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1 Module 9
A. Nyi Nyi has left his home to study in a new school. He will live in the boys dormitory. Hes
discussing the dormitory rules with the boarder master. Nyi Nyi has never stayed in a
dormitory before, as he has always lived at home. He has a lot of questions. Some of these
questions begin with Can I? and some questions begin with Do I have to? Can you think of
these questions?
B. Listen to the conversation.
Complete these sentences.
He can
He cant
He has to
He doesnt have to
C. Have you ever lived in a dormitory?
Are the rules the same, or different from
this one?
A. Look at these situations. Ask about them, using Can I?
1. Your friend has a phone. You need to make a phone call. Can I use your phone?
2. You need to go to the shop, and your sister has a bicycle.
3. You missed yesterdays class, and you want to see your classmates notes.
4. There is an interesting meeting happening. You want to go to it.
5. You are in a shop, and you want to go to the toilet.
6. You are visiting a colleague, and you want to smoke a cigarette.
B. How can you make these requests more polite?
1. Permission, Necessity and Prohibition
1.1 In the dormitory
- cook breakfast?
- smoke cheroots in
the dormitory?
- share a mosquito net
with another boy?
- study after the
lights go off?
D. What other questions could he ask? Work
in groups, and think of a list of questions.
Here are some ideas:
cook? posters? alcohol?
parties? wash the blankets? visitors?
E. Work in pairs, and do a roleplay. Partner
A is a student. Partner B is a boarder
master. Ask and answer questions about the
dormitory rules.
1.2 can and cant
Module Nine
permission, necessity and prohibition modal verbs have to advice
jobs and careers something, anything, etc. metaphor speaking strategies
9.1
2 Module 9
1.4 Childrens questions
C. Look at these situations. What can you say? Use can or cant.
1. You are in hospital. Someone lights a cigarette. Im sorry, you cant smoke in here.
2. You see someone looking for a pen. You have a pen.
3. Your brother wants to borrow your motorbike. Unfortunately, it is broken.
4. Your sister wants to use your bag. Thats fne. You are not using it at the moment.
5. Youre visiting a temple with a foreign friend. Hes wearing shoes.
A. Look at Nyi Nyis diary. He has underlined
the things that are very important. The
other things are less important. He might
do them if he has time. Make sentences
with has to and doesnt have to about Nyi
Nyis day.
Sunday
Meet maths teacher 9am!!!
Read pages 24-32 economics
book
Wash white shirt for tomorrow
2.30 meet Mary and get
library keys. Invite her for
coffee?
Do science homework?
4pm football?
- He has to meet his maths teacher
at 9am.
1.3 have to and dont have to
B. Nyi Nyi is talking to his friend Saw Reh.
They are arranging to meet. Fill the gaps
in the conversation.
Saw Reh: What are you doing in the morning?
Nyi Nyi: Im quite busy.
1.
I have to meet my
maths teacher at 9.
Saw Reh: And after that?
Nyi Nyi: Well, Im going to make a speech in
school assembly on Monday, and all my clothes
are dirty, so
2.
_______________________.
And I have an important test in social
studies, so
3.
_______________________. I
havent got any other important homework. I
4.
________________________ now. I dont
have science until Wednesday. I might do it if
I have some spare time.
Saw Reh: OK, lets meet in the afternoon.
Nyi Nyi: I have to
5.
____________________.
Saw Reh: Mary, huh? Ooooooh
Nyi Nyi: We might go for coffee. Do you want to
come?
Saw Reh: No. I dont like coffee.
Nyi Nyi: Well, I
6.
_____________________
we could meet at 2.15, if you want to.
Saw Reh: No, I cant anyway. Im busy until 4.
Nyi Nyi: Well, theres a football game at 4 No,
7.
_____________________. Lets meet at 4.
A. Imagine you are a small child in these situations.
Ask questions with Can? and Do have to?
1. Your parents want to take you to the clinic. You want to go to the cinema.
Do I have to go to the clinic? Can I go to the cinema?
2. You want to have sweets and biscuits for breakfast, not rice and vegetables.
3. Your friends are visiting you. Its time for them to go home.
4. Its time for you and your brother to go to school. You want to sleep.
5. You are playing an exciting game. Your father wants you to have a wash.
6. Its a cold day. Your mother wants you to wear a warm jacket. You want to wear a T-shirt.
B. What would a parent say in these situations? C. Practise these dialogues in pairs.
Write the parents answers.
1. Yes, we have to go to the clinic.
No, we cant go to the cinema.
Have to expresses something you need to do you do not have a choice.
Dont have to means that you can do it if you want to, but you dont need to do it.
3 Module 9
A. Look at the picture. Whats happening? Where are they?
B. Imagine you are in these places. What do you think you?
- have to do
- dont have to do
- mustnt do
1. On a small boat
Jump up and down
You mustnt jump up and down.
Be careful getting on and off
Throw rubbish into the river
Wear a hat
1.5 must, mustnt, have to and dont have to
2. On a bus
Buy a ticket You have to buy a ticket.
Smoke cigarettes
Talk to the other passengers
Tell the driver your name and address
3. In a religious building (mosque,
church, monastery, temple)
Wear a tie You dont have to wear a tie.
Take off your shoes
Fight with other people
Drink alcohol
1.6 Signs
A. Do you know what these signs mean?
Write a sentence for each sign, e.g. You mustnt turn right here.
B. Work in groups. What do you think these signs mean?
3.
1.
2. 5.
You mustnt be
rude to the teacher. You have
to stay until 3.30 you mustnt come
home at lunchtime! You have to go on
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday
and Friday, but you dont have
to go at the weekend!
4.
4 Module 9
2. Advice
2.1 What should I do?
You will hear part of a radio programme. People phone the programme to
talk about their problems. There are two counsellors on the programme to
give advice.
A. Listen to Khaing Khaings problem. Rewrite these sentences so
they are true. There are seven mistakes. The frst one has already
been corrected.
Khaing Khaing wants to get married soon. She is a high school student, and
she wants to leave school immediately. Her parents live in the city, and they
want her to fnish her education. Her boyfriend is an engineer. He doesnt want
her to go with him to the countryside.
later
1.7 Focus on form: Modal and modal-like structures
A. Look back at the structures youve learned in this module to express permission, necessity, non-
necessity and prohibition. Which are modal verbs and which are not modal verbs? Write an
example for each structure.
B. Fill the gaps in this grammar explanation.
Can / cant and ________/________
are modal verbs. We use the base form
of the main verb after these. When we
express necessity with ________,
or non-necessity with________,
we also use the base.
C. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
1. I dont have cook dinner tonight.
2. She musts go to Bangkok.
3. They cant to leave yet.
4. Can we reading these books?
5. He has to writes his essay quickly.
6. Do we must go to bed now?
D. Complete the sentences. Use your own ideas.
1. Community leaders mustnt
2. Young children dont have to
3. Monks must
4. Rich people can
5. Parents have to
6. Middle school students cant
structure modal? example
cant yes You cant borrow my bike. I need it.
have to
9.2
5 Module 9
2.2 should and shouldnt with think
B. Listen. Some counsellors are giving advice to Khaing Khaing.
Which of these solutions do the two experts suggest?
Write 1 (Counsellor 1), 2 (Counsellor 2), N (neither) or B (both)
a Talk to your boyfriend
b Talk to your parents
c Get married immediately
d Get your head teacher to write to parents
e Get a new boyfriend
f Finish your education
g Compromise
What should she do? What is your opinion?
C. Finish these sentences with some good advice. For each one, use two ideas from the list and one
of your own. Use should and shouldnt.
1. If you walk in the mountains, you should wear shoes,
you should watch out for wild animals and you
shouldnt drop rubbish.
2. If you go to an important meeting,
3. If you learn English,
4. If you want a healthy heart,
5. If you go to a job interview,
A. Look at these sentences. What is the difference between the sentences on the right and the
sentences on the left?
We should protect the environment. I think we should protect the environment.
Children shouldnt watch television. I dont think children should watch television.
B. Rewrite the sentences using I think and I dont think.
1. Children shouldnt drink alcohol.
2. People should sleep under mosquito nets.
3. University education should be free.
4. People shouldnt be rude.
smoke
wear shoes
bring your CV
be shy to speak
speak clearly
drop rubbish
shout at people
arrive late
read as much as possible
do lots of exercise
C. Look at the opinions expressed in A and
B. What do you think? Write your own
opinion, and give more details, e.g.
- I dont think children should watch
a lot of television. But some programmes
are OK, like nature documentaries.
When we give advice or opinions, we often use I think or I dont think. This is very common
with should.
When we give negative advice, we use I dont think you should. We dont normally say I
think you shouldnt.
I dont think you should go. NOT: I think you shouldnt go.
NOT: I dont think you shouldnt go.
When asking for advice, we often use Do you think I should?
Do you think I should marry her?
D. What advice would you give in these
situations?
1. Jill and Mike are 16. They want to get married.
2. Your friend is sick, but she is going to work.
3. Your brother smokes too many cigarettes.
4. Your grandmother wants to go to university
and study to become a doctor.
5. Your sister wants to go overseas to work.
9.3
1.
2.
6 Module 9
A. Read these problems, and think of some advice for these people.
2.4 Have you got any problems?
A. Think of a problem in your life. This could be a big problem, or a minor one. Write a short
note explaining your problem and asking for advice.
I dont have enough time to study because I have too much housework. My
family expects me to cook dinner every night and clean the house, and
after that Im too tired to do my homework. What should I do?
2.3 Giving advice
B. Work in pairs. Discuss your solutions to
these problems.
C. Work in groups. Discuss your solutions to
these problems, and decide on some good
advice. Present this advice to the class.
3.
2.
1.
Im a farmer, with four small
children. My sons eleven, and my three daughters
are eight, fve and three. My wife died two years ago, and Ive
raised my children alone my parents help me but they are
getting old. Recently I met a very nice woman. Shes divorced with
a baby boy. We want to get married. My daughters are very happy
to get a new mother, but my son isnt. He is very rude to her, and
he says if we marry, hell run away. What can I do? I want
to marry her, but I love my son and I dont
want him to be unhappy.
Im a 16 year old boy,
studying in 8
th
standard. Im in love with
Wah Paw. I wrote her a letter telling her this, played
her a song on the guitar and also wrote lots of poems
about her. But she doesnt talk to me, or look at me. If I
try to sit with her, she walks away.
My friends told me she has a boyfriend in
another town. What can I do?
I work for the Womens
Organisation as a literacy trainer I teach adults to
read and write. I really enjoy my work because I think it is
very useful, and there are not many people with the skills to do this
job. The problem is the pay is very low, and I have to support my
parents. A big company has offered me a job as offce manager, with
a high salary. I dont really want to do this job I like being
a literacy trainer. But I really need more money!
What should I do?
We think she should
7 Module 9
B. Swap papers. Read your partners note and think of some advice for him or her. Write a
short reply.
C. Read your partners advice for you. Will you follow it? Why or why not?
2.5 From local to global
A. Complete these sentences. Use should, shouldnt, must, mustnt and/or have to.
1. I want to be the best person I can be.
Therefore, I
2. In my community, we face many problems.
We all
B. Work in groups. Decide what are the best
solutions to these problems.
3. In my country, there is a lot of mistrust
between different people. They
4. In the world, there are many wars. There
have been wars for thousands of years.
People
C. Present your ideas to the class.
Discuss everybodys ideas. Are they
practical?
3. Jobs
3.1 Vocabulary: Whats the job?
A. What jobs do you know? Have a group brainstorm competition.
B. Your teacher will choose some jobs. Rank them in order:
3.2 What do these people do?
A. Use your own ideas to complete the next four rows of the chart.
Occupation have to should mustn't don't have to
teachers mark homework
be kind to their
students
kill their students wear hats
soldiers
nurses
monks
journalists
I think you should talk to your family. Explain your problem and ask them
if they will give you less housework. If you have any brothers or sisters,
maybe they can help you with your housework so you have more time for
homework.
1. Most interesting 2. Most useful 3. Highest paid
Least interesting Least useful Lowest paid
8 Module 9
3.3 Aung Mons career
A. Here are some useful words about jobs. Do you know them?
career part-time apply for fre unemployed quit
temporary promote CV full-time gardener funding
training boss volunteer experience director
B. This is Aung Mons career history. Some of the words are in the wrong order. Put them in the
right order.

Aung Mon has had many jobs. When he was a child,
(1)
be / wanted / lawyer / he / to
/ a. He was a clever boy, so he got high marks in his tenth standard examinations, and his
English was very good.
(2)
at / in / he / university / studying / started / law / 1996. He worked
part-time washing dishes in a restaurant to pay for his studies.
In 1997, his father died, so he had to support his mother and younger brothers.
He quit university, left his home town, and went to Rangoon.
(3)
a / in / he / a / got / factory /
job / clothing. It was hard work, and he had to work very long hours. One day, he came to
work late, and he was fred. Next, he got a job as a gardener for a rich family. He quit that
job because the family didnt pay him. He then applied for a job as a teacher in a small
private school.
(4)
the / enjoyed / he / job / got / he / teaching / and.
After one year, he was promoted to head teacher. Unfortunately, in 2001, the
schools funding ran out, and the school closed. He was unemployed for a long time. He
sometimes got temporary, part time work as a translator, and he taught himself to use
a computer. He volunteered to teach English in a monastery. In 2004 he did a six month
training course in computer skills.
In 2005, he got married.
(5)
job / he / a / wanted / better. He applied for full-time work
with many companies, but they all wanted high qualifcations and a lot of experience.
Now, he is applying for a job as legal rights trainer for a small organisation. He sent his
CV to the organisations director, and now hes going to the interview.
C. What jobs has Aung Mon had, and why did he leave each job? Complete the chart.
job reason he left or changed
student He quit because he had to support his family.
dishwasher
He was fired because he came to work late.
gardener
He was promoted to head teacher.
B. Choose two other jobs you know about.
Write them in the bottom two rows, and
complete the chart with information about
these jobs.
C. Write your information about the jobs in B
in sentences, e.g.
Teachers have to mark lessons. They
should be kind to their students. They
mustnt kill them. They dont have to
wear hats.
9 Module 9
D. Aung Mon is applying for this Legal Rights
Trainer job. What must he have to get the job?
What would help him get the job?
E. Listen to part of Aung Mons job interview.
Does he have the right skills for the job? Write
yes or no on the chart. Do you think hell get
the job? Why/why not?
A. Here are some job and training advertisements. Are you interested in any of these?
3.4 Jobs and training
WANTED
Weaving Trainer
40,000 kyat per month.
The successful applicant
must be over 35 and an
expert weaver. They must
speak Mon and Burmese.
Thai language skills and
training experience are
also advantages.
The job involves training
groups of women from
rural villages in Mon State
to weave.
For more information
phone 05734251.
Maths Teacher Wanted
Lek Tho International High School needs a Maths teacher!
Requirements:
University degree in Maths. Teaching certifcate preferred.
Fluent spoken and written English and Burmese; other
languages also useful.
Some experience teaching an advantage, but not essential.
The teacher will live in the school, and also have
responsibility for the girls or boys dormitory. There is a
large, comfortable teachers house, suitable for a family.
Salary: 50,000 kyat per month.
Applications to: Mr Seng Li, Head Teacher, Lek Tho
International High School.
Management Training
The Youth Management School is now taking applications for its October training
course. The training will last two months. Afterwards, trainees will work in their
organisations on a community management project. We encourage community
leaders, teachers, members of womens and youth organisations to apply. Applicants
must have at least two years experience in a community organisation.
Enquiries to Naw Moo, Youth Management School Committee.
B. Complete the table.
Legal Rights Trainer wanted for a small
workers rights organisation.
The successful applicant will have
fuent spoken and written Burmese and
English, management experience and
computer experience.
Legal qualifcations preferred.
Other languages also an advantage.
Contact:
Daw Khin Khin, Project Manager
[email protected]
075 654 843
Burmese language yes
English language
Management experience
Computer experience
Legal qualifcations
Other language(s)
essential useful
Weaving Trainer
Maths Teacher
Management Trainee
9.4
10 Module 9
D. Work in pairs. Choose one of the jobs or trainings from 3.4 A. Partner A is applying for this job.
Partner B is the boss and is interviewing the applicant. Roleplay a job interview.
C. Read these letters. Do you think these people will be successful? Match the numbers and sentence
parts to make make sentences.
1 probably wont get into the training, because she has all the right skills.
2 might get the job, if there are no better applicants.
3 will probably get the job, because she doesnt have enough experience.
Mr Seng Li 72 Kyaikthan Road
Head Teacher, LTIHS Moulmein
PO Box 43 7/7/08
Lek Tho
Dear Mr Seng Li,
My name is Yan Naing, and I have
recently graduated from Moulmein
University. My major subject was
mathematics, and I also studied physics
and English.
I havent got a teaching certifcate,
but I attended a two week teacher
training course last year. I am very
interested in maths teaching, as maths
is my favourite subject.
I am getting married next month, and
my wife is also interested in teaching.
Do you have any other jobs for her? She
wants to teach English.
Yours sincerely,
Yan Naing
Yan Naing
1.
Weave World 34 Bogyoke Street
4A 15th Street Payathonzu
Dawei 23/4/07
Dear Madam/Sir,
I would like to apply for the weaving trainer
position.
I am 63 years old, and I have six children
and nineteen grandchildren. I run a shop in
Ye selling bags, blankets and clothes. My
family weaves all these things. I have taught
all my daughters to weave, and my older
granddaughters, so I have a lot of experience in
weaving training.
I can speak Mon, Burmese and a little Pwo
Karen.
Yours faithfully,
Win Win Lwin
Mi Win Win Lwin
2.
Ma Lin Kyi 264 Baffnhunter Road
Youth Management School Committee Moose Jaw
33 Bo Sun Pat Road Saskatchewan
Rangoon Canada S6H 3J8
1/3/08
Dear Naw Moo,
I am interested in the October management training. I am fnishing my
Masters degree in computing from the National University of Canada. After I
fnish, I will return to Burma, and am interested in any further trainings you
have available. I speak and write fuent English, Burmese and Karen, and have
completed a six-month computer trainer course in Canada as well as my degree.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
Barbie Aung
Barbie Aung (Ms.)
3.
11 Module 9
3.5 Story from pictures
A. These pictures tell a story. The story is of one womans job experience.
What is happening in each picture?
B. Put the pictures in order.
C. Tell the story around the class. Add details:
What is the offce?
What are the peoples names?
What are their duties and responsibilities?
How much do they get paid?
What happens in the story?
D. Six months later
What has happened?
What is the woman doing?
What is the man doing?
Work in groups.
Explain what has happened.
Tell the story to the class.
5.
3.
1.
4.
2.
12 Module 9
A. Sabay is Cambodian. He lives in Phnom Penh. What do you know about Cambodia?
Look at these photos of Sabay and his job.
He works for an organisation called Rajana.
What do you think his job involves? What does Rajana do?
3.6 Sabays job
B. Look at the pictures. Point to:
a gong some silk some handicrafts some tools a landmine
some scarves a silversmith a customer some cards
2.
1 2
3
4
6 5
13 Module 9
4. some and any + one/where/thing
4.1 Guess
C. You are going to listen to an interview
with Sabay. He will talk about his
organisation, Rajana, and his job. Before
you listen, can you predict the answers to
these questions?
1. What things do Rajana sell at
their shop?
2. Who makes these things?
3. What is Sabays job?
Here is some useful vocabulary for the
interview:
jewellery hilltribe villager
landmines fair wages accounts
design market research
General Manager
D. Listen to the interview. Were your
predictions correct?
Listen again and answer these questions.
1. Who set up Rajana?
2. What does Rajana do with landmines?
3. Are there many landmines in
Cambodia?
4. Are the workers at Rajana happy?
Why or why not?
5. Does the NGO still fund Rajana?
E. Listen again. Make a list of Sabays work
responsibilities.
- do the accounts
Would you like to do Sabays job?
B. What, who and where are these? Can you guess?
1. Ive got something in my pocket. Its made of metal, and its round at one end. I eat with it.
2. Im going somewhere after class. Nurses work there. Im going to get a blood test there.
3. Im meeting someone for lunch. Hes older than me. Hes my mothers sisters husband.
C. Replace the underlined words with something, somewhere or someone.
1. I want fsh / bananas / a biscuit to eat.
I want something to eat.
2. Si Si / your brother / a man is at the door.
3. Im buying fowers / a cake / a present for
my teachers birthday.
4. Put your coat on the table / on the chair /
in the cupboard.
5. Shes going to the school / to the shop / to
the cinema to meet her friend.
6. Im trying to contact the leader / a member /
the secretary from the youth group.
A. Look at these examples.
9.5
9.5
1. 2. 3.
Theres something
in that pot.
Under the chair?
In my bag? In the
bathroom?
I cant fnd my
keys I left them
somewhere.
My teacher? My
neighbour? My
sisters friend?
That woman looks
like someone I know.
A rat? A frog?
A giant mosquito?
14 Module 9
A. Answer these questions about you.
1. Did you go anywhere last weekend?
2. Did you meet anyone yesterday?
3. Did you do anything special last week?
4. Did you write anything in English class?
5. Will you see anyone after school?
6. Will you go anywhere next summer?
B. Ask and answer the questions in pairs.
Sayama Win has lost her calculator. Shes looked in
the staff room, but she cant fnd it __________.
One problem is that the staff room is very untidy. It
might be __________ in the staff room, but theres
a lot of stuff there. __________ should tidy it.
Maybe __________ came in and borrowed it.
However, she doesnt think __________ entered the
staff room, as it was locked. Unfortunately, Sayama
Win needs her calculator now. She has to write her
maths tests, but she cant do __________ without
her calculator!
4.2 anyone, anywhere, anything
4.3 Wheres the calculator?
4.4 Questions and answers
C. What can you ask someone about last
weekend? Work in groups. Try to think of
as many questions as possible about last
weekend.
Did you sing anything?
Did you...
D. Join with a partner from another group, and
ask your questions.
A. Tin Tin Mya is studying in Australia. Her
friend Nan Htwe is writing her a letter.
B. Complete this table.
positive negative question
person someone
place
thing
anything/
something
A. Sayama Win and Saya Seng Li are in the
staff room, discussing a problem. Listen.
What is Sayama Wins problem?
B. Answer these questions.
1. Who borrowed the calculator?
2. Who has been in the staff room?
3. Is the calculator in the staff room?
4. Whats wrong with the staff room?

