Department of Education

National Capital Region

8 SCHOOL S DIVISION OFFICE

MARIKINA CITY

Science
Quarter 1 –Module 6:
Heat and Temperature
at The Molecular Level

Writers: James C. Candedeir

Jennie Evangelista-Condat

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the Heat and Temperature at the molecular level. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary levels of students. The lessons are arranged following
the standard sequence of the subject. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons:

Lesson 1: Heat and Temperature
Lesson 2: Effects of Heat
Lesson 3: Understanding Heat on a Body

After going through this module, you are expected to differentiate between heat
and the temperature at the molecular level (S8FE-Ig-29).
Specifically, you are expected to:
1. define heat;
2. define temperature;
3. differentiate between heat and temperature at the molecular level;
4. explain the effects of heat on a body;
5. relate heat to mass and temperature through the concept of specific heat
capacity; and
6. calculate the heat absorbed or released to raise or decrease the temperature of a
substance.

What I Know

Carefully read and answer the following items. Choose the letter of the best answer and
write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Heat is an energy transit that flows from _________________.

A. hot object to cold object C. hot object to hotter object
B. cold object to hot object D. cooler object to cool object

2. As the temperature of a substance increases, atoms and molecules move

_________________.
A. faster C. with medium speed
B. slower D. faster and then slower

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
3. What happens to the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules as the temperature
becomes lower?
A. increases C. decrease and then increase
B. decreases D. increases and then decreases

4. A security guard in a mall scanned the temperature of a girl using an infrared

thermometer. The registered temperature is 101 0F. If the normal body temperature
is below 37.50C, what does it show?
A. She has a fever. Her temperature is 38.3 0C.
B. She has a fever. Her temperature is 37.3 0C.
C. She does not have a fever. Her temperature is 38.3 0C.
D. She does not have a fever. Her temperature is 37.4 0C.

5. Which of the following statements is NOT true about heat?

A. Heat is expressed in terms of Joules or calories.
B. Heat is the average movement of molecules in a substance.
C. Heat pertains to the energy transferred when there is a difference in the
temperature of two bodies.
D. Heat is an energy that flows from substances with fast-moving molecules to
other substances with slow-moving molecules.

6. Which of the following is NOT an effect of heat?

A. The lowering of temperature
B. The rusting of the metal plate of a car
C. The increasing size of the metal gate
D. The subliming of naphthalene balls after some time.

7. Which of the following requires heat loss to change the phase of an object?
A. Boiling of water C. Subliming of dry ice
B. Melting of butter D. Freezing an ice cream

8. When Linda was about to eat her soup, the online delivery arrives. She had to attend
to the delivery and left her food on the table for quite some time. What will most
likely happen to the temperature of her soup?
A. Nothing will happen because the temperature remains the same.
B. The food will become hotter as she lets her food expose to cooler
surroundings.
C. The food will become colder than before and will meet thermal equilibrium
with the surroundings.
D. There are not enough details to answer this question.

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
9. In terms of temperature effects, why do we need to close the door of an air-
conditioned room?
A. The air inside the room might rush outside if the door is open.
B. The air outside the room might worsen the quality of the air inside.
C. The warm air inside the room might sink and the cooler air rises.
D. The air outside the room might increase the temperature of the cooler air
inside the room.

10. Which of the following will most likely happen if water in its liquid phase is boiled
at a very high temperature in several minutes?
A. The temperature will rise only.
B. The temperature will rise, and it will expand.
C. The temperature will rise, the water molecules will move faster, and it will
change into a gaseous state.
D. The temperature will rise, the water will expand, it will change into a gaseous
state, and, it will become colorless.

11. The boiling point of water on the Celsius scale is 100 0C. What is its equivalent in
the Kelvin scale?
A.0 K B. 2.73 K C. 173.15 K D. 373.15 K

12. The specific heat is defined as the quantity of heat required to change the
temperature of a unit mass of the substance by a Celsius degree. Which unit is
NOT for specific heat?
A. 𝐽⁄𝑔 ∙ ℃ B. 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ C. 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 D. 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑠

13. Which of the materials listed below has the highest specific heat?
A. Lead B. Metal C. Water D. Silver

14. How much heat is needed to melt 0.25 kg butter in a pan from 2 0C to 40 0C?
(specific heat of butter is 2.04 kJ/ kg °C).
A.1.94 kJ B. 19. 38 kJ C. 193.8 kJ D. 1938 kJ

15. How much is the change in temperature of 2 kg aluminum can if 3000 J of heat is
applied to it? (Note: specific heat capacity of aluminum is 921.096 J/kg0C)
A. -1157.81 C0 B. 1157.81 C0 C. 0.61 C0 D. 1.63 C0

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Lesson

1 Heat and Temperature

What’s In

Have you ever experienced having a fever or felt someone’s head as hot as an
open stove? If yes, such experiences that you had encountered in the real world
especially in this time of the pandemic, could assist you to understand our next topic
about Heat and Temperature.

