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A Reconfigurable Bidirectional Wireless Power Transceiver for Battery-to-

Battery Wireless Charging

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 International Journal of Solid State Technology
ISSN: 0038-111X
Vol. 63, No. 3, (2020)

A Reconfigurable Bidirectional Wireless

Power Transceiver for Battery-to-Battery
Wireless Charging
T. Santhanakrishnan1, V. Kalyanasundaram2
1
Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai
2
Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, SRM Institute of Science and Technology
1
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Battery-to-battery (B2B) wireless charging can take place in many scenarios, such as using a mobile phone to charge
another mobile phone, wearable devices, or low-power sensor node. To facilitate this wireless power transfer (WPT)
function with the minimum additional cost, we propose a monolithic reconfigurable bidirectional WPT transceiver
designed for the first time in CMOS, which can be reconfigured between a differential class-D power amplifier (PA)
and a full-wave rectifier. Meanwhile, we employed a maximum current charging mode (MCCM) to maximize the B2B
charging efficiency, by directly charging the loading battery with the rectifier, and by powering the PA with the
sourcing battery. Then, we reduced the number of cascaded WPT stages from five in the conventional design to three.
This bidirectional WPT transceiver fabricated in 0.35-μm CMOS occupies 3.9-mm2 of silicon area. The bidirectional
WPT function, verified at 6.78 MHz with only one off-chip capacitor, exhibit speak efficiencies of 91.5%and58.6% for
the receiver and the overall system, respectively, when the output power is1.55W

Keywords: Battery-to-battery (B2B), wireless power transfer (WPT), CMOS

1. Introduction:

Wireless power transfer (WPT) had consumed in broad domain of department, like cell phone devices, and wireless
sensor networks. In digital market, numerous high designs of movable & wearable appliances had previously been
combined with the wireless charging task. For the present, the aftermarket wireless charging accessories are somewhat
evolved in present.

With the help of WPT advancements, folks might charge their cell phone in destinations like, e.g. tea cafe & hotels.
Besides, WPT technology is having huge capability to assist the appliances be slimmer & liquid resistant by
eliminating the end connection.

The power connectors fairly times would restrict slimness of appliances & would easily damage in humid conditions.
Hence, we expect that the number of users of this category of appliances facilitated with a wireless charging function
would encounter expanding rise in number.

Surprisingly, it is researched that wireless power receiver could directly backward its work and can convert into a non
wire power transmitter. Both directional ability had primarily observed for electric oriented auto mobiles applications,
even if these were registered with heavy distinct parts, customary operating at 10 kHz, and with kW of power and
>70% productivity and efficiency.

Example- Suggest to take the wireless flow using phase modulation, while used a self-resonating pulse width
modulation system to less circuit complication. On the different side, a simultaneous data transfer system was searched
through similar coil

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Fig. 1: Projected wireless charging eco-system based on reconfigurable bidirectional wireless charging

The use of wireless power transfer is growing day and night. We propose a future WPT eco-content of client
applications, that mix three layers:
1) The first one is wireless charging pads that are the base or primary source plants that can power up a power bank and
mobile phones.
2) The second one is power banks that get use from plants or feed mobile phones; and
3) The third one is consumption mobile phones that get use from the other large sources. To power the mobile phones
charging others without extra devices, we use a WPT handset (TRX) that reuses the LC resounding source and 3 zone
spending power transistors for the different Class-D power amplifiers(PA) and the full-wave rectifier. With such WPT
TRX injected, one could give an aid to his/her friend gadget of which the battery is just to drain out.

2. Applications:

Both directional wireless charging with inflexible ON-chipset application is considerable, accepting reuse of the
silicon-utilizing power transistor r and the LC tank with minimum sum price Then this charging could took place in,
and is neither constrained to, the coming points:
a) Utilizing cellular phone to wirelessly charge devices which can be wear like watches.
b) Phone to phone charging
c) Using an assigned portable power source to charge up lower energy sensors for industrial and technical usage.

As comparison to the previous charging with the help of cords, the wireless charging is having vast benefits which is
given in following points:
a.) betters’ consumer-interaction as the complexity from wired cables is eliminated.
b.) delivers the model and invention of mini appliances without the connection of batteries or cells.

