MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF CONSTRUTION

AND TRAINING

HA NOI ARCHITECTURAL UNIVERSITY

DU TON HOANG LONG

THE INTEGRATION OF FRENCH COLONIAL

ARCHITECTURE WITH HUE URBAN PROPERTIES

ACEDEMIC FILE. ARCHITECTURE

CODE : 62.58.01.02

THE SUMMARY OF THESIS

Ha Noi - 2020
 2

The thesis was completed at Hanoi Architectural University

Supervisors:

1. Assoc.Prof.PhD. Khuat Tat Hung

2. PhD. Ngo Doan Duc

Reviewer 1:

Reviewer 2:

Reviewer 3:

Thesis defended in the Council evaluated doctoral thesis at university level,

Ha Noi Achitectural University

At: …..day ….. month ….. year……

The thesis cn be foud at:

1. National Library of Vietnam
2. Library of Hanoi Architectural University
 INTRODUCTION
1. The urgency of the subject
French colonial architecture is an important component of Vietnam's
urban heritage. In which Hue is the place where special interference occurred,
manifested in the process of indigenous people acquiring Western technological
achievements, and the French seeking solutions to integrate into the native
environment, the parallel. This has created a unique Hue city today.
However, Hue was often concerned about the architectural heritage of the
Nguyen Dynasty, or the poetic landscape, and the French colonial architecture
was almost forgotten. So often the default Hue meditative image, nostalgia, old,
thinking that leads to difficult set of policies developed to suit modern trends.
The lack of interest in the French colonial architectural heritage fund caused
many degraded buildings to hurt urban history, causing loss of aesthetics and
waste of location.
Therefore, the thesis is really necessary to assert the important value of
French colonial architecture in Hue through integrated evaluation with attributes
of urban, landscape, climate and indigenous culture. Research is not only a basis
for conservation, but also valuable for critics and assessing the quality of new
building designs in an important cultural, historical and cultural context.
2. Research objective
- Characteristics of French colonial planning and Architecture in Hue
- Proposing and applying the method of assessing the integration of
French colonial architecture with the properties Hue city.
- Influence of French colonial architecture on Hue urban architecture.
2. Research subject and scope
- The object of the thesis is colonial architecture, including public works,
villas and religious builings investes by the French.
- Scope of research is urban Hue period 1802-1945.
3.Research method
- The thesis uses methods of investigation, survey, data collection;
professional solution; methods of comparison and classification; method of
morphological analysis; evaluation methods according to norms; general
analytical method.
4. Scientific significance
- Providing credible results in number, location and style of French
colonial architecture funds in Hue. Supplement knowledge about the French
colonial architecture system in Viet Nam after the research in Ha Noi, Sai Gon,
Hai Phong and Da Lat.
- Develop a method to assess the degree of integration of colonial
architecture ino Hue urban properties.
- Strongly affirming the important role of French colonial architecture in
creating the overall structure of of today's Hue city.
5. Practical significance
- Clarisfy an architectural development stage in Hue, serving research
and teaching.
- The result of the intergration assessment have reference value in
preserving and promoting the value of the French colonial architecture fund in Hue.
- The method of assessing the intergration of French colonial
architecture can be important and necessary tool for proposing architectural
solutions in areas important landscapes or heritage, as well as building main the
list of legal documents on preserving the value of urban architectural heritage in
general and French colonial architecture in Hue particular.
6. New contributions of the thesis
- French colonial architecture in Hue was firstly listed and categorized
fully in number, location, characteristics, architectural style.
- The thesis discovered and clarified the characteristics and differences
of French colonial architecture in Hue on basis of connecting with the historical
process and other Vietnamese cities which were influenced by the French
during the colonial period, geography.
- The thesis proposes a method to assess the intergration of French
colonial architecture with Hue urban attributes according to specific criteria to
be quantified. This is a value assessment method established in accordance with
the architectural features of French colonial in Hue, from the viewpoint of
preserving urban heritage, not the single preservation of each project.
- The thesis demonstrates the effects of French colonial architecture on
Hue traditional architecture in the integration process, based on the comparison
of each traditional architecture type before and during the colonial period.
7. Thesis structure
- The thesis consists of 3 parts : Introduction, Content, Conclusions and
Recommendations. In which the Content has 3 chapters, chapter 1 (54 pages),
chapter (45 pages), chapter 3 (53 pages).
 CONTENT
1. CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF GEOGRAPHICAL
ARCHITECTURE AND PROPERTIES OF HUE URBAN AREA
1.1. Properties of Hue urban
There are many properties that make up an urban area, but Hue has some
basic properties that make up the "substance" or Hue identity. In terms of urban
architecture, Hue and French colonial architecture are connected by properties
of urban morphology, landscape, climate and culture. These properties have a
relatively stable status, combined with complete integrity, completeness,
sustainability, helping Hue city not to blend into other cities.
Table 1-1: Geographical location and natural conditions of Hue city
Geographical - Located in the center of the country
location
Climate - Hot dry summer
characterictis - The winnter is cold, humid and prolonged.
Geographical
location and - Water surface – Huong river : is a
natural landscape that establishes the position of
conditions the capital, connects important works, and
Natural is the urban facade.
landscape
- Trees are everywhere, from along of the
river, to the streets, in Royal architecture
and folk houses.
Table 1-2: Traditional urban urban morphology of Hue
- Located mostly on the North bank
- Along of the Huong River
Urban
structure - The city is the center, the town area is the place
for trade, and the nearby villages are the places to
provide food and make supplies for the city.
Urban
morphology Axis - Shinto axis of the urban
- The Citadel has 3 classes according to its
importance : Citadel – Imperial City – Forbidden
Class City
- Folk houeses have classes in order : Gate – yard –
main house – garden.
Table 1-3: Cultural and architectural elements of Hue urban
- Urban feng Shui : Ngu Binh mountain is a pre –
Feng
project, Huong river is Minh Duong, Con Hen is
Architec Shui
described to Thanh Long, Da Vien is Bach Ho.
 -tural - The main direction of the City is Southeast in
culture accordance with the mountain river position. To the
south of the citadel, the direction of the Nam Dan is
on the south of the Huong river where sacrifices are
made.
- Architectural works such as mausoleums or folk
houses all follow the principles of Feng Shui with
natural landscapes or screens, artificial shallow.
- Small-scale works, integrated with nature
Layout - Large works with scattered layouts
of - Architecture developed according to horizonal
space percentile
- Four-sided roof system
- Slender columns of porch
- Red and yellow colors dominate
Decorate - Delicate sculpture, traditional motif
- Pham la mis a typical material in rotal architecture.
1.2. Characteristics of traditional Hue urban architecture