What’s New

What experiences do we have with heat and temperature? Let’s start exploring these
topics. But before a formal introduction to the topic, answer the following questions.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

An igloo is a shelter constructed from Water in the kettle boils as it heats up.
blocks of snow normally found in Some of the kettle whistles as it boils.
Greenland. How can an igloo protect Where does this hot air from the kettle
one from too much cold? come from?

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What Is It

Temperature
People usually use the word “heat” and “temperature” interchangeably especially
in dealing or observing things around them. What is their difference in that case?
Temperature, an intensive property of matter, tells whether an object is hot or cold. It
is an intensive property which means that temperature is not affected by the amount of
the material. It tells the average translational kinetic energy (KE) or movement of atoms
or molecules in an object. If the object is hot, the molecules of that matter are moving
fast otherwise, it is cold, or the movement of the molecules is slow.

It is often measured using a thermometer and can be expressed in several

thermometric scales such as degree Celsius (℃), degree Fahrenheit (℉), Kelvin (K)
degree Rankine (◦Ra), or Reaumur (R).

The first 3 scales, respectively, are commonly used with Kelvin as the standard
SI unit for temperature. To precisely change one unit of measure for the temperature to
a different unit, a subsequent conversion is used (See table 7.1 below).
Table 7.1: Converting One Temperature Scale to Another

Fahrenheit to Celsius: Celsius to Fahrenheit: Kelvin to Celsius: Celsius to Kelvin:

0F = (9/5 x 0C) + 32 0C = (0F -32) x (5/9) K = 0C + 273.15 0C = K - 273.15

Example 1: Convert 1000F to 0C. Example 2: Convert 450C to K.

0C
= (0F - 32) x (5/9) K= 0C + 273.15
0C
= (100 – 32) x (5/9) K = 45 + 273.15
0C = (68) x (5/9) K = 318.15
0C = 340/9 Therefore:
0C = 37.8 45 0C is equivalent to 318.15 K.
Therefore: 100 0F is equivalent to 37.8 0C

Heat

Heat is energy in transit when there is a

temperature difference between objects. Since heat
is a change of thermal energy, it is measured in
terms of joules (J).

For example, as your body heats up during

summer, you keep your normal temperature by
making sure you drink more water.
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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
In this case, the temperature is your energy (average KE of molecules in your body) at
that specific moment. Heat on the other hand tells how much energy you received
when you have exposed to the sun or any source of heat. Meaning, no change in
temperature, no heat.

When there's a temperature difference, energy flows from a body with a higher
temperature to a lower temperature, thus, heat flows from a hot to cold object (see
diagram at the right). Could there be heat flow when there is no change in
temperature? Yes. It only takes place when there is a phase transition (e.g.,
sublimation and melting) that happens on that substance. Usually, when the flow of
energy stops, thermal equilibrium has been reached meaning, objects are now of the
same temperature.

When you were in grade 7, it was BOX A BOX B

discussed how heat is transferred from one
body to another. These mechanisms of heat (Hot) (Cold)
transfer could be conduction, convection, or
radiation. Two objects of different temperature without
contact
So, if you feel a person with fever
(38.2 ℃) when you are presumably at a BOX A BOX B
normal temperature of 37 ℃, how would you
feel? Now, let’s say this time, you have a (Hot) (Cold)
Heat Flow
fever, and someone who is at a normal
temperature feels you. How would you feel
Two objects of different temperature in
when the person touches your forehead? Will
contact. Heat flows from hot to cold
the experience be the same?
BOX A BOX B
(Warm) (Warm)

Two objects in contact now with same

temperature. This is called thermal
What’s More equilibrium.

Activity 1: Differentiating Heat and Temperature

Heat and temperature, how are they different? How are they similar? On a separate
sheet of paper draw a Venn diagram and complete it using the words listed below.

Heat Temperature

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Average Energy Joules
Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin
Transfer Hot Kinetic Energy
Cold Heat Molecules
Different temperature Intensive property Movement of atoms

Guide Questions:
1. How do you define temperature?
__________________________________________________________________________
2. How do you define heat?
__________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the words that can be used for both heat and temperature?
__________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

 Temperature can be described in terms of its molecular motion and does

not depend on the size of the object. As the temperature of an object
increases, the average translational KE of the object also increases, thus,
atoms and molecules move faster. When the temperature decreases, the
KE also decreases.

 Heat is energy in transit. Energy flows as a result of the difference in

temperatures of the interacting objects or if the phase of the object
changes. Energy flows from hot objects to a cooler object.