Here is Tin Tin Myas reply. Fill the gaps with
anyone, anything and anywhere.
Dear Nan Htwe,
Australia is OK, but I am
very busy studying. I havent
done __________ just
reading and studying! I dont
go out __________ because
I dont have much money.
I havent met __________
because I never go out. I
only meet other students and
they are all much younger
than me. University is OK,
and I am very lucky to have
this opportunity. But I cant
wait to come home!
Love,
Tin Tin Mya
Dear Tin Tin Mya,
How is Australia? Have you done
anything exciting? Have you met
anyone? Do you go out anywhere?
What is university like? Please write
and tell me all about it!
Love,
Nan Htwe
C. Fill the gaps with someone, anyone,
somewhere, anywhere, something or
anything.
9.6
15 Module 9
5. Pronunciation: -er and -or
5.1 People, jobs and things
6. Listening Fluency: How Many?
6.1 Song: Blowing in the Wind
5.2 Sentence dictation
A. This song was written by an American singer
called Bob Dylan. Have you heard of him?
Bob Dylan saw that there was a lot of injustice
and fghting in the world. In this song, he asks:
When will war and fghting stop?
B. Listen to the song. How many questions does
the song ask?
A. How many of these are jobs? Circle the jobs.
How do you pronounce the fnal syllable of these words?
tractor villager ambassador newspaper cooker director builder
passenger folder miner farmer stapler dinner prisoner paper
lawyer doctor helicopter counsellor sailor actor minor winner
foreigner generator container customer footballer member
coordinator shower typewriter visitor
Listen, check and repeat.
B. Choose eight words from the box. Write
sentences using someone and something to
defne these sentences, e.g.
A tractor is something that farmers use.
A villager is someone who lives in a village.
A. How many other words ending in -er and -or
can you think of? Make a list.
B. Look at your list of words, and the words in
5.1. Make fve sentences using two or more
of these words, e.g.
The director told the actor to have
a shower.
C. Work in pairs. Read your sentences to your
partner. Write the sentences your partner
reads you.
D. Check your partners sentences. Correct any
mistakes you can see.
C. Work in pairs. Partner A: read your
sentences to your partner. Partner B: check
that her/his defnitions and pronunciation
are correct. Then swap roles.
9.7
9.8
The answer is blowing in the wind
16 Module 9
6.2 Metaphor and meaning
C. In each verse, there are three questions. Each question has two parts.
Listen again, and match the question halves.
How many roads must a man walk down before theyre allowed to be free?
How many seas must a white dove sail before he can hear people cry?
Yesandhowmanytimesmustthecannonballsfy before you can call him a man?
Yes and how many years can a mountain exist before she sleeps in the sand?
Yes and how many years can some people exist before he can see the sky?
Yes and how many times can a man turn his head that too many people have died?
How many times must a man look up before it is washed to the sea?
Yes and how many years must one man have before they are forever banned?
Yes and how many deaths will it take till he knows and pretend that he just doesnt see?
D. Do you know the meanings of these words? Use these words to fll the gaps.
1. The ship will ________ at 3pm.
2. Cigarettes are bad. They should
be ________.
3. Monsters arent real they
dont ________.
dove sail cannonballs banned exist allowed
4. The ________ is a symbol of peace.
5. We cant go into that building we
arent ________ in there.
6. ________ are like large bullets.
A. Bob Dylan says that the answer to all these questions is blowing
in the wind. What does he mean by this?
The questions in the song are metaphors. What is a metaphor?
How many roads must a man walk down before you can
call him a man? is also a metaphor. It means How much
experience must a man have? If he doesnt have much
experience, is he still a boy? Should men do many different
things, go to many different places, in their lives?
B. Work in groups. Your teacher will give you one of the questions
from the song. Discuss what the question means. There might
not be an objective answer.
C. Is it possible to answer your question?
What answers could you give?
Present your ideas to the class.
17 Module 9
7. Writing: CVs
7.1 Whats in a CV?
A. Have you ever written a CV?
Read Yan Naings CV and answer the
questions.
1. What is the purpose of a CV?
2. What kind of information can you put in
a CV?
3. Does Yan Naing have a lot of work
experience?
4. What qualifcations has Yan Naing got?
5. When did Yan Naing graduate from high
school?
6. What was his last job?
B. Here are some CV categories. Fill in
the information for Aung Mon (see
page 140).
1. Contact information
2. Education
3. Experience
4. Skills
5. Languages
C. Compare Nang Sis and Zainabs CVs.
Which one is better? Can you see any problems with either of these CVs?
D. Answer these questions about CVs.
1. Do you have to use complete sentences?
2. In what order should you list your education and work experience?
3. What other information can you include?
E. Write your own CV.
Nang Si
INTERESTS
knitting, drawing, playing guitar
EDUCATION
1990-2002 High School No. 2, Kentung
2003-2006 BSc, Rangoon University,
Rangoon
WORK EXPERIENCE
2002-2006 IT Assistant, Lucky Computer
Shop, Lashio
I help people
I have to obey the manager
Helped the manager with accounts
2006-2007 Manager, Rangoon IT Systems
Check the work of all staff
Hired new staff
Writing computer programmes
I help people
SKILLS
Watching TV, computers
LANGUAGES
English, Shan, Pa-O, Burmese
Zainab
10 Ye Kyaw Thu Street, Sittwe
034569876
EDUCATION
1970-1975 Middle School No. 2, Sittwe
WORK EXPERIENCE
1990-present: Weaving trainer
Weaving Training Center, Mandalay
Recruit trainees
Teach weaving
Develop new weaving techniques
1980-1990: Weaver
Daw Moes Weaving Shop, Mandalay
Weave to order
Help train weaving assistants
1975-1980: Weaving assistant
Daw Moes Weaving Shop, Mandalay
Write down orders from customers
Help with weaving
Help with accounts
SKILLS
Weaving, taking care of children, accounting
LANGUAGES
Burmese, Rohingya, Arakanese, English
Yan Naing
64 U Kyaw Yin Road, Dawei
034569876, [email protected]
EDUCATION
1998-2000 Central High School, Dawei
2001-2005 BSc Mathematics
Moulmein University, Moulmein
2006 Summer Teacher Training Course
Moulmein Teacher Training College, Moulmein
WORK EXPERIENCE
2006-2007 Trainee teacher, Middle School No. 1, Dawei
Taught maths to middle school students
Prepared and marked exams
Wrote end-of-term report
2002-2005 Shop assistant, Lucky Pet Shop, Moulmein
Helped customers choose pets
Looked after animals in the shop
Helped the manager with accounts
SKILLS
Accounting, teaching maths, looking after animals
LANGUAGES
Burmese, some English
INTERESTS
Reading, cycling, playing guitar
18 Module 9
8. Thinking about Learning: Speaking Strategies (1)
8.1 How do you feel about speaking English?
A. These students feel differently about speaking.
B. Work in groups. What do you think? Do you agree with these people?
What do the people in your group feel about speaking English? Tell the class.
Im sure I make a lot of
mistakes when I speak, but
I dont care. People can
understand me, mostly.
- Dieter, Germany
I feel strange when I speak
English like a different
person. I feel like Im
acting. I even think my
voice changes.
- Laurent, Burkina Faso
8.2 Situations and strategies
A. What would you do in this situation?
You see an accident. Someone is seriously injured, and you are the only person nearby. You go
to fnd help, and need to explain the accident and injury in English. Do you prefer to:
a. explain in words? b. write about it? c. draw a picture? d. mime it? e. explain another way?
B. Work in groups of 4-5. Your teacher will give you a phrase. You have to communicate the
phrase to the rest of your group. You can mime, draw, write or speak, but you cannot use the
phrase. When your group has correctly guessed the phrase, another group member gets a
phrase from the teacher.
C. Think about these speaking and listening strategies. Which ones do you use?
I want my English to be
perfect and I always try
very hard to be correct
when I speak English. I
hate making mistakes.
- Marianne, France
I think my accent in English
is terrible, but my teacher
says its OK. I dont know
why he says this. I think
if you try to learn English,
you should try to sound like
an English person.
- Nguyen, Vietnam
D. Think about the ones you answered no. Which ones should you try? Make a plan.
1
If youre talking to someone and they dont understand
you, do you try to say it a different way?
yes sometimes no
2
When youre listening to a conversation in English and you
dont understand everything, do you try to guess the rest?
yes sometimes no
3
Do you listen to yourself speaking English so you can fnd
your mistakes and try to correct them?
yes sometimes no
4
If you see or hear something in English that you dont
understand, do you ask someone to explain it to you?
yes sometimes no
5
If you really want to explain something, do you try even if
you arent sure of the right English?
yes sometimes no
6
After youve learnt something new in English, do you try
to practise it outside the classroom?
yes sometimes no
7
If you have an appointment with someone and you know
youll have to speak English, do you practise frst?
yes sometimes no
8
Do you think about the things you cant do in English, and
try to fnd ways to learn them?
yes sometimes no
19 Module 9
9. Practice
9.1 Exercises
A. can and have to
David is starting a new job in an offce. He wants to
know the rules. Write questions using can and have to.
e.g. Do I have to wear a tie?
Can I smoke in the offce?
1. ________ work on Saturdays?
2. ________ leave early to pick up my daughter?
3. ________ wear a uniform?
4. ________ go out for lunch?
5. ________ take time off when my wife has her baby?
6. ________ have a holiday on Christmas Day?
7. ________ bring my own coffee?
8. ________ have a passport?
B. cant and dont have to
Imagine the answer to all the questions in A is No.
Write the rules what the boss tells David. Use dont
have to and cant.
e.g. You dont have to wear a tie.
You cant smoke in the office.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
C. mustnt and dont have to
Fill the gaps with dont/doesnt have to or mustnt.
1. You ______________ drive a car when you are drunk.
Its very dangerous.
2. I live very near my offce. I ______________ ride my
motorbike to work I can easily walk there.
3. U Lwin bought a motorbike, so he ______________
take rickshaws or linecars.
4. The Hilton family is very rich. They ____________
work, because they already have a lot of money.
5. In football, players ______________ touch the ball
with their hands.
6. Were having a surprise party for Hla Hla. You
______________ tell her about it!
7. The teacher told us to read pages 6 and 8, but we
______________ read page 7.
8. Can I borrow your suitcase to take to Rangoon?
Yes, sure.
Oh, good. Now I ______________ buy a new one.
D. should and shouldnt
Mya Mya wants to live a long time. She goes to talk to
her grandmother, who is 101 years old. Her grandmother
gives her some advice. Use should and shouldnt.
e.g. smoke You shouldnt smoke.
1. ________ drink a lot of whisky.
2. ________ eat a lot of fruit and vegetables.
3. ________ have a lot of children.
4. ________ get angry.
5. ________ exercise.
6. ________ have a happy family life.
7. ________ fnd a job you like.
8. ________ see a medic when you get sick.
E. Advice and opinions
What advice could you give in these situations?
Write two sentences of advice, using I think you should
and I dont think you should.
e.g. Your friend always fails English exams.
I think you should read more English books.
I dont think you should play football every day.
1. Your friend cant decide whether to continue his
education, or leave school and fnd a job.
2. Your friends parents want her to get married. She
wants to go to university.
3. Your 12 year old nephew sometimes drinks whisky
with his friends.
4. Your friends want to walk to another village. You are
worried, because there are wild animals on the road.
20 Module 9
F. Complete the sentences
Complete these sentences.
1. Students dont have to
2. A good medic must
3. Teachers have to
4. Members of the village committee must
5. A good father should
6. Soldiers mustnt
7. Secretaries have to
8. A politician shouldnt
9. Farmers dont have to
10. Small children can _______________, but
adults cant.
G. somewhere, anyone, etc.
Fill the gaps with someone, anyone, somewhere,
anywhere, something or anything.
1. Hello? Hello? Is ________ at home?
2. Ive lost my glasses. I put them ________, and now I
cant fnd them.
3. The children are bored. They cant think of ________
to do.
4. Did you fnd Kyaw Kyaw?
No, I looked, but I cant fnd him ________.
Did you try at the school? Perhaps hes ________ in
the school.
5. Lets meet in the library. There isnt ________ there
at the moment.
No, there is ________ there. I saw a light on.
6. Ive got ________ in my pocket. Can you guess what
it is?
H. Jobs crossword
1 2 3 4
5
6 7
8
9 10 11
12
13
14 15 16
17
18 19 20 21
22 23
Across
1. Someone who repairs cars.
6. Someone who is trained to care for
sick people, but isnt a doctor.
7. Someone who is in the army.
8. Intelligent.
9 (and 11 down). If you have this type of
job, you dont work all the time.
12. He was _______ from his job
because he was very lazy.
13. Someone who is trained to give
medical care, but isnt a doctor.
14. A person who shows tourists around a
place is a ________ guide.
18. Someone who paints pictures.
20. Someone who raises animals, or
grows crops.
22. A person with lots of money is ____.
23. Journalists report this.
1. Someone who is in charge of a place or organisation.
2. Someone who builds things out of wood.
3. Someone who makes food.
4. Someone who looks after plants.
5. Someone who stops fres.
10. Someone who looks after money for an organisation.
11 (and 9 across). If you have this type of job, you dont
work all the time.
15. 10 down usually works in this place.
16. Your work history, and your working life.
17. The money you get for working.
19. Teachers do this.
21. Not a woman.
Down
21 Module 9
A. Do you know these words? Go through the list and tick the ones you know.
Write a translation or explanation for the words you dont know.
9.2 Vocabulary review
accounts (n)
ambassador (n)
apply (v)
assembly (n)
banned (adj)
basic (adj)
blow (v)
boss (n)
career (n)
colleague (n)
compromise (v)
coordinator (n)
counsellor (n)
design (v, n)
disturb (v)
drop (v)
duty (n)
essential (adj)
exist (v)
expert (n)
express (v)
fair (adj)
fre [somebody] (v)
frefghter (n)
former (adj)
full-time (adj)
fund (n, v)
generator (n)
giant (adj, n)
go off (v)
handicraft (n)
hire (v)
injury (n)
landmine (n)
laptop (n)
legal (adj)
B. Vocabulary quiz. What are these words and phrases? Use the vocabulary from the list above.
1. Trainers train this person.
2. Name six jobs.
3. Not allowed, not permitted.
4. Close to you.
5. The jobs and work you do during your life.
6. For a short time; not forever.
7. Necessary.
8. To give money to help run a project or organisation.
9. A person you work with.
10. This person does not get money for their work.
11. Name two people you usually fnd in an aeroplane.
12. The ability to read and write.
C. Choose a word from the wordlist and make a mind map about it. Try to include as many other
words from the list as possible.
literacy (n)
long-term (adj)
maid (n)
metaphor (n)
nearby (adv)
opportunity (n)
original (adj)
part-time (adj)
passenger (n)
permission (n)
pilot (n)
practical (adj)
prohibition (n)
project (n)
promote (v)
provide (v)
recruit (n, v)
run away (v)
secretary (n)
serious (adj)
sort (n)
spare (adj, n)
stapler (n)
strange (adj)
strategy (n)
suitable (adj)
system (n)
temporary (adj)
tool (n)
tour guide (n)
trainee (n)
trainer (n)
typewriter (n)
unemployed (adj)
volunteer (n, v)
wages (n)
recruit
coordinator
manager
career
boss
pay
expert
colleague
promote
qualification
training
wages
22 Module 10
1. The Past Continuous
1.1 What were you doing?
Two years ago, the country of Northopia won its freedom.
Every Northopian person remembers what s/he was doing when they heard the news
A. Listen to these Northopian people. They are talking about what they were doing when they
heard that their country was free. Match the speakers with the pictures.
The radio operator _____ The teacher _____
The newsreader _____ The forestry worker _____
The radio operators daughter _____
Module Ten
the past continuous when, while and during describing people
adjectives countries biographies communication repair
10.1
23 UNIT 10
1.2 Forming the past continuous
B. Who told who, and in what order? Complete the paragraph.
First, the __________ spread the news over the radio. The __________ was listening,
and he went to tell the __________. He told __________, __________ and _________.
Then __________ went to tell __________.
C. What were people doing when they heard the news? What did they do next?
Listen again and complete the table.
What were they doing? What did they do?
The newsreader He was reading the news He thought about his friend
The forestry worker
The radio operator
The radio operators daughter
The teacher
structure example
positive statements subject + was/were + v-ing I was leaving.
negative statements subject + was/were + not + v-ing
yes/no questions Was he writing?
wh- questions How were they travelling?
C. The sentences below about yesterday are not
true. Explain the real situation, e.g.
You were fghting after class.
I wasnt fighting! I was studying.
1. You were drinking whisky at 7am.
2. Your best friend was saying rude things at
lunchtime.
3. You and your friends were stealing cars
at 10pm.
D. Answer these questions.
1. What were you doing at 4pm yesterday?
2. What were you doing last night at 10.30?
3. What was your teacher doing ten
minutes ago?
4. What were you thinking about at breakfast?
5. What were you writing a moment ago?
A. Complete the sentences with the past tense of be.
1. I ______ reading the news. 4. My sister ______ playing a game.
2. You ______ lying on your hammock. 5. The villagers ______ celebrating their victory.
3. We ______ cooking some soup.
B. Complete this chart about forming the past continuous.
E. Fill the gaps to complete the past continuous
questions.
1. ______ your brother reading at 9pm last night?
Yes, he was.
2. What ______ you ______ when I rang?
I was having a wash.
4. Why ______ the children crying last night?
Because they were afraid of the noisy dogs.
3. Where ______ Lu Meh ______ when I saw her
this morning?
To the photocopy shop.
5. When you heard the gunshots, ______ you still
______?
No, we were already awake.
10.1
24 Module 10
1.3 Past simple or continuous?
4.
5.
1.
3.
2.
1. Myint Myint San
2. Ko Lwin
3. Saw Htoo
4. Jill and Bill
5. Daw Thandar
D. Work in pairs. Say sentences about these people, e.g.
- When Benazir Bhutto died, Myint Myint San was burning some letters.
OR
- Myint Myint San was burning some letters when Benazir Bhutto died.
E. These people were busy when something happened. Write sentences, e.g.
Kyaw Kyaw / his son / born Kyaw Kyaw was hunting
when his son was born.
5.
1.
2.
4.
3.
A. When do we use past continuous, and when do we use past simple? Complete the rule:
We use the ____________ tense to talk about completed events in the past.
We use the ____________ tense to talk about events in progress in the past.
B. Do you know this person? Who was she? When did she die?
Many people all over the world remember what they were doing when
they heard the news of her death.
When I heard the news, I was using my computer.
I was using my computer when I heard the news.
Is the meaning of these two sentences different?
C. These people all heard the news on the radio. What were they doing
when they heard the news?
e.g. Lin Tin was buying a car.
1. U Maung Maung /
thieves / rob the bank
2. Aung Ko / car / crash
3. Hla Hla / earthquake / hit
4. Nang Seng / war / start
5. Jack and Thiha /
police / fnd them
25 UNIT 10
F. Think of a famous person from the past.
Do you know anyone who remembers that
person? Do they remember when that
person died? What were they doing at
that time?
1.4 Listening: Reading on the bus
A. Listen to this story. What do you think happened next?
B. Listen again. Fill the gaps.
1. I often read ______ Im taking the bus to work
2. I sometimes read ______ meals.
3. I even read ______ Im walking along the road.
4. Yesterday, ______ I was sitting on the bus, a man got on and pointed a gun at the bus driver.
5. ______ the journey, the man was shouting Faster! Faster!
6. ______ the bus was going around a corner, she reached out and grabbed the gun.
The passengers overpowered the
hijacker, the driver stopped the bus, and
the police came and arrested him.
I didnt actually see any of this. During
all these events, I was reading a very
exciting novel. I didnt see or hear
anything! When the bus stopped and the
police came up to me to ask questions, I
couldnt answer any. I read all about this
in the newspaper the next day. It wasnt
as exciting as my book.
C. Here is the end of the story.
Were you expecting this?
D. Complete the rules by flling the gaps with
when, while and during.
1. ______ is a preposition. We use it before
a noun or noun phrase.
2. ______ is a conjunction. We can use it
before a past simple or past continuous
clause.
3. ______ is a conjunction. We usually use it
before a past continuous clause.
E. Fill the gaps with your own ideas.
1. When ______________, I saw my mother.
2. While ______________, the phone rang.
3. During ______________, I was in bed.
G. Put the verb in the past simple or
continuous.
Ko Oo: I
1.
______ you yesterday, but you
didnt answer. Where were you? (phone)
Jen: Sorry, I
2.
______ my sister. Whats
the problem? (visit)
Ko Oo: I
3.
____ for Mi Mi, but couldnt fnd
her. (look)
Jen: She
4.
____ at the university all
morning. She
5.
____ a test at 1pm. (study,
have)
Ko Oo: Oh did she do well?
Jen: Yes, she
6.
____ with good marks. (pass)
10.2
10.2
When General
Aung San died, my grandmother
was studying.
When U Thant
died, my uncle was working
in his offce.
26 Module 10
2. Describing People
2.1 Feelings
A. Look at the pictures. Match the pictures with the adjectives in the box.
Not all adjectives have a picture.
bad-tempered ___
easy-going ___
forgetful ___
friendly a
generous ___
hard-working ___
honest ___
lazy ___
stingy ___
vain ___
selfsh ___
shy ___
arrogant ___
sleazy ___
corrupt ___

2.2 Character
A. Match these adjectives with the faces.
B. Are there other words you could use to describe these peoples feelings?
How many more adjectives to describe feelings can you think of?
depressed excited annoyed terrifed confused
pleased nervous drunk angry amused
1.
2. 4.
5.
7. 8.
9.
3.
6.
10.
a.
d.
b.
f.
c.
e.
27 UNIT 10
B. You will hear descriptions of these people. Which phrases do you think you will hear in each
description? Write a number next to each.
partly bald __ short grey hair __ a large beard __ thick eyebrows __
a round face __ a square face __ a big, black moustache __
a pointed nose __ short, straight hair __ long, dark, wavy hair __
2.3 Appearance
B. Match the adjectives from A with the descriptions.
C. Think of three people you know who match three adjectives in A. Write a sentence about each
of them without using the adjectives.
Memorise these sentences, and close your books.
Work in pairs, and say your sentences to each other.
Guess the adjectives.
A. Look at these pictures of leaders and politicians. Do you recognise any of them?
1. She always stops to chat when we
meet. friendly
2. He doesnt like giving people money.
3. She gets angry very easily.
4. Hes afraid to meet new people.
5. She often stays late at the offce.
6. He always tells the truth.
7. She doesnt mind if plans change.
8. He doesnt do much work.
9. She enjoys giving people presents.
10. He tries to kiss every woman he meets.
11. He believes hes better than other people.
12. He never remembers where he puts things.
13. She asks people to donate money to the
school, and spends it on gold for her family.
14. She only cares about herself.
Hes generous.
Wai Lin always gives
money to his friends when they
have problems.
1
4
5
3
6
2
7
28 Module 10
C. Listen and check your answers.
D. Do any of these people look like someone
you know?
2.4 Age
A. Look at these pictures of people. Match the people with the comments.
Hes in his late teens. Shes in her early 20s. Shes elderly.
Theyre in their mid-60s. Hes middle-aged.
B. We use expressions with early, mid- and late when we dont know, or dont want to say, exactly
how old a person is. Estimate the ages of these people:
1. Shes nearly fnished middle school. 4. Theyre a bit too young to get married.
2. He fought in World War 2. 5. Hes been a teacher for nearly 20 years.
3. Shes getting too old to have 6. He was born in 1977.
another baby.
C. Look at the pictures of world leaders on
the previous page. Work in groups. How
old do you think they are in these pictures?
Zaw Aye is 19
Daw Myint is 93
Kyi Kyi is 22
D. How old are you?
How old are your parents?
How old is your teacher?
Khaing Win is 66,
and Mi Lwin is 64
E. Your teacher will give you a name of one of
your classmates.
Describe that student to the class. Can they
guess who it is?
2.5 Listening: Family photo
A. Someone is
showing you this
picture of his
family. Which
people does he
describe? Find
them in the
picture.
B. Write
descriptions
of three other
people from the
picture.
10.3
Fidel Castro looks like
that guy who visited us last week they
both have beards
Sonia Ghandi looks a bit
like my aunt. Shes got a round face
and straight hair, too. My aunt is a
bit older and fatter
Johnny is 47
10.4
29 UNIT 10
A. Two friends, a man and a woman, are coming to meet you. They have never visited your
area before, so you promised to meet them at the bus stop. However, you are very busy at that
time, so you ask your partner to meet them, and bring them to your house. Look at the picture.
Which people are your friends? How can you describe them?
3.2 Pairwork: Can you please pick up my friends?
3. Identifying People and Things
3.1 Whos who?
A. Look at the picture in 2.5 again. On the
audio, the man describes his grandfather as
the old bald man with the stick and his
uncle as the short man with the big nose.
Identify these people:
- The energetic boy with the longyi.
- The little girl with the spotted dress.
- The woman with the comb in her hair.
B. Identify the people in the picture and join
these descriptions.
The small boy with glasses
The old woman with the short skirt
The middle-aged man with long dark hair
The young woman with black shorts
The teenage girl with the dark shirt
The tall woman with blonde hair
We use with to join describing sentences:
I live in a bamboo house. Its got a big balcony.
I live in a bamboo house with a big balcony.
C. Join these sentences using with.
1. Shes a kind, friendly woman. Shes got
short fair hair.
2. Ive got a very ugly dog. Its got no tail.
3. I dont like the tall man. Hes got a gold
necklace and an aggressive personality.
4. In town, theres a beautiful park. Its got
lovely fowers and a lot of rare birds.
D. Write a short description of a classmate
using with. Make it as specifc as possible.
Read it to the class. Can they identify who
it is?
30 Module 10
B. Describe these people to your partner.
How many guesses does your partner
need to identify the people?
C. If this is a real situation you have to
identify some people and meet them, but
you dont know who they are what can
you say?
4. Grammar: More about Adjectives
4.1 Manner and state adjectives
4.2 Husbands and wives
good-looking rich generous
good at cooking good at sports
intelligent religious has short hair
When you describe people, you sometimes talk about their state, and sometimes about their manner. For
example, if someone is fat or clever, they are usually fat or clever all the time. These are adjectives of
state. If someone is hungry or excited, they are only like that temporarily. That is their manner.
A. Look at the adjectives in the box. Put them into the correct columns in the table.
B. Choose four adjectives of state to describe each of the following people. You can use words from
the table in A, and other words you know.
1. A good leader
2. A bad leader
3. A good student
4. A bad student
C. Think about some good and bad leaders, or good and bad students. Describe them to
your partner.
A. What are the most important characteristics
of a wife and husband? Write at least fve
points for each in the table. There are some
suggestions in the box below, but use your
own ideas too.
B. Work in pairs. Agree on two lists for your
pair. You can only have fve points in each
list.
C. Join with another pair, so you are in a group
of four. Decide on two lists for your group.
You can only have fve points in each list!
D. Have a class discussion. Try to agree on class
lists.
Are the lists for a wife and a husband the
same, or different? Why/why not?
intelligent angry drunk selfsh
annoyed terrifed corrupt confused
pleased nervous honest unreliable
bored interesting handsome friendly
wife husband
manner adjectives state adjectives
A good student is
hard-working, intelligent and
creative. A bad student is
lazy and
31 UNIT 10
4.3 -ed and -ing adjectives
A. Look at the picture.
Complete the rule with -ed and -ing.
____ adjectives describe causes.
____ adjectives describe effects.
B. Look at these pictures, and fll the gaps with an -ed or -ing adjective.