1. In 1636, Lork Nguyen moved the capital from Quang Tri to Phuoc Yen

2. In 1744, Lord Nguyen moved the capital to Kim Long

3. In 1802, Gia Long King built a citadel in Phu Xuan village

4.After 1874 the French built a new town on the southern of the Huong River.

Picture 1-1: Stages of development of Hue urban

Table 1-4: Components of Nguyen Dynasty architecture

Citadel - Vauban style combines Western technology and Eastern tradition
- Ngo Mon Gate and the auxiliary gates
Imperial
- The palace where the King worked and living
city
- Thuong Uyen gardens
architecture
- The temple of the King
- The Nguyen Dynasty had 13 kings but only 7 tombs
Mausoleum - Unique mausoleum architecture as a second palace, has
landscape value.
 Table 1-5: Components of Hue urban folk architecture
- Including 3 parts of water surface – green trees – small rocky
Garden mountains.
house - Abundant types of trees
- Characteristics of Hue culture
- The architeture is in the shape of a spear, or crossword, a
Nha – peacock or a foreign national letter.
Ruong
- Carved motifs on elaborate wooden columns.
- Roofs made of ngoi liet, mainly of four-sided roofs tile
Houses in - Bao Vinh, Gia Hoi Old Quarter, Truong Tien, Cua Dong.
town, port - Intersection of French colonial architecture
1.3. Phases of development of French colonial architecture in Hue city
- Until 1874 the French had not built any buildings in Hue, however, French
colonial architecture had influences since the early days of the Nguyen Dynasty
establishing the capital. This was the prerequisite stage for French colonial
architecture to join Hue city later.
- In 1874, the work of Trung Ky Porcelain Court was built on the southern
bank of the Perfume River to mark the appearance of French colonial
architecture in Hue, but it was not until the Giap Than 1884 Peace Treaty that
the French works began. Head built extensively.
- After 1919, France stepped up colonial exploitation, the scale of investment
quadrupled compared to before World War I. Hue appeared banks, light
industrial enterprises, houses of experts France as well as business people from
France to trade. Building architecture is more integrated with Hue urban
properties.
1.4. Integration of French colonial architecture in several urban areas
in Vietnam
Table 1-6: : Compare the integration of French colonial architecture with
properties of some urban areas of Vietnam and Hue
Ha Noi Hai Phong Sai Gon Hue
Set location - Located - Located in a - Located - Located
around Thang new area south of completely on the mainly in the
Long citadel and Cam river West of Sai Gon new area on the
south of Hoan - An artificial river south of Huong
Kiem lake, canal separating - Completed rive.
located the French Quarter detroyed and - Retain
alternating with from the local superimposed on complete
traditional population the old ctity traditional urban
villages. position built by structure
- Destroy part of King Gia Long
 the City’s
structure
Urban - Urban turned - The urban area - The urban area - Urban areas
morphology away from the overlooking the overlooking the along the river
Hong river seaport Sai Gon river - Urban areas
- The urban - The urban main - The urban with core
main is the Opera is the Opera main is Duc Ba buildings
House House church - The urban
- The street - Street structure - The urban center is along
structure follows has an organization of the Huong river
existing large inhomogeneous chess board, - The city has a
lakes and towns , chess pattern modern ray pattern and
vilages to is planned in “
intervene at Garden City”
different levels style
View - Exploiting - Axis green - Lots of green - Exploiting
natural landscape space running spaces. Large landspace
factor . between the city green spaces Huong river
- Many small - Many connect - Many small
parks are influences of important parks are
scattered among rivers locations in the scattered among
the diagonal city and follow the urban
intersections in the Sai Gon river diagonal
the city. intersections
Architectural - After 1919, - Pre-colonialists, - There is a - Simple
style many great Classical, variety of decoration.
works in Neoclassical, interference: There is no
Indochina style Local French. French-Chinese, great capacity
appeared Less exploitation Vietnamese- building
- Large-scale of indigenous Chinese,French- - Many
building, architecture. Vietnamese buildings of
sophisticated - Small-scale - Large-scale French Local
decoration buildings, simple building, architectural
decoration, many sophisticated style
works of unclear decoration - Some special
style variations from
indigenous
factor
interference
Inclusive - Urban has a - New urban - The capital of - Urban
expression. ancient culture, areas in water Nam Ky rich and interection
interwoven areas dynamic between feudal-
between old and colonial. Respect
new for indigenous
 1.5. Related studies.
Research the relationship between architecture and location attributes
Thesis “Lardil properties of place - An ethnological study in Man-