What I Can Do

Now that you have learned heat and temperature, you're now ready for this real-
life scenario challenge.

Activity 2: Temperature and Thermometric Scales

Using a thermometer (kitchen or clinical thermometer), measure the temperature of the
following objects and places at home. (Do not use mercury thermometer!) Convert your
answers based on what is being asked. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper. Make sure to include your solutions.

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 1. Kitchen 2. Water from the faucet

Temperature in:
Celsius (℃): _______________ Temperature in:
Fahrenheit (℉): _______________ Celsius (℃): _______________
Kelvin (K): _______________ Fahrenheit (℉): _______________
Kelvin (K): _______________

3. Inside the refrigerator 4. Bedroom

Temperature in: Temperature in:

Celsius (℃): _______________ Celsius (℃): _______________
Fahrenheit (℉): _______________ Fahrenheit (℉): _______________
Kelvin (K): _______________ Kelvin (K): _______________

Assessment

Carefully read and answer the following items. Choose the letter of the best answer and
write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What happens to the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules as the temperature
decreases?
A. increases C. decrease and then increase
B. decreases D. increases and then decreases

2. As the temperature of a substance increases, atoms and molecules move

_________________.
A. slower C. with medium speed
B. faster D. faster and then slower

3. Heat is energy in transit where the direction of movement is from _________________.

A. hot object to cold object C. hot object to hotter object
B. cold object to hot object D. cooler object to cool object

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4. A security guard in the mall scanned the temperature of a girl using an infrared
thermometer. The registered temperature is 101 0F. If the normal body temperature
is below 37.5 0C, what must be done by the guard?
A. She has a fever and must not be allowed entry to the mall. Her temperature is
38.30C.
B. She has a fever and must not be allowed entry to the mall. Her temperature is
37.30C.
C. She doesn’t have a fever and may be allowed to enter the mall. Her
temperature is 38.30C.
D. She doesn’t have a fever and may be allowed to enter the mall. Her
temperature is 37.40C.

5. Which of the following statements is NOT true about heat?

A. Heat is expressed in terms of Joules or calories.
B. Heat is the average movement of molecules in a substance.
C. Heat pertains to the energy transferred when there is a difference in the
temperature of two bodies.
D. Heat is an energy that flows from substances with fast-moving molecules to
other substances with slow-moving molecules.

Additional Activities

Carefully read and answer the following items. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper.

You opened a refrigerator to look for food to eat. You suddenly felt a change in
temperature. Which is the correct way to describe this sudden change? Why? Cool air
from the refrigerator moves to a hotter air of the surroundings or hot air from the
surroundings moves to a cooler air inside the refrigerator.

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Lesson
Effects of Heat
2

What’s In

Many scientists agree that the earth’s intensifying temperatures are fueling
longer. Hotter heat waves, more frequent droughts, heavier rainfalls, and more
prevailing typhoons have become more evident in the past years. This is because
human activities such as burning fossil fuels, cutting down rainforests, and farming
livestock are increasingly affecting the climate and the earth's temperature. Sun, as the
main source of energy greatly affects everything mentioned. Therefore, heat from the
sun affects matter. In general, heat has effects on matter. What are these effects? Let’s
find out.

What’s New

The image at the right shows trash pickers

burning garbage in the smokey mountain. This kind
of activity affects matter, worst the environment.
Heating garbage is simply burning them as we see
different changes in the garbage. On a separate sheet
of paper, write the different changes you saw on the
burned matter.

Guide Questions:
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1. What changes have you observed? 000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCOiE3rfmsOsCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ

2. Which is a physical change? Chemical change?

3. What are the effects of heat?

What Is It

There are many changes in matter when heat

is introduced or released. Some of these changes are
so obvious and some are not. To understand it
further, let’s take a look at an ice cube placed in a
glass.
The first observation you might see is the
melted ice. As mentioned in the first lesson, energy
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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

flows when there is temperature difference. The surroundings around the ice and the
ice itself are initially of different temperatures. How does energy flow in this example?
The energy flows from the surroundings with high temperature to the object with lower
temperature, regardless of the method of heat transfer. What exactly are the changes
that happen to the ice?

Change in Temperature
When there is energy introduced or
absorbed, temperature may change.
One way to check it is by using a
thermometer. Consider that the initial
temperature reading of ice cubes is
0℃. When we exposed it to the
surroundings with higher
temperatures, they will eventually
reach thermal equilibrium, hence, the
low temperature of ice at 0℃ will now
change and will in fact increase. Take
note that heat is not only about increasing the temperature. Exposing the
surroundings with ice cubes would somewhat change the temperature of it because
heat is released from the surroundings. This time, the surroundings will have a slightly
lower temperature. Can you name situations where the initial temperature changes?
Have you noticed that all of the example situations you can think of take place because
of loss or gain of heat? Therefore, no heat is added or released by the system, with no
change in temperature.

