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AS 2560.2.7-1994 Guide to sports lighting - Specific recommendations -
Outdoor hockey

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Outdoor hockey
Part 2.7: Specific
recommendations—
Australian Standard

Guide to sports lighting

AS 2560.2.7—1994
 This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee LG/9, Sports Lighting. It was
approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 28 October 1993 and
published on 14 February 1994.

The following interests are represented on Committee LG/9:

Australian Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers Association
Confederation of Australian Sport
Department of Sport and Recreation, Victoria
Department of Sport, Recreation and Racing, New South Wales
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Department of Tourism, Sport and Racing, Queensland

Electricity Supply Association of Australia
Illuminating Engineering Society of Australia and New Zealand
Royal Australian Institute of Parks and Recreation
The Association of Consulting Engineers Australia

Additional interests participating in preparation of Standard:

Australian Hockey Association

Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject
to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new edit ions as necessary. It is
important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edit ion, and any
amendments thereto.
Full detail s of all Australi an Standards and related publications wil l be found in the Standards Australia
Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australian
Standard’, which subscribing members receive, and which gives detail s of new publi cati ons, new edit ions
and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.
Suggesti ons for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head offi ce of Standards Australia,
are welcomed. Noti fi cati on of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australi an Standard should be made
without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 93075.

 AS 2560.2.7—1994

Australian Standard
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Guide to sports lighting

Part 2.7: Specific

recommendations—
Outdoor hockey

First publi shed as AS 2560.2.7— 1994.

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7262 8727 X
 AS 2560.2.7— 1994 2

PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Sports Lighting and
is one of a series of Standards (the AS 2560 series) which give advice on the subject. It is
based on recommendations issued by the International Hockey Federation (FIH)* and
grateful acknowledgment is made of the assistance derived from that source.
The AS 2560 series is in two main parts. Part 1 outlines general principles and
recommendations for the lighting of places, both indoors and outdoors, where sport is
played; and Part 2 comprises a collection of separate Standards giving recommendations
for the lighting of specific sports or sporting venues.
At the date of publication of this Standard, the following recommendations have been
issued in the AS 2560.2 series:
AS
2560.2.1 Part 2.1: Lighting for outdoor tennis
2560.2.2 Part 2.2: Lighting of multipurpose indoor sports centres
2560.2.3 Part 2.3: Lighting for football (all codes)
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2560.2.4 Part 2.4: Lighting for outdoor netball and basketball

2560.2.5 Part 2.5: Lighting of swimming pools
2560.2.6 Part 2.6: Lighting for baseball and softball
2560.2.7 Part 2.7: Lighting for outdoor hockey (this Standard)
2560.2.8 Part 2.8: Lighting of bowling greens

Reference to the general principles and recommendations of AS 2560.1 will be necessary

for the proper application of the recommendations in this Standard.
The AS 2560 series does not include consideration of the lighting necessary for television
broadcasting because specialist advice is normally required for such installations and, in
any event, there are international recommendations on this subject.†
The term ‘informative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of the
appendix to which it applies. An ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and
guidance.

* Guide to the artificial lighting of hockey pitches , International Hockey Federation, Brussels, 1992.
† CIE Publication No. 83, Guide for the lighting of sports events for colour television and film systems,
International Commission on Illumination (CIE), Vienna, 1989.

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 3 AS 2560.2.7 — 1994

CONTENTS

Page

1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 CHARACTERISTICS OF PLAY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR LIGHTING . . . . . 4
5 GENERAL DESIGN OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6 ILLUMINANCE LEVELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7 UNIFORMITY OF ILLUMINANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
8 CONTROL OF GLARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
9 COLOUR RENDERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
10 SURROUND BRIGHTNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
11 LIGHTING SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
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12 SWITCHING ARRANGEMENTS AND PROVISION FOR UPGRADING . . . . . . 8

APPENDIX A TENTATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GLARE CONTROL . . . 12