Environment eelations” of P.Memmott in 1979 at University Queensland.
Thesis “Exploiting the factor of place to create an urban identity. Take Da Nang
city as a research area” of Nguyen Van Chuong at National University of Civil
Engineering in 2011. The article “The concept of place and sense of place in
architectural studies” of Mina Najafi, Mustafa Kamal Bin Mohd Shariff
published in the International Journal of Science and Technology of the
Academy of Sciences, World Technology and technique, in 2011.
Book "Tropical moist architecture" by Hoang Huy Thang, in 2002. The
article "The relationship between climate, architecture and people - an
important basis of traditional Vietnamese architecture" by Nguyen Huy Con,
Vietnam Architectural Magazine in 1996. Book "From the traditional thatched
roofs" by Nguyen Cao Luyen, 2007 by Kim Dong Publishing House. "The
climate factor in shaping the ethnicity of Vietnamese architecture" by Tran
Hung, Ethnography Magazine in 1983.
Thesis “Cultural influences on architecture” of Stephen F. Kenney at
University of Technology Texas Hoa Ky in 1994. Thesis “The relationship
between culture and architecture in folk houses in the Northern Delta region”
of Khuat Tan Hung at Ha Noi Architectural University in 2007. Book “House
Form and Culture” of A.Rapport, publishing company Prentice-hall, Hoa Ky.
Book “Culture – meaning – architecture” of K.D. Moore, publishing company
Ashgate, Anh, in 2000. The article "Architecture and cultural attributes" by
Nguyen The Cuong, Architecture Magazine in 2011.
Research of French colonial architecture
The article “The politic of design in French colonial urbanism” of
Gwendolyn Wright in 1991, publishing company Chicago University, Hoa Ky.
Thesis "Natural factors and native cultural traditions in French colonial
architecture in Vietnam” by Nguyen Dinh Toan at Hanoi Architectural
University in 1998. Thesis “Cultural symbiosis between tradition and modernity
in architecture Vietnam late 19th century to mid-century” of Le Thanh Son at
Ho Chi Minh Architectural University in 2003. Thesis "Vietnam architectural
trends from the end of the 19th century to the end of the 20th century” of Ton
Dai at Ha Noi Architectural University in 1988. Thesis "Maintaining and
promoting the value of urban architecture heritage Phap Hai Phong” of
Nguyen Quoc Tuan at Ha Noi Architectural University in 2015. Thesis
"Identification of French colonial architectural heritage in Hanoi and
sustainable conservation solutions" by Tran Quoc Bao at National University of
Civil Engineering in 2016.
Research on Hue urban architecture
Thesis “Черты евро- пейского влияния в архитектуре и
градостроительстве Вьетнама коло-ниального периода (на примере г.
Хюэ)” (European influence on Vietnamese architecture and planning during the
colonial period - for example in Hue)” of Ho Hai Nam at Saint Petersburg
National University of Architecture - Building, Russia in 2007.
Some articles published in the Song Huong Magazine. Some master's
thesis such as "Features and value of small-scale villas on the southern bank of
Huong River in Hue City" by Nguyen Quang Huy, "Characteristics and
architectural value of the southern bank of Huong river in Hue, the French
colonial period took Le Loi axis as the object of research" by Nguyen Van Man,
"Features and values of the architecture of the house Quadrilateral in the
ancient town of Bao Vinh - Hue City" by Nguyen Quoc Thang.
1.6. The research issues posed for the topic
Researchs in Hue city mostly focus on architectural heritage of the
Nguyen Dynasty, so the value of the French colonial architecture fund has not
been taken seriously.
Hue urban has unique basic characteristics in terms of morphology,
landscape, culture and climate, so the integration of French colonial architecture
into Hue urban environment is different from urban areas. other. Analyzing the
characteristics of French colonial planning and architecture in Hue will clarify
this particular feature, supplementing the awareness of the diversity of French
colonial architecture in Vietnam.
Hue traditional town possesses a abundant architectural and character
that has influenced French colonial architecture through scale, spatial structure,
roof form, decoration. In addition, factors such as social context, missionary
activities of influential figures, and urban planning management policies helped
French colonial architecture go from imposition, to adaptation and to becoming
integration into Hue urban environment.
PhD student proposed to develop a method to assess the integration of
French colonial architecture with Hue urban properties. The results of the
assessment will be the basis for conservation in accordance with Hue's
historical, architectural features and economic conditions.
 The thesis analyzes the influence of Western architecture in shaping the
Citadel in the early 19th century, and the transformation of Hue traditional
architecture in the early 20th century will prove the integration of French
colonial architecture, creating Hue architectural identity.