Change in Phase of Matter

Another effect of heat on substances is the change of its phase at a constant
temperature. For example, at 00C, ice may freeze or melt. This phase transition within
the physical state of ice happens at equivalent constant temperature. All changes in
phase of matter takes place because of the heat added or released by the system. Aside
from melting, there are four other phase changes. See table 7.2 for example.
Table 7.2: Phase Changes in Matter

Heat absorbed or
Real-life example Phase Change
released

solid to Heat is absorbed by the

Melting
liquid butter

Melting butter

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 liquid to Heat is released to the
Freezing
solid surroundings

Freezing water

liquid to Heat is absorbed by the

Evaporation
gas liquid water

Evaporating water

gas to Heat is released by the

Condensation
liquid water vapor

Moist on the window

solid to Heat is absorbed by the

Sublimation
gas dry ice

Subliming dry ice

gas to Heat is released by the

Deposition
solid dry ice

Crystallization of dry ice

As mentioned, heat can be absorbed or released. Which of the phase changes is

associated with heat released or exothermic process? Which phase changes are
linked with heat absorbed or endothermic process?

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Heat is absorbed by matter (heats up) when matter changes phase as melting,
evaporation, and sublimation.
Heat is absorbed.
Heat is released by matter (cools down)
when matter changes phase as freezing,
condensation, and deposition.

Notice that it requires more energy (heat)

to change the state/phase of matter in the
gaseous state. This only implies that gas
molecules are fast-moving molecules
because of the heat they absorbed.

Heat is released.
Thermal Expansion

Another effect of heat is related to the change in

the dimensions of matter. Matter when heated expands at
a differential amount. On the other hand, when matter
cools down, it goes back to the normal size or sometimes
it contracts. Thermal expansion is increase in a material's
dimensions when its temperature increases. Have you
noticed gaps between bridges? See the image at the right.

When matter is heated, like a bridge, especially

during summer, it expands at a very little expanse. For
the bridge to adapt to the heat from the sun without
distorting, engineers plan and include spaces or https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2F2.zoppoz.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fcommons.wikimediA.or

expansion joints fill gaps within the bridge to act as a

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flexible, variable filler.

Another example of this is with electrical wires.

High temperatures cause conductors to expand and hence
increase in length. The converse is true for low-
temperature conditions. The change in length varies from
one conductor to another depending on its thermal
properties.

This increase or decrease in length is of great

concern when installing power transmission lines between
poles and towers, or when installing other power
connectors. There must be an allowance for this change in
length since it can cause problems if it is not there.
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gases and less noticeable in liquids. They are least
noticeable in solids.

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What’s More
Activity 3: Heat affects Matter

Tell whether the situation below is an effect of heat. Draw a sun ☼ if the effect of heat
is Temperature Change, a circle ○ if it is Phase Change, or a triangle ∆ if it is a
Thermal Expansion. In the space provided, explain your answer. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper. The first item is done for you.

1. Melting of metal
Answer: O

Explanation: Metals, when heated at very

high temperature will melt. It can also
undergo temperature change and thermal
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expansion.
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2. Drying clothes
Answer: _________________________

Explanation:

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3. Inflating a hot air balloon

Answer: _________________________

Explanation:

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4. Cooling hot soup

Answer: _________________________

Explanation:

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
5. Turning on the air conditioning unit
Answer: _________________________

Explanation:

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What I Have Learned

Heat also has different effects on matter. An example effect is that it changes
the temperature of matter. It becomes hotter or colder. It can also change the
phase of the matter. It changes the state of matter to another state without
changing the chemical components of the matter. Heat also affects the
dimensions of the matter. When heated, matter expands and contracts when
cooled down. Expansions of the matter are evident in fluids and less noticeable
on solids.

What I Can Do
Do you know that some effects of heat are also used to measure heat itself? A
thermometer is an example. The slightest change in temperature makes mercury
notable when it is in the thermometer. As the temperature around the thermometer's
bulb heats up, the liquid rises in the glass tube. When it is hot, the liquid inside the
thermometer will expand and rise in the tube. Now, for us to experience and
understand this effect of heat, let us make our thermometer.
Activity 4: Home-made Thermometer

What You Need:

 Plastic bottle with a lid

 A pair of scissors/cutter
 Clay
 A transparent plastic drinking straw
 Food coloring (optional)
 Water (cold)

Procedure:

1. Use a cutter or pair of scissors to make a hole in

the top of the bottle lid, big enough for the

Home-made thermometer set up

City of Good Character 15
DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 drinking straw to fit through. (Be careful in using these materials, you ask for
help if needed)
2. Fill the bottle halfway with cold water.
3. Add a few drops of food coloring then mix.
4. Screw on the bottle lid and insert the straw through it into the water, make sure
that the straw does not touch the base of the bottle.
5. Cover around the hole in the lid using clay, thereby fixing the straw in place.
The seal must be completely airtight. (See home-made thermometer set up
above.)
6. Place one hand on the upper part of the bottle. Make sure not to put much
pressure on the bottle. Observe.

