralizes the lagging
reactive component of load current. This raises the power factor of the load. For three
phase loads, the capacitors can be connected in delta or star as shown in fig. Static
capacitors are invariably used for power factor improvement in factories. They have
low losses and require little maintenance as there are no rotating parts. They can be
easily installed as they are light and require no foundation.

d)

An over-excited synchronous motor operating at no load is termed as synchronous

condenser. When it is connected in parallel with the load that operating at low power
factor, it takes the leading current, thereby it neutralizes the lagging reactive
component of the current similar to a capacitor.

Synchronous condenser has a stationary three phase armature winding which is

connected to the load terminals where the power factor has to be improved. And its

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rotating field is excited from a DC supply (which is drawn from three phase supply and
then by rectification), sometimes it is provided by a small DC generator which is
mounted on the shaft of synchronous condenser. So the amount of rotor field current of
synchronous condenser is controlled by the amount of DC excitation provided by the DC
generator, in other words the amount of power factor correction is controlled by the
amount of DC excitation.

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