2. CHAPTER 2: SCIENTIFIC BASIS ON INTEGRATION OF

GEOGRAPHIC ARCHITECTURE WITH HUE URBAN PROPERTIES
2.1. Theoretical basis of integration

Picture 2-1: Theoretical basis of intergration

2.2. Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến quá trình hòa nhập của kiến trúc thuộc
địa Pháp với các thuộc tính đô thị Huế

Picture 2-2: Diagram of factors affecting the integration process

 2.3. Characteristics of French town planning in Hue city
Factors shaping
The French town is located on the southern bank of the Huong River,
limited by Nhu Y River, Ba Trieu Street, and An Cuu River, the main roads are
planned to follow the rivers, so the urban space becomes very harmonious. The
main transport axis is Hung Vuong street starting from Truong Tien bridge
connecting to Cua Dong - Gia Hoi - Dong Ba market on the north bank of
Huong river. This is a reasonable plan when the city is pushed to the East
compared to the main direction of the Citadel, helping to increase trade
connectivity while respecting the space of the urban feng shui axis.
Function subdivision

Picture 2-3: Function subdivision of Frech Quarter in Hue

The towns is parallel to the Huong river in downtown early stage
development for convenient connections with the North bank, especially at Le
Loi street. Here the majority of the most important buildings such as schools,
hospitals, Kham Su court, Cong Su Palace, the memorial, the Club ... The
station was moved out of An Cuu river to avoid affecting urban activities.
The central axis, including Truong Tien Bridge and Hung Vuong Street,
is emphasized by many building builts on either side of the road, the highlight is
the square - the center of the ray-shaped town. Nguyen Hue Street is where the
layout of the official villa in the French government, Church and Sports Center.
 Garden city

Lý-Thường-Kiệt 6 junction Hùng-Vương center point

Picture 2-4: Diagram of the central intersections of French Quarter
French Quarter in Hue has the form of "Garden City" variation according
to reality. The city has ray – shaped traffic with many intersections of 5-6 roads,
separated from the traditional urban area by the green Belt Road of landscape,
the Perfume River along the strip of parks along the road. The city has a low
building density, close to nature.
The green Belt Road of the French Quarter is emphasized by the Huong
River, separated from the traditional town on the north bank of the Huong
River, construcitons were pushed back on the Rue Jules Ferry street to create a
large park along the river. In addition, the French also organized additional
parks evenly distributed to different areas of the city, creating a separation
between the areas just created a natural spatial transition of harmony.
2.4. Architectural characteristics of French colonial architecture in
urban Hue
Location characteristics
- Public colonial architecture and villas appeared first and foremost on
Le Loi Street along the southern bank of the Huong River, starting from Truong
Tien Bridge and ending at Hue Station. At the main roads forming the form of
urban ray-shpaed, buildings are also built with more number of secondary roads.
- The Catholic buildings are mostly located on Kim Long Street and Phu
Cam area, these are two important positions for Hue traditional urban structure.
Plan characteristics
Public buildings are usually rectangular in plan, symmetrical, mostly
surrounded by corridors. The villa-style buildings have a different layout of the
traditional Vietnamese house. There are many functions in one plan, kitchen
and auxiliary buildings are integrated into one block, so the volume of French
villas is bigger than Vietnamese ones. The door is covered on all 4 sides to
catch the wind and light, the window system is opened into a long trail. Balcony
is rarely used. The entrance hall is simple in detail, usually in the form of a
forward-facing eaves, The spaces are high, create a grave, airy feeling. Each
construcition's plan has a different form depending on the design style and the
preferences of the owner. Near the end of the French colonial period, a number
of mansions were organized more modern, free plan, no longer symmetrical.
Elevation characteristics
Most of the French colonial architecture in Hue city had a simple
elevation, the first period was pre-colonial style, But later, the architecture was
closer to the indigenous architecture, creating a featured of Indochina
architecture, or having changes in the generous of Moderne style.
For public buildings, cubes are usually organized in long form. The
lobby is always decorated with ornate decoration to create a highlight, the
French colonial architecture in Hue is often decorated simply, not rising in the
middle of the building. Between the floors often use only moulding to stratify,
most elevation are without balconies if any, the railing is also built of brick.
Window doors mostly use double-layer system in the outside glass to blink
against the adverse conditions of the weather.
Elevations of French colonial architecture are classified into 6 styles:
Pre-colonialism, Neoclassical, Neo-Gothic, Local French, Indochinese, Moderne.
Specification and building materials
The main bearing structure is brick / stone wall, At small aperture gates,
we use brick arches with different styles. The original common floor structure is
an I-shaped iron beams bearing hollow brick, Later, steel beams used to support
concrete floors. Folk-style wood-truss sets are combined with the steel rafters
on the roof. Wood for floors, doors and decorative details.
The import of new materials and technologies has led to changes in
housin building techniques, such as calcination techniques, brick production,
cement, glass production techniques, iron and steel, paving bricks, ... Many
materials are manufactured from local companies and villages.
2.5. Methodology evaluating the integration of colonial architecture
with Hue urban attributes
 Viewpoints and principles
Location attribute of the area is overlay the historical period, rather than
a permanent outdoor museum. The right approach to assess the connection of
buildings to effective space through the evaluation of site attributes with clear evidence
The integration of a new architecture into the historical space does not
need to appear old or copy existing architectural style. New constructions need
to show contemporaryity, showing developments in architectural language and
construction technology.
The system of criteria ensures a full assessment of the architectural
components and architectural space of colonial architectural works in Hue.
Experience in developing evaluation methods
Nahoum Cohen's assessment of the potential for urban heritage
preservation. This method compares urban areas / research cities with similar
urban areas to find differences and assess their aesthetic and historical value.
Methods of evaluating new buildings in the historical space of English
Heritage and CABE. This method locates the building in the context, thereby
asking many detailed research questions from the overall to the building details
in the assessment of integration with location space.
Develop a system of evaluation criteria Group of criteria to assess
the integration of urban morphology
Table 2-1: Group of criteria to assess the integration of urban morphology
TEAM TOTAL COMPOSITION CRITERIA MAXIM NOTE
CRITERIA CORE UM
SCORE
a. Group 100 1. Urban location does not 10 The rating
of criteria to Mark conflict with existing urban mark is divided
assess the areas into 5
integration 2. The scale of the French 10 levels:
of urban Quarter is suitable to the mark High: 10
morphology existing urban area mark
3. The urban density is suitable 10 Good: 8
to the existing urban area mark mark
4. The form of urban planning 10 Average :6
expresses a clear structure mark mark
5. Urban organization space in 10 Below
layers and closed mark average: 4
6. Urban morphology preserves 10 mark
important views mark Weak: 2
 7. Urban morphology shows an 10 mark
axial link with an existing urban mark
center
8. The urban morphology is 10
different, adding to the diversity mark
of existing cities
9. Urban structure suitable to 10
landscape terrain mark
10. The urban is full of public 10
utilities. mark
Table 2-2: Group of criteria to assess the integration of the landscape
TEAM TOTAL COMPOSITION CRITERIA MAXIMUM NOTE
CRITERIA CORE SCORE
b. Group 35 mark 1. Density shows respect for 5 mark The rating
of criteria (Weighting: the existing buildings is divided
to assess 01) 2. Height shows respect for 5 mark into 5
the existing works levels:
integration 3. The ground layout preserves 5mark Hight: 5
of important views mark
landscape Good: 4
4. Architecture reflects the 5mark
topographic and water surface mark
factors Average:3
5. Architecture reflects green 5mark mark
factor Below
6. Material surface compatible 5mark average: 2
with traditional architecture mark
7. Material colors compatible 5 mark Weak: 1
with traditional architecture mark