3. Conventional Method:

The battery-to-battery (B2B) charging can happen in, yet not restricted to, the upcoming situations: 1) cell device to
cell device charging; 2) making usage of cell phone devices to remotely charge various other types of devices; or 3)
using a designed compact source to charge low-control sensors for mechanical use, awaited future remote eco-friendly
models makes use of4layers. The upper layer is the main layer designed by the remote charging pad that is attached
with the ac main point for faster charging and different appliances charging. The next layer is a between of the road
designed by remote power station bank that gets from the taking care of the power consuming mobile phones. The 3rd
layer mixes cell phones with calculations and examination powers, like pad, tab & mobile cells. The 4th layer has less
force and remote sensor hubs, which take and gather the info from the physical of human body or the other conditions.

Remote charging follows on rule of reverberation or Inductive Power Transfer (IPT). Remote charging other name are
called inductive charging which uses an electromagnetic field to transfer in two articles through EMT acceptance. This
is previously done with a charging called charging station. Vitality is send via an inductive coupling to an electronic
appliance, which will then be used to use that to charge batteries of various other appliances.

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In ordinary WPT, more flexibly voltage is better which helps PA to give fast and powerful connection. In our vitality
resistive Battery to Battery (B2B) scenario giving PA(power amp) through a boost converter has no advantage because
of- a) Additional convert misfortune b) PA(power amplifier)gives high level despite compelled by battery limit c) high
territory and huge parts needs for side support converter. d) reaction needed by help is not really completed by help.

Fig. 2: Conventional method

In the everyday cushion to--appliance remote charging design, the remote power RX consists of a straight and a buck
dc-dc converter for not a variable current and steady voltage mode control. For changing such remote power RX into a
TX for the B2B charging, the buck converter would switch its activity course and become a lift changer on the TX side,
as appeared in Fig. 2(a). In this scenario, we would take the main B2B charging efficiency (TOTAL) by upgrading
efficiency on 5 fell stages

TOTALBOOSTPALINKRECTBUCK

Here, ηBOOST, ηPA, ηLINK, ηRECT, ηBUCK are the efficiencies of the lift converter, PA, coupling, rectifier, and
buck-type charger, differently. Clearly, total efficiency is the product of the all five given efficiencies

4. Steps of Charging:

a). Main voltage is exchanged into high further current.

b). Exchanging current is sent to the transmitter curl, by the system. The AC current at that moment makes a period
charging field.

c). AC current unprocessed into the transmitter curl makes attractive field which expands out to the main loop into
shown separation.

d). Attractive field gives current into the loop of electronic appliances.

e). Current streaming into the collector loop is varied into DC current and in this method the battery.

As for protection, there’s really nothing to worry for. The average wireless charging system makes a field no more
hazardous than radio waves, and waves are not powerful enough to have any problem on human structure

5. Proposed System:

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) can be used in various ways according to our needs. These applications can be used in
devices such as mobile phones, low powered hearing ear implants, wireless sensors, and many other electronic devices.
Some ear implants are already enabled with this and they are integrated with the wireless charging property. This
property has given us relief that we can charge our phone in public places such as coffee shops, restaurants etc.

The wireless power technology has a very big opportunity to help to make our electronic devices such as mobile phones
or laptops or watches to be thinner in size and become waterproof to some extent. This can be achieved as this property
enables us to remove the last charging connector since all these power connectors are quite thick and will often wear
out in humid conditions.

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We can find that the wireless power receiver (RX) could work as a wireless power transmitter (TX) if we just operate it
with is operation reversed. This property extends its application to electric vehicles with bulky design. We have
inferred that the electric vehicles or cars gets charged by this method. But we can use this property to other smaller
applications.

If we consider consumer electronics such as mobile charging this wireless charging technique of the of chip
implementation is very efficient because it will allow the reuse of the silicon area which consumed power and resonant
tank space in addition to almost very little cost.

In the old or conventional method, it consisted of pad to pad wireless charging with had rectifier and Dc to Dc power
converter as a constant current source. The drawback or the limitation associated with this method was it had five
cascading or working steps. More number of steps means there would be more losses such as heat loss and switching
loss. So in this method we reduced the no of steps to three and this could overall increase the efficiency.