1. Nang Seng is bored. Shes sitting in a _________ meeting, and she wants to go home
and sleep.
2. Maung Lay has just met a _________ dog. Maung Lay is frightened of dogs, and this
dog is bigger, louder and more aggressive than other dogs.
3. Htwe Htwe is reading an _________ book. Shes been reading it for 3 hours now. She
doesnt want to stop reading to eat or wash. Htwe Htwe is very _________ in this book.
C. Fill the gaps with suitable adjectives. Use the words in the box with -ed or -ing.

1. Hes been really depressed since his mother died.
2. Walking up the mountain is ________.
3. I cant understand the instructions for this machine. They are ________.
4. She was ________ when she didnt get a scholarship. She was expecting to get one.
5. We heard a very ________ joke. We laughed for ages.
6. I love lying on a hammock in the sun with a good book. Its so ________.
7. My most ________ experience was in 1999. I got up to make an important speech and
saw I had a large hole in the front of my trousers.
D. Write sentences using the adjectives you
didnt use in C. For example, if you used
depressed in exercise C, write a sentence
with depressing.
tire confuse disappoint depress relax amuse embarrass
E. Do a pair dictation with your sentences.
Partner A: read your sentences to Partner B.
Partner B: write the sentences.
Then change roles.
Check each others sentences.
The mosquito is fying around, trying to bite Zaw Min.
Zaw Min is trying to kill the mosquito, but he cant catch it.
Zaw Min is annoyed.
The mosquito is annoying.
32 Module 10
5. Pronunciation: Countries and Nationalities
5.1 Word stress
A. Put the following countries into the correct stress columns.
Korea Canada England Vietnam Iran Australia Brazil France Laos
Indonesia Nepal Japan America Iraq Afghanistan Tibet Cambodia China
Norway Bangladesh Turkey Switzerland Pakistan Russia Philippines
Egypt Singapore Italy Israel India Cuba Germany Thailand Malaysia
B. Listen and check.
C. Listen and repeat.
E. Listen and check.
F. Listen and repeat. Pay attention to stress!
G. Circle the words where the stress is on a
different syllable in the country and the
nationality, e.g.

D. What are the nationality adjectives of the
countries in the box? Write them in the
correct columns.
H. Work in pairs. Say sentences using the
nationality words.
5.2 General knowledge
A. How many other countries do you know?
Work in groups, and brainstorm countries.
(The United Nations has 192 members)
B. Do you know the nationality adjectives of
all these countries?
C. Group quiz. In your groups, answer these
questions.
1. Which countries are in ASEAN?
(1 point per country)
2. Which countries are in the European Union?
(1 point per country)
3. Which countries share a border with
Burma? (1 point per country)
4. Which countries are permanent members of
the UN Security Council? (1 point per country)
-ese -ish -an -i other
Nepalese
Nepal Nepalese
10.5
10.5
10.6
10.6
I saw a Malaysian flm last night.
My Canadian friends are
visiting tonight.
33 UNIT 10
Nationality can mean two different things:
1. membership of a country 2. membership of an ethnic group (ethnicity)
For example, a Pa-O woman from Burma, a Zulu man from South Africa and a Vietnamese family
with Australian citizenship have many possible answers to the question What nationality are you? The
answer they give depends on who is asking the question.
A. How would these people answer this question:
1. on a passport application?
2. talking to a person from the same ethnic group?
3. talking to a friendly foreigner who knows nothing about their country?
B. What about a Mon man from Thailand who has emigrated to England?
Can you think of a situation when he replies?
1. Im Mon 2. Im Thai 3. Im British
A. Your teacher will give you a false identity. Memorise all the details of your fake ID card.
B. Answer the audio.
C. Look at the audioscript.
Practise asking and answering these
questions in pairs.
5.3 What does nationality mean?
5.4 Interrogation
6. Reading: An Indian Poet
6.1 Background information
A. What do you know about Indias colonial history?
B. Do you know these words and prefxes?
literature philosophy achievement talented
wealthy province knight gathering
fre on poverty non- multi- anti-
C. You are about to read a text about Rabindranath
Tagore, one of Indias most famous poets. In the text
you will read these phrases. How do you think they
relate to Tagore? Discuss them in groups.
Nobel Prize for Literature
anti-colonialism activist
knighted by King George V
the Amritsar Massacre
multi-cultural education system
Albert Einstein
national anthem
D. Read the text on the next page, and check your
predictions from exercise C.
India
What nationality
are you?
10.7
Where do you come from?
34 Module 10
Albert Einstein and Tagore, 1930
6.2 Comprehension
A. Match each paragraph with a summary.
1. Tagore did many different things, and achieved a lot. Paragraph 5
2. A lot of people were angry with the British after the Amritsar massacre, including Tagore.
3. Tagore is famous, but most people dont know much about him.
4. Tagore worked in education using traditional and Western ideas.
5. Tagore became famous in his ffties, when his poems became popular in Britain.
B. Answer the questions.
1. Why did Tagore stop practising law?
2. What did Tagore do to make his poetry famous in the West?
3. Why did Tagore decide not to keep his knighthood?
4. What was different about Tagores education system from other ideas on education?
5. What did Tagore write about?
C. Work in groups. Read through the text and think of three questions to ask other groups.
D. There are two quotations in the text. In your groups, decide what they mean.
Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941)
1. Many people know Rabindranath Tagores poetry. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. He
was the frst non-Westerner to win this prize, and he introduced many readers to Indian culture, literature
and philosophy. Most people, however, do not know about his other achievements. Tagore was multi-
talented. He was a painter, musician, writer, scientist, anti-colonialism activist and educator as well as a poet.
2. He came from a wealthy and powerful family in the Bengal province of India and grew up speaking
both Bengali and English. At frst he studied to be a lawyer, but then decided he was more interested
in writing. Until the age of 51, few people outside India knew his writing. That changed when he
visited England in 1912 with English translations of his Bengali poems. These translations won him
the Nobel Prize for literature the following year, and in 1915 he was knighted by King George V.
3. In 1919 the British Army fred on a gathering of people in Amritsar, killing hundreds of men, women
and children. The Amritsar Massacre caused a lot of anti-British feeling. Tagore sent his knighthood
back to the King and became involved in the independence movement. He was also involved with the
anti-poverty movement in his native province of Bengal.
Those who own much have much to fear.
4. In the 1920s Tagore got involved in education, particularly
the education of poor children. His schools used traditional
Hindu education together with Western ideas. Tagores multi-
cultural educational system spread to other parts of the world.
Dont limit a child to your own learning, for he was born in another time.
5. Tagore achieved
many things in his
long life. He wrote over
one thousand poems,
twenty-four plays, eight
novels, and many books and essays on philosophy, religion,
education and social topics. He discussed physics with Albert
Einstein. You can see his paintings in museums around the
world. The words and music he wrote have become the
national anthems of two countries India and Bangladesh.
Tagore and Mohandas Gandhi, 1940
35 UNIT 10
6.3 Poem: The Wicked Postman
A. Look at the title. What do you think this poem is about? What has the postman done?
B. Read the poem. Why do you think the mother is unhappy?
The Wicked Postman Rabindranath Tagore
Why do you sit there on the foor so quiet and silent, tell me, Mother dear?
The rain is coming in through the open window, making you all wet, and you dont mind it.
Do you hear the gong striking four? It is time for my brother to come home from school.
What has happened to you that you look so strange?
Havent you got a letter from Father today?
I saw the postman bringing letters in his bag for almost everybody in the town.
Only Fathers letters he keeps to read himself. I am sure the postman is a wicked man.
But dont be unhappy about that, Mother dear.
Tomorrow is market day in the next village. You ask your maid to buy some pens and papers.
I myself will write all Fathers letters; you will not fnd a single mistake.
I shall write from A right up to K.
But, Mother, why do you smile?
You dont believe that I can write as nicely as Father does!
But I shall rule my paper carefully, and write all the letters beautifully big.
When I fnish my writing do you think I shall be so foolish as Father and drop it into the horrid postmans bag?
I shall bring it to you myself without waiting, and letter by letter help you to read my writing.
I know the postman does not like to give you the really nice letters.
E. Which of these summaries best describes
this poem?
a. Mother is unhappy because the postman
is keeping letters from her husband.
b. A young child doesnt like the postman,
and wants to make problems for him.
c. A child thinks the postman is keeping
letters Father wrote, and wants to write
these letters to make Mother happy.
d. A child can write very well, and wants to
write better letters than Father to make
Mother happy.
F. Work in groups. Use your imaginations to
think of a background story to this poem.
Think about:
Where is Father?
Has he written any letters home?
Why/why not?
Will he come back? If so, when? If not,
why not?
C. Are these statements true (T) or false (F), or
is there no information in the poem (NI)?
1. Its four oclock.
2. The speaker is a young boy.
3. The speaker doesnt have any brothers
or sisters.
4. Mother employs a maid.
5. Father is away working in another town.
6. The speaker can write all the alphabet.
7. The speaker doesnt trust the postman.
8. The speaker is going to beat the postman.
D. Answer these questions.
1. Approximately how old is the speaker of
the poem? How do you know?
2. Does the family live in a large town? How
do you know?
3. Are they poor? How do you know?
4. What is the speakers plan to make
Mother happier?
5. Why does the speaker think the postman
is keeping Fathers letters?
36 Module 10
A. What is an autobiography? Have you ever written one?
What are some situations where you might need to write one?
What kind of information can you put in an autobiography?
B. Read Tagores autobiography and make notes under the following headings:
Main events People Feelings and beliefs
- born in Bengal in 1961 - family - wanted to be a writer
My name is Rabindranath Tagore. I was born in born in Bengal, India in 1861. My
family was wealthy, so they hired teachers for me until I was seventeen. I then went to
England, where I studied to become a lawyer.
I wasnt interested in law. I really wanted to become a writer. So I returned home and
wrote poems and stories, mostly in my frst language, Bengali. My writing was popular
in India, but people outside India didnt understand it. I started writing in English, and
translated my earlier work into English. When I was 51, I went to Britain. People liked
my poems, and wanted to know more about Indian culture. I won the Nobel Prize for
Literature in 1913, and two years later King George gave me a knighthood.
While I was in Britain, my friends were organising the independence movement. I
returned to India and helped them. One of my friends was Mohandas Gandhi. I knew
him as a real person, not the icon he later became. We often disagreed about patriotism,
tradition, science and development. I respected Gandhi, but he was much more
conservative than me.
After the Amritsar Massacre, I returned my knighthood. I didnt want any awards from
the British after they killed all those people. I decided to get involved in education, and
I mixed both traditional Indian and Western ideas about teaching. I disliked British
colonial policy, but I respected Western culture, and liked Western art and literature.

A. How should you write an autobiography? Put a tick (yes) or cross (no) next to these ideas.
P 1. Start each sentence in exactly the same way.
O2. Use different ways to make sentences in the past.
3. Use time phrases such as while, during, when, at that time, etc.
4. Read someone elses autobiography and copy parts of it.
5. Read other peoples autobiographies to get some ideas of how to write your own.
6. Make your story more interesting by including lots of details.
7. Write the same things as all your classmates write.
B. Write your own autobiography. First, make a chart about your life, like the one for Tagore
in 7.1 B. Then decide what you will put in each paragraph. When you have organised your ideas,
start writing.
7. Writing: An Autobiography
7.1 Whats in an autobiography?
7.2 Writing an autobiography
37 UNIT 10
Here are some useful phrases to get help in a conversation, and help other people understand you.
A. Match the phrases with the situations. Some phrases match more than one situation.
a. Someone misunderstands you. d. You didnt hear something.
b. Someone is talking too fast. e. You dont understand one word or phrase.
c. You need more information f. You want someone to repeat a statement.
about something.
B. Listen. Some of the phrases are a little bit different. Change the phrases in the bubbles to match
the audio.
C. Listen again and repeat the phrases.
A. In groups or by yourself, write a conversation using at least six of the phrases above.
Here are the frst fve lines:
A: We need to go to Hpa-an next week. Its our top priority.
B: I dont understand priority.
A: Priority most important thing to do. You have to start making plans.
B: Me? Why do I have to organise it?
A: Im sorry, what I mean to say is we have to make plans.
B:
B. Roleplay. Work in pairs. Choose one of these situations and have a conversation.
Try to use at least two of the phrases from A.
OR
You want directions to the hospital.
Your partner is speaking too fast, and
you dont understand.
You are making an appointment to
meet your partner tomorrow.
You want to meet at 8am, but your
partner thinks you said 8pm.
8. Thinking about Learning: Speaking Strategies (2)
8.1 Useful phrases
8.2 Using speaking strategies
10.8
10.8
10.8
6.
9.
11.
8.
10.
7.
4.
5.
1.
Im sorry, I dont
understand. Can you please
say that again?
2.
Sorry, what was that?
3. Could you explain
this to me, please?
Could you say that
more slowly, please?
Im sorry, what
I mean to say is
What do you mean?
No, no. I didnt mean that!
Of course you should go!
What does soon mean?
I dont understand
priority.
You said we have to go to
Hpa-an to do what?
I missed that last
bit, sorry.
38 Module 10
9. Practice
9.1 Exercises
A. The past continuous
Complete the conversation, putting the verbs in the past
continuous tense.
Mi Mi: I was looking (I / look) for you,
Sayama. Im afraid Ive broken these
plates and cups.
Sayama Win: How? What happened?
Mi Mi: _________________ (I / take) them to
the kitchen, when I bumped into Naw
Moo. _________________ (she / come)
out when _________________ (I / go) in.
Sayama Win: I dont think ________________
(you / look) where _________________
(you / go).
Mi Mi: Im very sorry. Ill buy some more plates
when I get some money.
Sayama Win: Dont worry about it. Just be more
careful next time!
B. Past simple or continuous?
Fill the gaps with the verbs in the box, in past simple or
continuous forms.
play stop drive see watch
meet go eat buy fx
1. I _____ TV when he arrived.
2. I _____ to your house yesterday afternoon, but you
werent there.
Sorry, I _____ football at the school.
3. I _____ Zaw Zaw last night. He _____ in a restaurant.
4. Where were you at at six oclock?
I _____ my car at the mechanics. Yesterday when I
_____ to work it _____ and I couldnt start it again.
5. I _____ your parents at the market. They _____ some
new furniture.
C. when and while
Write sentences with when or while. There is more than
one way to do this.
e.g. Mi Chan / wait / bus / see / her friend.
Mi Chan was waiting for a bus when she saw
her friend.
1. Nang Seng / make a speech / conference /
her phone / ring.
2. Hla Wai / hear / strange noise / walk /
through the jungle.
3. Min Min and Peter / see / a gold ring /
ground / walk / school
4. visit / city / my parents / buy / new chairs.
D. during or while?
Fill the gaps with during or while.
1. Did you take notes ________ the class?
2. We drank some coffee ________ we were waiting.
3. Please be quiet ________ the baby is sleeping.
4. The phone rang six times ________ the meeting.
5. ________ I was out shopping, someone broke into my
house and stole some things.
6. ________ the hot season it rained a few times.
E. Whos who?
Look at the pictures. Which person:
a. has a long, thin face?
b. has a square face?
c. has a round face?
d. has thick eyebrows?
e. has a pointed nose?
f. has a big nose?
g. is bald?
h. has long straight hair?
i. has curly hair?
j. has dark wavy hair?
k. has a beard?
l. has a moustache?
m. is wearing earrings?
n. is wearing a necklace?
F. Character adjectives
What adjectives could you use to describe these people?
1. Khaing Win gives a lot of money to his friends, and
donates a lot to organisations.
2. Larry thinks he is better than other people. He never
listens to other peoples ideas, because he believes his
ideas are better.
3. Kyi Kyi found out her boss was stealing money from
her organisation. He offered her some money if she
didnt tell anyone. Kyi Kyi didnt take the money, and
told the management committee.
4. Saw Lu works at the airport. If people want to take
a lot of bags onto the plane, Saw Lu asks for extra
money. He keeps this money for himself.
5. Ma Thida always takes the best food before other
people can get anything. She doesnt care about other
people. She only thinks of herself.
2.
1.
3.
4.
39 UNIT 10
G. with
Here is a photo of Zaw Ayes family. Zaw Aye is the guy
at the back, on the left. How could Zaw Aye describe the
others in the picture? Use with, e.g.
My friend is the boy next to me with curly
hair and big ears.
Back row, left to right:
1. My younger sister
2. My older sister
3. My sisters husband
Front row, left to right:
4. My aunt
5. My uncle
6. My cousin
7. My grandfather
8. My father
9. My little brother
10. My mother
H. -ed and -ing adjectives
Write the correct adjective form of the words in
brackets.
Sue likes the family next door, but sometimes they
play loud music. This is a little annoying (annoy),
but they are very kind people. Once Sue heard a
________ (frighten) noise outside her house. The
neighbours invited her in, and gave her a ________
(relax) cup of tea. They checked around the house
until she stopped being ________ (frighten).
The family tells very ________ (amuse) stories about
their work. The husband, Moe Kyaw, works in a
shoe shop. He fnds this job ________ (interest)
he is never ________ (bore) at work. Last week, a
________ (surprise) thing happened. A Hollywood
actor came into Moe Kyaws shop and bought 20 pairs
of shoes. He gave Moe Kyaw $200, and said Keep
the change. Moe Kyaw was very ________ (excite).
He took all his friends and family to a restaurant.
I. Countries and nationalities
These people are ambassadors to the United Nations.
1. What nationality are they?
First row: Indonesian,
Second row:
Third row:
Fourth row:
Fifth row:
2. Which rows should these ambassadors sit in?
Portugal
Iran
Sudan
Turkey
Singapore
Philippines
Indonesia USA South Korea Cambodia
Ireland Spain Sweden Britain
Vietnam China Japan Taiwan
Israel Pakistan Iraq Bangladesh
Thailand France Laos Netherlands
40 Module 10
A. Do you know these words? Go through the list and tick the ones you know.
Write a translation or explanation for the words you dont know.
9.2 Vocabulary review
achieve (v)
aggressive (adj)
amuse (v)
anti- (prefx)
arrogant (adj)
autobiography (n)
background (n)
bad-tempered (adj)
balcony (n)
border (n)
character (n)
chat (v, n)
conservative (adj)
corrupt (adj)
curly (adj)
depressed (adj)
depressing (adj)
disappointed (adj)
disappointing (adj)
elderly (adj)
embarrassed (adj)
embarrassing (adj)
energetic (adj)
eyebrows (n)
fake (adj, n)
fre [a gun] (v)
force (v, n)
forgetful (adj)
frightened (adj)
frightening (adj)
gathering (n)
generous (adj)
B. Vocabulary quiz. What are these words and phrases? Use the vocabulary from the list above.
1. Identifcation.
2. Very frightened.
3. To take something without permission.
4. A division of a country.
5. A short description of a longer text.
6. People together in one place.
7. A more polite way of describing an old person.
8. Fashionable and modern.
9. The imaginary line between two countries.
10. Not completely.
11. Not real.
12. To talk casually with someone.
C. Do a Synonyms and Antonyms activity. Look at the wordlist, and think of some synonyms (words
with a similar meaning, e.g. frightenedafraid) and antonyms (words with an opposite meaning,
e.g. depressedhappy). Write down all the synonyms and antonyms you can think of for this
word, but dont write the word. Show it to another student. Can they identify the word?
synonyms antonyms
rob give
take replace
donate
hole (n)
icon (n)
ID (n)
memorise (v)
middle-aged (adj)
multi- (prefx)
partly (adv)
patriotism (n)
permanent (adj)
personality (n)
philosophy (n)
pipe (n)
pointed (adj)
policy (n)
poverty (n)
province (n)
recognise (v)
sleazy (adj)
steal (v)
stingy (adj)
strict (adj)
summary (n)
talented (adj)
terrifed (adj)
terrifying (adj)
trendy (adj)
vain (adj)
wavy (adj)
wealthy (adj)
well-built (adj)
steal
41 Module 11
A. Look at this picture. These people are planning their futures. One is thinking of the short-term
future, one is thinking of the medium-term future, and one is thinking of the long-term future.
Which is which?
B. These people are also thinking of their futures. What are they going to do? Think of some ideas.

C. Listen to the audio. Were you correct?
1. Future Plans
1.1 What are you going to do?
Module Eleven
going to the future arrangements geography agreeing and disagreeing
no + where/thing/one word endings argument thinking about grammar
When I get out of here,
Im going to
After the babys born, Im going to Soon were going to When I graduate,
Im going to
11.1
Soon Im going to
have enough money to repay my
debts. Then Im going to quit this
job and move to Rangoon. Im going
to join my brother hes going to get
me a job on a boat.
When this hotel is
fnished, Im going to make
a lot of money. Then Im going to
build some more hotels, and maybe
a casino. Im going to be the
richest man in this town!
When I fnish
here today, Im going
to go home, have a wash and
cook dinner for my children.
Then Im going to wash some
clothes and go to bed.
42 Module 11
1.2 Forming and using the future with going to
1.3 Your future plans
A. Answer the questions. Write two or three
sentences for each question.
1. What are you going to do after class
today?
2. What are you going to do when you fnish
this English class?
3. What are you going to do after the next
water festival?
4. What are you going to do when you retire?
A. Complete the rules about the future with going to.
Before going to, we use a form of the verb _________.
After going to, we always use the _________ form of the verb.
We use going to to talk about _________ we have already made.
B. Look at these situations, and write sentences,
e.g.
Youve decided not to get married yet.
Im not going to get married yet.
1. Htoo Htoo smokes, but hes decided to quit.
Hes...
2. Paw Paw has decided not to move to Mae
Sariang .
3. Some factory workers have decided to stop
working if they dont get their pay.
4. The government has decided to change its
policy on immigration.
5. David and Salai Aung have decided not
to apply for university this year. Theyve
decided to wait until next year.
A. What are these peoples plans?
1.4 What are they going to do tomorrow?
4.
2.
7.
5.
1.
8.
3.
6.
9.
10.
B. Which of those are short-, medium- and
long-term plans?
C. Work in pairs. Tell your partner your plans
from A.
D. Tell another student what your frst partner
is going to do.
C. Write a question with going to for each of
these situations, e.g.
I have bought a large table.
(Where / put it?)
Where are you going to put it?
1. I am going to a formal party.
(What / wear?)
2. You have decided to buy a new motorbike.
(How / pay for it?)
3. Naw Moo has decided to have a party.
(Who / invite?)
4. The teachers have planned a staff meeting.
(What / talk about?)
5. Min Min has decided to leave school.
(Why / do that?)
After he retires,
Tin Tin is going to
write a book.
43 Module 11
A. Nang Seng from Burma, Lee from China,
Dylan from Canada and Zindzi from South
Africa belong to an organisation called
International Action for Social Development.
At the moment, they are in Singapore
attending a workshop called Strategies
for Long-term Sustainable Community
Development. What do you think this means?
B. Match these words with their defnitions.
network (n) possibletofndanduse
available (adj) aformalrequestforsupportforaproject
apply for (v) moneytorunaproject
funding (n) toformallyaskforsomething
proposal (n) aconnectedgroupofpeopleorcomputers
C. Listen to the audio. What are they planning to do? Tick yes, no or maybe for each task.
D. It is a year later. Zindzi, Lee, Dylan and
Nang Seng are meeting again at the next
workshop. Do you think they have done the
tasks they planned? Write sentences.
Dylan didnt teach computer skills. He
started to write a book, but he hasnt
finished it yet.