Table 2-3: Group of criteria to assess climate integration

TEAM TOTAL COMPOSITION MAXIM NOTE
CRITERIA CORE CRITERIA UM
5mark 4mark 3mark 2mark 1mark
SCORE
c. Group of 30 mark 1. The roof reaches 5 mark 1,0m 0,8m 0,6m 0,4m 0,2m
criteria to (Weight out from the wall
assess ing: 0,5) 2. The door 5 mark 1,0m 0,8m 0,6m 0,4m 0,2m
climate window has a
intergration awning (a capony)
or a balcony
 3. Doors and 5mark Trong Glass Shutte
windows are kính door r
structured in ngoài windo
shutters chớp w
4. Insulate using 5mark Thick Thick Thick Thick Thick
thick walls and 0,6m+ 0,4m+ 0,2m+ 0,4m 0,2m
buffer space Buffer Buffer Buffer
space space space
5. The ground floor 5mark 1,8m 1,4m 1m 0,6m 0,2m
of the building is
enhanced
6. The building has 5mark Nam East North-North West
the main wind South Northewest –
direction to benefit ast South
west
Table 2-4: Group of criteria to assess cultural integration
TEAM TOTAL CORE COMPOSITION MAXIMUM NOTE
CRITERIA CRITERIA SCORE
d. Group of 25mark 1. The scale of works is 5mark The rating is
criteria to (Weighting: suitable with the living divided into
assess culture of indigenous 5 levels:
02)
cultural people Hight: 5
intergration Good: 4
2. 4-sided roof system 5mark
Average:3
3. Decorate with traditional 5mark
Below
themes and motifs average: 2
4. Application of traditional 5mark Weak: 1
feng shui factors
5. Works participate in 5mark
urban feng shui structure
The total score of the evaluation is calculated according to the formula:
Max = a x 1 + b x 0,5 + c x 2 = 100
Therein: a : is the criterion of integration in landscape
b : is the climate inclusion criterion
c: cultural inclusion criteria
a. Group 1: The buildings integrate into the landscape, culture, climate
of Hue urban at a special level.
Buildings with a total of component points ≥ 80.
 b. Group 2: The buildings integrate into the landscape, culture and
climate of Hue urban at a high level
Buildings with a total of component points from 65 to 79 point
c. Group 3: The buildings integrate into the landscape, culture and
climate of Hue urban at a average level
Buildings with a total of component points from 50 to 65 point
d. Group 4: The buildings are less integrated into the landscape, culture
and climate of Hue urban, playing a faint role in the urban structure.
Buildings with a total of component points < 50.

3. CHAPTER 3 : THE INTEGRATION ASSESSMENT OF FRENCH

COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE WITH HUE URBAN PROPERTIES
3.1. Integration with urban morphology
French Quarter shows a good integration with Hue urban form. The city is
fully structured and operates independently without affecting traditional urban areas.
The urban form of ray-shaped in the direction of the new "Garden City" has created
an open space, has added to the diversity and development of existing cities.
However, the French Quarter does not have any buildings that are the focal point of
the opening or opening of a viewThis made the city less attractive for the site,
reducing the overall value of the French colonial architecture system in Hue.
Integrate the structure
The choice of French urban establishment on the southern bank of the
Huong River in Hue city has helped preserve the old urban structure completely.
The new urban spatial structure is almost inviolable to the Citadel area on the north
bank of the Huong River, North-South traffic system is pushed to the side and
bypassed the area.
Reserved view direction
The urban structure has absolutely reserved the main view of Hue Citadel.
The urban structure of the southern bank of the Huong River is pushed to the east
with the starting point being Truong Tien Bridge located in the east, just convenient
for trade with urban areas east of the Citadel, while avoiding the direct view of the
Citadel on the North bank. Buildings built close to the banks of the Huong River
was also pushed to both sides, with priority overlooking the Huong River by the green park space.
The buildings built along Le Loi Street have a scattere dispersed layout, the
building blocks rotate their short sides to the main road and the long sides to the
side. This layout ensures to minimize obstructions overlooking the Huong Rive, The
landscape of the Huong River is still integrated into the city.
Link urban axes
The French Quarter on the southern bank of the Huong River is linked to the
Hue traditional city by clarifying the importance of the urban axes, including:
Shinto axis, spiritual axis and landscape axis.