Guide Questions:
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the source of heat in this experiment?

2. What happens to the liquid in the straw?

3. What causes the liquid to rise in the straw? Was it the heat that caused the
liquid to rise in the straw, or could pressure from your hands be
responsible?

4. What effects of heat are being exhibited in the experiment?

5. How does the heat flow in the experiment?

Assessment
Carefully read and answer the following items. Choose the letter of the best answer and
write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following requires heat loss to change the phase of the matter?
A. Boiling of water C. Subliming of dry ice
B. Melting of butter D. Freezing an ice cream

2. Which of the following is NOT an effect of heat?

A. The lowering of temperature
B. The rusting of the metal plate of a car
C. The increasing size of the metal gate
D. The subliming of naphthalene balls after some time.

City of Good Character 16

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
3. Why do we need to close the door of an air-conditioned room?
A. The air inside the room might rush outside if the door is open.
B. The air outside the room might worsen the quality of the air inside.
C. The warm air inside the room might sink and the cooler air might rise.
D. The air outside the room might add to the energy of the cooler air inside the
room.

4. Which of the following will most likely to happen if water is boiled at a very high
temperature for several minutes?
A. The temperature rises only.
B. The temperature rises and it expands
C. The temperature rises, it expands and changes into the gaseous state.
D. The temperature rises, it expands and changes into a gaseous state, and
becomes colorless.

5. When Linda was about to eat her soup, the online delivery arrives. She had to
attend to the delivery and left her food on the table for quite some time. What will
most likely happen to the temperature of her soup?
A. Nothing will happen because the temperature remains the same.
B. The food will become hotter as she lets her food expose to cooler surroundings.
C. The food will become colder than before and will meet thermal equilibrium with
the surroundings.
D. There are not enough details to answer this question.

Additional Activities

Global warming is the unusual rise in Earth's average surface

temperature over the past century primarily due to the
greenhouse gases released by burning fossil fuels in some human
activities. Observe things around you. What other changes in
matter caused by extreme heat affects the environment? List
down these changes. As a student and as a citizen of the world,
what can you do to at least solve any environmental problem? https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2F2.zoppoz.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fcaptai
nkimo%2F9149348974&psig=AOvVaw24sQxPNhoN-

Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. tOdjM06Adt6&ust=1598350322512000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCLCljI3

Ns-sCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAJ

City of Good Character 17

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
Lesson
Understanding Heat on a Body
3

What’s In
Motorcycles are very common nowadays as they are easier to drive and park. We
usually observe motorists trying to park motorcycles and other vehicles under shades
hiding their vehicles from extreme sunlight. Why? The seat is too hot. Some
motorcycles have good insulations of heat, but some easily gets hot. Why? Is it because
of the material? Is it because of the thickness of the cover? Let’s find out why. We know
that the amount of heat is absorbed or released by a matter. In this lesson, we will
discuss the specific heat capacity of a substance.

What’s New

There are so many beautiful beaches in the

Philippines. Have you been to a beach before?
How do you feel when you step on the sand
during noon time? How do you feel when you step
on the seawater during an afternoon swim? Why
is the heat you feel in the sand and seawater
different even though they received the same
amount of sunlight? Write your thoughts on a https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2F2.zoppoz.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fcommons.wikimediA.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3APuerto_Galera_Beach_(Philippines).

separate sheet of paper.

jpg&psig=AOvVaw0ZTBg6mB82q2NYtipj-XhC&ust=1598355403856000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCLCL2IPgs-
sCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

What Is It
If we heat a kettle of water on a stove, we might find that it requires about 10
minutes to raise it from low temperature to its boiling temperature. But if we put an
equal mass of metal on the same flame, we would find that it would rise through the
same temperature quickly in only about 2 minutes.

With this in mind, you can already note

that different substances have different
capacities for absorbing energy. Precisely, every
matter requires different quantities of heat to
raise the temperature of a given mass of the

City of Good Character 18

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
material by a specified number of thermometric degrees. This property is what we call
specific heat capacity.

The specific heat capacity of any substance is Table 7.3: Specific Heat of
defined as the quantity of heat required to change Common Materials
the temperature of a unit mass of the substance
by 1 Celsius degree.

Take a look at the values of the specific heat of

common materials at the right.

Let’s examine the values. Among all materials

listed in the table, water is listed with the
highest value of specific heat capacity
(sometimes simply called specific heat).