1.5 Future plans
E. Work in pairs. Choose two of the people
from A, and think of a dialogue, e.g.
Nang Seng: Good to see you again, Lee.
What have you done since last year?
Lee: Well, I applied for funding. We got a
little money, so I can go around schools
and teach sustainable development. Did
you organise a workshop?
Complete the sentences. Add extra information use your imagination!
1. Su Su and Ko Ko are going to visit
their cousins.
2. Rosas going to
3. Lwin Lwin Oo
4. Gam Hpang
5. Nan Htwe and Ben
B. Ask and answer questions around the class.
6. U Tin Gyi
7. Mi Mi
8. Maung Maung Gyi
9. Ali
10. Naing Win
yes no maybe
Zindzi
Travel around the country
Set up computer networks
Dylan
Teach
Write a book
Nang
Seng
Set up a translation project
Organise a workshop
Lee
Teach
Apply for funding
Write a funding proposal
Work outside his town
11.2
44 Module 11
2. Arrangements and Excuses
2.1 Making excuses
A. Moe Kyaw is ringing Kyi Kyi. He wants to meet her.
Listen to the conversation. Does Kyi Kyi want to meet Moe Kyaw?
B. Listen again, and complete the conversation.
- Do you want to meet for lunch tomorrow?
- Im sorry, I cant. Im __________________.
- OK, how about Friday night?
- Sorry, Im __________________ then.
- How about Saturday morning?
- Sorry, Im ___________________ on Saturday morning.
- Oh. How about next week?
- Im _______________________________. For a very long time.
C. An excuse is a reason to not do something
when you dont want to do it. What are
Kyi Kyis excuses to not meet Moe Kyaw?
Do you believe Kyi Kyis excuses?
D. Roleplay. Work in pairs. Partner A wants to
meet Partner B. Partner B doesnt want to
meet Partner A. Have a conversation.
2.2 Arrangements
A. Look at the present continuous sentences
in 2.1 B. Are they talking about the past,
present or future?
We can use the present continuous to talk
about future arrangements things we have
already organised.
B. Look at these arrangements. Write a sentence
in the present continuous, e.g.
You have arranged to meet your teacher later.
Im meeting my teacher later.
1. You have agreed to work next weekend.
2. Hla Hla has just bought a ticket to India for
June 15th.
3. Darren and Maria have arranged to get
married next summer.
4. Zaw Min has arranged a meeting with his
boss at 9am tomorrow morning.
5. Saw Htoo has accepted an invitation to
Ko Ayes party next Saturday.

C. Read this conversation. Are the underlined
verbs talking about the present or the
future?
Tim: What are you looking (1) at?
Ma Naung: Its a map of Rangoon. Im
moving (2) there next week. Ive got an
internship there at an HIV prevention
organisation. Im thinking (3) about how to
fnd a house.
Tim: When are you leaving? (4)
Ma Naung: Friday. Ive started to pack my
things already Im organising (5) my
books and papers now.
Tim: Thats exciting. Congratulations!
Ma Naung: Yes. However, Im a bit worried
about my son hes staying (6) with the
neighbours for the frst month, but Im
not sure about the long-term.
Tim: Why isnt he moving (7) to Rangoon
with you?
Ma Naung: Well, hes doing (8) very well at
school, and all his friends live here. Im
not sure. Well decide later.
1. present 5.
2. 6.
3. 7.
4. 8.
D. Have you arranged to do anything later? Tell
other students about your arrangements.
11.3
11.3
Z
'
J
'
45 Module 11
3. Geography
3.1 Describing a country
A. Describe these countries.
Afghanistan: quite a large country / Asia / north-west of Pakistan.
Afghanistan is quite a large
country in Asia, north-west of
Pakistan.
1. Pakistan: long, narrow country /
Asia / north-west / India.
2. Brazil: very large country / east coast / South America.
3. South Africa: fairly
large country / southern coast / Africa /
Indian / Atlantic Ocean.
4. New Zealand: two small, narrow
islands / near Australia / Pacifc Ocean.
2.3 Nang Sengs arrangements
A. Its two months after the conference in 1.5. Nang Seng is organising a workshop. Members
of her organisation are travelling from all over the country to meet in Mandalay, and discuss
community development issues. The workshop starts in three days, on the 17th of May. Read
Nang Sengs list of tasks:
14 May
- phone bus company
- visit hotel. Check there are enough rooms.
- buy notebooks
4pm - meet with cooks. Discuss menus.
15 May
10am - meet U Maung Oo. Discuss timetable.
- email Daw Phyu about her speech.
16 May
1pm - send cars to meet people at bus station.
3pm - send cars to meet people at train station.
6pm - dinner in hotel with everyone.
B. Whats Nang Seng doing today?
Shes phoning the bus company, shes...
Whats she doing tomorrow and the next
day? Tell your partner.
C. What else does she need to do before the
conference? Work in pairs, and think of at
least one other thing she has to do today, one
thing tomorrow, and one on the 16th.
Tomorrow shes buying the
coffee, tea and snacks. At 6pm shes
phoning everyone.
46 Module 11
B. Now write sentences
about six of the
Southeast Asian
countries shown on
the map.
C. Look at the world
map at the back
of the Language
Reference, and choose
a country.
Work in pairs.
Describe this country
to your partner. Can
they identify the
country?
3.2 Weather and climate
A. Most of Burma has a tropical climate. What
does this mean? What type of weather do you
get in Burma? What other countries have
tropical climates?
B. Britain, Japan and Australia have temperate
climates. What type of weather do they get?
How many seasons do they have? What are
these seasons called?
C. How much do you know about weather and
climate? Answer these questions.
1. What is humidweather?
2. What are the units of measurement for
temperature?
3. What season is it in Australia in July?
4. What weather do you get in Northern
China in December?
5. If the temperature is 40 degrees
centigrade, what do you wear?
6. In very cold countries, what are some
things people use to heat their homes?
D. The weather is a very common conversation
topic. It is a good conversation opener when
you want to make polite small talk with
someone. Look at these situations. What
could you say? Write a few possibilities.
1. Its November, at 8.00 in the morning.
You are waiting for a bus. Theres another
person at the bus stop. Its 40 degrees
centigrade, and the sun is shining brightly.
Its very hot for this time of day.
Its really hot! This is quite unusual.
2. Youre sitting in a bus, wearing very thin
clothes. When the bus goes over the
mountains, the wind starts blowing.
3. Its February. Youre in the market
shopping when suddenly it starts raining
heavily. All the people run for shelter.
47 Module 11
4. Agreeing and Disagreeing
4.1 so and not
A. Ma Khin and Si Si are members of the
Student Development League, Mandalay
branch. They are preparing for a meeting
on Friday. Read the conversation. Whats
the meeting about?
Si Si: Are you coming to the meeting on
Friday?
Ma Khin: I think so. What are we
discussing, exactly?
Si Si: The project budget. Are you free at
4.00?
Ma Khin: I hope so! Is our budget being
cut?
Si Si: I dont think so. I heard we might get
more money for new computers.
Ma Khin: Great! Who told you that?
Si Si: Du Du. He was speaking to Salai Aung
from the Rangoon offce, and they think
we need internet here.
Ma Khin: Mmm. Is that reliable
information? It might be just a rumour.
Si Si: I hope not! Id really like to get
internet here!
B. Answer the questions.
1. Can Ma Khin come to the meeting?
2. Does she want to attend the meeting?
3. Is their budget being cut?
4. Is Du Dus information correct?
We use I think so and I dont think so when we
are not quite sure about something.
We use I hope so and I hope not when we want
something to happen (or not happen).
C. Answer these questions, using I think so,
dont think so, I hope so or I hope not.
1. Is your teacher happy?
2. Will this English class continue
next week?
3. Is it hot in Malaysia at the moment?
4. Are you having meat for dinner
tomorrow night?
5. Are you going to Chiang Mai soon?


A. You are going to listen to a man talking about living in Kuwait, and a woman talking about
living in Northern Russia. Look at these questions. Try to guess the answers.
Kuwait
1. Is it always hot in Kuwait?
2. Which are the hottest months?
3. When is the coolest time of year?
4. Is it humid?
5. Does it ever rain?
6. Do most buildings have air conditioning?
7. Is it too hot to drive a car?
8. Do you ever need warm clothes?
9. Is the sea always pleasant to swim in?
B. Now listen to the audio. Were your answers
correct? Write the correct answers.
What questions dont they answer?
3.3 Living in different climates
Northern Russia
10. How cold can it get in winter?
11. Is it always cold in north-west Russia?
12. How do people heat their houses?
13. What do people wear?
14. Is it humid?
15. Does it snow much?
16. Is the sea pleasant to swim in?
C. Describe your climate. Use the audioscripts
as a model.
11.4
48 Module 11
4.2 Listen and respond
C. Listen to the audio. You will hear some
opinions. Respond with I agree + more
information, or I disagree + more
information.
D. Write a list of opinions. Work in pairs. Say
and respond to the statements using I agree
+ more information, or I disagree + more
information.
4.3 The internet
A. What do you know about the internet? Read the text.

What do you think?
B. Nang Seng, Lee, Dylan and Zindzi are discussing the internet. What do they think about it?
Listen and make notes of the main points.
Nang Seng thinks its not useful for them as members of her organisation dont have
telephones or electricity.
Zindzi thinks
Lee thinks
Dylan thinks
C. Is your situation similar to any of the speakers situations? How useful is the internet for you?
A. Listen to the audio. You will hear some
yes/no questions. Respond with I think so,
I dont think so, I hope so, I hope not.
B. Write a list of yes/no questions asking about
plans and predictions. Work in pairs. Ask
and answer these questions using I think so,
I dont think so, I hope so or I hope not.
11.6
11.5
Will you pass your next
English exam?
I hope so!
Lay Phyu is the best
singer in Burma.
I disagree. Myo
Gyi is much better.
The internet is a system of computers all over the world.
Computers communicate with each other by telephone.
People use the internet to send messages (emails) and
exchange information. You can get information about
many topics, and you can put information on the
internet. To get onto the internet you normally need a
computer and a telephone line.
Many people think the internet is a force for good.
They think all people, everywhere in the world, can have
access to the same information you dont need to live near a library. You can log onto the
internet and fnd information on many different topics, from American foreign policy to
zoological gardens of the world.
Other people disagree. They think that only the rich can get access to the internet you
need a computer and telephone line, and most of the world does not have these things. Also,
most of the information on the internet is in English, so people who dont read or write
English are disadvantaged.
11.7
49 Module 11
5.2 Songs: For No One and Nowhere Man
A. Have you heard of The Beatles? What do you know about this band?
You are going to listen to two songs. Nowhere Man is about a man who is not doing
anything useful, has no opinions, and no ideas about his life. For No One is a man singing
about his girlfriend. His girlfriend doesnt love him anymore.
B. Here are some useful words and phrases from the songs. Match them with the defnitions. Use
your dictionary if necessary.
your day breaks tonotgoaway
mind tocontinueforalongtime
to linger on opinion
no longer tonothurry,dosomethingslowly
to miss yourdaybegins
to last tohelp
to lend a hand brain
to take your time notforanymoretime
point of view tonotexperiencesomething
5. No One, Nothing, Nowhere
5.1 What are you doing?
B. Look at these examples:
I opened the door, but there wasnoone there.
I opened the door, but there wasntanyonethere.
I looked in the drawers, but I foundnothing.
I looked in the drawers, but Ididntfndanything.
Im not goinganywhere this weekend.
Im goingnowherethis weekend.
How can you say the following sentences
differently? Change the words in italics.
1. She gavemenothing for my birthday.
2. We haventcookedanything for dinner.
3. Theresnowhere to swim near here.
4. Ive got friends, but I lovenobody.
5. There isntanywhere to go now.
6. There isntanyonein her town to teach English.
A. Look at the pictures. In groups, tell the story. How do you think it will end?
1.
Oh nothing.
Whats that?
2.
Where are
you going?
Oh
nowhere.
3.
Who are you
talking to?
Oh no one.
C. Write Yourself In. Write six sentences. Each
sentence should use the word I. Two should
use no one, two should use nowhere and two
should use nothing.
50 Module 11
C. Here are the lyrics to these songs. They are mixed up.
In pairs, listen to the songs. Sort them into two separate songs.
11.9
11.8
Your day breaks, your mind aches
You find that all her words of kindness linger on
Hes a real nowhere man
When she no longer needs you
Sitting in his nowhere land
She wakes up, she makes up
Making all his nowhere plans for nobody
Doesnt have a point of view
She takes her time and doesnt feel she has to hurry
Knows not where hes going to
She no longer needs you
Isnt he a bit like you and me
Nowhere man please listen
You dont know what youre missing
And in her eyes you see nothing
Nowhere man the world is at your command
No sign of love behind the tears cried for no one
A love that should have lasted years
Hes as blind as he can be
Just sees what he wants to see
You want her, you need her
Nowhere man can you see me at all?
And yet you dont believe her when she says her love is dead
You think she needs you
And in her eyes you see nothing
Nowhere man, dont hurry
No sign of love behind the tears cried for no one
Take your time, dont worry
A love that should have lasted years
Leave it all till somebody else lends you a hand
Doesnt have a point of view
You stay home, she goes out
She says that long ago she knew someone and now hes gone
She doesnt need him
Knows not where hes going to
Isnt he a bit like you and me?
Nowhere man, please listen
Your day breaks, your mind aches
You dont know what youre missing
There will be times when all the things she said will fill your head
Nowhere man, the world is at your command
Hes a real nowhere man
You wont forget her
And in her eyes you see nothing
No sign of love behind the tears cried for no one
Sitting in his nowhere land
A love that should have lasted years
Making all his nowhere plans for nobody
Nowhere Man
Hes a real nowhere man
Sitting in his nowhere land
For No One
Your day breaks, your mind aches
You find that all her words
ofkindness linger on
51 Module 11
6. Pronunciation: Word Endings
6.1 Identify the mistakes
A. Listen to the audio. A woman is planning a party,
and talking about some things she needs to buy.
Listen and write her shopping list.
B. Is it easy or diffcult to understand? Why?
C. How do you say this text correctly?
Practise in pairs, and correct each others
pronunciation.
D. Repeat after the audio.
Many languages do not have consonants at the end of words. Does yours? Speakers of these
languages often have diffculty pronouncing word endings. Sometimes this is not so important,
as it is easy to understand the meaning. Sometimes, however, not pronouncing the word
endings can change the meaning, or make it hard to understand.
A. Look at these sentences. If the speaker doesnt pronounce the underlined word, will the listener
have diffculty understanding the meaning?
1. Can I have some ice in my drink? 6. Theres a large pig in the garden.
2. I loved you very much. 7. Help! A thief took my bag!
3. I need to fx my motorbike. 8. Im going to help.
4. My sisters coming to visit us tonight. 9. I have a nice bike.
5. Its fourteen kilometres to town. 10. Ive got a new book.
B. Practise saying the sentences.
C. What types of words are most important to pronounce clearly?
Shopping List
6.2 Importance
6.3 Final consonant practice
A. Work in pairs. Partner A: say these words quickly. Partner B: listen. In how many words
were the fnal consonants pronounced clearly? Give your partner a score out of six, then
change roles.
verb rob stab suburb tube globe / 6
11.11
11.10
I need to go to the shop theres
nothing in the kitchen. I need some milk, and some ice.
I should get some vegetables too Ill get some garlic, and a
kilo of onions and a pumpkin. Maybe also some fruit. I dont have
anything nice to wear, so Im going to try to fnd some new jeans,
and a good shirt. My sisters coming over to help. Shes
a really good cook.
52 Module 11
Dear Ni Ni,
How are you? Are you enjoying your life
overseas? Im writing because I might come
there and stay with you soon.
Last month the clinic closed down
because of funding problems and I cant fnd
other nursing work here. According to my
friends at the hospital, there are very few
medical jobs at the moment.
My father has been sick for a long
time, and I have to pay my childrens school
fees. Furthermore, I have a lot of debts, and
I need to pay them soon. Therefore, I need to
fnd a lot of money.
Salaries here are too small. In my
view, this is bad for the community as we
lose skilled people. For example, Ko Ohn
Gyis private teaching job only pays thirty
dollars a month. He cant make enough to
support his family, so hes going to stop
teaching and work on a fshing boat.
I think its easier to fnd well-paid
work overseas. Do you know any hospitals or
clinics there? Do they need nurses?
I hope to see you soon.
Your cousin,
Ma Win
7. Writing: Expressing opinions
7.1 In my opinion
B. Now try the same with these of words. Listen, and give your partner a score out of six for
each row.
1. back book truck cook thick speak
2. much punch branch catch touch reach
3. dead around code could did blood
4. leaf roof off safe graph half
5. frog fag drug beg peg fg
6. ideal informal title still school mile
7. scream room inform crime some problem
8. learn nine drown tune phone dragon
9. drop ship pipe grape lump map
10. boss race mouse class abuse worse
11. habit state write shot coat foot
12. believe have drive love twelve give
13. fresh wish cash fsh fnish rush
14. clothes years hers raise dresses farms
Which fnal consonant sounds do you have problems with?
C. Listen and repeat. D. In groups, play Whispers.
A. Ma Win is writing a letter to her cousin Ni Ni, who is working in another country. Read the
letter and summarise Ma Wins situation in two or three sentences.
B. Look at the underlined words and
phrases in the letter. Which ones mean:
1. Also
2. As said by
3. In my opinion (2expressions)
4. So
5. An example of this is
C. U Aung Ko is giving his opinions about
modern youth. Use the expressions from A
to fll the gaps.
1. ________, young people do not respect
traditional values nowadays. 2. ________,
my eighteen year old niece Su Myat always
wears short skirts or trousers. She doesnt like
wearing longyis. 3. ________, she often goes
out late at night with her friends. I think she
smokes cigarettes and drinks beer.
4. ________ her mother, she is also rude
to her parents, and she doesnt help much
around the house. 5. ________ this is
because she watches too much television.
Young people these days watch a lot of TV,
and it gives them bad ideas that go against
our culture. 6. ________, I think all television
should be banned.
11.12
53 Module 11
A. Ma Win receives a letter back from Ni Ni. Does Ni Ni think Ma Win should join her?

B. Fill the gaps in the letter with the words in the box.
Furthermore According to In my opinion I dont think For example Therefore However
C. Find expressions in the letter which mean:
1. My opinion is the same as yours. (2expressions)
2. For that reason
3. A contrasting point is
D. Look at both the letters. List the reasons for and against Ma Win going overseas to look for a
job that are mentioned in the conversation.
Reasons for Reasons against
She can make more money. Shell miss her family.
E. What do you think Ma Win should do? Discuss.
A. Choose one of these topics:
People should never use plastic bags.
People should never drink alcohol.
All education should be free.
Do you agree or disagree? List the reasons
for and against the statement.
7.2 More opinions
7.3 Your opinions
B. Write at least three paragraphs explaining
your opinions about your topic. Use at least
six phrases from exercises B and C.
Dear Ma Win,
Nice to hear from you, and Im sorry about your job.

1.
________ you should come here.
2.
________, life is much more difficult
here than at home. You are right that salaries are higher than at home.
Thats why I came here.
3.
________, the living costs are higher, too. I use half
my salary to rent a small apartment. The food is cheap but it isnt the same
as the food at home. I miss home. I miss the food, the shops and especially I
miss my friends and family.

4.
________, the authorities here sometimes make problems for migrant
workers.
5.
________, the police came and raided the factory near my house last
week. A lot of migrant workers were arrested, and they had to pay a large
bribe to get out of prison.
I asked my friend at the Migrant Advice Centre about jobs in hospitals.
6.
________ him, you cant work in hospitals if you dont have a qualification
from this country.
7.
________, you might have to get a job in a factory if you
come here. Factory work is very hard. You work long hours and the factory
owners are sometimes very unfriendly and rude. On the other hand, you can
make a lot of money. I have already repaid my debts, and now Im sending
my parents money for a new house.
I agree that salaries back home are too small. This needs to change,
because too many educated people are leaving the country.
Let me know when you decide. You are always welcome to stay with me.
Love,
Ni Ni
54 Module 11
8. Thinking about Learning: Grammar (1)
8.1 How important is grammar?
A. These students have different opinions about learning English grammar.
B. Work in groups. What do you think? Do you agree with these people?
What do the people in your group feel about English grammar? Tell the class.
I think English is diffcult. Its not logical.
There are too many exceptions.
- Soparith, Cambodia
I dont think you can learn a language
without learning the grammar frst.
- Juan, Mozambique
8.2 Comparing grammar
I dont think grammars the most important
thing. There are other things, like vocabulary
and culture, which are just as important to
know about.
- Deiter, Germany
I hate it. I think its boring, but its probably
necessary.
- Maria, Mexico
A. Languages are different. The words are different and the grammar is, too.
Read what these people say about their languages compared to English.
B. Think about your native language.
How is it similar to English? How is it different?
Give examples.
C. What other languages do you know?
Are they similar to or very different from your frst language?
In Russian, we have no
verb to be in the present tense.
We say I Russian.
In French we
often put adjectives after
the noun, like this: A house
very big.
German nouns can be
masculine (der Mann the man) feminine
(die Frau the woman) or neuter (das
Haus the house). The article (der, die,
das) changes depending on the
gender.
In Vietnamese we dont
have present, future or past forms
of verbs at all. Sometimes we just put a
little word in front of a verb to show if
it is present, future or past. For example,
se before a verb means future.
Shan is my frst
language, and I also speak
Thai, Burmese and English. Thai
is easy its very similar to Shan.
Burmese is a little more diffcult because
Burmese and Shan have quite
different grammar. English
is really diffcult!
Chinese words only
have one grammatical form. If you
want to make a noun plural, or change the
tense of a verb, you use particles
or change the word order.
55 Module 11
9. Practice
9.1 Exercises
A. What are they going to do?
C. Arrangements
Its 9am on Monday, June 3. Look at Tun Tuns diary.
Whats he doing? When? Write eight sentences in the
present continuous.
Monday 3: 10am volleyball training
4pm movies with friends
Tuesday 4: visit mother
Wednesday 5: job interview
Saturday 8: volleyball game
7.30pm party at Daw Nus house
Monday 10: meet Aung Ko, discuss budget
July 2: holiday with friends