 AS 2560.2.7— 1994 4

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard
Guide to sports lighting

Part 2.7: Specific recommendations— Outdoor hockey

1 SCOPE This Standard sets out recommendations for lighting for hockey where
played outdoors. Recommendations appropriate to hockey played indoors are provided in
AS 2560.2.2. Where hockey to indoor rules is played outdoors, the recommendations of
this Standard may be applied, as appropriate.
The recommendations in this Standard cater for various levels of play and take into
account the visual requirements of players, officials and spectators. Where lighting
appropriate to physical training or lower levels of competition is to be provided,
consideration should be given to the likelihood of the lighting system being upgraded so
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that provision can be made at the time of installation to minimize the cost of the future
upgrading.
In addition to the recommendations of this Standard, the general recommendations of
AS 2560.1 should be observed, as applicable.
This Standard does not include the special lighting requirements which apply for
television broadcasting (see Preface).

2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this

Standard:
AS
2560 Guide to sports lighting
2560.1 Part 1: General principles
2560.2.2 Part 2.2: Lighting of multipurpose indoor sports centres

3 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in AS 2560.1
and those below apply.
3.1 Average illuminance —the arithmetic mean of the illuminances within the area of
interest (e.g. the hockey field) on a specified plane, calculated or measured in a specified
manner.
NOTE: See Clause 6 herein and Appendix C of AS 2560.1.
3.2 Initial illuminance—the value of average illuminance which is initially provided by
the lighting system, i.e. with new lamps (aged to 100 h) and clean luminaires.
3.3 Maintenance illuminance—the value of average illuminance below which it is
necessary to take remedial action in terms of maintaining the lighting system, e.g. by
replacing the lamps or by cleaning the luminaires.
NOTE: The term ‘maintenance illuminance’ is used in this Standard and is proposed for use in
other Standards in the AS 2560 series. It replaces the former term ‘service illuminance’.

4 CHARACTERISTICS OF PLAY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR LIGHTING The

users of hockey facilities can be distinguished according to their activities, viz:
(a) The players and umpires.
(b) The tournament directors, judges and the team officials.
(c) The spectators entering the sports facilities, watching the game and leaving.

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 5 AS 2560.2.7 — 1994

Players, umpires and match officials must be able to see clearly all that is going on in the
playing area so that they can produce their best possible performance.
Spectators should be able to follow the performances of the players and the action of the
game in an agreeable environment. The latter requirement means that they must be able to
see the pitch and its immediate surroundings as well. The lighting should also help the
spectators to safely enter and leave the sports facility. With large crowds this safety
aspect is very important.
Play occurs predominantly at ground level although the ball will also be played in the air.
The visual requirements are quite difficult because of the relatively small size of the ball
and the speed at which it travels. This is particularly so for goalkeepers, who are required
to judge the flight of the ball which may arrive at various heights and from various
directions. This dictates that luminaires be of such a type and so positioned that, from the
goalkeeper’s perspective, the background against which the ball is seen is as free as
possible from glare and distraction.

5 GENERAL DESIGN OBJECTIVES The main objectives of a lighting installation

that will provide an adequate visual environment for hockey are as follows:
(a) An appropriate level of illuminance to cater for the visual requirements of players,
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umpires and spectators (see Clause 6).

(b) Uniformity of illumination over the playing field (see Clause 7).
(c) Control of glare from floodlights from the range of normal viewing directions of
players, umpires and spectators (see Clause 8).
(d) Control of stray light and glare beyond the boundaries of the sports ground (see
Clause 8.3).
(e) Use of light sources with colour rendering properties which will ensure the rapid
identification of team colours and the creation of a pleasant atmosphere (see
Clause 9).
In general, different requirements apply for players and spectators. In the case of lighting
hockey fields, the provision of high levels of illuminance required by the players will
ensure more than adequate visual conditions for the spectators, including those located
most distant from the playing pitch at the larger venues.