Fig. 3: Proposed method

This is the block diagram of the proposed method of the wireless charging scheme. In this process we reduced the
number of cascaded steps which were previously five to three in the present method.

As we reduced the cascaded steps to three, our major aim should be to increase the efficiency of the system as well as
the battery to battery charging capability of the proposed system. To do the same we tried to use this method in a
bidirectional wireless transceiver (TRX) and use it in maximum current charging mode so that we get the maximum
charging current with very low additional cost.

TOTAL PA LINKRECT

Now the total efficiency of the system is given by this equation, where total efficiency is calculated in three
stages. We tend to supply power amplifier directly from the source battery so that the rectifier could the charge
the loading battery directly and with maximum current available. Hence it would also be valuable to find that the
maximum current will be more desirable for charging the battery.

We tried to present this report in a systemize way. The section II discussed about the conventional or old method of
wireless charging. We also discuss its limitations. Section III gives an idea about the proposed and conventional
method of wireless charging. Section IV gives a brief about circuit implementation and lastly in the section V we
discussed results obtained.

6. Resonant Tank:

We are always concerned about our safety from power supply and sparks, nowadays there is fast development in WPT
techniques for industrial as well as consumer electronics. This resonant tank would mean no charging cables, no
sparking hazards, no heating loss etc. The resonant tank is also the far-field in WPT technique as it is mainly designed
for the low powered devices.

Resonant tanks that are used in WPT techniques are basically of two types. They are series and parallel resonant tank.
These two categories differ in properties such as impedance transformation and current and voltage waveforms.

These resonant circuits can be used to transfer a small load on the either side which can result in the huge equivalent
impedance on the other side and hence can achieve the higher total efficiency in various cases such as Battery to battery

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charging cases. Also, here the LC tank present can act like an alternating current source while the parallel or the other
one behaves like the source of the voltage. Hence, this secondary input current becomes fully independent of the output
power source.

If we change our perspective to circuit design and observe the resonant tank, we found that this resonant tank in very
much little sensitive to the active diode’s current. But if we ever consider a full wave rectifier which has two input
voltages and two input currents. Then the resonant tanks has sine waves life waveforms of the voltage. But it has
pulsating input current which is going in the rectifier. That shows this rectifier only sucks the current during very
higher voltage waveforms. On contrary, in most of the resonant tank the charging current will go directly for charging
the output battery.

Hence this resonant circuit design will increase the effectiveness of the charging capabilities in the electronic devices
and will reduce the cost

7. Reconfigurable Power Amp & Rectifiers:

As we want to reduce the expenses or the bidirectional chargeable capacity, the rectifier sought to be converted to the
power amp with insignificant region overhead. Importantly, there are various potential rechargeable topology as
introduced straightaway.

Topology-1:

Fig. 4: Topology 1

The figure above depicts that we can configure the TRX among a one side ended power amplifier and an active voltage
doubled. This can be achieved if we use the power transistors and the resonant tanks together in the design. Three
multiplexers are used in this design.

If we take a look at the transmitter side (TX), we can observe that the non-overlaying control signals through the
multiplexer-1 and multiplexer-2 are controlled by the power amplifier and the MUX-3 connects the ground to one of
the terminals of the LC.

On the other side, the receiver side (RX), the power amplifier operate as the active diode as the comparators are enables
by the MUX-1 and the MUX-2. Hence by doing this, both if the power devices as well as the resonant tank are reused.
MUX-3 is usually bigger in size than MUX-1 and MUX-2, it works on the high power way and can conduct huge
currents whereas, other two works and deals with only control signals.

Hence in this topology the area of the silicon foe the reconfigurable bidirectional structure will at least be doubled.
Hence more power in the input side means high maximum current. Although, this topology has faced several
drawbacks during the period.
1) As we discussed MUX-3 should be of large size for proper conduction, it requires large space and can account for
more losses.
2) Secondly, the output power is very low because of the single ended power amplifier.

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Topology-2:

Fig. 5: Topology-2: reconfiguring between differential Power Amp and full-wave rectifiers

In this topology, we can reconfigure the bi-direction TRX device into a differential power amplifier and a full wave
rectifier. In this design I used four power devices and four multiplexers which are useful in reconfiguration. If we look
at the TX mode, here the gates of the power devices are all connected with all the four multiplexers and which are
further connected to gate drivers which are non-overlapping.