1. This morning hes training with his volleyball
team.
2. This afternoon hes...
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
These students are fnishing a teacher training course. They have to do a six month internship as the fnal part of
their training programme. Are the sentences true or false? If false, write correct sentences.
1. Ma Yin hasnt decided about her internship.
False. Shes going to teach in a high school.
2. Shes got an internship in her home town.
3. Shes going to do that for a year.
4. Tin Tins probably going to teach at his fathers
middle school.
5. He doesnt want to teach because he thinks he isnt
good at teaching.
B. Complete the conversation
Write the questions to complete this conversation. Use
going to.
Ali: What are you going to do after you
leave school?
Mi Mi: First, Im going to work for a while with
my father in his photocopy shop.
Ali: What ____________________________?
Mi Mi: Im going to look after the accounts.
Ali: Are ________________________________?
Mi Mi: No, only for a year. Then Im going to
study some more.
Ali: ____________________________________?
Mi Mi: Im not sure yet. Maybe in Mandalay.
Ali: ____________________________________?
Mi Mi: Languages, I think. I want to learn
Japanese and Korean.
6. Perhaps Ni Nis going to organise literacy classes.
7. Maybe shes going to go home.
8. Aung Kos got a boring internship.
9. Hes going to write malaria prevention materials in a
primary school.
Ma Yin, which internship are you
going to do? Have you decided yet?
Im going to teach in a high
school in my home town for six months. Are you
going to teach too, Tin Tin?
Probably not. Im no good at
teaching! Im going to go back to my village, but Ill probably
help my father write reports. Hes the head teacher of the
middle school there. What about you, Ni Ni?
I really dont know!
I might help organise literacy classes here at the
training centre, or I might go back home and fnd
something there. But have you heard about Aung Ko? Hes got
a really interesting internship! Hes going to develop HIV
prevention resources at the hospital.
56 Module 11
D. Geography crossword
Write the missing words in the puzzle.
1. The Pacifc and the Atlantic are the biggest
__________ in the world.
2. Tachilek is on the __________ between Burma and
Thailand.
3. Madagascar, Java and Phuket are all __________.
4. Sittwe is on the west __________ of Burma.
5. The Nile, the Irrawaddy and the Amazon are all
__________.
6. Everest is the tallest __________ in the world.
7. Inle __________ is in Burma.
8. Japan is a __________. So are Australia and Brazil.
9. An area full of trees, like the Pegu Yoma.
10. The Sahara is a __________. So is the Kalahari.
Now, complete this sentence:
Asia, Europe and South America are all
_______________.
E. Weather and climate
Are these sentences true or false?
1. In Burma in July its wet and humid.
2. In Northern China in October its very hot at night.
3. It sometimes rains during the water festival.
4. In Singapore, some people have air-conditioners in
their offces.
5. In England, people wear warm clothes in December.
6. In Japan, it rains every day in March.
7. In cold countries, people use heaters, fres or stoves
to warm their houses.
8. It sometimes snows in northern Burma.
F. so and not
Write the questions to go with these answers, e.g.
A: Are they getting married soon?
B: I think so. Theyve already bought their
wedding clothes.
1. A: Is it
B: I hope not! I hate the rain.
2. A: Will you
B: I hope so. Ive studied every night.
3. A: Do they
B: I dont think so. I think they speak
Chinese.
4. A: Are you
B: I think so. We need a bigger house.
G. no- or any- ?
Choose the right word.
1. She didnt tell _______ (nobody / anybody) about
the plan.
2. I dont want _______ (nothing / anything) to drink.
Im not thirsty.
3. Whats in that box?
_______ (nothing / anything). Its empty.
4. My job is very easy. _______ (nobody / anybody)
could do it.
5. The situation is very confusing. _______ (nothing /
anything) might happen.
6. I know _______ (nothing / anything) about history.
7. The accident looked very serious, but fortunately
_______ (nobody / anybody) was hurt.
8. Are there any bookshops in this town?
_______ (nowhere / anywhere) near here, sorry.
Theres one in the next town.
9. I went to the clothes shop to buy a shirt, but there
was _______ (nothing / anything) I liked.
10. Have you seen my watch? I cant fnd it _______
(nowhere / anywhere).
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
57 Module 11
A. Do you know these words? Go through the list and tick the ones you know.
Write a translation or explanation for the words you dont know.
9.2 Vocabulary review
abroad (adj, adv)
access (n, v)
afford (v)
arrangement (n)
authorities (n)
branch (n)
bribe (n, v)
budget (n)
cloudy (adj)
coast (n)
connect (v)
continent (n)
cut (v, n)
damp (adj)
download (v)
excuse (n)
exception (n)
freeze (v)
fundraising (n)
furthermore (adv)
humid (adj)
immigration (n)
in my opinion (adv)
in my view (adv)
labourer (n)
layer (n)
lend a hand (v)
log on (v)
B. Vocabulary quiz. What are these words and phrases? Use the vocabulary from the list above.
1. To reduce or stop something.
2. To not hurry.
3. Name two types of climate.
4. Something you hear that might or might not be true.
5. A part of an organisation, or a part of a tree.
6. Where the land joins the sea.
7. The movement of people to another country.
8. You write this when you want money or support.
9. Name two things you can say when you want to give your ideas.
10. To have enough money to do or buy something.
11. Especially; more than usual or more than others.
12. A reason you give for doing something, or not doing something.
C. Do a True or False activity. Choose four words from the wordlist and make sentences using
these words. Make some true and some false. The sentences can be personal (about you) or
about other things. Tell your sentences to another student. They decide whether the sentences
are true or false. If a sentence is false, they should try to correct it.
logical (adj)
majority (n)
migrant (n)
network (n)
particularly (adv)
pleasant (adj)
point of view (n)
proposal (n)
repay (v)
respond (v)
rumour (n)
satellite (n)
shelter (n, v)
small talk (n)
snack (n)
sort (v)
suburb (n)
surrounded by (prep)
sustainable (adj)
tailor (n)
take [your] time (v)
temperate (adj)
tropical (adj)
values (n)
website (n)
You can log on
to the internet at the
central library.
False! You cant
log on there - they dont
have internet.
58 Module 12
1. The Passive
1.1 Who did it?
Module Twelve
the passive the present perfect (3) been and gone the arts social chat
intonation phrasal verbs charts and statistics grammar mistakes and strategies
A. Read the article. Put these
events in order.
1. Kevin was caught trying to light
a bomb.
2. Kevin was expelled from high
school.
3. Kevin was taken to the police
station.
4. Kevin was arrested.
B. Look at the four sentences
in A, and answer the
questions.
1. Who caught Kevin?
2. Who expelled Kevin from high
school?
3. Who took Kevin to the station?
4. Who arrested Kevin?
5. Are we more interested in who
did these things, or in Kevin?
C. Look at the sentences below
and answer the questions.
In which sentence
1. is the word arrested in the past simple?
2. is the word arrested a past participle?
3. did the subject do something to the object?
4. did someone (we dont know who) do something
to the subject?
D. Complete the rules.

E. Look at the article again. Find three more examples of the passive.
1. The passive is formed with the auxiliary verb to be + the _____________. To make
different _____________, we change the form of the auxiliary.
I am / was
You / We / They are / were born last year.
He / She / It is / was
2. We make passives negative by adding _______ to the auxiliary.
Rice is not grown in New Zealand. The thieves werent arrested.
3. We usually use the passive when we do not know, or are not ____________ in, who
does the action.
My bike was stolen yesterday. (I dont know who stole it.)
Lots of cars are produced in Vietnam. (It doesnt matter who exactly produces them.)
subject active verb object
a. The police arrested Kevin.
subject passive verb
b. Kevin was arrested.
Canadian Times, September 24, 2006
TEEN BOMBER FAILS TO BLOW UP SCHOOL
Kevin Lomax, 17, was arrested
yesterday when he tried to blow
up a high school in Toronto,
Canada. Mr Lomax was expelled
from Moosebottom High School in
2003 for hitting a teacher.
The teenager was caught
outside the principals offce
at the school. According to
witnesses, he was trying to light
a parcel, but his lighter didnt
work. The parcel contained
Coffee Mate.
Alice Newberry, a science teacher at Moosebottom
High School, said, Coffee Mate is used to make tea
and coffee white. It is possible to explode Coffee
Mate, but it has to be dry at the time. Kevins parcel
was wet from the rain outside.
After his arrest, Mr Lomax was taken to Toronto
Central Police Station where he was charged with
attempted vandalism. His trial is on October 8.
59 Module 12
assemble
test
catch
paint
clean
kill
cook
cut
edit
print
grow
wash
write
publish
eat
1.2 Forming the passive
A. Change these active sentences into passive
sentences.
In Britain
1. women bear one baby every minute.
one baby is born every minute.
2. people spend 9.7 billion pounds on beer
every year.
3. people use 9 billion litres of water each day.
4. people produce 27 million tonnes of rubbish
every year.
5. thieves steal one car every 20 minutes.
B. All of the things above happened last year.
Write the information in the past simple
passive.
In Britain last year
1. baby one baby was born every minute.
2. beer
3. litres of water
4. rubbish
5. car
C. Look at the products in the pictures. Work
in pairs and discuss what happens to the
products before they are used. Use the
passive form of the verbs in the box.
First the fish is caught. Then its...
D. These sentences are all false. For each, write a correct sentence using a negative passive verb,
and another sentence with a positive passive verb and the information in brackets.
1. Bananas are grown in cold climates. (hot climates)
Bananas arent grown in cold climates. Theyre grown in hot climates.
2. The internet was invented in the 1920s. (the 1980s)
3. Toyota cars are produced in China. (Japan)
4. Paper is made of metal. (trees)
5. Shampoo is used for washing dishes. (hair)
6. Cambodia was colonised in the 16th century. (19th century)
E. Find your way through this maze. You can move vertically or horizontally.
You cant move diagonally. You can only cross squares if


youve finished!
start here
kill need help plan stop hate
look dance walk end close visit
taste want decide wait talk climb
note enter fnish arrive add ask
the past participle has one syllable:
help dance walk phone jump vote
taste start end wait hate add
want plan stop close talk look
need climb ask rain arrive kill
the past participle has two syllables:
catch come stop leave wake ring
dance drive look think walk swim
wait see talk hear enter drink
help get stand go want eat
the past participle is irregular:
60 Module 12
1.3 Active or passive?
A. Look at the picture. It was taken in Bangladesh.
What do you know about Bangladesh?
B. Read the report below. Check any words you
dont know in a dictionary, then fll the gaps
with the correct form of verbs in the box. The
verbs are in present simple active and passive,
and past simple passive. Use each verb only
once.
B. Complete these sentences about the UK
using the active or passive form of the verbs
in the box. Some are in the past simple
tense, and some are in the present simple.
1. In 2000, British people _______ 86 eggs each.
2. 255 tonnes of rice _______ last year.
3. About 765 people _______ each year. Thats an
average of 2.1 a day.
4. Approximately 300 deaths _______ by smoking
each day.
5. 3,200 people _______ in road accidents in
2007.
6. On average, every UK household _______

440 plastic bottles each year, of which only 24
_______.
7. People in Britain _______ 130 cans of soft
drinks per person per year.
cause eat drink recycle
murder eat kill use
Bangladesh, one of the most populated countries in the world,
1.
_____ from
frequent natural disasters, such as foods, cyclones, droughts, landslides and earthquakes.
In 1998 almost 70% of the country
2.
_____, and 30 million people had to leave their
homes. During this time more than a thousand people
3.
_____ or
4.
_____

from disease.
Some of Bangladeshs environmental problems
5.
_____ by deforestation. The
country has a large population, so people need land for farming. Trees
6.
_____ so farmers
can grow rice and other food crops. When it rains heavily, the soil becomes loose, and
many homes and farms
7.
_____ by landslides.
Partly because of these environmental problems, almost half of the population
is living in poverty. 44% of Bangladeshis
8.
_____ on only one meal per day or less. Many
children, especially girls,
9.
_____ much education. In rural areas 42% of boys and 52%
of girls
10.
_____ school, and 46% of males and 59% of females are illiterate.
survive drown not attend
destroy cut down cause
suffer notgive die food
A. Complete the sentences using these verbs in
the correct form:

1. Many accidents are caused by dangerous
driving.
2.Mohinga______fromfshandnoodles.
3. Farmers ______ pineapples in the mountain
villages, because its too cold.
4. I dont like this hotel. The rooms ______
regularly.
5. In Thailand, elections for Prime Minister
______ every four years, but Malaysia ______
themeveryfveyears.
6. I want to read Mya Than Tints book, but it
______ into English.
7. The shop ______ at 8.30pm on Saturdays.
8. 250 people ______ at the factory. It ______ by a
large international company.
cause hold (x2) employ make own
not grow not clean not translate close
1.4 Bangladesh
C. Listen and check. 12.1
61 Module 12
1. When were you injured? 4. When were you beaten?
2. ____________________ injured? 5. ____________________ beaten?
3. ____________________ injured? 6. ____________________ beaten?
7. ____________________ beaten?
8. ____________________ beaten by?
E. Think of a time when you were injured, and a time when you were beaten. Answer the questions
about yourself.
F. Think of some passive questions you can ask using these words: born given told off
Were you born in Bago? When were you born?
G. Ask and answer some of the questions from D and F in pairs.
H. Talk about your partner.
A. Can you answer these questions?
1. When were the Pyramids built? 5. Who was the play Romeo and Juliet written by?
2. Are rubies mined in Burma? 6. Where are polar bears found?
3. Where is New Zealand located? 7. Are bats used in football?
4. Was Gandhi killed in Pakistan? 8. Why was paracetamol invented?
B. Match the answers below with the questions in A.
a. Near Australia.
3
e. No, theyre not.
b. William Shakespeare. f. Yes, they are.
c. About 4,500 years ago. g. No, he wasnt.
d. To reduce fever and pain. h. At the North Pole.
1.5 Questions and answers in the passive
C. Write questions in the passive. Some are present simple and some are past simple.
1. Ask about the telephone. (when / invent?) When was the telephone invented?
2. Ask about glass. (how / make?)
3. Ask about Australia. (colonise / by the Spanish?)
4. Ask about silver. (use for / jewellery?)
5. Ask about General Aung San. (why / kill?)
6. Ask about rice. (where / grow / Burma?)
D. These people are answering questions about their past. What are the questions?
8.
7.
2.
3.
1.
6.
5.
4.
When I was 11.
For stealing
some apples.
My uncle.
With a stick.
On my legs.
Some rocks fell on me.
On the mountain road.
Three years ago.
In 1992, Ma Hla was
told off by her teacher for eating
during class. When she was 14, she
was injured by
62 Module 12
A. Have you ever done these things? When did you do them? Write sentences, e.g.
Ive ridden an elephant. I rode one three years ago in Tenassarim Division.
Ive never had malaria.
ride an elephant have malaria steal something go to Bagan
break a bone win a competition see a ghost meet a famous person
B. Work in pairs. Ask and answer questions, e.g.
A: Have you ever ridden an elephant? B: Yes, I have.
A: When did you do that? B: Three years ago.
A: Where? B: In Tenassarim Division.
C. Report back to your classmates. Tell them a few interesting things about your partner.
2.2 Your experiences
A. Nilar and Nyi Nyi are talking to Caroline, a student from England. Listen.
Who have they met?
1. The Minister of Educations husband yes / no
2. Prince William yes / no
3. David Beckham yes / no
B. Answer the questions.
1. Has Nilar met the Minister of Education?
2. Has Caroline spoken to Prince William?
3. Has Nyi Nyi ever played football with David
Beckham?
C. Listen again. Find examples of the present
perfect:
inapositivesentenceinanegativesentenceinayes/no question
2.3 Have you ever?
conference
boat
B. Listen again and answer the questions.
1. a. When did she ride on a large boat?
b. Why did she go to Rangoon?
c. Did she enjoy travelling by boat?
2. a. Where does he buy pizza?
b. How often does he eat it?
3. a. How old was she when she drove a motorbike?
b. Whose motorbike was it?
c. Did she enjoy the experience?
4. a. Has he been to many conferences?
b. What was the main topic of the conference
last weekend?
c. Who was there?
A. Four people talk about the things in the pictures.
Listen. What are the four questions?
motorbike
2. The Present Perfect (3)
2.1 Have you ever met a famous person?
12.3
12.3
12.2
pizza
63 Module 12
A. Mi Mi Khaing runs a teacher training organisation. She needs to hire an assistant who
can arrange transport, deal with offcials, meet with funders and liaise with the education
department. What kind of person is she looking for?
Look at the list below. Choose the fve most important personal qualities. Use a dictionary if
necessary.
polite _____ confdent _____
friendly _____ patient _____
good-looking _____ honest _____
intelligent _____ reliable _____
hard-working _____ easy-going _____
generous _____ unbiased _____
loyal _____
2.5 Personal qualities
C. Choose the fve experiences that you think
are most important for this job.
How can you ask about these experiences?

D. Work in pairs. Partner A: you are
interviewing someone for the job of school
counsellor. Partner B: you are applying for
this job. Ask and answer your fve questions.
Answer honestly!
E. Imagine you are applying for one of the jobs
below. What relevant experience do you
have?
managerofalargedepartmentstore
offcemanager
tourguide
bicyclemechanic
teacher
2.4 Relevant experience
A. When you hire someone to do a job, you want to be sure they have relevant experience. What
does this mean?
B. Lek Tho High School wants to hire a school counsellor. This person will need to:
adviseaboutjobopportunities talktostudentsabouttheirproblems
adviseaboutfurtherstudyopportunities meetwithparents,teachersandtheschoolcommittee
They want to hire someone with relevant experience. Read the list below, and tick all the ones
you think are relevant experience.
teachinginahighschool settingupasmallbusiness trainingasamedic
lookingaftersmallchildren cookinginarestaurant managinganoffce
writingreportsandproposals playingonafootballteam studyingatuniversity
liaisingwithdifferentethnicorganisations workingforacommunityorganisation
C. Four tenses are used in the conversations. Match the tense with the use.
present perfect totalkaboutsomethingthathappenedataspecifctimeinthepast
past simple to talk about something happening at the same time as another event
present simple to talk about experiences
past continuous to talk about habits
D. Listen again and write at least one sentence from the conversations using each tense.
12.3
64 Module 12
2.6 been and gone
A. Write been or gone in these gaps.
a. Wheres Kyi Kyi? I havent seen her for ages!
Oh, shes not here. Shes __________ to Insein Township.
b. Ban Ki-moon has __________ to many countries. His job involves a lot of travel.
c. My parents enjoy seeing old temples. Theyve __________ to Angkor Wat in
Cambodia, Wat Po in Thailand and Pagan in Burma.
d. Mi Mi is sick. Shes __________ to the hospital. I hope shell be back tomorrow.
e. Has Tin Oo got those books yet?
Yes hes __________ to the bookshop already. Theyre on the table.
f. Ive never __________ to Myitkyina, but I want to go. Ive heard its very beautiful.
g. Are the children enjoying their holiday?
Yes, theyve __________ to visit their grandparents. Theyll be back next week.
h. Shes so busy! She went to Bago last Tuesday, Taungoo on Thursday, and now shes
__________ to Mandalay.
i. Although I live very close to the zoo, Ive never __________ there. Perhaps Ill go
next weekend.
D. Roleplay a job interview. In pairs, ask and
answer these questions:
- How many jobs have you had?
- How many schools have you attended?
- How long have you been in your present job /
at your present school/university?
- How many job interviews have you had?
- Have you ever worked in an organisation?
- Have you ever used your English at work?
- Have you ever written a formal letter in
English?
There are two past participles of go: been and gone. In British English, we use been when someone has
already returned from somewhere. We use gone when they are still there.
Aung Mons been to Ngapali. = He went before, but he is not there at the moment.
Aung Mons gone to Ngapali. = He is in Ngapali now.
Replies were too short. Didnt give
enough information.
1.
Too many personal problems!
3.
Only interested in the money and travel!
6.
Replies were not clear. Difficult to
understand. Poor communication.
2.
Complained about previous employers.
Not loyal.
5.
Knows nothing about the job.
Not interested.
4.
B. These six people applied for the job. Mi Mi Khaing made these notes about them. Listen to
these parts of interviews. Write the letter of the interview next to the appropriate note.



C. Listen again. Write down all the questions
that Mi Mi Khaing asks.
Check your list with the audioscript.
12.4
12.4
65 Module 12
3. The Arts
3.1 Vocabulary
A. Do you know these words?
B. Put the words into categories. Add any other words you know.
rehearse dancer song exhibition costume photographs traditional
rock make-up play (n) modern musician opera movie
record (v) actor artist perform poet cinema concert puppet
circus classical singer band orchestra folk karaoke
instrument jazz writer book theatre gallery
1. In 1992, she went to a big European country where people
speak French.
3. In 2002, she went to two small countries in Southeast Asia.
Whileshewasatthefrstone,shewenttoseeAngkorWat.
The other country was north of there.
4. She visited the most populated country in the world in 2005.
6. When she was a student in 1989, she went to
two Southeast Asian countries. One is a very
small, quite rich country south of Malaysia. One
is a big country further south, where most people
are Muslim.
5. Nang Seng always wanted to look at the
Pyramids. She was lucky in 2007 there was a
big conference in that country.
7. In 2003, she visited another Southeast Asian
country. She saw the Prime Minister, Mahathir
Mohammed.
2006
B. Which countries has Nang Seng visited? When did she visit each one? Make sentences, e.g.
Shes been to Britain. She went there in 2006.
Nang Seng has visited __________ countries in Asia, Europe and the Middle
East. She has been to __________ different countries in Asia. In 2002, she went
to __________, __________ and __________. She has visited __________
twice.Thefrsttimewasin__________andthesecondtimewasin__________.
In 1989, she visited __________ and __________. Shes only been to Europe
twice. Shes visited __________ and __________ there. She went to Egypt in
__________ to attend a conference.
C. Use the information to fll the gaps.
watching listening reading / writing
theatre musician poet
rehearsal rehearsal
concert concert
instrument
2002
2004
2.
66 Module 12
A. On this page and the next one are eleven photos of artistic and cultural events in Asia.
Match the photos with the descriptions.
1. An Indian cinema in Rangoon. Indian movies are popular in many countries throughout the
world, especially in Asia.
2. Ad Carabao, one of Thailands most popular singers. He has recorded many songs about
traditional village life.
3. The salor is a traditional Karen instrument, similar to a violin.
4. Shan dancers performing the King Kala dance. Traditionally, it is performed at the end of the
three-month Buddhist Lent.
5. These actors are from Imaginarts, a theatre group in Singapore. They are performing
Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet, Singapore style.
6. The Joe Louis Puppet theatre. These performers use puppets to tell traditional Thai folk tales.
7. The latest CD from a popular Japanese all-woman band.
8. Chinese Opera singers. Chinese Opera singers and actors wear colourful costumes and
make-up.
9. The Tiny Toons are a hip-hop band and dance group from Cambodia.
10. The Bombay Symphony Orchestra performing classical music.
11. The Lao National Circus performing in their theatre in Vientiane.
3.2 The arts in Asia
a
e
d
c
b
67 Module 12
h
g
j
i
f
k
68 Module 12
3.3 Describe the picture
B. Choose one of these pictures, and tell other
students some more about it. Use your
imagination.
A. Look at this picture. Write fve true sentences about it, and fve false sentences, e.g.
Theres a man smoking a pipe. (true) There are four books on the table. (false)
C. Have you ever?
actedin a play
playedmusicinaband
sunginaconcert
dancedatafestival
Tell other students about your
experiences.
B. Now close your books and work in pairs. Read your sentences to your partner, in mixed order.
Your partner identifes whether each sentence is true of false. Dont look at the picture when
you are doing this!
69 Module 12
4.2 Conversation topics
B. What would you say in these situations?
Work in pairs or threes, and create dialogues.
1. Introduce two friends at a party.
2. Introduce your aunt to the chairperson of an important organisation.
3. A guy in your class wants to meet your sister. Introduce them.
4. Youre at a conference, and you see someone you really want to meet. Go and
introduce yourself.
5. YouhaveanappointmenttomeetNangSengat2.00.Youarriveatheroffce,andthere
are many people there. You dont know which person is Nang Seng.
6. You have arranged to meet John James from Canada at the bus station. You have
never met before, but there is only one man at the bus station. He looks confused.
C. Choose one of these situations and write D. Perform your conversation to the class.
a longer conversation.
4. Social chat
4.1 Introductions
A. Match the phrases with the situations. Some match more than one situation.
Informal introductions