6 ILLUMINANCE LEVELS
6.1 Recommended maintenance illuminance The maintenance illuminance within the
playing area, on the horizontal plane at ground level, should be not less than the
appropriate value recommended in Table 1.
The adoption of maintenance illuminances higher than those recommended in Table 1 will
generally lead to improved visual conditions provided all other recommendations of this
Standard are observed.
Calculations and measurements of illuminance should be based on a symmetrical grid of
points covering the whole of the playing field, as specified in Figure 1. (See also
Appendix C of AS 2560.1.)
6.2 Allowance for depreciation The maintenance illuminance recommended in
Table 1 represents the lowest value of the average illuminance over the surface of the
hockey field that should apply at any time in the life of the lighting system. The initial
value of average illuminance which should be selected for design purposes will therefore
need to be significantly higher to take account of the reduction in illuminance which will
occur over time as a consequence of a gradual depreciation in lamp lumen output and an
accumulation of dirt on the floodlights. The extent of the allowance required to
compensate for this light loss will depend on the following factors:
(a) The type of lamp selected The allowance necessary for depreciation in lamp lumen
output will depend on the type of lamp selected. Advice should be sought from the

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 AS 2560.2.7— 1994 6

lamp manufacturer on the factor which should be applied for the particular lamp
selected.
(b) Floodlight design, location and cleaning cycle Dirt accumulation on the
floodlights will depend on the design of the floodlight (e.g. IP rating), where the
installation is located and on the cleaning cycle adopted. Information on the factors
which should be applied to make allowance for these parameters is provided in
Appendix B of AS 2560.1.
The combined effect of the allowances described in Items (a) and (b) will determine the
initial illuminance that should be provided by the installation, in order to ensure that the
average illuminance will always be above the maintenance illuminance recommended in
Table 1, throughout the period between maintenance assumed in the design of the lighting
system. In general, the initial illuminance should be between 1.25 and 1.5 times the
maintenance illuminance. Selection of an initial illuminance at or close to 1.25 times the
maintenance illuminance implies a need for —
(i) the selection of well-designed floodlights and lamps with high lumen maintenance;
and
(ii) a commitment to more frequent lamp replacement and cleaning of the lighting
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system.

6.3 Vertical illuminance In order to obtain good visibility it is essential that adequate
illuminances are achieved on vertical planes facing all directions, at all points over the
playing surface. The specification and, more so, the calculation of the vertical
illuminances over the multiplicity of planes, is excessively complicated. However,
experience has proved that, if the recommended horizontal illuminance is provided by
equipment of the correct type positioned according to the recommendations herein,
satisfactory levels and uniformities of vertical illuminance will be achieved.
NOTE: Levels and uniformities of vertical illuminance require calculation only where lighting
for television broadcasting is required (see Preface).

7 UNIFORMITY OF ILLUMINANCE For good visibility of the fast-moving ball,

the illuminance within the playing space should be reasonably uniform. The uniformity
ratio at ground level, determined in accordance with Appendix C of AS 2560.1 for the
appropriate grid of points in Figure 1, should be not less than the value stated in Table 1.
If the uniformity ratio at ground level complies with the above, and the recommended
pole locations and floodlight mounting heights are used, the uniformity of illuminance in
the playing space above ground will be satisfactory.

8 CONTROL OF GLARE
8.1 Need for glare control In the design of lighting systems for hockey fields careful
consideration should be given to visual requirements relating to the comfort of the players
and the spectators.
Ideally, no glare should be introduced into the field of view. However, the need to limit
glare conflicts with other lighting requirements. For example, light at near horizontal
angles will increase vertical illuminances, improving the visibility of the ball and player.
However, light at these angles may also give rise to troublesome glare for both players
and spectators.
The degree of glare from the lighting installation should be restricted to a level where the
vision of the players is not seriously affected.
NOTE: A system for evaluating glare from outdoor sports lighting systems has been developed
by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE). Tentative recommendations based on
that system are given in Appendix A for the purpose of gaining further experience in its use.