In the RX side, two multiplexers are diagonally connected while two acts as the active diode. On contrary, the
multiplexers here are all very small sizes and only deal with the control signals.

8. Analysis of Charging Current:

If we look at topology again, we can find that here we achieved almost three times of the maximum charging current
than the topology 1. Suppose we were to inter change the power amplifier with an ideal alternating current source
which has the amplitude of maximum V.

The various coupling inductors are a part of coupling coefficient of inductive link. We can see that R is like the input
impedance and Irk is the root mean square resonant current. The area of the rectifier acts as a voltage doubled in the
first scenario whereas it becomes a full wave rectifier in the latter one.

To conclude, only the second topology achieves the most silicon area, more efficiency, more charging current (which is
almost 4 times) and all this at a very low additional cost.

9. Maximum Charging Mode:

For decreasing the minutes of fall strides of the larger viability, we use the maximum charging mode for the direct
charging arrangement. In this arrangement, we did execute any rule plot for yield voltage or current rule. This should
be solid considering the way that we found that the yield current of the B2B comprising structure decrease of time,
though its most prominent worth can be diminished than the determined most noteworthy high charged current
(regularly battery-limit/hour) given permission by the greater piece of the mobile phones. n this strategy, t's
dispassionate to authentically blame the stacking battery for the most outrageous open current n the Battery to battery
case.

In the part, if the battery charging confine is nearly nothing, for instance for the wearable devices, the maximum current
charging plan will in like manner be immaculate on only the one staged overseeing rectifier plans idealized in the
composing. For an instance, a full controlling rectifier had been using a beat width-balance (BWM) had been idealized
in with a couple of extra off-chip parts. Reconfigurable reverberating overseeing rectifiers that orchestrate themselves
by working in different modes were organized without extra off-chip parts. Of course, Q-change with less-repeat
movement with all the multi-cycle Q-balance used for less powered devices using flexible trading control. In addition,
on the transmitter (TX) side, yield rule plans are similarly available in the execution of a remote data input. Thusly,
relative yield rule plans can in like manner be recognized to control yield voltage just as current.
V
The value of the charging current in this battery to battery methodology could have been calculated as follows. We

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need to use the Ist order approximations in these calculations to the charging current in accordance with the charging
time.

Here we found the decaying factor of the starting charging current at the start and later after some time. We found that
the it was much lower at the starting level of the process. Moreover, this showed that charge control conspire affirms to
guarantee that the charged voltages VBAT2 doesn't increase the most extreme battery voltage VREF for a safe
charging. As inferred above, ICHG arrives at its most extreme worth b, when the charging starts. At that point, ICHG
diminishes directly with charging time at a pace of a. When VBAT2 surpasses VREF, a lack comparator creates an End
sign to finish the charging. shows the blocks for designing the transceiver into the detour mode, which shorts VAC1
and VAC2 to ground and therefore debilitates the rectifier, forcing ICHG to decrease to 1. Furthermore, the
transmission side ought to be charged also, by conceivable remote information specialized strategies, for example,
backscattering, close field correspondence (NFC), or Bluetooth relying upon various charging method. It shows the
examination between the ordinary &maximum charging modes for the charged places. Clearly, the changing rate can
be much greater when we use max charging mode. Since this charging current in the conduction mode can be current
on the endpoint. The design of the proposed wireless TRX is made in the silicon area of almost 4mm2, and it can
possess the electronic gadgets up to 5-6 V and made in CMOS region. All the results were found by taking the use of 4
PCB curls and the 6mm wireless power transfer separation in the design.

10. Circuit Implementation:

Multiplexer and Gate Driver

To strengthen the both directional Bluetooth to Bluetooth remote capacity for charging, multiplexers is important so as
to reconfigure the TRX into a TX or RX. Figure below suggests that MUXs & entryway drivers made at lower side
NMOS switch & for the higher-sided PMOS switch. To limit dimension of MUX put it for the lower sided switch
before the drive cradle (comprises - MBN, BP). To limit the short circuit current of the end stage a Transmission gate
(TG) is introduced in the buffer stage before that, by switching the M BN off first and then switching the MBP off and the
other way around.