.
Picture 3-1: Link urban axes Picture 3-2: Looking at Flag
Tower from Nam-Giao Altar
3.2. Integrate with the landscape
- 92,2% % of buildings has good density, total ground and height, with a score
of over 3 points. Up to 56.3% of buildings achieved a maximum of 5 points in this
criterion. 87.5% of terrain integration buildings, of which 9.4% of the buildings
achieve the maximum score with reasonable solutions when located on the banks
of the Huong River.
- 53.1% of buildings do not integrate with the green factor mainly due to the
location of the land area and the total horizontal rotation occupying a large area of construction.
- 95.3% of buildings have colors and surfaces that are in harmony with the
landscape, of which 17.2% of the works have colors that best suit the landscape of Hue
Integration with the climate
- 54.7% of buildings have climate adaptive roof solution. This parameter
corresponds to the number of French local style buildings, tile roof out away
from the wall. However, roofing wood system is not the highest solution to
climate integration, Festival Restaurant bulidngs thanks to solid concrete
material, the roof's reach is 3m, best shielding the impact of rain and sun.
- Most of the French colonial architecture, accounting for 71.88%, has 2-layer
doors, buildings with a 1-layer structure are usually small villas or typically works
with large spaces that only need to be lit like the Youth Cultural House.
 - Only 17.19% of the guaranteed limit flooding in Hue characteristics of
winter when the ground floor height is above 1 meter.
- Few buidlings with awnings, balconies to shield the door system account for 28.13%.
- Only 3.13% of the buildings have thick solutions, windowed buffer corridors
to ensure maximum climate adaptation , while 57.8% of buildings do not have a
corridor design.
- The number of buildings with good direction only accounts for 40.63%,
showing that the direction of the buildings is not an important factor of French
colonial architecture in Hue.
3.3. Integration with climate
- 54.7% of buildings have climate adaptive roof solution. This parameter
corresponds to the number of French local style buildings, with tile roofs racing
away from the wall. However, the roofing wood system is not the highest solution
to the climate, the Festival Restaurant works thanks to the concrete material so the
roof reach is 3m, best shielding the effects of rain and sun.
- Most of the French colonial architecture accounting for 71.88%, has 2 layer
doors, the building has 1-layer structure are often small villas or specific buildings
have large spaces that need to be lighted just like Youth Cultural House.
- Only 17.19% of buildings can restrict the characteristics of Hue flooding in
winter by the ground floor height is above 1 meter.
- Few buildings with awnings, balconies to shield the door system account
for 28.13%.
- Only 3.13% of buildings have concurrently thick wall solutions, windowed
buffer corridors to ensure maximum climate adaptation, while up to 57.8% of
buildings do not have executive design.
- The quantities of buildings with good direction only accounts for 40.63%,
showing that the direction of the works is not an important element of French
colonial architecture in Hue.
3.4. Integration with culture
- 81.25% of the total number of French colonial architecture well integrated
in scale buildings, shows the appropriateness with the scale of Hue traditional buildings.
- 82.8% of the total works are suitable to the culture of roof solutions, of
which 48.4% simulate roofs of indigenous constructions.
- Only 7.8% of the building exploits the traditional decoration of Hue. 53.1%
of thebuildings have no or few Hue-style methods but are also appreciated for
their expression suitable to the local culture.
- Feng shui is an element of French colonial architecture in Hue that is not
 applicable, only 4.68% of constructions have shallow Be-can, 15.6% of the
campus has a small area of trees planted in the front creating an access to both
sides of the main hall. Also only 2 buildings is taking part in Phong structure.
3.5. Characteristics of integration with Hue urban attributes
Landscape properties
Low land use density, small scale, promoting green spaces, low
construction density. A number of large buildings have scattered layout,
preserving important visions, increasing the aesthetic of landscape architecture..
The color of the building is lightly, some buildings with hot tones, the color is
also darkened to reduce attention behind the trees.
Although the religious buildings are relatively large in size but by
flexible method, The building has many levels, the location of the building
backward is very deep compared to the land boundary, so create the integration
into the general landscape.
Climate attributes
While the wind direction is an important factor of a Vietnamese house,
French colonial architecture in Hue does not consider it a major priority in the
design of the building, which resolves through architectural solutions,
engineering and landscape creation. Som buildings in the early period did not
pay attention to measures to shield the negative impacts of the climate, buildings
with relatively low bases account for the majority, often inundated in winter.
Cultural attributes
Many French colonial buildings simulate the 4-sided roof system typical
of Hue traditional architecture, none of the buildings have a Mansard roof type
often found in other cities. Simple evelation architecture, little decoration, many
green campuses, consistent with the culture of gentle living, close nature of Hue residents.
French colonial architecture in Hue does not emphasize the factor of
Feng Shui, however, they proactively arranged the Quoc Hoc Hue School and
the Battle of the Soldiers. participate in the Shinto axial space connecting Hue
Citadel and Ngu Binh Mountain.
3.6. The transformation of traditional urban areas in the integration
process of French colonial architecture in Hue
Permise planning
King Gia Long, after ascending the throne, conducted a survey to build
Hue Imperial City with the great help of Western engineers. Since then,
Western imprints have been shown in the Eastern citadel through the
 appearance of the Ngu Ha River that flows between the Imperial City and the
position of Flag Tower.
The appearance of French-style housing architecture
Town house
Table 3-1: Comparison table of urban houses and traditional houses
Expression Traditional houses Town houses
Landscape
General plan - The plan is developed horizontally - Mặt bằng phát triển theo chiều dọc
- Dispersed layout: Separate main The plan is developed vertically
and auxiliary houses - Centralized composition: All
functions are concentrated in a project
Height - 1 storey - 2 storey
Colour - Dark colors of wood and bricks - Bright colors of lime paint
Garden - Large surrounding garden - No or very limited yard area.
Climate
Door - Door 1 layer: buc-ban door or - Door 2 layers: Glass inside, shutter
Window thuong-song-ha-ban door ouside
Wall - Thin walls, made of wooden - Thick walls, made of bricks
planks, mud
Base - Low base, made of clay, some - High ground, made of bricks,
finished with ceramic or cement perfected French style flower tiles
bricks
Cultrual
Roof form - Roof of 2 or 4 sides, racing away - Most build walls too high
from the outside wall
Decorate - Decorative a lot on traps, trusses, - Little decoration density
lash bars, ... - Mainly decorated in high-rise walls
- Decorative engraving style. too roof.
- Themes of traditional Eastern - Decorated with simple horizontal and
decor vertical strokes, some works are
decorated according to classical
Western columns
Spirituality - Garden with screens, rockery - In some houses with garden, just
- The altar is located in the nave make a garden in the middle, without
front screen.
- Only 37.5% of houses have their
altars placed in the middle of the first floor
House in Bao Vinh port town
Previously, the Vietnamese house had only two sloping roofs, like a
ridge or roof in the Nguyen dynasty buildings, in Bao Vinh, it was the only
 place where the Quadrilateral pyramid roof appeared, cupping 4 sides of the
house are even. This is a unique feature appearing in the process of colonial
architecture integrated into Hue urban.
Change of style of decoration in Royal architecture
Table 3-2: Comparion table of Palace building
Architectural Before Khải-Định King After Khải-Định King
elements
- Trường-Sanh, Diên-Thọ - An-Định
- Thái-Hòa, Long-An - Kiến-Trung