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 7 AS 2560.2.7 — 1994

8.2 Control measures The principal means of controlling glare in lighting installations
involves the application of a combination of the measures recommended below.
(a) Selection of appropriate locations for floodlights Floodlights should be located in
positions which will result in the least glare to players and, where applicable,
spectators. Recommended locations for floodlights are shown in Figures 2 and 3.
(b) Installation of floodlights at an adequate mounting height Floodlights should be
installed at not less than the appropriate mounting height specified below:
(i) For side lighting systems—the angle subtended between the playing surface
and a straight line from the lowest floodlight to the longitudinal centre-line
of the field should be not less than 25 degrees (see Figures 2 and 4).
(ii) For corner lighting systems—the angle subtended between the playing
surface and a straight line from the lowest floodlight to the geometric centre
of the field should be not less than 25 degrees (see Figures 3 and 4).
Notwithstanding Item (i), the mounting height of floodlights in side lighting systems
should be not less than 18 m.
8.3 Environmental considerations The floodlights should be selected, aimed or
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shielded to minimize the possibility of glare or annoyance to occupants of adjoining

properties, or to motorists on adjacent roads. In all cases, stray light should be controlled
in accordance with Section 2 of AS 2560.1.

9 COLOUR RENDERING The types of lamps used for the lighting of hockey fields
should have colour rendering properties of not less than those of the CIE lamp colour
rendering group recommended in Table 1.
NOTE: See Section 3 of AS 2560.1, for information on the colour rendering properties of
various lamp types.

10 SURROUND BRIGHTNESS The apparent brightness of the floodlights, as seen by

the players and spectators, depends on the gradient of the brightness which is experienced
when the eye moves from the bright playing field to the floodlights. Where the playing
field is surrounded by stands, terraces, or fences, which have a moderate reflectance, the
effect of glare is very much reduced so long as these areas receive approximately a
quarter of the average illuminance on the playing field.
Even in a well-aimed installation there will usually be enough spill light to illuminate
adjacent spectator stands. However, this may be supplemented by separate lighting for the
stands if required.
Low surround brightness is a common problem on small grounds which do not have
stands and terraces. Little can be done to raise the surrounding brightness. It has been
observed, however, that a light-coloured fence or wall surrounding the playing field can
significantly enhance the visual effectiveness of the floodlighting.

11 LIGHTING SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT The selection of an appropriate

lighting system (i.e. side or corner) and suitable types of floodlights should be the
responsibility of the lighting designer, who will have access to detailed photometric
information and the relevant computer program to carry out the necessary calculations.
However, the recommendations of Columns 2, 6 and 7 of Table 1 should be observed.
Spectator stands and other existing structures may be used to support floodlights provided
that—
(a) the floodlights are located and mounted in accordance with Clause 8.2; and
(b) the lighting system otherwise complies with the recommendations of Table 1.

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 AS 2560.2.7— 1994 8

12 SWITCHING ARRANGEMENTS AND PROVISION FOR UPGRADING

12.1 Switching Where a lighting system appropriate to one of the higher levels of play
is installed, consideration should be given to arranging the switching of the floodlights in
a way which will provide for the reduced illuminances suitable for lower levels of play.
12.2 Provision for upgrading If, for economic or other reasons, a decision is taken to
install a lighting system appropriate to one of the lower levels of play, and there is a
likelihood that the lighting system will be upgraded at a future time, consideration should
be given to the following actions to minimize the costs of the future upgrading:
(a) The poles that are installed for the lower level should be of an appropriate height
and in the positions needed for the higher level.
(b) Provision should be made, on the poles installed for the lower level, for the fixing
of the additional floodlights needed for the higher level.