Then again on the other side, Gate charging drop will take place if we put the buffer for the higher side PMOS after
following that MUX like in Figure 10(a). This drop is somewhat identical to CgV 2fRes, where Cg is the capacitance of
the gate, & fres is the resonance frequency. Considering a generally huge force transistor proportion for diminished
conduction inconvenience, Cg would cause a considerable drop during gate charging. So to tackle this significant gate
charging loss, we introduced a tri state inverter for buffer of high-side switch (Figure 9(b)). The power PMOS will be
driven by the tri state inverter which we enabled in the TX mode. The Power PMOS will be driven with the help from
AC I/P and the tri state inverter would put high impedance in the RX mode.

Active Diode

Figure below shows proper diagram of NMOS dynamic diode, in view of that I/P push-pull comparator which thinks
about VAC1 & ground voltage to eliminate on or force transistor MN1. M1-4 are normal entryway I/P sets. To
decrease the opposite current introduced about by comparator & support delay, it was executed a Reverse current
command (RCC) added with M7-8, adding extra predisposition course to produce an I/P offset.

Fig. 6: Active Diode

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After that, MN1 switches off previously to pay for delay. To anticipate the force NMOS was turned-on more than
once/revolution, or numerous pulsing issue, R-S hook would keep this RCC command signal remaining low in any
event, when VGN1 will go up, that implies comparator I/P counterbalance exist until VGN2 goes up. Moreover, we
utilized a one-shot rationale distinguishing the decreasing edge of VGN1 to bring back that comparator yield with the
help of M9, & the rationale would be reset if VGN2 goes up [8]. In this way, hard-off of comparator can be ensured.
We likewise included a MUX before that entryway driver which would help in designing it into RX maybe the TX
mode.

It ought to be seen that comparators & following dynamic diodes would get loosened up if VBAT2 would be low, for
example while firing up. Rather, those parasitic diodes of NMOS power transistors (D1 & D2 appeared in Figure 12(a))
should be working in this situation. At this point when the info plentifulness figures out how to move forward
inclination of one branch on (MP1 & D2, or MP2 & D1) to keep the other branch off, "inactive correction" would
execute & VBAT2 would get recharged. Once VBAT2 surpasses the reach to flexibly operate the comparators, the
"dynamic amendment" with the dynamic diodes would at that point be empowered. Figure 12 (b) shows that reenacted
fired graphs beginning with VBAT2 = 0

11. Conclusion:

This paper introduced a reconfigurable WPT handset for bidirectional B2B remote charging, with probable uses in
purchaser & hardware. Consequent to contradictory & speaking about couple of TRX arrangements, we picked a
redesign able TRX with a differentiating class D PA as the TX & one complete wave rectifier as that RX for short
region, higher production, & big charging current. Also, to advance the complete charging efficiency, we introduced
the MCCM plans to charge the battery straightforwardly with no present or voltage regulations. With two
indistinguishable redesign able WPT handsets & PCB curls, the estimated value made sure the bidirectional capacity
with the base number of off-chip parts & showed great efficiency for both the recipient & the usual framework.

Fig. 7: MATLAB model of the WPT

Fig. 8: MATLAB result for WPT

Figures showed that measured RX & overall efficiency. Due to removing of redundant phases of MCCM, the peak RX
& total efficiencies reached 91.5% & 58.6%, one by one, At P OUT=1.55W, taking to a observed power loss

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disintegration of 18%, 23%, & 59% misfortunes of RX, connection, & PA, separately. This PA effectiveness could be
enhanced by one superior exchanging dead-time control. Figure in the same way gives the examination with the best in
class. This work achieves the most high level of joining & minute chip region with the redesign able design & have
similar or higher effectiveness with the MCCM.

More current procedures decrease move misfortunes by means of major dainty loops, higher frequencies, & enhanced
drive gadgets. Because of this stepping up proficient & conservative chargers & beneficiaries, giving their mix into
mobile phones or batteries with minimum changes required. These innovations give charging times same as wired
methods, & they are continuously finding their way into mobile phones

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