Therefore, water needs to absorb more heat per gram to have the same change in
temperature than other materials listed for the same change in temperature. We say
water has a higher specific heat capacity among all the listed material.
Note that the unit measurement of specific heat is Joules/gram∙℃. Some references
might have different unit measurements using kilograms instead of grams and Kelvin
instead of Celsius.
Make sure that the units are consistent so that you will come up with correct values in
calculations.

Imagine you have two metal pots with water of

different masses about to be boiled with the
same initial temperature. (Refer to the image at
the left) Which will boil faster?
Since B has more amount of water (mass) it
A B needs more heat (energy) to reach the same
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2F2.zoppoz.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.vecteezy.com%2Fvector-art%2F161858-boiling-water-
icons&psig=AOvVaw1iMEDDPptjP5-
temperature as set up A.
XAwtM7L2D&ust=1598372445259000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCLjrvMOftOsCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

In the same way, if you are to cook food, it is

easier to heat food that is initially hot than food that has a lower temperature. More
heat is needed to increase the temperature change (Tf - Ti) of a matter of the same
substance.
Transferred heat is equal to the change in the internal energy, the heat is relative to
the mass of the substance, and the temperature changes.

City of Good Character 19

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
Therefore, the amount of heat released or absorbed by a substance or a system to raise
the temperature is:

𝑸 = 𝒎𝒄∆𝑻
where:
Q = amount of heat
m = mass of a substance
c = pertains to the specific heat capacity
ΔT = Tf - Ti temperature change in 0C

Note that c is the value of the specific heat which is Joules/gram∙℃. This should be
consistent in dealing with problems later on.

Let’s Try This Problem!

A 350-gram cube of lead is heated from 35 °C to 85 °C. How much energy was
required to heat the lead? (The specific heat of lead is 0.13 J/g∙°C)
𝐽
Given: 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 350 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑇𝑖 = 35℃ 𝑇𝑓 = 85℃ 𝑐 = 0.13 ⁄𝑔 ∙ ℃

Find: Heat absorbed (𝑄)

Equation: 𝑄 = 𝑚 × 𝑐 × (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )

Solution: 𝑄 = 350 𝑔 × 0.13 𝐽⁄𝑔 ∙ ℃ × (85℃ − 35℃)

Answer: 2275 joules

The amount of energy (heat) required to heat up a 35°C, 350-gram
cube to 85°C is 2275 J.

Another instance is introducing more heat to water at 100 0C where it also

starts to change into steam. This point the temperature becomes constant. The
quantity of heat required for the change of phase in matter occurs is understood as
“latent heat”.

City of Good Character 20

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What’s More
Answer the following questions. For mathematical problems, use GFESA (Given, Find,
Equation, Solution, and Answer) format in solving the problems. Write your answer on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. Two equal mass models of iron and copper heated with the same amount of heat
will achieve different temperatures. Which sample will reach a higher temperature
and why?

2. How much heat must be absorbed by 500 grams of water to raise its temperature
by 40° C?

3. A student must use 300 mL (300grams) of hot water in a lab procedure. Calculate
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 300 mL of water from
25.0 °C to 105 °C.

 the amount of energy required one gram of matter to raise by a temperature

of one degree Celsius.
 Transferred heat is equal to the change in the internal energy, the heat is
relative to the mass of the substance and the temperature change.

What I Can Do

To further understand the relationship of heat to mass and temperature change using
specific heat, do the activity below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Activity 5: Understanding Heat
Materials:
 Coffee mug with lid
 Kitchen thermometer or clinical thermometer
 Lukewarm water
 Timer

Procedure:

Setup A: Record your data using the table below. Use a separate sheet of paper.

1. In the coffee mug, pour half-filled of lukewarm water. (let’s assume that half-
filled water measures 100 grams of water)
2. Measure its initial temperature (T1) using a thermometer.

City of Good Character 21

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 3. After 5 minutes, measure again the temperature of the water (T2). Record your
data on the same table.

Heat (J)
ΔT
𝑇𝑖 (0C) 𝑇𝑓 (0C) amount of
Change in
Substance Mass (g) initial Final heat
temperature
temperature temperature 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )
Lukewarm
water 100
(without
cover)

4. Solve for the heat released in setup A by using heat equation (𝑄 = 𝑚 × 𝑐 × (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )).

Setup B: Repeat the procedure for setup A. But this time, cover the mug with a lid.
Copy the table below and record your data.

ΔT Heat (J)
𝑇𝑖 (0C) 𝑇𝑓 (0C)
Mass Change in amount of
Substance initial Final
(g) temperature heat
temperature temperature
(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 ) 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
Lukewarm
water (with
cover) 100 g

Guide Questions:
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. How do you compare the temperature change in Setup A to Setup B?