Architectural - Traditional - Roman style

style - Baroque style
Roof - Large scale, far away - Small scale, not far away from from
the wall of gable
Door - Ban-khoa door, buc-ban - Glass inside, shutter ouside door
Window door - Yellow, white door
- Red
Hall - Only poach form - Western style hall
Base - Low - Height
Material - Burnt bricks, lime and - steel, cement
construction wood
Column - Thin column - Large column, strengthening tendon
Landscape - Natural, important feng - Garden trimmed in a Western-style
shui element geometry
Decorate - Mainly on roof parts such - Decorate on every part of the building
Colour as roof tops, roofs, bờ-quyết, - In addition to traditional topics, there
cổ-diềm, etc. are topics from the West
- Traditional topics - Diverse and vibrant colors
- Deep colors
Scalce - Small scale - Large scale
Storey quantities - 1 storey - 2-3 storey
Table 3-3: Comparion table of Pavilion building
Architectural Before Khải-Định King After Khải-Định King
elements
Phu-Văn pavilion Tứ-Phương-vô-sự, Tịnh-Minh pavilion,
Thái -Bình pavilion
Door - Ban-khoa door, buc-ban - Glass inside, shutter ouside door
Window door
Hall - Only poach form - Western style hall (Thái-Bình-Lâu
and Tịnh-Minh-Lâu)
 Column - Thin column - Large column, reinforced concrete
Decorate - Few decorate on roof - Densely decorated in roofs and lobbies
Colour parts such as roof tops, ( Thái-Bình-Lâu)
roofs, bờ-quyết, cổ-diềm, - Diverse and vibrant colors
mái-đao.
- Red, yellow
Table 3-4: Comparion table of Gate building
Architectural Before Khải-Định King After Khải-Định King
elements
Hiển-Đức Gate, Hồng- Hiển-Nhơn, Chương-Đức, Trường-
Trạch Gate, Khiêm- An
Cung Gate
Roof - Less roof - Many roof steps
Decorate - Little decorative a lot on - Decorate on every part of the building
Colour traps, trusses, lash bars, ... - Using porcelain enamel and glass as
- Not decore in column and decoration materials
wall - Diverse and vibrant colors
Material - Burnt bricks, lime and - Sắt thép, xi măng
wood
Scale - Small scale - Large scale
Storey quantities - Mezzanine floor - 2 storey

Table 3-5: Comparion table of Temple building

Architectural Before Khải-Định King After Khải-Định King
elements
Minh-Mạng, Tự-Đức Khải-Định