Formal introductions
Introducing yourself
family religion organisation/job hobbies/sports duties and responsibilities
the weather home country/town places theyve been to political beliefs
favouritefood/music/flms/books age whytheyarehere theiropinionofyourculture
your opinion of their culture
A. When you meet a British, American or Australian person for the frst time and want to know
them better, there are some topics that are more appropriate than others. Sort these topics into
appropriate and inappropriate.
Have you met Mi Chan?
May I introduce myself? Im Sandar from the
National Manufacturers Association.
Sayama, may I introduce my father, Ali Mahmoud.
Dad, this is my Maths teacher, Sayama Mu Naw.
Do you know Zaw Zaw? Zaw Zaw, this is Kelly, a
friend of mine from work.
Excuse me, are you Maw Maw Aung?
Hi. Nice to meet you.
Ms Green, Id like to introduce my colleague, Nu Nu.
I have an appointment with U Ba Shwe at 3.30. My
name is Jan Healey.
How do you do?
appropriate inappropriate
70 Module 12
B. It is often diffcult to start a conversation with strangers, or people you only know a little.
Think of something you could say in these situations:
1. You are sitting on a bus. The person sitting next to you says, Its quite a long drive, isnt it?
2. Youre at a meeting, waiting for it to start. You recognise the man next to you, but you cant
remember where from. Speak to him.
3. A woman you know a little makes a speech at a conference. You found her speech very
interesting. Go and talk to her.
4. You see your old teacher after many years. She doesnt recognise you, because you were
very young when you last saw her.
4.3 Formal or informal?
A. Listen to the audio. You will hear
two conversations between strangers
meeting for the frst time. Which
conversation is more formal? What topics
do they discuss?
Conversation 1:
Conversation 2:
B. Listen again. What questions do the
speakers use to get more information?
Conversation 1: Are you still with the UNDP?
Conversation 2:
C. Listen again. What words and sounds do
speaker use to show they are interested?
Oh?
D. Work in pairs. Choose one of the situations
in 4.2 B. Have a conversation.
5. Pronunciation: Expressing Interest
5.1 Intonation
C. Listen to these sentences. These people are
expressing interest.
Repeat, focusing on intonation.
Pleased to meet you!
Did you have a good trip?
Oh, hello Khun Yee. How are you?
Your son is lovely! Is he two yet?
Did you write that report?
I like Chinese opera, too.
A. Listen. Does the woman sound interested
in the frst conversation? What about the
second conversation?
B. Work in pairs. Partner A: introduce
yourself, and give some extra information.
Partner B: respond, and show that you are
interested. Then change roles.
Use the conversations in A as a model.
5.2 Are you interested?
A. Think of replies to 1-12 below.
Work in pairs. Partner A: read. Partner B: reply, expressing interest. Then change roles.
1. Hello. How are you? 7. That speech was very interesting.
2. Thank you for the beautiful fowers. 8. Lets watch a video tonight.
3. Can I please borrow your torch? 9. Hows everything going?
4. Would you like a piece of cake? 10. Jill says to say hello.
5. Would you like milk or sugar in your coffee? 11. Have you got the time?
6. Is this your umbrella? 12. See you later!
12.5 12.5
12.5
12.7
12.6
71 Module 12
B. Think of an interesting topic, something
you would like to hear about. Write it on a
piece of paper, and give it to your teacher.
C. Your teacher will give you a piece of paper
with a topic on it. What can you say about
this topic? Write some notes. Think of at
least three minutes of interesting things to
say about this topic.
A. How many phrasal verbs do you know?
Have a group brainstorm competition.
A. Can you work out the meaning of these phrasal verbs? What are their past simple forms?
B. Put them in these sentences. Some are present simple tense and some are past simple tense.
1. The students stand up when the
teacher enters the room.
2. If I win the lottery, I will __________
all the money to poor people.
3. The road is very muddy. Be careful
you dont _________.
4. It was cold, so I __________ a warm jersey.
5. I felt very tired this afternoon, so I
__________ in my hammock for an hour.
6. __________! You are very annoying!
7. Welcome.__________ and shut the door.
C. Complete the sentences.
1. Please cut out 5. I need to lie down because
2. Id like to try on 6. I gave away
3. The weather is very hot. Ill put on 7. Naw Moo came back because
4. Ko Moe fell over 8. I usually wake up
6.2 Easy phrasal verbs
8. I want to ___________ that newspaper article
and keep it.
9. I dont want to go out tonight. Lets _________.
10. __________! Youve forgotten your wallet!
11. I ___________ the shirt, but it was too small
for me.
12. They _________ the bus and bought their
tickets.
13. When can you _________ the money?
14. __________! You are very late!
6. Phrasal Verbs
6.1 What is a phrasal verb?
B. Which of these statements do you agree with?
1. A phrasal verb has a verb and an adverb
particle.
2. Phrasal verbs are best learned the same way
as other vocabulary items.
3. English uses a lot of phrasal verbs.
4. All phrasal verbs are idioms.
5. Phrasal verbs are usually formal.
come back come in cut out fall over get on give away stand up lie down
pay back stay in wake up put on go away try on
Some phrasal verbs are easy to understand.
KoKotoldmetocome in. Themanturned around and spoke to me.
The meanings are clear if you know the words come, in, turn and around.
D. Do a 3-2-1 activity. Work in pairs, and talk
about your topic for three minutes. Listen
to your partners talk. Does s/he sound
interested?
E. Change partners, and talk for two minutes
on the topic. Listen to your partner. Does
s/he sound interested?
F. Change partners again, and talk for one
minute on the topic.
72 Module 12

A. Which of these phrasal verbs do you know? Can you guess their meanings?
B. Which phrasal verbs have a meaning similar to: C. What are their past simple forms?
continue understand collect stop refuse
D. Put them in these sentences. Some are present simple tense, and some are past simple tense.
1. ________ the bus is leaving!
2. We ________ a meeting to discuss
health issues in our community.
3. I ________ the word in the dictionary.
4. I want my children to ________ in a
peaceful world.
5. ________, I want to hear more of
the story.
6. I didnt see him for ten years, and then
he ________ at my house yesterday.
7. I ________ my daughter from
school every day at 4.00.
E. Complete the sentences.
1. Someone turned up 4. We set up
2. Please throw away 5. Hurry up
3. I grew up 6. Icantfgureout
throw away turn up turn down set up hurry up look after look up
fgureoutgiveupcarryonpickupgrowup
6.3 Idiomatic phrasal verbs
8. I cant ________ the answer to this
maths question.
9. I ________ smoking last year, and
now I am much healthier.
10. My parents ________ my sisters
children when she is at work.
11. I ________ the job offer, because I
didnt want to move to Rangoon.
12. We should ________ those
vegetables. They are not fresh.
7. Writing: Charts and Statistics
7.1 Statistics
A. In this section, you will look at three countries Bangladesh, Thailand and Australia and how
much they harm the environment each year. First, do you know the answers to these questions?
1. Which of those three countries is the richest? Which is the poorest?
2. Do rich or poor countries damage the environment more?
B. Look at the chart, then match the verbs underneath with the items in the chart.

Bangladesh Thailand Australia
population 154 million 65 million 21 million
oil 55 million barrels 328 million barrels 321 million barrels
carbon dioxide 37 million tonnes 268 million tonnes 326 million tonnes
babies 4.5 million 1.3 million 252,000
waste 10.3 million tonnes 14 million tonnes 150 million tonnes
consumed oil emitted _______ produced _______ born _______
Some phrasal verbs are idiomatic: the verb + adverb particle has a special meaning.
Ineedtofnd outaboutthesituation.Weverun out of rice. Can you buy some more?
You need to learn these the same as other vocabulary items.
73 Module 12
C. Use the information in the chart to fll the gaps, e.g.
154 million barrels of oil are consumed in Bangladesh each year.
1. __________________ of carbon dioxide are emitted in Thailand each year.
2. __________________ babies are born in Australia each year.
3. __________________ of waste are produced in Bangladesh each year.
4. Much more oil is consumed in Australia than in __________________.
5. __________________ has the largest population but it emits the __________________
carbon dioxide.
D. What other sentences can you make using these statistics?
A. Look at this chart. What is the purpose of the chart?
Produced Imported Exported Consumed
1980 now 1980 now 1980 now 1980 now
U.S.A. 10.8 8.3 6.9 13.2 0.5 1.0 17.1 20.8
Saudi Arabia 10.3 11.0 0.0 0.0 9.7 8.9 0.6 2.0
China 2.1 3.7 0.0 3.2 0.3 0.1 1.8 6.9
Oil statistics (millions of barrels per day)
B. Use the information in the chart to complete the sentences.
1. In 1980, 10.8 million barrels of oil _________ in the U.S. every day. Now, 8.3 million barrels
_________.
2. In 1980, 17.1 million barrels of oil _________ in the U.S. every day. Now, 20.8 million barrels
_________.
3. In 1980, no barrels of oil _________ in Saudi Arabia, and 9.7 million barrels _________.
4. Nowadays, no barrels of oil _________ in Saudi Arabia, and 8.9 million barrels _________.
Add some statistics about China.
C. Look at the oil statistics about China. In groups, discuss the following changes and make lists of
possible reasons for them.
1. Oil production has risen.
2. In 1980 no oil was imported, but now 3.2 million barrels are imported each day.
3. China exports less oil now than in 1980.
4. Oil consumption has risen a lot.
e.g. 1. We think more oil is produced because:
- more people want to use energy from oil
- new technology makes it easier to get the oil
A. Look at this information. What is the purpose of the chart?
year 1 1000 1500 1900 1950 2008 2050
world population 200 million 310 million 480 million 1.6 billion 2.5 billion 6.7 billion 9 billion+
average life expectancy 20-30 20-30 20-30 35 46 67 70+
B. What changes does the chart show? What do you think are the main reasons for these changes?
e.g. Life expectancy has risen by 32 years since 1900. This might be because:
- health care has improved
- the quality and quantity of food has increased for most people
7.2 Oil
7.3 Population and life expectancy
74 Module 12
8.2 How do you prefer to learn grammar?
A. These students have different strategies. Do you use any of them?
A. How good is your grammar? Do you make a lot of important mistakes? Or do you usually
make minor mistakes?
B. Some grammar mistakes are more serious than others because they make the meaning unclear
and cause confusion. Look at the examples of spoken English below. In each example there is a
sentence with a mistake. Work in groups. Decide how serious each mistake is, and why.
1. A: What does your brother do?
B: He work in a factory.
2. Where do you go next Saturday?
3. How long you stay here?
Do you think it is more important to be correct when writing or when speaking? Why?
8. Thinking about Learning: Grammar (2)
8.1 Grammar mistakes
I ask my American boyfriend to tell me every
time I make a particular grammar mistake
like when I get a question structure wrong.
- Rosia, Philippines
To help myself learn new rules, I use a
grammar book. The explanations are confusing
I dont understand them. Instead, I do the
exercises, and then look up the answers. I
check the answer after each question.
- Fatima, Syria
I choose a different grammar point every
week, like passives, adverbs of degree or the
second conditional. Then I look in newspapers
or magazines for examples. I cut them out
or copy them into a notebook. I see if my
examples ft the notes in my grammar book.
- Pedro, Costa Rica
4. My fnger hurts because I am
cutting it.
5. You look boring.
6. What means fabbergasted?
B. Think of some more techniques.
How do you prefer to learn grammar?

C. Decide which grammar points to focus on
for the next two weeks. Then decide how
you will improve your use of them.
When you want to improve your grammar in speaking and writing, it is best to focus
on one or two mistakes at a time. Choose structures that:
areimportant(i.e.themeaningisunclearifyougetthemwrong)
youoftenmakemistakeswith
After you have spent some time working on these mistakes, choose another one or
two structures.
C. Which types of mistake usually cause the most confusion? Put these in order.
particles in phrasal verbs
prepositions of place and direction
word order
tenses
word endings
articles
Can you think of any others? Add them to the chart.
least serious
most serious
75 Module 12
9. Practice
9.1 Exercises
A. Passive and active
Put the verb into the correct form: present simple or past
simple, active or passive.
1. Its a big factory. Five hundred people are employed
there. (employ)
2. Water ______ most of the Earths surface. (cover)
3. Most of the Earths surface ______ by water. (cover)
4. My bike ______ in time so I couldnt go on the ride.
(not fx)
5. The letter _____a week ago and it ______ yesterday.
(post, arrive)
6. I _____ this tea, because it _____ locally. I like to use
local businesses. (not buy, not grow)
7. I ______ in Twante, but I _____ there now.
(grow up, not live) .
8. While I was at the festival, my radio ______ from my
house. (steal)
9. Why ______ from his job? Didnt he enjoy it?
(Zarni / resign)
10. Why ______ from her job? What did she do wrong?
(Thida / fre)
11. Where______? _____ them?
(these photos / take, you / take)
B. Who did it?
Rewrite these sentences in the passive.
1. Somebody cleans the room every day.
The room is cleaned every day.
2. They cancelled all classes because of the festival.
All classes
3. People dont use this road very often.
4. The police arrested my son.
5. How do people learn languages?
6. While I was in the shop, somebody took my bicycle.
7. Where do people grow apples?
8. How did somebody break the window?

C. Experience
Make sentences in the present perfect using the words
provided.
1. my mother / not ride / motorbike.
My mother hasnt ridden a motorbike.
2. I/attended/Englishclasses/forfvemonths.
3. how long / you / be / here?
4. Min Thu / not eat / crocodile meat.
5. my parents / visited / many cities.
6. Aung Mon and San San Aye / not have / children / yet.
7. the children / try / their new bicycles?
8. I / not play / Buzkashi.
9. the cat / catch / a lot of rats.
10. I / know / Daw Than / since 1991.
D. ever and never
Write the questions and answers. Use the information in
italics.
1. (go / India) Have you ever been to India?
(no / China) No, Ive never been to India, but
Ive been to China.
2. (eat / monkey)
(no / snake)
3. (meet / movie star)
(no / rock star)
4. (study / Japanese)
(no / Arabic)
5. (play / basketball)
(no / tennis)
6. (write / novel)
(no / poems)
E. been and gone
Fill the gaps in the conversation with been or gone.
Kyi Kyi: Hi. Wheres Lu Lu?
Mary: Shes ________ to the shop to get
some meat.
Kyi Kyi: Oh! I bought some chicken Ive just
________ to the new market near the lake.
Mary: I havent ________ there yet. Whats
it like?
Kyi Kyi: Its good lots of cheap things to buy.
Your mother should go there because they
sell cheap cloth.
Mary: Oh, shes not sewing clothes any more.
Shes ________ back to the farm.
F. Present perfect and past simple
These sentences talk about something that has happened,
and extra details. Put them in the right order.
Each exercise has two sentences.
1. 1999 to Ive Hpa-an I in been there went
Ive been to Hpa-an. I went there in 1999.
2. law she shes studied been university to
3. by hes went gone he to Rangoon train
4. met theyve Prime Minister year met last they
the her
5. with Ive my performed performed I in class.
concert. a
76 Module 12
Across
1. Using old ideas from your culture, not modern ideas.
6. Do you prefer modern ___ classical poetry?
7. You go here to listen to bands or orchestras.
10. A person who moves their body to music.
12. The movie had a very ___ ending both the main
actors died.
14. You do this with scissors.
15. Please be quiet I cant ___ the singer.
18. Performers sometimes wear this on their faces.
19. He studied ___ at university. He learned all about
how to draw and paint.
20. The guitar, drum and salor are all types of ___.
22. A place you go to watch plays.
Down
2. To practise before a performance.
3. I dont like rock music. Its ___ loud.
4. Many musicians playing instruments, usually
playing classical music.
5. She has a ___ of CDs perhaps over 200.
8. You do this with books.
9. A person who performs in plays or movies.
11. This type of music is very popular, especially with young people.
13. People move these with strings in theatre performances.
16. A person who paints or draws.
17. Ive ___ played the violin, but Ive played the piano.
19.Ilikereadingfction___non-fctionbooks.
21. I want to ___ the new Kyaw Hein movie.
I. Translate
Translate these phrases into your language.
1. Id like to introduce my teacher, Daw Lwin Lwin Oo.
2. Excuse me, are you Maung Myo?
3. How long have you been here?
4. This weather is very hot!
5. Do you like American food?
6. I like rock music. Do you?
7. I enjoyed your speech.
8. Whats your favourite food?
G. Arts crossword
H. Phrasal verbs
Match these phrasal verbs with their synonym or
defnition.
1. come in
2. try on
3. carry on
4. pick up
5. hurry up
6. stay in
7. grow up
8. fgureout
9. look after
10. pay back
11. give up
12. set up
a. do something quickly
b. put on an item of clothing
to see if it fts
c. stop doing something
before it is fnished
d. enter a room
e. not leave your house
f. return money
g. get something or someone
h. understand
i. continue
j. organise something new
k. make sure someone or
something is OK
l. get bigger or older
1 2 3 4 5
6
7 8
9
10 11
12 13
14
15 16 17
18
19
20 21
r s
22
77 Module 12
A. Do you know these words? Go through the list and tick the ones you know.
Write a translation or explanation for the words you dont know.
9.2 Vocabulary review
B. Vocabulary quiz. What are these words and phrases? Use the vocabulary from the list above.
1. To create something new.
2. You dont need this so you throw it away.
3. To practise a musical or theatre act.
4. To work closely with and share information with another group.
5. You dont know this person.
6. To think about something until you understand it.
7. Not violent.
8. To change something so that it can be used again.
9. Numbers that give information.
10. To experience pain, injury, sadness, etc.
11. To continue.
12. Name two types of natural disaster.
C. Play Phrasal Verb Matching. Cut up small pieces of cardboard or paper, and write one of the
verbs or particles that make up a phrasal verb on it. You can use phrasal verbs from this
module, previous modules or other phrasal verbs you know. Do this until you have twelve cards
six verbs and six particles. Join with one or two other people, and mix all your cards.
Put all the cards face down (so you cant see the words). Choose two cards. If they are a phrasal
verb, explain its meaning. If you are correct, keep the two cards and have another turn. If
incorrect, or the cards are not a phrasal verb, turn the cards face down again and its the next
persons turn. The winner is the person with the most cards.
attempt (v)
article (n)
barrel (n)
biased (adj)
bullet point (n)
carbon dioxide (n)
carry on (v)
classical (adj)
consume (v)
contain (v)
costume (n)
cyclone (n)
deal with (v)
department (n)
destroy (v)
drown (v)
earthquake (n)
emit (v)
engine (n)
exhibition (n)
expel (v)
export (v, n)
fgureout(v)
folk tale (n)
frequent (adj)
give away (v)
give up (v)
harm (n, v)
hurry up (v)
import (v, n)
industry (n)
instrument (n)
invent (v)
liaise (v)
life expectancy (n)
look up (v)
loose (adj)
lottery (n)
loyal (adj)
muddy (adj)
murder (v, n)
orchestra (n)
patient (adj)
peaceful (adj)
populated (adj)
recycle (v)
rehearse (v)
relevant (adj)
set up (v)
soil (n)
statistics (n)
stranger (n)
suffer (v)
survive (v)
technology (n)
tonne (n)
torch (n)
try on (v)
turn down (v)
turn up (v)
waste (n, v)
g
i
v
e
u
p
to quit
78 Revision
Revision: Modules 9-12
A. Adult and child
Compare being an adult and being a child. Use can/cant/have to/dont have to.
Think about things like money, freedom, responsibilities, work and free time.
Positive (+) Negative (-)
Children: Children can play every day.

Adults: Adults have to work hard.
B. Advice for a visitor
A friend from South Africa is coming to visit Burma for the frst time. Hell be here for two weeks
and hes going to visit your family and stay in a guesthouse. Give him some advice about your
region and local culture.
1. Where should I go? You should go to Shwedagon Pagoda.
2. What traditional arts should I see?
3. How do I behave with older people?
4. What is rude behaviour while eating a meal?
5. Should I bring gifts for my host?
6. How do I buy a train ticket?
7. Can I go out alone at night?
8. Can I leave my money and passport in my hotel room?
C. Visitors are coming
Marge Occam, an important visitor from England, is coming. You are taking her out to dinner.
What should you do? Where can you go? What topics are appropriate and what topics are not
appropriate? Complete the sentences.
1. You should ask her about her favorite hobbies.
2. You shouldnt
3. I think you should
4. You dont have to
5. You can
6. You mustnt
D. Defnitions
Group the following words into the three columns and write a defnition for each.
musician typewriter island peasant gallery qualifcation bookshop
Australia heater violin newsreader dormitory desert puppet internet
forestry worker pilot laboratory
Somewhere that Something that Someone who
island typewriter musician
An island is somewhere that is surrounded by water.
A typewriter is something that you use to type letters.
A musician is someone who plays an instrument.
79 Revision
E. Past simple and past continuous
Complete the conversations. Use the past simple or the past continuous form of the verb.
Journalist: What were you doing (you /do) when the accident
1.
_______ (happen)?
Si Si: I
2.
_______ (be) at the bus station. I
3.
_______ (wait) for the bus to Hsipaw.
Journalist:
4.
_______ (you / see) the accident?
Si Si: No, because I
5.
_______ (read) the newspaper.
Hassan: I
6.
_______ (call) you at 8 oclock last night but you werent at home.
Kyaw Zwa: I
7.
_______ (sit) in a teashop. My brother and I
8.
_______ (watch) football.
Hassan:
9.
_______ (be) Aung Aung with you?
Kyaw Zwa: No, he
10.
_______ (work) at his Aunties restaurant.
Hassan: Where
11.
_______ (you / go) after the teashop?
Kyaw Zwa: I
12.
_______ (go) home.
Mum: Oh no! My beautiful vase! What happened?
Ma Yin: Im really sorry, Mum. I
13.
_______ (break) it when I
14.
_______ (wash) it.
Mum: How?
Ma Yin: My hands
15.
_______ (be) wet and I
16.
_______ (drop) it on the foor.
F. Places around the world
What do you know about these places?
Put the following words and phrases into the chart.
urban Paris, France tropical take a boat tour French wine and cheese
Cambodia see the Pyramids old and modern paintings
Fill the bottom row with information about your country, or a country you know well.
Cambodia Egypt Paris, France
place climate geography food arts activities
Egypt dry
beaches kebabs old buildings
____________
the River Nile mint tea
____________
hot, humid and
rainy
paddy felds rice
traditional
dancing
see a temple
ceremony
____________
The Mekong
River
noodles Angkor Wat ____________
____________
hot summers
The Seine
River
bread
____________
climb the Eiffel
Tower
cold winters
____________ ____________
Other
____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________
____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________
80 Revision
G. An exciting trip
Read about Nang Sengs trip to an environmental conference. Fill in the blanks with the correct
forms of the words and phrases in the box. Use each word or phrase once.