2. How do you describe the motion of molecules (KE) in Setup A and B after 5
minutes?

3. How much heat is released in Setup A? ____________ Setup B? _______________

4. Compare the amount of heat released in Setup A with Setup B. In which setup
does heat release? Prove your answer.

5. What is the importance of the lid in Setup B?

City of Good Character 22

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Assessment

Carefully read and answer the following items. Choose the letter of the best answer and
write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the materials listed below has the highest specific heat?
A. Lead B. Metal C. Water D. Silver

2. The boiling point of water on the Celsius scale is 100 0C. What is its equivalent in
the Kelvin scale? equivalent to ______.
A.0 K B. 2.73 K C. 173.15 K D. 373.15 K

3. The specific heat is defined as the quantity of heat required to change the
temperature of a unit mass of the substance by a Celsius degree. Which unit does NOT
describe specific heat?
A. 𝐽⁄𝑔 ∙ ℃ B. 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ C. 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 D. 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑠

4. How much is the change in temperature of 2 kg aluminum can if 3000 J of heat is

applied on it? (Note: specific heat capacity of aluminum is 921.096 J/kg0C)
A. -1157.810C B. 1157.810C C. 0.610C D. 1.630C

5. How much heat is needed to melt 0.25 kg butter in a pan from 2 0C to 40 0C?
(specific heat of butter is 2.04kJ/ kg °C).
a. 1.94 kJ B. 19. 38 kJ C. 193.8 kJ D. 1938 kJ

Additional Activities

Enrich your knowledge or skill about heat and temperature through this challenge.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

A. Express the following thermometric scales to what is being asked.

1. 00C to K 3. -40 0F to 0C 5. 98 °F to K
2. 351.5 K to C
0 4. 6 °C to K

B. Answer the problem about Heat Capacities using GFESA format (Given, Find,
Equation, Solution, Answer).
A 2000 J of heat is needed to melt 0.50 kg of butter on a pan with an initial
temperature of -100C. At what temperature will it melt? (Note: specific heat
capacity of butter is 2.04kJ/ kg °C).

City of Good Character 23

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Post-test

Carefully read and answer the following items. Choose the letter of the best answer and
write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Heat is an energy transit that flows from _________________.

A. hot object to cold object C. hot object to hotter object
B. cold object to hot object D. cooler object to cool object

2. As the temperature of a substance increases, atoms and molecules move

_________________.
A. faster C. with medium speed
B. slower D. faster and then slower

3. What happens to the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules as the temperature
becomes lower?
A. increases C. decrease and then increase
B. decreases D. increases and then decreases

4. A security guard in a mall scanned the temperature of a girl using an infrared

thermometer. The registered temperature is 101 0F. If the normal body temperature
is below 37.50C, what does it show?
A. She has a fever. Her temperature is 38.3 0C.
B. She has a fever. Her temperature is 37.3 0C.
C. She does not have a fever. Her temperature is 38.3 0C.
D. She does not have a fever. Her temperature is 37.4 0C.

5. Which of the following statements is NOT true about heat?

A. Heat is expressed in terms of Joules or calories.
B. Heat is the average movement of molecules in a substance.
C. Heat pertains to the energy transferred when there is a difference in the
temperature of two bodies.
D. Heat is an energy that flows from substances with fast-moving molecules to
other substances with slow-moving molecules.

6. Which of the following is NOT an effect of heat?

A. The lowering of temperature
B. The rusting of the metal plate of a car
C. The increasing size of the metal gate
D. The subliming of naphthalene balls after some time.

City of Good Character 24

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
7. Which of the following requires heat loss to change the phase of an object?
A. Boiling of water C. Subliming of dry ice
B. Melting of butter D. Freezing an ice cream

8. When Linda was about to eat her soup, the online delivery arrives. She had to attend
to the delivery and left her food on the table for quite some time. What will most
likely happen to the temperature of her soup?
A. Nothing will happen because the temperature remains the same.
B. The food will become hotter as she lets her food expose to cooler
surroundings.
C. The food will become colder than before and will meet thermal equilibrium
with the surroundings.
D. There are not enough details to answer this question.

9. In terms of temperature effects, why do we need to close the door of an air-

conditioned room?
A. The air inside the room might rush outside if the door is open.
B. The air outside the room might worsen the quality of the air inside.
C. The warm air inside the room might sink and the cooler air rises.
D. The air outside the room might increase the temperature of the cooler air
inside the room.

10. Which of the following will most likely happen if water in its liquid phase is boiled
at a very high temperature in several minutes?
A. The temperature will rise only.
B. The temperature will rise, and it will expand.
C. The temperature will rise, the water molecules will move faster, and it will
change into a gaseous state.
D. The temperature will rise, the water will expand, it will change into a gaseous
state, and, it will become colorless.