Architectural - Traditional - Barroque

style

Roof - Large scale, far away - Small scale, not far away from from
the wall of gable
- Tile royal storage
- Ardoise tile
Door - Ban-khoa, buc-ban door - Glass inside, shutter ouside door
Window - Red - Yellow door
Material - Burnt bricks, lime and - steel, cement
wood
Column - Slender - Large column, embossed sculpture
- Gold paint
Landscape - Natural - Completed concreate
- Diverse lakes and trees
 Decorate - Mainly on roof parts such - Decorate on all parts of the building
Colour as roof tops, roofs, bờ- - In addition to traditional topics, there
quyết, cổ-diềm, etc. are topics from the West
- Traditional topics - Gray white
- Dark colour
Scale - Small scale, scattered - Large-scale and block Western-style
Storey quantities works

3.7. Discuss the research results

While Hanoi, Saigon, Haiphong, Dalat,… both deeply influented by
French colonial architecture, even becoming an urban identity, then in Hue, the
integration of French colonial architecture took place in two directions,
transforming each other to reach a harmonious urban architecture and
landscape. Thus, French colonial architecture has become deeply integrated into
urban properties, causing no conflict because of differences but helping to
improve Hue architectural identity. In addition, craftsman skill plays an
important role in perfecting the fine aesthetic architectural details. In particular,
the clear imprint of King Dong Khanh in creating the style of royal architecture
interfering with French style with sophisticated, unique and brilliant decoration,
becoming an Asian urban masterpiece.
French colonial architecture in Hue is more modest than other major
cities in size and quantity. Most of the projects exploit the traditional traditional
roof form, organize the ground to raise the landscape, the Neoclassical style
appears less and not picky style to show off the power. The urban structure
basically followed the topography and morphology of the rivers, but there was a
section of the river from Truong Tien Bridge to near the embankment Sports
Club that did not integrate into the general landscape. The planned roads have
narrow crossroads, the building boundary is close to the roads, which limits the
ability to connect with satellite towns in the future. The location of the central
area is also contradicted between the center of the radiation pattern and the
neighborhood along the Huong River, so the city lacks the focal points and
lacks the development motivation to the south.
The method of assessing integration with location attributes is highly
compatible with the characteristics of Hue urban and French colonial
architecture at here. Can be used as a basis for ranking conservation lists, or
assessing the quality of architectural designs of newly constructed buildings in
areas with special historical, landscape or cultural factors.
 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Concusions
1. Hue is an urban that contains many unique properties including
climate, landscape, traditional architecture and feng shui. Studying the
integration of colonial architecture into the properties of Hue urban is necessary
to clarify the urban identity, help fully assess the existing French colonial
architecture, and determind the role of this architectural fund in Hue city.
2. The thesis summarizes and clarifies characteristics of colonial
architectural planning in Hue by map analyzing method according to the stages
of urban development.
3. The thesis has used the method of assessing the integration of
buildings with location attributes by evaluating spatial characteristics with clear
evidence. This method can also be applied to the evaluation of the integration of
new building in heritage areas or special landscape elements
4. The results of the rating are ranked according to 4 levels according to
the descending total score. This is the basis for proposing conservation
recommendations according to levels appropriate to the legal basis as well as
the actual context.
5. The thesis has discovered the imprints of Western-style urban
planning in Hue Imperial City, clarifying the differences of traditional
architecture before and after the appearance of French colonial architecture.
These results demonstrate the important role of French colonial architecture in
Hue city
Recommendations
1. The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism should incoporate with
the Ministry of Construction in additional the concept of Urban Heritage and
strict legal institutions according to international practices.
2. The People's Committee of Thua Thien Hue Province needs to take measures:
- Do tally, expertise the current situation of buildings, for acurrate
assessment of usage, the ability to conserve
- Recognizing the colonial architecture fund as an urban heritage,
upgrading a number of works to become provincial-level monuments in
accordance with the Cultural Heritage Law to quickly implement measures
against degradation and protection current buildings.
- Applying the method of integration assessment in the management of
heritage works as an additional criterion, and in granting new building permits
in areas with heritage elements as a compulsory criterion.
- It is necessary to complete a set of criteria for urban centers and new
constructions. The process of developing this set of criteria requires the
consultation of international organizations and experts in the field of cultural
conservation, urban architectural planning.
1. The People's Committee of Hue City should have solutions such as
restricting new construction permits, controlling the height scale, controlling the
facade of the French Quarter in Le Loi Street from Hue Station to Truong Tien Bridge.
2. Academically, reseach the integration of French colonial architecture
into Hue urban properties creates a scientific basis for further studies on
conservation and evaluation of solutions to new constructions. The direction is as follows:
- Reseaching and preserving and promoting the fund of colonial
architectural heritage in Hue city
- Reseach the relationship between colonial architecture and Hue urban identity.
- Reseaching and assessing the suitability of new construction structures
in existing areas.
- Reseach the structural transformation of the French Quarter on Le Loi
street in the context of modernization.

LIST OF PUBLISHED SCIENCE ARTICLES RELATED

TO THE TOPIC
1. "Planning on the southern bank of Huong River in Hue during the
French colonial period", Journal of Construction Planning, No. 91+ 92 in 2018,
pp.76-79.
2. "The integration of Colonial Architecture into the properties of Hue
city", Vietnam Architectural Magazine, No. 223-2019, pp.74-76.
3. "The imprint of French colonial architecture in Hue urban poem
before 1945", Journal of Architecture, No. 5-201, pp.55-57.
4. "Preserving the French colonial architecture in Hue city, approaching
from the method of evaluating the integration into location attributes",
Construction magazine, No. 617 August-2019, p.18-21