In December 2007, Nang Seng went on an
1.
exciting trip. She went to Indonesia for an
international conference about global warming. She felt a little nervous when the plane was
2.
________
because she doesnt like
3.
________. She also got lost while she was
4.
________ her luggage.
People from 80 different countries
5.
________ at the conference. Nang Seng went to a lot of
meetings, which is sometimes quite
6.
________. However, she also learned a lot about how our world is
changing and that urgent action is
7.
________ on global warming. She
8.
________ a lot of information on
this topic. Its really quite
9.
________! Her schedule during the two week long conference was busy. Most
of her days and evenings were busy with meetings and discussions. When the participants were having
discussions, she
10.
________ to all the different opinions people expressed.
Nang Seng enjoyed the conference because she is very
11.
________ in global warming and she
learned a lot.
H. What makes a good or bad?
Describe characteristics of a good or bad example of each type of person. Use at least three
adjectives.
1. A good teacher is patient, easy-going, and friendly.
2. A bad teacher is
3. A good manager is
4. A bad manager is
5. A good doctor is
6. A bad doctor is
7. A good politician is
8. A bad politician is
I. Making arrangements
Look at Nyi Nyis schedule below and complete the conversation. Use the present continuous tense.
time Monday Tuesday Wednesday
8:00am - 10:00am English class English class
10:00am - 12 noon work at shop meet with teacher
12 noon - 2:00pm lunch with Ma Sein lunch with Kyaw Zwa
Sai Sai: Hey do you want to have tea on Monday morning?
Nyi Nyi: Sorry, but Im studying English from 8 until 10 oclock.
Sai Sai: Could we have lunch on Monday? Im free at noon.
Nyi Nyi: Sorry, I cant.
1.
__________.
2.
__________ from Dawei on Monday. Are you free on
Tuesday morning?
Sai Sai: Sorry, but Im working all day on Tuesday. How about Wednesday?
Nyi Nyi: Well,
3.
__________ at 8:00, and then
4.
__________ at 10:00.
5.
__________ anything
at 12:00. How about then?
Nyi Nyi: Yeah that sounds great! Im not busy on Wednesday. See you then!
Sai Sai: OK see you then!
fy excite look for need bore fnd out
listen interest take off frighten turn up
81 Revision
J. Passive quiz
First, form questions and statements using the present simple and past simple passive. Then choose
the correct answers.
Questions Answers
1. When / build / Sule Pagoda? a. (about 500 / 1,000 / 2,000 years ago)
2. Where / speak / Sinhalese / today? b. (India / Sri Lanka / Pakistan)
3. Where / fnd / kiwis? c. (India / New Zealand / Australia)
4. Where / frst educate / Aung San? d. (Natmauk / Rangoon / London)
5. When / invent / the internet? e. (1969 / 1979 / 1989)
6. What / invent / by Karl F. Benz? f. (the telephone / the car / the motorcycle)
K. Job interview
Imagine that you are in a job interview for an offce assistant position in a town near Mrauk-U.
Complete the question forms and then answer with your own information, giving some details.
Have you ever Answer Details (When? Where?)
1. (have) had a job? Yes, I have. I worked at MyanMart for 2 years.
2. (apply) _______ for a job?
3. (work) _______ part-time?
4. (be) _______ promoted?
5. (work) _______ long hours?
6. (take) _______ a computer course?
7. (write) _______ a report?
8. (manage) _______ an offce?
9. (quit) _______ a job?
10. (live) _______ in a rural area?
L. Check your knowledge
Think about all the things you have learned while studying Modules 9-12. Complete this checklist.
Give yourself a score of 1-5: 1 = very badly 5 = very well.
Which ones have the lowest scores? What can you do to improve your ability in them?
I can 1 2 3 4 5
discuss things you need and dont need to do
give advice
talk about jobs
narrate a story in the past
describe a persons character and appearance
identify countries and nationalities
talk about future plans and arrangements
describe geographical features of a country
express opinions, and agree and disagree with others opinions
discuss things you have done and things that have changed
talk about the arts in your community
understand and use appropriate small talk
use a range of spoken communication strategies
82 Revision
Revision Answers: Modules 9-12
A. Adult and child
Possible answers, children:
Positive - Children can learn very fast. Children
dont have to work.
Negative - Children have to obey adults. Children
cant drive a motorbike.
Possible answers, adults:
Positive - Adults can make their own decisions.
Adults dont have to attend school.
Negative - Adults have to worry about a lot of
things. Adults cant cry in public.
B. Advice for a visitor
Possible answers:
2. You should see some traditional dancing.
3. You should be very polite to older people.
4. You should not eat with your left hand.
5. You dont have to, but you can bring a small gift
if you want to.
6. You can go to the train station, or to a travel
agent in town.
7. You can go out alone at night.
8. No, you shouldnt do that!
C. Visitors are coming
Possible answers:
2. You shouldnt ask her how much money
she makes.
3. I think you should take her to meet your friends.
4. You dont have to call her Ms Occam.
5. You can call her Marge.
6. You mustnt drink too much alcohol.
D. Defnitions
Possible answers:
Somewhere that
country - Somewhere that has borders and
government. You need a passport to come in and
out of it.
gallery - Somewhere that you can see paintings or
photographs.
bookshop - Somewhere that you can buy books.
Australia - Somewhere that is large and near New
Zealand
dormitory - Somewhere that a lot of students live
together.
desert - Somewhere that is really dry. Theres lots
of sand and not many plants.
laboratory - Somewhere that scientists do
experiments.
Something that
qualifcation - Something that you get after you
fnish university or a training course.
heater - Something that you can use to make your
house warmer.
violin - Something that you use to make music. It
has strings.
puppet - Something that looks like a person, used
in theatre.
internet - Something that you use to send
information between computers.
Someone who
forestry worker - Someone who takes care of the
forest.
peasant - Someone who makes a living by growing
crops.
newsreader - Someone who works on radio or TV
and reads the news.
pilot - Someone who can fy an aeroplane.
E. Past simple and past continuous
Answers:
1. happened 2. was 3. was waiting
4. Did you see 5. was reading 6. called
7. was sitting 8. were watching 9. Was
10. was working 11. did you go 12. went
13. broke 14. was washing
15. were 16. dropped
83 Revision
F. Places around the world
Answers:
Egypt/activities - see the Pyramids
Cambodia/climate - tropical
Cambodia/activities - take a boat tour
Paris, France/geography - urban
Paris, France/food - French wine and cheese
Paris, France/arts - old and modern paintings
Fill the bottom section with information about a
place you know well.
G. An exciting trip
Answers:
2. taking off 3. fying 4. looking for
5. turned up 6. boring 7. needed
8. found out 9. frightening 10. listened
11. interested
H. What makes a good or bad?
Possible answers:
2. A bad teacher is bad-tempered, arrogant
and impatient.
3. A good manager is generous, honest
and friendly.
4. A bad manager is corrupt, mean and sleazy.
5. A good doctor is friendly, honest
and intelligent.
6. A bad doctor is careless, forgetful and lazy.
7. A good politician is honest, reliable
and friendly.
8. A bad politician is corrupt, vain and stupid.
I. Making Arrangements
Possible answers:
1. Im having lunch with Ma Sein
2. Shes coming back / returning
3. Im going to English class
4. Im meeting with my teacher
5. Im not doing
J. Passive quiz
Answers:
1. a. About 2,000 years ago
2. b. Sri Lanka
3. c. New Zealand
4. d. Natmauk
5. e. 1969
6. f. The car
K. Job interview
Possible answers:
2. Have you ever applied for a job?
Yes, I have. I applied for my job at MyanMart three
years ago.
3. Have you ever worked part time?
Yes, I have. I worked part time when I was a
student.
4. Have you ever been promoted?
Yes, I have I was promoted to assistant manager at
MyanMart.
5. Have you ever worked long hours?
Yes, I have. I worked long hours in a restaurant
when I was a student
6. Have you ever taken a computer course?
No, I havent, but I am very interested in learning
about computers.
7. Have you ever written a report?
Yes, I have. When I worked at MyanMart, I had to
write fnancial reports all the time.
8. Have you ever managed an offce?
No, I havent, but I have managed a shop.
9. Have you ever quit a job?
Yes, I have. I quit my job at MyanMart last year.
10. Have you ever lived in a rural area?
Yes, I have. I grew up in a small village in Shan
State.
L. Check your knowledge
Answer the questionnaire and make a plan for
improving your weakest skills.
84 Language Reference
Questions and answers
1. yes/no questions
Do I/you/we/they
have to
do it?
Does she/he/it leave?
2. Short answers
Yes,
I/you/we/they do.
No,
I/you/we/they dont.
she/he/it does. she/he/it doesnt.
3. wh- questions
How hard do I have to work?
Where does he have to be?
have to in the past simple
1. The past simple form of have to is had to.
I had to go to hospital last week.
2. We make questions with did + have to + base.
Did you have to go to the hospital last week?
Why did you have to go there?
3. We make negatives with didnt + have to + base.
I didnt have to go to hospital.
should
1. We use should and shouldnt to say that something
is the right thing to do, or a good idea.
Youre lazy. You should work harder.
He drinks too much. You shouldnt marry him.
2. To make advice softer and more personal, we use I
think and I dont think.
I think you should wash your face.
I dont think they should buy that house.
3. We do not use I think with a negative verb.
I dont think you should go there.
not: I think you shouldnt go there.
Should is a modal auxiliary verb. There is more
information about modal verbs in the Language
Reference Module 7.
someone, anyone, etc.
Words beginning with some- and any- follow
the same rules as some and any. (See Language
Reference Module 6.)
I met someone yesterday.
I dont know anyone at this party.
Have you met anyone recently?
Can you introduce me to someone?
NOTE: There is no important difference between
someone/anyone and somebody/anybody.
Module Nine
can
We use can to:
1. talk about ability.
I can play the guitar quite well.
Phyu Phyu cant run very fast.
2. ask for and give (or refuse) permission.
Can I please use the toilet?
You cant smoke in here.
3. make requests and offers.
Can you pass me the salt, please?
Can I help you?
Can is a modal auxiliary verb. There is more
information about modal verbs in Language
Reference Module 7.
must and have to
1. We use have to and must to show that something is
necessary. The basic meaning is the same.
I have to study for my exam.
I must wash the dishes.
2. The negative forms have very different meanings.
a. Dont/doesnt have to means that it is not
necessary.
You dont have to leave now (but you can if
you want).
b. Mustnt means it is not allowed.
You mustnt cheat in your exams.
Must is a modal auxiliary verb. There is more
information about modal verbs in the Language
Reference Module 7.
Have to is not a modal verb, so the grammar is a little
different.
Statements
I/You/We/They
have
dont have
to
be there.
work hard.
She/He/It
has
doesnt have
NOTE: As with a modal verb, we always use the base
form of the verb after have to. It does not change for
the third person singular.
I have to go home.
He has to go home. not: He has to goes home.
Language Reference
85 Language Reference
Module Ten
The past continuous
We use the past continuous for an activity in progress
in the past.
I was talking to my friend.
The children were shouting loudly.
Statements
subject auxiliary present participle
I was
eating cake.
She/He/It wasnt
We/You/They
were
talking.
werent
Questions and answers
To make questions we put was or were before the
subject.
1. yes/no questions and short answers
statement: He was listening to the radio.
question: Was he listening to the radio?
answer: Yes, he was. No, he wasnt.
STATEMENT: They were waiting at the station.
QUESTON: Were they waiting at the station?
answer: Yes, they were. No, they werent.
2. wh- questions
What was he doing?
Where were you waiting?
Past simple or continuous?
1. The past continuous describes an event in progress
in the past.
I was sleeping.
2. The past simple shows a completed action or event
in the past.
The phone rang.
3. We often use the past continuous and the past simple
together. The past simple says what happened (the main
event). The past continuous says what was happening
around that time (the background situation).
While I was sleeping, the phone rang.
I was sleeping.
The phone rang.
4. We use two past simple verbs when two things
happened, one after the other.
When the phone rang, I got out of bed.
I got out of bed. The phone rang.
5. It doesnt matter which clause comes frst.
When I saw her, I was running.
= I was running when I saw her.
when, while and during
We use when, while and during to talk about the time
something happened.
I fell in love when I saw him.
I married him while I was living in Taunggyi.
He left me during the water festival.
when or while?
We can often use either when or while with no
difference in meaning.
I lived in Mandalay when I was studying.
= I lived in Mandalay while I was studying.
BUT:
1. We normally use while before the past continuous
and when before the past simple.
I drank beer while I was watching TV.
I was watching TV when I drank beer.
2. We use when to say an event happened after another
event.
When I hit him, he fell over.
not: While I hit him, he fell over.
during or while?
1. During is a preposition, so we use it before a noun.
I fell asleep during the game.
not: I fell asleep during I was watching the game.
2. While is a conjunction, so we use it before a clause.
I fell asleep while I was watching the game.
not: I fell asleep while the game.
Adjectives with -ing and -ed
1. We can use past participles (verb-ed) and present
participles (verb-ing) as adjectives.
Im not interested in this boring book.
2. We use -ed adjectives to describe an effect, such as
a feeling.
Im really bored. I have nothing to do.
not: Im really boring.
Tom was confused by the book.
not: Tom was confusing by the book.
3. We use -ing adjectives to describe the cause of a
feeling, such as a person, thing or situation.
This teacher is really boring. I want to sleep.
not: This teacher is really bored.
Tom cant understand his book. Its confusing.
not: Its confused
86 Language Reference
.
Module Eleven
going to
We use going to to talk about future plans things we
have already decided to do.
Im going to study maths at university.
Thida is going to be a teacher.
Statements
I
m
going to
like that.
m not
She/He/It
s
be there.
isnt
We/You/They
re
understand.
arent
NOTE: We always use the base form of the verb after
going to.
Maung Maung is going to have a party.
not: Maung Maung is going to has a party.
Questions and answers
To make questions with going to, we put am, is or are
before the subject.
1. yes/no questions and short answers.
statement: She is going to buy a bicycle.
question: Is she going to buy a bicycle?
answer: Yes, she is.
No, she isnt. / No, shes not.
2. wh- questions
How are they going to get there?
What are you going to do when you graduate?
Present continuous for the future
1. We can use the present continuous to talk about
future arrangements things we have already
arranged to do.
Im going to China next month.
What are you doing this evening?
2. When we use the present continuous in this way,
we either give a future time (next week, tomorrow,
tonight, at 6 oclock, etc.) or we know from the
situation we are talking about the future.
What are you doing tomorrow?
Im going to the offce. Im meeting the director at 9
oclock.

I think so, I hope not, etc.
We can use so to replace a that- clause.
- Is tomorrow a holiday?
- I think so. (= I think that tomorrow is a holiday.)
- Will Burma win the World Cup?
- I hope so. (= I hope that Burma wins the World
Cup.)
NOTE: The negative forms of I think so and I hope
so are:
I dont think so. I hope not.

Module Twelve
The passive
1. We use active verbs when we are interested in the
person or thing which does the action.
My dads clever. He built our house.
not: My dads clever. Our house was built by him.
2. We use the passive when the person or thing which
does the action is:
a. not important
This house was built fve years ago.
(It doesnt matter who built it.)
b. not known
My purse was stolen yesterday.
(I dont know who stole it.)
3. We use by to show who did the action.
This house was built by my father.
Statements
1. We make the passive with the auxiliary verb to be
+ the past participle. To make different tenses, we
change the form of the auxiliary.
I am employed by my organisation.
The bananas were eaten by Myint Myint San.
Tea isnt grown in New Zealand.
2. The object of an active verb becomes the subject of
a passive verb.
The police arrested John last week. (active)
John was arrested last week. (passive)
Questions and answers
To make questions, we put the subject after the
auxiliary.
1. yes/no questions and short answers
statement: Rice is grown in China.
question: Is rice grown in China?
answer: Yes, it is.
No, it isnt. / No, its not.
2. wh- questions
Where is rice grown?
When were you born?
How many people were killed?
87 Language Reference
The present perfect (3)
We can use the present perfect to talk about
experiences in our life up to the present. We dont say
exactly when they happened.
Ive been to India three times.
Tom has never ridden a horse.
Has Hkun Soe ever studied English before?
How many times have they done it?
ever
1. Ever means at any time. We often use ever in
present perfect questions to ask about experiences.
Have you ever eaten dog meat?
Have they ever been to Mandalay?
2. We dont use ever in positive statements.
I have eaten dog meat.
not: I have ever eaten dog meat.
never
Never means at no time. We often use never in
present perfect statements. The meaning is negative
but we use the positive form of the verb.
She has never eaten dog meat.
not: She hasnt never eaten dog meat.
been and gone
1. The verb to go has two past participles, been and
gone. In British English, been means went and came
back, and gone means went and hasnt come back.
Si Si isnt here. Shes gone to Iraq.
Ive been to Iraq three times.
not: Ive gone to Iraq three times.
2. In American English, gone has both meanings.
Shes gone to Iraq three times.
= Shes been to Iraq three times.
BUT: Been only means went and came back.
not: Si Sis not here. Shes been to Iraq.

Present perfect or past simple? (3)
1. We use the present perfect for experiences up to the
present. We are not interested in the exact time.
Hes never broken his leg.
Theyve eaten pizza twice this week.
Have you ever met John?
2. We use the past simple for completed actions in the
past. We use it when we are interested in the time of
the event.
Ive met John. I met him last week.
not: Ive met him last week.
I went to Myitkyina in 2006.
not: Ive been to Myitkyina in 2006.
Phrasal verbs
1. Many verbs in English have two parts: a verb and
an adverb particle (a small adverb). These are called
phrasal verbs.
2. The meaning of some phrasal verbs is clear from
the two parts.
sit down stand up come in go away
3. Some phrasal verbs are idiomatic. We cant work
out the meaning from the separate parts.
look after turn down fgure out
4. Phrasal verbs are usually informal. In formal
situations, we often use a different word or phrase.
informal: come in get there carry on
formal: enter arrive continue
5. Like other vocabulary items, many phrasal verbs
have more than one meaning
work out = 1. fgure out
= 2. be successful
= 3. exercise
88 Language Reference
Irregular Verbs
base past simple past participle base past simple past participle
be was/were been lose lost lost
beat beat beaten make made made
become became become mean meant meant
begin began begun meet met met
bend bent bent pay paid paid
bet bet bet put put put
bite bit bitten read read read
blow blew blown ride rode ridden
break broke broken ring rang rung
bring brought brought rise rose risen
build built built run ran run
burst burst burst say said said
buy bought bought see saw seen
catch caught caught seek sought sought
choose chose chosen sell sold sold
come came come send sent sent
cost cost cost set set set
cut cut cut sew sewed sewn/sewed
deal dealt dealt shake shook shaken
dig dug dug shine shone shone
do did done shoot shot shot
draw drew drawn show showed shown
drink drank drunk shrink shrank shrunk
drive drove driven shut shut shut
eat ate eaten sing sang sung
fall fell fallen sink sank sunk
feed fed fed sit sat sat
feel felt felt sleep slept slept
fght fought fought speak spoke spoken
fnd found found spend spent spent
fy few fown split split split
forbid forbade forbidden spread spread spread
forget forgot forgotten spring sprang sprung
freeze froze frozen stand stood stood
get got got steal stole stolen
give gave given stick stuck stuck
go went gone sting stung stung
grow grew grown stink stank stunk
hang hung hung strike struck struck
have had had swear swore sworn
hear heard heard sweep swept swept
hide hid hidden swim swam swum
hit hit hit swing swung swung
hold held held take took taken
hurt hurt hurt teach taught taught
keep kept kept tear tore torn
know knew known tell told told
lay laid laid think thought thought
lead led led throw threw thrown
leave left left understand understood understood
lend lent lent wake woke woken
let let let wear wore worn
lie lay lain win won won
light lit lit write wrote written
89 Language Reference
Countries and Nationalities
Country Nationality Country Nationality
Afghanistan Afghan Laos Lao
Algeria Algerian Lebanon Lebanese
Angola Angolan Liberia Liberian
Argentina Argentinian/Argentine Libya Libyan
Australia Australian Malaysia Malaysian
Austria Austrian Mexico Mexican
Bangladesh Bangladeshi Mongolia Mongolian
Belgium Belgian Morocco Moroccan
Bhutan Bhutanese Nepal Nepalese
Bolivia Bolivian Netherlands Dutch
Great Britain British Nigeria Nigerian
Cambodia Cambodian North Korea North Korean
Cameroon Cameroon Norway Norwegian
Canada Canadian Pakistan Pakistani
Chile Chilean Peru Peruvian
China Chinese Philippines Filipino
Congo Congolese Portugal Portuguese
Cuba Cuban Romania Romanian
Czech Republic Czech Rwanda Rwandan
Denmark Danish Samoa Samoan
Egypt Egyptian Saudi Arabia Saudi
Ethiopia Ethiopian Singapore Singaporean
Fiji Fijian Somalia Somali
Finland Finnish South Africa South African
France French South Korea South Korean
Germany German Spain Spanish
Ghana Ghanaian Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
Greece Greek Sudan Sudanese
Guatemala Guatemalan Sweden Swedish
Hungary Hungarian Switzerland Swiss
Iceland Icelandic Syria Syrian
India Indian Taiwan Taiwanese
Indonesia Indonesian Tanzania Tanzanian
Iran Iranian Thailand Thai
Ireland Irish Tonga Tongan
Israel Israeli Turkey Turkish
Italy Italian Uganda Ugandan
Jamaica Jamaican USA American
Japan Japanese Venezuela Venezuelan
Jordan Jordanian Vietnam Vietnamese
Kenya Kenyan Zimbabwe Zimbabwean
90 Language Reference
91 Audioscripts
9.1 - In the dormitory
Nyi Nyi: Do I have to cook breakfast?
Boarder master: Yes, sometimes. Students take turns.
Each student helps cook once a week.
Nyi Nyi: Can I smoke cheroots in the dormitory?
Boarder master: No, you cant. You have to go outside
if you want to smoke.
Nyi Nyi: Do I have to share a mosquito net with another
boy?
Boarder master: No, you get your own mosquito net.
Nyi Nyi: OK. And I like to study a lot. What time does
the generator go off?
Boarder master: At 9 oclock.
Nyi Nyi: Can I study after that?
Boarder master: Yes, sure, if you have enough candles.
Just dont disturb other students.
9.2 - Advice on the radio: Part 1
Interviewer: OK, and now were going to hear from
Khaing Khaing. Hello Khaing Khaing. Whats your
problem?
Khaing Khaing: Hello. Im a student at university. Im
just starting my third year, so I have one more year to go
before I graduate. After I graduate I want to be a teacher
in my village school.
Interviewer: OK, so whats wrong?
Khaing Khaing: Well, my boyfriend really wants to
marry me soon.
Interviewer: Why does he want to get married now?
Khaing Khaing: Hes a medic, and hes going to
work in the countryside next month. He wants me to
come with him. Also, my parents live there, and they
think I should come home and get married. They dont
understand why I need so much education.
Interviewer: I see.
Khaing Khaing: My parents really like my boyfriend
I do too, I mean, I love him a lot, and I want to marry
him one day. But I want to fnish my education frst.
9.3 - Advice on the radio: Part 2
Counsellor 1: Hi Khaing Khaing. I suggest you talk
to your boyfriend. Explain that you love him, but its
important for your future to fnish your education.
Maybe he doesnt like to wait, but he should know the
long-term advantages. If you both want a happy married
life, the two of you should compromise. For example,
perhaps you should fnish your education now, and then
you can go to the countryside and teach there.
Counsellor 2: Yes, I agree. You should also talk to your
parents, and maybe ask one of your teachers to write to
them. Its diffcult for them if you live a long way away,
but the community needs good teachers! I think they can
understand, and your boyfriend too. I think they need to
compromise, and think about your long-term future.
9.4 - Aung Mons job interview
Director: That sounds good. Now Ive looked at your
CV, and I see that youve done some computer training.
Please tell me about that.
Aung Mon: Ummm, we learned basic computer skills
typing, Offce, things like that.
Director: And have you used computers since then?
Aung Mon: Yes, quite a lot actually. I do translations on
my wifes laptop.
Director: OK. Now, as you know, this job involves
training people about the law. Have you got any legal
qualifcations yourself?
Aung Mon: Not exactly. I started a degree in law, but I
didnt fnish it because my dad died, so I had to drop out
and work to support my family.
Director: I see. Were looking for someone with
management experience. Have you done any
management?
Aung Mon: Well, I was head teacher of a small school.
That involved a lot of management organising other
teachers, timetables and things.
Director: OK. What languages do you have?
Aung Mon: Myanmar, English and Mon.
9.5 - Sabays job
Interviewer: So Sabay, youre working here in
Cambodia, in Phnom Penh, for Rajana. Can you tell me
a little bit about that organisation?
Sabay: Rajana Project is, was started in 1995 by
the NGO, ahh, called, it is called, ah, Southeast Asia
Outreach. But this project is our objective is to help
the young Cambodian people and ahh to help the poor
villagers and can fnd the market for them too.
Interviewer: What sort of things does the organisation
do?
Sabay: Especially we do the handicrafts.
Interviewer: Handicrafts? What type of handicrafts?
Sabay: Ah, like we produce like, ah, like ah, cards,
ahh, jewellery, silver jewellery, ah, silk scarves, and, ah,
bamboo handicrafts and hilltribe crafts.
Interviewer: So these are mostly traditional Cambodian
type handicrafts?
Sabay: Yes, it is really ah, ahh, it is really traditional
Cambodian craft.
Audioscripts
92 Audioscripts
Interviewer: And who makes them?
Sabay: Especially the young Cambodian people and the
villagers.
Interviewer: So what is it that the villagers do?
Sabay: The villagers they produce like, ahh, bamboo
crafts and especially silk, silk scarves and also the
sarong or hol and different, ahh, different ahh, silk, raw
silk and live silk and they produce also the box, ah, the
palm leaf box, in Khmer it is called smok. Ah and they
also produce different things what we order and what we
have experience in in, ah, different handicrafts.
Interviewer: I notice, um, some of the things you have
in the shop are gongs, made out of landmines
Sabay: Gongs are also made from the recycled bomb
shells and it is made by the villagers who, who are living
in Udong. Udong is the former, the former capital of,
ahh, Cambodia before.
Interviewer: And are there a lot of landmines around
that area?
Sabay: Yes there are a lot of landmines in Cambodia
like especially during the, during the, about nearly
three decades of Cambodia war, so many different, ahh,
different factions, different sides, they have the mines in
their land, so many people can affected because of the
landmines.
Interviewer: So you sell things from the villages, but
you also have many people working here in the shop in
Phnom Penh.
Sabay: You know all the young Cambodian people are,
who are working in Rajana every day, they feel very
happy and they work very hard in here. They try to work
as hard as they can. And, and they have also have fair
wages for themselves, and they have to provide their
families in the, ah, in the villages as well
Interviewer: So Sabay, youre the General Manager of
this project, um, what does that involve?
Sabay: Ahhh, now do you know I, when I was in
the shops, I also do the accounts in the morning, and
sometimes I have to go outside to do some marketing
research, and sometimes I give, I have to promote, ah,
our, our Rajana name more and more, sometimes I come
and I have to sell in the shop as well and sometimes I
have to do some design.
Interviewer: Um, you said when you frst started that
the funding was provided by an NGO. Do you still
receive money from the NGO?
Sabay: Now we dont have any funds or donations from
other NGO. Now we are independent since year 2000.
Interviewer: Thank you very much!
Sabay: Youre welcome.
9.6 - Wheres the calculator?
Sayama Win: Have you seen my calculator? I cant fnd
it anywhere!
Saya Seng Li: No, I havent. Perhaps someones
borrowed it.
Sayama Win: Not one of the teachers, and the students
arent allowed in here. I dont think anyone has been in
this room since this morning the door was locked. Im
sure its somewhere in this room.
Saya Seng Li: The room is very untidy. It could be
anywhere.
Sayama Win: I know. I cant fnd anything in here.
Saya Seng Li: Lets do something about this problem. If
we tidy the room, maybe well fnd it somewhere.
9.7 - -er and -or endings
These are jobs: ambassador, director, builder, miner,
farmer, lawyer, doctor, counsellor, sailor, actor,
footballer, coordinator
These are things: tractor, newspaper, cooker, folder,
stapler, dinner, paper, helicopter, generator, container,
shower, typewriter
These are people, but not job titles: villager, passenger,
prisoner, minor, winner, foreigner, customer, member,
visitor
9.8 - Blowing in the Wind
How many roads must a man walk down
Before you can call him a man?
How many seas must a white dove sail
Before she sleeps in the sand?
Yes and how many times must the cannonballs fy
Before they are forever banned?
The answer, my friend
Is blowing in the wind
The answer is blowing in the wind
Yes and how many years can a mountain exist
Before it is washed to the sea?
Yes and how many years can some people exist
Before theyre allowed to be free?
Yes and how many times can a man turn his head
And pretend that he just doesnt see?
The answer, my friend
Is blowing in the wind
The answer is blowing in the wind

93 Audioscripts
How many times must a man look up
before he can see the sky?
Yes and how many years must one man have
Before he can hear people cry?
Yes and how many deaths will it take till he knows
That too many people have died?
The answer, my friend
Is blowing in the wind
The answer is blowing in the wind
10.1 - What were you doing when
you heard?
The newsreader
Umm, yeah. I was reading the news, and someone gave
me a bit of paper, and it said Northopia had won the
World Cup! I thought, Great, thats really good for the
country. One of my old school friends is on the team,
too the goalkeeper so I was really pleased for him
really pleased.
The forestry worker
When I heard about it, I was at our headquarters. I was
lying on my hammock listening to the radio, trying to
ignore the mosquitoes, when the news came over the
radio. I immediately ran to tell my friend. He operates
the radio in this village we dont have any telephones.
The radio operator
We were cooking some soup, and I was smoking a big
cheroot, when my friend ran up to me and told me the
news. I was so surprised, the cheroot fell out of my
mouth and into the soup! My wife was a little angry
until I told her the news. So then I sent a radio message
to some friends in the next village, and then went to tell
my daughters.
The radio operators daughter
I was playing with my little sister we were playing a
game with some stones, I think when my Dad came
and told us. We were so happy! I went to the school to
tell my teacher.
The teacher
While everyone was running round talking about this,
I was in the classroom marking essays. I was also
listening to music, so I didnt hear everyone celebrating.
Anyway, I was in the school, listening to my cassettes
and marking, when one of my students ran in and told
me the news. So I went outside to join the celebrations.
10.2 - Reading on the bus
I love reading novels, and I often read while Im taking
the bus to work. I sometimes read during meals, and I
even read while Im walking along the road. Reading
is really interesting. A good book can take me into
another world, and I just forget about my daily life and
problems.
Anyway, yesterday, while I was sitting on the bus, a man
got on and pointed a gun at the bus driver. His leg was
bleeding, and he had a large cut on his head. He shouted,
Drive me to the hospital! The bus driver was terrifed,
and obeyed the man. During the journey, the man was
shouting, Faster! Faster! The driver drove faster and
faster. It was really dangerous.
There was a passenger sitting at the front, just behind the
bus driver. She decided to act. While the bus was going
around a corner, she reached out and grabbed the gun.
When they saw this, two other passengers ran up to the
front of the bus and threw themselves on the man.
10.3 - Describing people
Sonia Ghandi is a tall woman, with long, dark, wavy
hair, a big mouth and a square face.
Stalin had a big, black moustache and black hair. He
wasnt tall, but he was quite well-built.
Mao Zedong had quite a small nose, and he was partly
bald. He was quite fat, especially when he was older.
Gloria Arroyo is very short. She has a round face, and
short, dark, wavy hair.
Helen Clark has short, straight hair. Its quite dark. She
has a pointed chin and a small mouth.
George W Bush has a pointed nose, short, grey hair and
thick eyebrows.
Fidel Castro has a big nose, big ears and a large beard.
10.4 - Family picture
1. The old bald man with the stick, thats my
grandfather. Hes very old, in his early 90s much
older than my grandmother. Shes only 76. He was a
teacher when the British were here, and he speaks fuent
English. Hes a very kind, easy-going man. He likes to
teach his grandchildren.
2. You see the handsome, well-built man on the right
with the square face and thick eyebrows? Thats my
cousin. His wife is next to him shes the slim woman
with the round face and long hair. Theyve just got
married. They want to start a small business selling
paintings. She paints shes very creative.
3. The tall, thin, young guy in front of him is his brother.
Hes in his late teens. Hes a little naughty, and quite
selfsh. Sometimes he goes out very late with his friends,
and his parents worry about him. He likes to wear
modern, trendy clothes.
4. You see the fat, square-faced woman at the back?
Shes my favourite aunt. Shes very clever, very strict,
and sometimes a little bad-tempered! Shes also very
organised shes a medic at the clinic, plus she has
six children, and shes the chairperson of the womens
organisation.
94 Audioscripts
5. The man next to her is my uncle. Hes the short man
with the big nose smoking a pipe. He married a very tall
American woman they work for an NGO.
10.5 - Countries
France, Laos
Nepal, Brazil, Japan, Iraq, Iran, Tibet
China, Norway, Turkey, Russia, Egypt, England, Israel,
Cuba, Thailand
Korea, Malaysia
Italy, Switzerland, Canada, Germany, India, Philippines
Vietnam, Singapore, Pakistan, Bangladesh
Cambodia, Australia, Afghanistan, America
Indonesia
10.6 - Nationalities
Nepalese, Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese
Turkish, English
Brazilian, Iranian, Tibetan, Malaysian, Italian,
Norwegian, Russian, Egyptian, German, Indian, Korean,
Australian, Canadian, Cuban, Singaporean, Cambodian,
Afghan, American, Indonesian
Iraqi, Israeli, Pakistani, Bangladeshi
French, Lao, Thai, Swiss, Filipino
10.7 - Interrogation
Whats your name?
Sorry, say that again.
How do you spell that?
When were you born?
Sorry, what year was that?
Where were you born?
And when did you enter this country?
Did you say December 30
th
?
Do you have a visa?
Where did you get that visa?
Why did you come here?
Where were you living last year?
What were you doing?
And do you remember where you were on the 27
th
of
September, 2007?
What were you doing that day?
Are you sure you werent in Pakistan?
Hmm, OK. Well, you can go.
10.8 - Communication strategies
Im sorry, I dont understand. Can you please repeat
that?
Sorry, what was that?
Could you explain this to me, please?
Could you say that more slowly?
Im sorry, what I mean to say is
What do you mean?
What does directly mean?
I dont understand essential.
You said we have to go to Taungoo to do what?
No, no. I didnt mean that. Of course you should go!
I missed that last bit, sorry.
11.1 - Future plans
When I graduate, Im going to go home and spend some
time with my parents. Then Im going to look around for
a job. Im not going to look for a high salary Id rather
fnd a job thats useful and helps people.
Soon, were going to get married. Were going to have
a big wedding its going to cost a lot of money! Were
going to have a big family I want four children, but
she says she wants at least six.
When I get out of here, Im going to walk around
the streets, and go out to the countryside, and look at
everything! Then Im going to go to a restaurant, and
order all my favourite food chicken, mushrooms and
pineapples.
When this babys born, Im not going to teach any more!
Im going to stay home and look after the baby for a few
months. Then Im going to fnd a new job. Not teaching
I want to become a writer.

11.2 - What are they going to do?
Nang Seng: Wow, the workshop is nearly over. Two
whole weeks. Its been useful though. What do you
think, Zindzi?
Zindzi: Well, Im thinking about how to use all this
stuff weve learned back home.
Lee: Have you decided what youre going to do, Zindzi?
Zindzi: Yes. Im going to travel around the country. Im
going to meet with youth and womens organisations,
and look at ways we can build networks.
Lee: Networks? So youre interested in computers?
Zindzi: No, not that kind of network! I mean networks
of people and organizations. I want to help connect
people in different parts of the country so they can work
together on the same issues. I think thats the biggest
priority, and thats what I really want to do. What about
you, Dylan? Are you going to teach computer skills?
95 Audioscripts
Dylan: I dont think so. I love computers, but teaching
is really hard. I want to make computers easier to use for
everybody. I might write a book about it, explaining in
easy language how computers work. Most people dont
understand them, even in Canada, and theyre so useful
for everything.
Nang Seng: That sounds like a good idea, Dylan. We
need that in my country too. Theres very little computer
information available, especially in local languages.
Zindzi: So Nang Seng, are you going to set up a
translation project?
Nang Seng: Im not quite sure yet. When I get
home, Ill organise a workshop for members of my
organisation. Well discuss what everyone wants to do.
What about you, Lee?
Lee: Ill probably teach frst I love teaching. Then
Im going to apply for some funding to set up a project
in local schools. Ill probably have to write a funding
proposal. Ugh. I hate writing proposals. Maybe one of
you can help me write it?
Dylan: What sort of project?
Lee: To work with all the schools in my area, and teach
sustainable development. Its not easy in my country
though. I wont be able to work outside my town. I
know the local education offcers and I think theyll like
the idea, but its much more diffcult outside the area.
Zindzi: Are you all going to come to next years
workshop?
Nang Seng: I think so. Well all discuss our plans, and
see how theyre working.
Dylan: That will be interesting!
11.3 - Excuses
Kyi Kyi: Hello, Kyi Kyi speaking.
Moe Kyaw: Hi Kyi Kyi. This is Moe Kyaw.
Kyi Kyi: Oh. Hello.
Moe Kyaw: Do you want to meet me for lunch
tomorrow?
Kyi Kyi: Im sorry, I cant. Im visiting my friends.
Moe Kyaw: OK, how about Friday night?
Kyi Kyi: Sorry, Im fxing my bicycle then.
Moe Kyaw: How about Saturday morning?
Kyi Kyi: Sorry, Im washing my dog on Saturday
morning.
Moe Kyaw: Oh. How about next week?
Kyi Kyi: Ummm Oh! Sorry! Im going to Brazil
next week. For a very long time.
Moe Kyaw: Oh well, perhaps next year sometime?
Kyi Kyi: Maybe. Bye!
11.4 - Living in different climates
I think the hottest place Ive ever lived is Kuwait, in
the Arabian Gulf. Its very hot all year, but particularly
in July and August, of course it can reach up to 53
degrees centigrade in late July. Its a dry heat than a
humid one, though, so its not as bad as hot, wet
countries. And of course, everything is air-conditioned.
The schools have air-con, the houses all have air-con,
every offce has air-con, so you can basically drive to a
place with air-con in the car, leap out, run into your
school or offce, and stay there all day. You usually need
to wear a jacket because the air-con is quite cold. Then
you get into your air-con car, and drive back to your
air-conditioned house. The sea waters often too hot to
swim in, especially in summer.
I lived in St. Petersburg, in the northwest of Russia. Its
quite a cold place. Winters are really cold, down to
minus 25 or even 30. People always wear layers of warm
clothes in winter. The good thing is that all the houses
are heated with traditional stoves in the countryside, or
with special heating systems in the cities. You put on
many layers before you go outside and then take off a
few layers once you are inside. St. Petersburg is situated
near the sea, so the climate is humid. It rains or snows a
lot, its always cloudy, and everything is always damp.
11.5 - What do you think?
Will you pass your next English exam?
Will it rain tomorrow?
Will rice be more expensive next year?
Are you going to be sick next week?
Will you be rich and famous?
Are you going abroad next year?
Is Myanmar going to win the next football world cup?
Are you going to study English next year?
Will you ever visit Africa?
Are you going to dance next week?
11.6 - Do you agree?
Lay Phyu is the best singer in Myanmar.
Fishpaste is delicious.
American movies are more interesting than Korean
movies.
English is harder than maths.
Mosquitoes are the most dangerous animals in the
world.
The internet is not very useful.
Cigarette smoke is annoying.
There arent enough teashops in this town.
Stealing is always wrong.
Your teacher is very beautiful.
96 Audioscripts
11.7 - The internet
Nang Seng: Its not that useful for us. Most of our
members live in areas without electricity. They havent
got telephone lines either. And even if they do get
electricity and telephone lines, how can we afford
computers?
Zindzi: Well, our country is quite poor, and most of our
members live in rural areas. We organise fundraising
events to buy computers, and generators if theres no
electricity.
Nang Seng: Thats a good idea, but what about
telephone lines? We need them to use the internet.
Dylan: Yes, I agree, thats a problem. Mmm. What
about satellite phones? They can get internet, and you
can use them anywhere.
Lee: Yes, but theyre too expensive.
Zindzi: They are now, but theyre getting cheaper and
cheaper. Soon, satellite phones will be cheaper than
other phones.
Nang Seng: Do you think so?
Dylan: I hope so.
Zindzi: We need the internet. Its too diffcult to send
letters to remote areas, and email is much quicker.
Dylan: I know, but its expensive to get the computer
equipment.
Lee: Weve got a different problem. We have computers,
but the government has closed any websites that they
dont like. Also, most of our members dont read
that much English, and there isnt much information
available in Chinese.
Nang Seng: You should try fnding information in
Kachin
Dylan: Its not just poor countries that have computer
access problems. In Canada, you need the internet
because all organisations use it for communication. But
like Nang Seng says, computers are really expensive.
We have to share ours with another organisation.
Zindzi: Same with us. We have to share in many of
our offces. But that can be a good thing. We bought a
computer for our offce in Johannesburg, and lots and
lots of organisations use it, and in return they help us if
we need anything.
Lee: Doesnt it cause any problems?
Zindzi: Not really. Sometimes we have to wait quite a
while until the other group has fnished so we can use
the computer, but its not a big problem.
11.8 - Nowhere Man
Hes a real Nowhere Man
Sitting in his nowhere land
Making all his nowhere plans for nobody
Doesnt have a point of view
Knows not where hes going to
Isnt he a bit like you and me?
Nowhere Man, please listen
You dont know what youre missing
Nowhere Man, the world is at your command
Hes as blind as he can be
Just sees what he wants to see
Nowhere Man, can you see me at all?
Nowhere Man, dont worry
Take your time, dont hurry
Leave it all till somebody else lends you a hand
Doesnt have a point of view
Knows not where hes going to
Isnt he a bit like you and me?
Nowhere Man, please listen
You dont know what youre missing
Nowhere Man, the world is at your command
Hes a real Nowhere Man
Sitting in his nowhere land
Making all his nowhere plans for nobody
Making all his nowhere plans for nobody
Making all his nowhere plans for nobody
11.9 - For No One
Your day breaks, your mind aches
You fnd that all her words of kindness linger on
When she no longer needs you
She wakes up, she makes up
She takes her time and doesnt feel she has to hurry
She no longer needs you
And in her eyes you see nothing
No sign of love behind the tears cried for no one
A love that should have lasted years
You want her, you need her
And yet you dont believe her when she says her love is
dead
You think she needs you
And in her eyes you see nothing
No sign of love behind the tears cried for no one
A love that should have lasted years
97 Audioscripts
You stay home, she goes out
She says that long ago she knew someone but now hes
gone
She doesnt need him
Your day breaks, your mind aches
There will be times when all the things she said will fll
your head
You wont forget her
And in her eyes you see nothing
No sign of love behind the tears cried for no one
A love that should have lasted years
11.10 - Shopping list 1
I need to go to the shop theres nothing in the kitchen.
I need some milk, and some ice. I should get some
vegetables too Ill get some garlic, and a kilo of onions
and a pumpkin. Maybe also some fruit. I dont have
anything nice to wear, so Im going to try to fnd some
new jeans, and a good shirt. My sisters coming over to
help. Shes a really good cook.
11.11 - Shopping list 2
I need to go to the shop theres nothing in the kitchen.
I need some milk, and some ice. I should get some
vegetables too Ill get some garlic, and a kilo of onions
and a pumpkin. Maybe also some fruit. I dont have
anything nice to wear, so Im going to try to fnd some
new jeans, and a good shirt. My sisters coming over to
help. Shes a really good cook.
11.12 - Final consonants
1. back book truck cook thick speak
2. much punch branch catch touch reach
3. dead around code could did blood
4. leaf roof off safe graph half
5. frog fag drug beg peg fg
6. ideal informal title still school mile
7. scream room inform crime some problem
8. learn nine drown tune phone dragon
9. drop ship pipe grape lump map
10. boss race mouse class abuse worse
11. habit state write shot coat foot
12. believe have drive love twelve give
13. fresh wish cash fsh fnish rush
14. clothes years hers raise dresses farms
12.1 - Bangladesh
Bangladesh, one of the most populated countries in the
world, suffers from frequent natural disasters, such as
foods, cyclones, droughts, landslides and earthquakes.
In 1998 almost 70% of the country was fooded, and
30 million people had to leave their homes. During this
time more than a thousand people drowned or died from
disease.
Some of Bangladeshs environmental problems are
caused by deforestation. The country has a large
population, so people need land for farming. Trees are
cut down so farmers can grow rice and other food crops.
When it rains heavily, the soil becomes loose, and many
homes and farms are destroyed by landslides.
Partly because of these environmental problems, almost
half of the population is living in poverty. 44% of
Bangladeshis survive on only one meal per day or less.
Many children, especially girls, are not given much
education. In rural areas 42% of boys and 52% of girls
do not attend school, and 46% of males and 59% of
females are illiterate.
12.2 - Have you ever met a
famous person?
Caroline: Have you ever met a famous person, Nilar?
Nilar: Ive never met a really famous person, but I
met the Minister of Educations husband last week,
when he opened the new primary school. What about
you, Caroline? Youve lived in London. Have you seen
anyone famous?
Caroline: Well, I met Prince William
Nyi Nyi: Really?
Caroline: Yeah. He was in my parents shop buying a
newspaper. He didnt talk to me! What about you, Nyi
Nyi?
Nyi Nyi: Ive met David Beckham.
Caroline: Wow you have?
Nyi Nyi: Oh yeah, loads of times. He asked me to play
on his football team. His daughter wanted to marry me.
Nilar: No, you havent! Dont listen to him, Caroline.
Hes never met David Beckham.
Caroline: Anyway, David Beckham hasnt got a
daughter. Hes got three sons.
12.3 - Have you ever?
1.
A: Have you ever been in a large boat?
B: A few times. When I was young we lived on the
Ayeyarwaddy river, near Pyay. My grandparents lived
in Yangon, and every school holidays we went to stay
with them, and we sometimes travelled by boat. It was
nice, very peaceful and relaxing. I loved looking at the
shoreline when we went past, at all the people on the
riverbank.
98 Audioscripts
2.
A: Have you ever eaten pizza?
B: Yes, actually. I eat pizza quite often. Theres a pizza
restaurant around the corner from my house, and its
quite cheap, and they make delicious pizza. I probably
have one, maybe, once a week.
3.
A: Have you ever driven a motorbike?
B: Yes, I have once. It was when I was 13, and my
brother had a motorbike, and I really wanted to try it. So
I got on, and he started the engine for me and off I went.
But he didnt tell me how to stop. And I went around
and around the feld, about four times I think it was, and
in the end I managed to stop. But I was really frightened,
and Ive never been on a motorbike since.
4.
A: Have you ever attended a conference?
B: Yes, many times. In fact I went to one last weekend.
It was an environmental conference, so people were
discussing logging in Kachin State. There were about 45
people there Myanmar, Chinese and a few from other
Asian countries. It was interesting.
12.4 - Applicants
a.
MMK: Lets get straight to the point. Why do you want
this job?
Person 1: Well, I read the advertisement, and the
moneys much better than I get now.
MMK: Is the money important to you?
Person 1: Oh, yeah! Its important to everyone, isnt it?
But also, I heard that your organisation might send me
overseas, and I want to travel overseas
b.
MMK: I see from your CV that youve won several
prizes for poetry writing.
Person 2: Yes, I have.
MMK: And youve written a book.
Person 2: Yes.
MMK: And youve worked in Yangon. What did you
think of Yangon?
Person 2: It was OK.
MMK: And do you want to travel around the
countryside?
Person 2: Uhhh I dont know.
c.
MMK: Have you had much experience with the
education department?
Person 3: Mmm yeah. Uhhh, I met some guy who
works there My uncle, my uncle knows someone
uh Last year I nearly got a job in their offce Yeah,
interested.
d.
MMK: Are you still teaching at the university?
Person 4: Yes, but I want to leave.
MMK: Why is that?
Person 4: Well, the head of my departments really
awful. She always tells us what to do, doesnt leave us
alone. And there are other problems.
MMK: Problems?
Person 4: Yeah. The other teachers are totally useless.
Most of them cant teach at all. And the management is
really bad. Some of the lecturers are corrupt, I think. The
students are awful, too you just cant control them.
And the school secretary brings her small children to
work, always making a noise
e.
MMK: Why have you had fve different jobs this year?
Person 5: Well, Ive had a lot of bad luck. One of
my jobs was a long way from home so I got too tired
walking every day. And then I worked as a translator but
there was nowhere to buy lunch nearby, and my mother
was away so nobody could make my lunch. That sort of
thing.
MMK: Oh, I see.
Person 5: Yeah, and then I was training as a medic,
but I got a bit sick, and had to stop. Im a bit afraid of
blood
f.
MMK: Would you enjoy liaising with different
education organisations?
Person 6: Umm, yeah, I guess so. I havent, havent
really thought about it.
MMK: And are there any questions youd like to ask
me?
Person 6: Umm No, no, I cant think of anything.
99 Audioscripts
12.5 - Social chat
Conversation 1
A: Excuse me, are you Maria Dennis?
B: Yes, I am.
A: Im Htwe Htwe. I met you last year, at the UNDP
conference.
B: Oh, yes. Are you still with the UNDP?
A: Yes, Ive been there for three years now. So, how
long are you in Myanmar this time?
B: Only a week, unfortunately. I have to get back to
organise my new house
A: Oh?
B: Ive just moved to New York.
A: Really? Whats that like?
B: Busy
A: Uh-huh. I like living in big cities. Its exciting. B: So,
what do you for the UNDP?
A: I liaise with different organisations, write reports,
proposals
B: Oh, I see.
A: Yes, Ive just fnished writing a big proposal
B: Oh yes?
A: Yes, it was about funding for literacy training in rural
areas
Conversation 2
C: Hello. Im Tim.
A: Hi. Im Htwe Htwe. Its very hot today, isnt it?
C: Oh, yes. The hot season
A: Yeah Where are you from?
C: England, but I work in China now.
A: Do you really? Id like to go to China. Whats it like?
C: Mmmm. Diffcult to answer
A: Do you like the food there?
C: Yes, I do. Do you like Chinese food?
A: Its delicious its my favourite kind of food.
C: Is it? Have you heard much Chinese music?
A: Not really. Is it good?
C: Well, I love Chinese Opera. I go there every week
12.6 - Is she interested?
1.
Man: Hello, Im John James from the IRDA.
Woman: Oh, pleased to meet you.
Man: Ive just arrived from Bangkok.
Woman: Really? Did you have a good trip?
2.
Man: Hello, Im John James from the IRDA.
Woman: Oh, pleased to meet you!
Man: Ive just arrived from Bangkok.
Woman: Really? Did you have a good trip?
12.7 - Theyre interested
Pleased to meet you!
Did you have a good trip?
Oh, hello Khun Yee. How are you?
Your son is lovely! Is he two yet?
Did you write that report?
I like Chinese opera, too.