TABLE 1
RECOMMENDED LIGHTING CRITERIA FOR OUTDOOR HOCKEY
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Type of Maintenance Minimum Minimum Recommended types of

Level lighting illuminance uniformity CIE lamp floodlight
of play system (Notes 1, 2 ratio colour (Note 5)
(Note 1) (Figures & 3) (Notes 1, rendering
2 & 3) & 2) group Type Beam
lx (Note 4) classification

Major grade Side

club, (4 + 4 B or C H5-6 V4-5
national and poles)
500 0.7 2
international
competition Corner A or C 2-4(A), H5-6 V2-4
(4 poles)

Ball Side
training, (4 + 4 B or C H5-6 V4-5
junior and poles)
250 0.6 2
minor grade
competition Corner A or C 2-4(A), H5-6 V2-4
(4 poles)

Physical
training Side 30 0.25 2 B or C H6-7 V4-5
only

NO TES:
1 See Clause 12 for advice on switching and upgrading of the lighting system to provide for differing levels
of play.
2 The values of maintenance illuminance and minimum uniformity ratio are based on a horizontal plane at
the surface of the playing field, and apply over the whole of the field (see Clauses 6 and 7, and Figure 1).
Uniformity ratio is the ratio of the minimum illuminance to the average illuminance for the grid of points
in Figure 1. (See also Appendix C of AS 2560.1.)
3 Values of illuminance measured at the time of commissioning an installation should be higher than the
recommended maintenance values (see Clause 6.2).
4 See Section 3 of AS 2560.1 for information on the colour rendering properties of various lamp types.
5 See Appendix A of AS 2560.1 for the significance of the floodlight classifications.

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 9 AS 2560.2.7 — 1994
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DIMENSIONS IN METRES

FIGURE 1 GRID POINTS FOR CALCULATIONS/MEASUREMENTS

OF ILLUMINANCE AND UNIFORMITY RATIO

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 AS 2560.2.7— 1994 10

NO TE: See Figure 4 for the use of the dimension d in determining the minimum mounting height for
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floodlights.

DIMENSIONS IN METRES

FIGURE 2 SIDE ARRANGEMENT (EIGHT POLES)

NO TE: See Figure 4 for the use of the dimension d in determining the minimum mounting height for
floodlights.

DIMENSIONS IN METRES

FIGURE 3 CORNER ARRANGEMENT (FOUR POLES)

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 11 AS 2560.2.7 — 1994
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h= Height of the lowest floodlight above the playing field (a minimum of 18 m applies for side
mounting—see Clause 8.2(b))

d= The appropriate dimension described below:

(a) For side lighting systems — the transverse distance, measured horizontally, from the
floodlight to the longitudinal centre-line of the field (see Figure 2). This applies for all
floodlights, including those located behind the goal line.

(b) For corner lighting systems — the diagonal distance, measured horizontally, from the
floodlight to the geometric centre of the field (See Figure 3).

DIMENSIONS IN METRES

FIGURE 4 MINIMUM MOUNTING HEIGHT FOR FLOODLIGHTS

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 AS 2560.2.7— 1994 12

APPENDIX A
TENTATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GLARE CONTROL
(Informative)

A1 INTRODUCTION A system for the evaluation of glare from outdoor sports and
area lighting has been developed by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE)*.
Recommendations are expressed in terms of a maximum glare rating (GR) for a number of
observer positions and viewing directions.

A2 TENTATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS The recommendations below are of a

tentative or provisional nature and are intended to encourage the use of the glare
evaluation system. After sufficient experience has been gained in the use of the system,
recommendations of the type given below may, in the future, replace those given in
Clause 8.
Lighting systems for hockey should have a glare rating of not more than 50, when
calculated in accordance with the specified procedure, for horizontal viewing from the
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positions and in the directions indicated in Figure A1, and for an eye-height of 1.5 m
above the playing field.

Indicates position and direction of view for calculation of GR

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE A1 LOCATIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR GLARE RATING

CALCULATIONS

* International Commission on Illumination. CIE Publication No. XXX , Glare evaluation system for outdoor
sports and area lighting . Vienna (in publication).

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