11. The boiling point of water on the Celsius scale is 100 0C. What is its equivalent in
the Kelvin scale?
A.0 K B. 2.73 K C. 173.15 K D. 373.15 K

12. The specific heat is defined as the quantity of heat required to change the
temperature of a unit mass of the substance by a Celsius degree. Which unit is
NOT for specific heat?
A. 𝐽⁄𝑔 ∙ ℃ B. 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃ C. 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 D. 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑠

City of Good Character 25

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
13. Which of the materials listed below has the highest specific heat?
A. Lead B. Metal C. Water D. Silver

14. How much heat is needed to melt 0.25 kg butter in a pan from 2 0C to 40 0C?
(specific heat of butter is 2.04 kJ/ kg °C).
A.1.94 kJ B. 19. 38 kJ C. 193.8 kJ D. 1938 kJ

15. How much is the change in temperature of 2 kg aluminum can if 3000 J of heat is
applied to it? (Note: specific heat capacity of aluminum is 921.096 J/kg0C)
A. -1157.81 C0 B. 1157.81 C0 C. 0.61 C0 D. 1.63 C0

City of Good Character 26

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
27 City of Good Character
What I know (Lesson
3)
1. C
2. D cold.
3. D cooler air inside the refrigerator. Hot to
4. D Hot air from the surroundings moves to a
5. B
Additional Activities (Lesson 1)
B. Tf = -8.04 ℃ What I Can Do (Lesson 2)
(Correctness of answers may vary depending on the
explanation)
309.82 K 5.
Assessment (Lesson 1. Hand
178.45 K 4.
2) 2. It rises.
-40 ℃ 3.
3. The liquid expands and pushes the straw
78.39 ℃ 2.
273.15 K 1. 1. D upward. It depends how the students puts
A. 2. B pressure on the bottle.
3. D 4. Thermal Expansion
4. C
3)
5. From hand (hot) to the bottle (cold)
5. C
Activities (Lesson
Additional
What’s More (Lesson 3) What’s More (Lesson 2)
1. Copper will have a higher temperature as it (Correctness of answers may vary depending on the
has lower specific heat than iron. Iron has explanation)
higher specific heat therefore it requires 1. ○ best answer (all answers are possible)
more energy to heat it up. 2. ☼ best answer (all answers are possible)
2. 83,600 J 3. ∆ best answer (all answers are possible)
3. 100,320 J 4. ○ best answer (all answers are possible)
5. ○ best answer (all answers are possible)
What’s More (Lesson 2)
(Correctness of answers may vary depending on the
explanation)
What I Can Do Heat: transfer, different temperature, energy, Joules
(Lesson 1) Temperature: hot, cold, average, kinetic energy, molecules,
Answers may vary. Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, intensive property.
Similarities: Movement of atoms
1. Temperature is the average translational KE of the
Assessment (Lesson molecules.
1)
2. Heat is energy transferred due to the difference in
1. B temperatures of interacting objects.
2. B
3. Movement of atoms – since both described the motion of
3. A
atoms and molecules
4. A
5. B
Answer Key
 References

Hewitt, Paul G. 2006. Conceptual Physics 10th ed. Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Addison-Wesley.
Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman. 2012. University Physics 13th ed. Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley.
Ocampo, Pia, May Chavez, Maria Helen Catalan, and Leticia Catris. 2013.
Science Learner's Module. Pasig City: Department of Education.
http://mmsphyschem.com/specH.pdf
https://www.scienceinschool.org/2012/issue24/energy
https://worksheets.edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension_37_177.html#:~:text=A%20
thermometer%20has%20a%20glass,rises%20in%20the%20glass%20tube.&text=When
%20it%20is%20hot%2C%20the,and%20rise%20in%20the%20tube.
http://nerdlyarts.mtsscience.ca/SPH3U/Work%20and%20Energy/Pages%20275-
%20277%20%20from%20IrwinPhysics11.pdf
https://www.tcD.ie/Physics/study/current/undergraduate/service-
teaching/notesandtests1112/Lecture%2011%20temp%20&%20Heat.pdf

City of Good Character 28

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Development Team of the Module

Writer: James C. Candedeir

Jennie Evangelista-Condat
Editors:

Content Editors: Mary Ann N. Taway

Imelda N. del Rosario
Jessica S. Mateo

Language Editor: Zeny P. Toco

Cover Illustrator: Arriane Joy F. Isorena

Reviewers: PNU External Validators

Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Jessica S. Mateo
Education Program Supervisor – Science

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

Education Program Supervisor - LRMS

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

Email Address: [email protected]

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 8-682-2472 / 8-682-3989

City of Good Character 29

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE