Student Number:

Cheltenham Girls High School

2023 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

Mathematics Extension 2
Assessment Task 4 – Trial HSC
General • Reading time – 10 minutes
Instructions
• Working time – 3 hours
• Write using black pen only
• Calculators approved by NESA may be used
• A NESA reference sheet is provided at the back of this paper
• For all questions in Section II, show relevant mathematical reasoning
and/or calculations to obtain maximum marks.

Total marks: Section I – 10 marks (pages 2-7)

100
• Attempt Questions 1–10
• Allow about 15 minutes for this section
• Use the multiple choice answer sheet attached to answer
Questions 1–10
Section II – 90 marks (pages 8-14)
• Attempt Questions 11-16
• Allow about 2 hours and 45 minutes for this section
• Use separate writing booklets to answer each of the
Questions 11 to 16.

Multiple
Question Question Question Question Question Question
Choice Total
11 12 13 14 15 16
Q1-10

/10 /15 /15 /15 /15 /15 /15 /100

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Section I
10 marks
Attempt Questions 1-10
Allow about 15 minutes for this section
(USE THE MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWER SHEET PROVIDED for Questions 1 – 10)
___________________________________________________________________________

1. If 𝑧 = 3 − 𝑖, then the value of 3𝑖 − 𝑧 is:

(A) −3 − 2𝑖

(B) −3 + 2𝑖

(C) 3 − 2𝑖

(D) 3 + 2𝑖

2. Which of the following represents a sphere with centre (1, 2, −2) and radius 3 units?

(A) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 = 0

(B) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 = 0

𝑥+1
(C) 𝑦 + 2)| = 3
|(
𝑧−2

𝑥−1
(D) |(𝑦 − 2)| = 9
𝑧+2

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3. The converse of the statement “If 𝑥 is odd, then 𝑦 is even” is:

(A) “If 𝑦 is odd, then 𝑥 is even”.

(B) “If y is even, then 𝑥 is odd”.

(C) “If y is even, then 𝑥 is even”.

(D) “If 𝑦 is odd, then 𝑥 is odd”.

1.2 6
4. Consider the vectors 𝑎 = ( 0 ) and 𝑏 = ( 0 ).
~ ~
𝑘 −10
Which value of 𝑘 will make the vectors perpendicular to each other?

(A) 𝑘 = −2

(B) 𝑘 = 2

18
(C) 𝑘 = −
25

18
(D) 𝑘 =
25

𝜋 𝜋
5. Let 𝜔 = cos + 𝑖 sin . Which of the following polynomials has 𝜔, 𝜔3 , 𝜔7 and 𝜔9
5 5
as its zeros?

(A) 𝑧 4 + 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1

(B) 𝑧 4 + 𝑧 3 − 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 1

(C) 𝑧 4 − 𝑧 3 − 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 1

(D) 𝑧 4 − 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 1

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6. Which of the following is a reduction formula for the integral 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥?

(A) 2𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑛𝐼𝑛−1

(B) 2𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑛𝐼𝑛−1

1 1
(C) 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑛𝐼𝑛−1
2 2

1
(D) 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑛𝐼𝑛−1
2

7. Which of the following are solutions to 𝑥 2 − 4(1 + 𝑖)𝑥 + 10𝑖 = 0?

(A) 𝑥 = 3 + 𝑖 or 𝑥 = 1 + 3𝑖

(B) 𝑥 = 3 − 𝑖 or 𝑥 = 1 − 3𝑖

(C) 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑖 or 𝑥 = −1 + 𝑖

(D) 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑖 or 𝑥 = −1 − 𝑖

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8. The shaded region below is constructed by taking the intersection of two other regions.

NOT TO SCALE

Which of the following best represents the two possible regions?

𝜋 𝜋
(A) |𝑧 − 1| < 1 and − ≤ arg(𝑧 − 1 + 𝑖) ≤
6 6

𝜋 𝜋
(B) |𝑧 − 𝑖| < 1 and − ≤ arg(𝑧 + 1 − 𝑖) ≤
6 6

𝜋 𝜋
(C) |𝑧 − 1| ≤ 1 and − < arg(𝑧 − 1 + 𝑖) <
6 6

𝜋 𝜋
(D) |𝑧 − 𝑖| ≤ 1 and − < arg(𝑧 + 1 − 𝑖) <
6 6

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cos 𝑡
9. Consider the following parametric curve given by 𝑟 = ( sin 𝑡 ) from 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋.
~
𝑡
Which of the following best represents the 𝑥𝑧 projection of 𝑟 ?
~

(A) (B)

NOT TO SCALE NOT TO SCALE

(C) (D)

NOT TO SCALE

NOT TO SCALE

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10. The following induction proof to show that 5𝑛 + 2 × 11𝑛 is a multiple of 3 for all positive
integers n, contains an algebraic error.
In which section does the error occur?

(A) Show true for n = 1.

51 + 2 × 111 = 27, which is a multiple of 3.
∴ True for n = 1.

(B) Assume true for n = k, where 𝑘 ∈ ℕ.

i.e. 5𝑘 + 2 × 11𝑘 = 3𝑀 for 𝑀 ∈ ℕ.

(C) Prove true for n = k + 1.

5𝑘+1 + 2 × 11𝑘+1 = 5 × 5𝑘 + 2 × 11𝑘 × 11
= 5(5𝑘 + 2 × 11𝑘 ) + 6 × 2 × 11𝑘

(D) = 5(3𝑀) + 3(6 × 11𝑘 ) from 𝑛 = 𝑘 assumption

= 3(5 + 6 × 11𝑘 )
= 3𝑁, 𝑁 ∈ ℕ
Hence, divisible by 3.
Shown true for 𝑛 = 1, proven true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1 by assuming true for 𝑛 = 𝑘. Therefore,
by Mathematical Induction, must be true for all positive integers 𝑛.

End of Section I

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Section II
90 marks
Attempt Questions 11-16
Allow about 2 hours and 45 minutes for this section
Answer each question in the appropriate writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.
For questions in Section II, your responses should include relevant mathematical reasoning and/or
calculations.
__________________________________________________________________________

Question 11 (15 marks) Use a new writing booklet to answer this question.

𝜋 𝜋
(a) Given that 𝑧 = √2 cos 3 − √2 𝑖 sin 3 , where 𝑧 is a complex number.

(i) Express 𝑧 in the form 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are real numbers, in exact form. 2

(ii) Evaluate 𝑧10 , leaving your answer in modulus argument form. 2

(b) A line passes through the points 𝐴(1, −1, 3) and 𝐵(0, 5, 8).
1 −1
(i) Show that the vector equation of the line is given by 𝑟 = (−1) + 𝜆 ( 6 ) 2
~
3 5
(ii) Find the midpoint of the segment joining 𝐴𝐵. 1

(iii) Hence, find the point 𝑃 which divides the segment 𝐴𝐵 internally in the ratio 3:2. 2

𝜋
(c) Evaluate ∫0 tan3 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
4 3

(d) Prove using contradiction, that √4𝑛 − 2 is irrational for all positive integers 𝑛. 3

8
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Question 12 (15 marks) Use a new writing booklet to answer this question.

𝑥2
(a) Find the exact area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +1, the lines 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = √3 and the 𝑥-axis. 3

(b) The velocity 𝑣 of a particle after time 𝑡, can be modelled using 𝑣 = tan−1 𝑡, where 𝑣 is in
metres per second.

1
(i) Show using integration by parts, that ∫ tan−1 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 tan−1 𝑡 − 2 log 𝑒 (1 + 𝑡 2 ) + 𝐶. 3

1
(ii) Prove that 𝑡 tan−1 𝑡 > 2 log 𝑒 (1 + 𝑡 2 ) for 𝑡 > 0. 2

(iii) Hence, if the particle starts at the origin, explain its motion as 𝑡 → ∞, and whether the 1
particle will return to the origin.

(c) A regular pentagon is inscribed inside the circumference of a circle with centre origin.
Let 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 , 𝑧4 and 𝑧5 represent the vertices of the pentagon.

NOT TO SCALE

(i) Given that 𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖√3, find 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 , 𝑧4 and 𝑧5 in exponential form. 4

(ii) Find an equation in the form 𝑧 5 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, where 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 , 𝑧4 and 𝑧5 are the roots and 2
𝑥 and 𝑦 are real numbers.

9
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Question 13 (15 marks) Use a new writing booklet to answer this question.

(a) The points 𝐴(−3, 2, 6), 𝐵(−1, −3, −5), 𝐶(7, −1, −4) and 𝐷(5, 4, 7) form the vertices of the
quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐷𝐶
(i) Deduce that 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram by showing that 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 2
for

(ii) Hence, find the point 𝑋 where the diagonals of the parallelogram 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 intersect. 2

(b) Let 𝑧 4 = (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)4 be a complex number.

(i) Show that cos 4𝜃 = 8 cos 4 𝜃 − 8 cos2 𝜃 + 1 using De Moivre’s Theorem and Binomial 2
Expansion Theorem.

(ii) Hence, by solving 16𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 2 + 1 = 0 using the substitution 𝑥 = cos 𝜃, 4

𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 1
prove that cos 12 cos 12 cos 12 cos = 16
12

16𝑥−43
(c) Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑥 3 −4𝑥 2 −3𝑥+18

2
(d) Let 𝑢 be the projection vector of the line segment 𝑟 = 𝜆 (3) where 0 ≤ 𝜆 ≤ 1 2
~ ~
1
onto the 𝑥𝑦 plane. Find the unit vector in the direction of 𝑢.
~

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Question 14 (15 marks) Use a new writing booklet to answer this question.

1 𝑥𝑛
(a) Consider the integral 𝐼𝑛 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑛 is an integer, 𝑛 ≥ 0.
1+𝑥 2

(i) Show that 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛−2 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑥 𝑛−2 . 1

for

1
(ii) Hence, show that 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑛−1 − 𝐼𝑛−2 for 𝑛 ≥ 2. 2

107
(iii) Evaluate 𝐼10 and show that 𝜋 < 3 315. 4

1 √3
(b) Let 𝑧 = 2 + 𝑖 be a complex number.
2

(i) Express 𝑧 in the form 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 where 𝜃 is the argument of 𝑧. 1

(ii) Evaluate 𝑧 𝑖 in exact form. 1

(c) Solve 4𝑧 3 − 𝑖𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 𝑖 = 0 over the set of complex numbers. 3

(d) Consider the following pair of statements 𝑃 and 𝑄.

P: 𝑎 = 𝜆 𝑏
~ ~
Q: The vectors are parallel.

(i) Determine if the statements 𝑃 and 𝑄 form an equivalence, that is 𝑃 ⟺ 𝑄. 1

(ii) Write the contrapositive of 𝑃 ⇒ 𝑄 and explain why it is true. 2

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Question 15 (15 marks) Use a new writing booklet to answer this question.

𝑥+𝑦
(a) The AM-GM inequality for any two positive real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦 is ≥ √𝑥𝑦. 3
2
Use this result to prove that (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑧 + 𝑥) ≥ 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 for 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 are positive real
numbers.

1
(b) The points 𝐴 and 𝐵 in the complex plane correspond to the complex numbers 𝑧 = (1 + 𝑖)
√2
and 𝑤 = 𝑖, respectively. Let point 𝐶 represent the complex number 𝑧 + 𝑤.

NOT TO SCALE

(i) Explain why the quadrilateral OACB forms a rhombus. 1

3𝜋
(ii) Show that arg(𝑧 + 𝑤) = 2
8

3𝜋
(iii) Hence, show that tan = √2 + 1 2
8

(c) Given that 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥.

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 (𝑛+1)𝜋
(i) Show that sin (𝑥 + ) + cos(𝑥 + ) = √2 sin(𝑥 + ) for 𝑛 is an integer. 2
4 4 4

𝑛
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑛𝜋
(ii) Prove by Mathematical Induction that 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 = 22 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑥 + ) for all positive integers 𝑛. 4
4

𝑑𝑘 𝑦 𝑑𝑘+8 𝑦
(iii) Hence, show that 24 × 𝑑𝑥 𝑘 = , where 𝑘 is a positive integer. 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑘+8

for

12
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Question 16 (15 marks) Use a new writing booklet to answer this question.

22
(a) The fraction is a common rational approximation for 𝜋.
7

(i) Show that 𝑥 4 (1 − 𝑥)4 = 𝑥 8 − 4𝑥 7 + 6𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 . 1

22 1 𝑥 4 (1−𝑥)4
(ii) Hence, prove that is an overestimate of 𝜋 by evaluating the integral ∫0 𝑑𝑥 . 3
7 1+𝑥 2

𝑧−2
(b) Given that 𝑧 and 𝑤 are complex numbers where 𝑤 = , 𝑤 ≠ 0 is purely imaginary, 3
𝑧−𝑖
sketch the locus of 𝑧

(c) Consider the function 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 from 𝑥 = 1 to 𝑥 = 𝑛, where 𝑛 is some positive integer.

(i) Use the Trapezoidal rule with 𝑛 − 1 sub-intervals to show that: 2

𝑛 1
∫1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 > 2 ln 𝑛 + ln(𝑛 − 1)!

𝑛
(ii) Hence, if ∫1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 ln 𝑛 − 𝑛 + 1, show that: 2
1
𝑛! < 𝑛𝑛+2 𝑒 1−𝑛

Question 16 continues on page 14

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Question 16 (Continued)

(d) Two square pyramids OABCD and OEFGH are inscribed inside a sphere with centre 𝑂(0,0,0) and
radius 1 unit.
The points A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H all lie on the surface of the sphere and ABCDEFGH forms
a cube.
𝑧

NOT TO SCALE

𝑦
𝑥

(i) Show that the longest diagonal in a cube with side length 𝑎 units is √3𝑎 units. 1

2
(ii) Hence, derive that 𝑎 = for the cube ABCDEFGH. 1
√3

(iii) Hence, find the sum of the volume of the two square pyramids OABCD and OEFGH. 1

(iv) Show that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = − 1.

𝑂𝐴 ∙ 𝑂𝐶 1
3

End of Section II

End of Assessment Task

14
 Student Number:

Cheltenham Girls High School

2023 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

Mathematics Extension 2
Assessment Task 4 – Trial HSC
Section I - Multiple Choice

15
2023 Year 12 Extension 2 Mathematics Assessment Task 4
Marking Guidelines

Section I (1 mark each)

Multiple-choice Answer Key

Question Answer
1 B
2 A
3 B
4 D
5 D
6 C
7 A
8 D
9 C
10 D

Question 1

3𝑖 − 𝑧 = 3𝑖 − (3 + 𝑖)

= −3 + 2𝑖

Answer: B

Question 2

𝑥−1
Centre (1, 2, −2) and radius 3 implies |(𝑦 − 2)| = 3
𝑧+2

(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 + (𝑧 + 2)2 = 9

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 + 𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 4 = 9

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 = 0

Answer: A

Question 3

Given 𝑃 ⇒ 𝑄, the converse is 𝑄 ⇒ 𝑃

So, “If 𝑦 is even, then 𝑥 is odd” is the converse statement.

Answer: B
Question 4

Perpendicular if 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 0
~ ~

1.2 6
( 0 )∙( 0 )=0
𝑘 −10
1.2 × 6 + 0 × 0 + 𝑘 × −10 = 0

7.2 − 10𝑘 = 0

18
𝑘=
25
Answer: D

Question 5
𝜋 𝜋
𝜔 = cos + 𝑖 sin
5 5
3𝜋 3𝜋
𝜔3 = cos + 𝑖 sin
5 5
7𝜋 7𝜋
𝜔7 = cos + 𝑖 sin = 𝜔3
5 5
9𝜋 9𝜋
𝜔9 = cos + 𝑖 sin =𝜔
5 5

(𝑧 − 𝜔)(𝑧 − 𝜔)(𝑧 − 𝜔3 )(𝑧 − 𝜔 3 )

(𝑧 2 − 𝑧(𝜔 + 𝜔) + 𝜔𝜔)(𝑧 2 − 𝑧 (𝜔3 + 𝜔 3 ) + 𝜔3 𝜔 3 )

(𝑧 2 − 𝑧(2𝑅𝑒(𝜔)) + |𝜔|2 )(𝑧 2 − 𝑧(2𝑅𝑒(𝜔3 )) + |𝜔3 |2 )

𝜋 3𝜋
(𝑧 2 − 2 cos 𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 2 − 2 cos 𝑧 + 1)
5 5
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑧 4 + 𝑧 3 (−2 cos − 2 cos ) + 𝑧 2 (2 + 4 cos cos ) + 𝑧 (−2 cos − 2 cos ) + 1
5 5 5 5 5 5

𝑧4 − 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧 + 1

Answer: D
Question 6

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑣 ′ = 𝑒 2𝑥
1
𝑢′ = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑣 = 2 𝑒 2𝑥

1 1
𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 2𝑥 − ∫ 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 𝑛 2𝑥 1
= 𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑛 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 𝑛 2𝑥 1
= 𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑛𝐼𝑛−1
2 2
Answer: C

Question 7

Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 be roots of the quadratic.

∴ 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 4(1 + 𝑖) = 4 + 4𝑖 and 𝛼𝛽 = 10𝑖

Hence, 𝛼 = 3 + 𝑖 and 𝛽 = 1 + 3𝑖 satisfies the sum and product of roots.

Answer: A

Question 8

Region inside circle centre at 𝑧 = 𝑖 radius 1 unit including circumference is |𝑧 − 𝑖| ≤ 1

Region between two angles excluding the boundaries, subtended from 𝑧 = −1 + 𝑖 with positive and
𝜋 𝜋
negative acute angle, is best represented with − < arg(𝑧 − (−1 + 𝑖)) <
6 6

Hence, the intersection of the two regions mentioned above will yield the shaded region provided.

Answer: D

Question 9

Consider the parametric equations 𝑥 = cos 𝑡, 𝑦 = sin 𝑡 and 𝑧 = 𝑡

For the 𝑥𝑧 projection, take 𝑥 = cos 𝑡 and 𝑧 = 𝑡

Hence, 𝑥 = cos 𝑧 from 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2𝜋 is the 𝑥𝑧 projection.

The only graph that best satisfies this is graph C.

Answer: C
Question 10

The algebraic error occurs in section D, when factorising out a common factor of 3 for the divisibility
statement.

Answer: D

Section II
Question 11 (a)(i)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly expresses in the form 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 with both real and imaginary 2
parts shown correctly in exact form.

• Expresses in the form 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 with only the real or imaginary part 1

shown correctly or not in exact form.
Sample answer:
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = √2 cos − √2 𝑖 sin
3 3
1 √3
𝑧 = √2 ( ) − √2 ( ) 𝑖
2 2
√2 √6
𝑧= − 𝑖
2 2

Question 11 (a)(ii)
Criteria Marks
• Correctly evaluates 𝑧 by first turning 𝑧 into modulus argument
10 2
form, then applying De Moivre’s Theorem.
• Modifies 𝑧 into modulus argument form but does not correctly 1
apply De Moivre’s theorem to evaluate 𝑧10 or Applies De Moivre’s
Theorem to evaluate 𝑧10 but does not modify 𝑧 into modulus
argument form first.
Sample answer:
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = √2(cos (− ) + 𝑖 sin (− ))
3 3
10𝜋 10𝜋
𝑧10 = (√2)10 (cos (− ) + 𝑖 sin (− ))
3 3
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑧10 = 25 (cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ))
3 3
Question 11 (b)(i)
Criteria Marks
• Correctly constructs and proves the vector equation of the line to 2
1 −1
be 𝑟 = (−1) + 𝜆 ( 6 ) by finding vector 𝑎 and combining with
~ ~
3 5
the direction vector.
−1 1
• Correctly proves and shows the direction vector to be ( 6 ).
5
Sample answer:

0 1 −1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Direction vector 𝑏 = 𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐴 = (5) − (−1) = ( 6 )
~
8 3 5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Vector 𝑎 on the line can be found using 𝑂𝐴
~
1
Hence, 𝑎 = (−1)
~
3
1 −1
Therefore, vector equation of the line is 𝑟 = (−1) + 𝜆 ( 6 ).
~
3 5

Question 11 (b)(ii)
Criteria Marks
• Correctly calculates the midpoint of segment 𝐴𝐵 by letting 𝜆 = 0.5 1
Sample answer:

Let 𝜆 = 0.5

1 −1 0.5
𝑟 = (−1) + 0.5 ( 6 ) = ( 2 )
~
3 5 5.5
𝑀 = (0.5, 2, 5.5)
Question 11 (b)(iii)

Criteria Marks
𝑚 3
• Substitutes the correct value of 𝜆 = 𝑚+𝑛 = 5 into the vector 2
equation of a line to product the point 𝑃 which divides the segment
in the ratio 3:2 internally.
• Attempts to substitute a value of 𝜆 between 0 and 1 into vector 1
equation of a line to product a point 𝑃.
Sample answer:

Ratio is 3:2 internally, hence 𝑚 = 3 and 𝑛 = 2

𝑚 3
Let 𝜆 = 𝑚+𝑛 = 5

1 3 −1 0.4
∴ 𝑟 = (−1) + ( 6 ) = (2.6)
~ 5
3 5 6
Point 𝑃(0.4, 2.6, 6)

Question 11 (c)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly evaluates the definite integral. 3
• Uses a 𝑢-substitution or appropriate to simplify the integral to 2
make 𝑢 the subject.
• Identifies the correct trigonometric substitution 𝑢 = tan 𝑥. 1
Sample answer:

Let 𝑢 = tan 𝑥

𝑑𝑢
= sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 = 0, 𝑢 = 0
𝜋
𝑥 = 4, 𝑢 = 1

1
3
𝑢4 1
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = [ ]
0 4 0
1
=4
Question 11 (d)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly demonstrates the contradiction in the initial premise with 3
full working out shown and concludes using proof by contradiction
that √4𝑛 − 2 is irrational.
• Identifies and uses the factors of 𝑝2 and 𝑞 2 and the idea of 2
even/odd integers, to establish the base premise leading up to the
contradiction statement.
• Establishes the correct initial premise for a contradiction based 1
proof.
Sample answer:
𝑝
Assume that √4𝑛 − 2 is rational, that is √4𝑛 − 2 = 𝑞 where 𝑝 and 𝑞 have highest common factor 1 and
𝑞 ≠ 0.

𝑝2
∴ 4𝑛 − 2 = 2
𝑞

𝑝2
4𝑛 − 2 = 2
𝑞
𝑝2
Since 𝐿𝐻𝑆 is an even integer, then 𝑞2 must also be an even integer. Since highest common factor of 𝑝 and
𝑝2
𝑞 is 1, then highest common factor of 𝑝2 and 𝑞 2 is also 1. Therefore, 𝑞 2 = 1 such that 𝑞2 is an even integer.

∴ 4𝑛 − 2 = 𝑝2

If 𝑝 is odd, then 𝑝2 is odd. But 4𝑛 − 2 is even, hence, 𝑝 must be even.

If 𝑝 is even, then 𝑝2 is even, i.e. 𝑝 = 2𝑘 where 𝑘 ∈ ℕ.

∴ 4𝑛 − 2 = (2𝑘)2

4𝑛 − 2 = 4𝑘 2

1
𝑛− = 𝑘2
2

1
𝑘 = √𝑛 −
2

∴ 𝑘 is not an integer.

But, if 𝑝 is even, 𝑘 needs to be an integer, so there is a contradiction for all cases of 𝑝.

Hence, our initial premise of √4𝑛 − 2 being rational is false. Therefore, using proof by contradiction,
√4𝑛 − 2 must be irrational for all positive integers of 𝑛.
Question 12 (a)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly evaluates the definite integral to calculate the bounded 3
area.
1
• Separates the rational function into a simpler expression 1 − 𝑥 2+1. 2
• Establishes the correct integral for calculating the bounded area. 1
Sample answer:

√3 𝑥 2
Area = ∫−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1
√3 1
=∫ 1− 𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑥2 + 1
√3
= [𝑥 − tan−1 𝑥]
−1
𝜋 𝜋
= (√3 − ) − (−1 + )
3 4
7𝜋
= (√3 + 1 − 12 ) units2

Question 12 (b)(i)
Criteria Marks
• Correctly simplifies the resultant integral to demonstrate the 3
required proof.
• Constructs a correct resultant integral using one application of 2
integration by parts.
• Correctly identifies the elements required to initiate integration by 1
parts.
Sample answer:

Let 𝑢 = tan−1 𝑡 and 𝑤 ′ = 1

1
𝑢′ = 2
and 𝑤 = 𝑡
1+𝑡
𝑡
∫ tan−1 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 tan−1 𝑡 − ∫ 𝑑𝑡
1 + 𝑡2
1 2𝑡
= 𝑡 tan−1 𝑡 − ∫ 𝑑𝑡
2 1 + 𝑡2
1
= 𝑡 tan−1 𝑡 − log 𝑒 (1 + 𝑡 2 ) + 𝐶
2
Question 12 (b)(ii)
Criteria Marks
• Correctly proves the statement by considering the derivative of 2
1
𝑡 tan−1 𝑡 − log 𝑒 (1 + 𝑡 2 ).
2

1
• Establishes the required to prove statement as 𝑡 tan−1 𝑡 − 2 log 𝑒 (1 + 𝑡 2 ) > 0. 1
Sample answer:
1 1
𝑡 tan−1 𝑡 > 2 log 𝑒 (1 + 𝑡 2 ) for 𝑡 > 0 if and only if 𝑡 tan−1 𝑡 − 2 log 𝑒 (1 + 𝑡 2 ) > 0 for 𝑡 > 0

1
At 𝑡 = 0, 𝑡 tan−1 𝑡 − 2 log 𝑒 (1 + 𝑡 2 ) = 0

𝑑 1
However, 𝑑𝑡 (𝑡 tan−1 𝑡 − 2 log 𝑒 (1 + 𝑡 2 )) = tan−1 𝑡 > 0 for 𝑡 > 0, hence the curve is monotonic increasing
starting from 0.
1 1
∴ 𝑡 tan−1 𝑡 − 2 log 𝑒 (1 + 𝑡 2 ) > 0 for 𝑡 > 0 which implies that 𝑡 tan−1 𝑡 > 2 log 𝑒 (1 + 𝑡 2 ) for 𝑡 > 0.

Proof complete.

Question 12 (b)(iii)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly explains the motion of the particle and whether it will 1
return to the origin.
Sample answer:
𝜋
𝑣 → 2 as 𝑡 → ∞ and 𝑥 → ∞ as 𝑡 → ∞.

The particle will move further away from the origin at a velocity that will remain constant. The particle will
also never return to the origin since displacement is monotonic increasing.
Question 12 (c)(i)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly finds all of 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 , 𝑧4 and 𝑧5 in exponential form. 4
• Correctly finds one of the required complex numbers 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 , 𝑧4 and 3
𝑧5 in exponential form.
• Recognises roots are equally spaced apart on the circle with 2
2𝜋
difference in argument of 5 radians.
• Identifies the argument and modulus of 𝑧1 1
Sample answer:

|𝑧1 | = √12 + (√3)2 = 2

√3 𝜋
arg 𝑧1 = tan−1 =
1 3
𝜋
𝑧1 = 2𝑒 𝑖 3
2𝜋 2𝜋
Complex numbers are all equally spaced apart by = radians.
𝑛 5

𝜋 2𝜋 11𝜋
∴ 𝑧2 = 2𝑒 𝑖(3 + 5 ) = 2𝑒 𝑖 15
𝜋 6𝜋 −13𝜋
𝑧3 = 2𝑒 𝑖( 3 − 5 ) = 2𝑒 𝑖( )
15

𝜋 4𝜋 −7𝜋
𝑧4 = 2𝑒 𝑖(3 − 5 ) = 2𝑒 𝑖( 15 )
𝜋 2𝜋 −𝜋
𝑧5 = 2𝑒 𝑖(3 − 5 ) = 2𝑒 𝑖( 15 )

Question 12 (c)(ii)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly finds the equation 𝑧 5 in 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 form where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are 2
real numbers.
• Recognises 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , 𝑧3 , 𝑧4 and 𝑧5 as the roots to some equation 1
𝑧 5 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and applies De Moivre’s Theorem on one of the roots
to get an expression for 𝑧 5 .
Sample answer:
𝜋
Let 𝑧1 = 2𝑒 𝑖 3 be a root to 𝑧 5
𝜋
∴ 𝑧 5 = (2𝑒 𝑖 3 )5
5𝜋
= 25 𝑒 𝑖 3
5𝜋 5𝜋
= 32(cos + 𝑖 sin )
3 3

𝑧 5 = 16 − 16√3𝑖
Question 13 (a)(i)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly demonstrates that both 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐷𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , then 2
makes an appropriate conclusion as to why this is a parallelogram.
• Demonstrates that 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐷𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ OR 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ only, using vector 1
calculations.
Sample answer:

−1 −3 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (−3) − ( 2 ) = ( −5 )
−5 6 −11
7 5 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
𝐷𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (−1) − (4) = ( −5 )
−4 7 −11
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐷𝐶
Hence, 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

5 −3 8
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐷 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = (4) − ( 2 ) = (2)
7 6 1
7 −1 8
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐵 = −1 − −3 = 2)
( ) ( ) (
−4 −5 1

Hence, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶

Therefore, opposite sides in the quadrilateral are parallel since they are the same vectors. The
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Question 13 (a)(ii)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly calculates the point 𝑋 using the idea that diagonals in a 2
parallelogram bisect each other.
• Calculates the vector representing one of the diagonals of the 1
quadrilateral.
Sample answer:

5 −1 6
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 − 𝑂𝐵 = (4) − (−3) = ( 7 )
7 −5 12

1 −1 1 6 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐷 = (−3) + ( 7 ) = (0.5)
2 2
−5 12 1
Point 𝑋(2, 0.5, 1)
Question 13 (b)(i)

Criteria Marks
• Compares the real coefficients in both expressions to yield the 2
desired trigonometric identity.
• Expresses 𝑧 4 using De Moivre’s Theorem and Binomial Expansion 1
Theorem.
Sample answer:

𝑧 4 = cos 4𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 4𝜃 (Using De Moivre’s Theorem)

𝑧 4 = cos 4 𝜃 + 4 cos3 𝜃 𝑖 sin 𝜃 + 6 cos2 𝜃 𝑖 2 sin2 𝜃 + 4 cos 𝜃 𝑖 3 sin3 𝜃 + 𝑖 4 sin4 𝜃 (Using Binomial
Expansion Theorem)

Equating the real parts of both expansions yields:

cos 4𝜃 = cos4 𝜃 − 6 cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + sin4 𝜃

= cos4 𝜃 − 6 cos 2 𝜃(1 − cos2 𝜃) + (1 − cos2 𝜃)2

= cos4 𝜃 − 6 cos 2 𝜃 + 6 cos4 𝜃 + 1 − 2 cos 2 𝜃 + cos 4 𝜃

= 8 cos4 𝜃 − 8 cos2 𝜃 + 1

Proof complete

Question 13 (b)(ii)

Criteria Marks
• Applies product of roots of a polynomial with degree 4 to yield the 4
desired trigonometric identity.
• Solves the trigonometric equation and yields four unique solutions 3
for 𝜃.
• Uses the identity from part i) to simplify the trigonometric 2
equations
• Substitutes 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 to yield a trigonometric equation. 1
Sample answer:

Let 𝑥 = cos 𝜃

16 cos 4 𝜃 − 16 cos2 𝜃 + 1 = 0

2(8 cos 4 𝜃 − 8 cos2 𝜃 + 1) − 1 = 0

2 cos 4𝜃 − 1 = 0 using the result from part i)

1
cos 4𝜃 =
2
𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
4𝜃 = ⋯ , , , , ,…
3 3 3 3
𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
𝜃 = ⋯, , , , ,…
12 12 12 12
These four values are unique, solutions repeat as we move into the next period/cycle of solutions.
𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
∴ Roots are 𝑥1 = cos 12 , 𝑥2 = cos 12 , 𝑥3 = cos 12 , 𝑥4 = cos 12

𝑒 1
The product of roots 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 = 𝑎 = 16 from the polynomial 16𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 2 + 1 = 0.

𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 1
Hence, cos 12 cos 12 cos 12 cos = 16.
12

Proof complete.

Question 13 (c)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly finds the indefinite integral by integrating the partial 3
fraction result.
• Decomposes the rational function into partial fractions. 2
• Factorises the denominator of the rational function 1
Sample answer:

𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 18 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6)

= (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)

= (𝑥 − 3)2 (𝑥 + 2)

16𝑥 − 43 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
2
= + 2
+
(𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 + 2)

16𝑥 − 43 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 3)2

Let 𝑥 = 3, 5 = 𝐵(3 + 2), ∴ 𝐵 = 1

Let 𝑥 = −2, −75 = 𝐶(−2 − 3)2 , ∴ 𝐶 = −3

Let 𝑥 = 0, −43 = 𝐴(−3)(2) + 1(2) − 3(−3)2, ∴ 𝐴 = 3

16𝑥 − 43 3 1 3
2
= + 2
−
(𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 + 2)

16𝑥 − 43 3 1 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ + − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 2
− 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 18 (𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − 3) 2 (𝑥 + 2)

1
= 3 ln |𝑥 − 3| − − 3 ln|𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶
(𝑥 − 3)
Question 13 (d)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly finds the unit vector in the direction of 𝑢. 2
~
• Finds the vector projection 𝑢 on the 𝑥𝑦 plane. 1
~
Sample answer:

2
The line segment 𝑟 = 𝜆 (3) where 0 ≤ 𝜆 ≤ 1, starts at the origin and ends at the point (2,3,1). This
~
1
2
means the vector representing the projection on the 𝑥𝑦 plane is 𝑢 = (3).
~
0
2
1
Hence, 𝑢̂ = (3).
~ √13
0

Question 14 (a)(i)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly demonstrates that LHS = RHS in the provided algebraic 1
statement.
Sample answer:

𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 𝑥 𝑛−2 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑥 𝑛−2

= 𝑥 𝑛−2 + 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥 𝑛−2

= 𝑥𝑛

= 𝐿𝐻𝑆

Hence, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆. Proof complete.

Question 14 (a)(ii)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly shows the recursive formula with full working out shown. 2
• Applies the result from part i) to simplify the integral into 1
1 𝑥 𝑛−2
∫0 𝑥 𝑛−2 − 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Sample answer:
1
𝑥𝑛
𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + 𝑥2
1
𝑥 𝑛−2 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑥 𝑛−2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + 𝑥2
1
𝑥 𝑛−2
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑛−2 − 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + 𝑥2
1 1
𝑛−2
𝑥 𝑛−2
=∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
0 0 1+𝑥

𝑥 𝑛−1 1
=[ ] − 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛−1 0
1
= 𝑛−1 − 𝐼𝑛−2, for 𝑛 ≥ 2.

Proof complete

Question 14 (a)(iii)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly states that 𝐼10 > 0 and rearranges to yield the desired 4
result.
• Evaluates 𝐼10 correctly. 3
• Evaluates an intermediate term leading up to 𝐼10 2
• Evaluates 𝐼0 correctly. 1
Sample answer:
1 1
𝑥0 1 1 𝜋
𝐼0 = ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = [tan−1 𝑥] =
0 1+𝑥 0 1+𝑥 0 4

1 𝜋
𝐼2 = − 𝐼0 = 1 −
2−1 4
1 1 𝜋 2 𝜋
𝐼4 = − 𝐼2 = − (1 − ) = − +
4−1 3 4 3 4
1 1 2 𝜋 13 𝜋
𝐼6 = − 𝐼4 = − (− + ) = −
6−1 5 3 4 15 4
 1 1 13 𝜋 76 𝜋
𝐼8 = − 𝐼6 = − ( − ) = − +
8−1 7 15 4 105 4
1 1 76 𝜋 263 𝜋
𝐼10 = − 𝐼8 = − (− + )= −
10 − 1 9 105 4 315 4
𝑥𝑛
Since 1+𝑥 2 > 0 for 𝑛 is even, then 𝐼10 > 0.

263 𝜋
Hence, 315 − 4 > 0

𝜋 263
<
4 315
1052
𝜋<
315
107
𝜋<3
315
Proof complete

Question 14 (b)(i)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly expresses 𝑧 in the form 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 . 1
Sample answer:

√3
(2)
𝜋
arg 𝑧 = tan−1 =
1 3
(2)

2
1 2 √3
√
|𝑧| = ( ) + ( ) = 1
2 2
𝜋
𝑧 = 𝑒𝑖3

Question 14 (b)(ii)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly evaluates 𝑧 in exact form.
𝑖 1
Sample answer:
𝜋
𝑧 𝑖 = (𝑒 𝑖 3 )𝑖
2𝜋
= 𝑒𝑖 3

𝜋
= 𝑒 −3
Question 14 (c)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly finds all zeros of the polynomial over the set of complex 3
numbers.
• Factorises and/or finds another zero using remainder theorem. 2
• Uses remainder theorem to identify one zero of the polynomial. 1
Sample answer:

Multiply each term by 𝑖.

4𝑖𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 − 4𝑖𝑧 − 1 = 0

Test 𝑧 = 1 using remainder theorem.

4𝑖(1)3 + (1)2 − 4𝑖(1) − 1 = 4𝑖 + 1 − 4𝑖 − 1 = 0

So, 𝑧 = 1 is a root of the polynomial.

Test 𝑧 = −1 using remainder theorem.

4𝑖(−1)3 + (−1)2 − 4𝑖(−1) − 1 = −4𝑖 + 1 + 4𝑖 − 1 = 0

So, 𝑧 = −1 is a root of the polynomial.

1
Test 𝑧 = 4𝑖 using remainder theorem.

1 3 1 2 1 1 1 17
4𝑖 ( ) + ( ) − 4𝑖 ( ) − 1 = − − −1−1= − ≠0
4𝑖 4𝑖 4𝑖 16 16 8
∴ Not a zero.
1
Test 𝑧 = − 4𝑖 using remainder theorem.

1 3 1 2 1 1 1
4𝑖 (− ) + (− ) − 4𝑖 (− ) − 1 = − +1−1=0
4𝑖 4𝑖 4𝑖 16 16
1
So, 𝑧 = − 4𝑖 is a root of the polynomial.

Since polynomial is of degree 3, all roots have been found.

Hence, solutions to 4𝑧 3 − 𝑖𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 𝑖 = 0 are:

𝑖
𝑧 = 1, −1 and 4.
Question 14 (d)(i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct reasoning for why the statements form an 1
equivalence.
Sample answer:

𝑃 ⇒ 𝑄 is true since if vectors are scalar multiples of each other, then they must be parallel.

Similarly, 𝑄 ⇒ 𝑃 is true since if vectors are parallel, then they must be scalar multiples of each other.

Hence, 𝑃 ⇔ 𝑄, they form an equivalence.

Question 14 (d)(ii)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct reasoning for why the contrapositive is true. 2
• Writes the contrapositive of 𝑃 ⇒ 𝑄 correctly. 1
Sample answer:

The contrapositive of 𝑃 ⇒ 𝑄 is ~𝑄 ⇒ ~𝑃 which says “If vectors are not parallel, then they are not scalar
multiples of each other”

This statement is also true, since the condition for two vectors to be parallel must involve them being
scalar multiples of each other.

Question 15 (a)

Criteria Marks
• Multiplies the three inequalities together to correctly prove the 3
required inequality result.
• Constructs three correct inequalities using the AM-GM inequality 2
for (𝑥 + 𝑦), (𝑥 + 𝑧) and (𝑦 + 𝑧).
• Uses the AM-GM inequality to write an inequality statement for 1
either (𝑥 + 𝑦), (𝑥 + 𝑧) or (𝑦 + 𝑧).
Sample answer:

𝑥+𝑦
≥ √𝑥𝑦
2
𝑦+𝑧
≥ √𝑦𝑧
2
𝑧+𝑥
≥ √𝑧𝑥
2
Multiplying the three inequalities together, preserves the inequality, since both 𝐿𝐻𝑆 and 𝑅𝐻𝑆 are positive
numbers in each inequality.
 𝑥+𝑦 𝑦+𝑧 𝑧+𝑥
∴( )( )( ) ≥ √𝑥𝑦√𝑦𝑧√𝑧𝑥
2 2 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑧 + 𝑥)
≥ √𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2
8
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑧 + 𝑥)
≥ 𝑥𝑦𝑧
8
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑧 + 𝑥) ≥ 8𝑥𝑦𝑧

Proof complete.

Question 15 (b)(i)

Criteria Marks
• Provides correct reasoning explaining why OACB is a rhombus 1
Sample answer:

Side OA = Side OB since equal radii on unit circle as shown in provided diagram.

Side BC = Side OA and Side AC = Side OB, since OC is OA + OB.

Hence, OACB is a rhombus as all sides are equal in length and opposite sides are parallel.

Question 15 (b)(ii)

Criteria Marks
3𝜋
• Correctly shows the argument is 8 , using the property of diagonals 2
bisect angles in a rhombus.
• Evaluates the argument of 𝑧 correctly, or finds the size of ∠𝐵𝑂𝐴. 1
Sample answer:
1
arg(𝑧 + 𝑤) = arg 𝑧 + 2 ∠𝐵𝑂𝐴

𝜋 𝜋
arg 𝑧 = 4 , ∴ ∠𝐵𝑂𝐴 = 4 .

𝜋 1 𝜋 3𝜋
Hence, arg(𝑧 + 𝑤) = 4 + 2 (4 ) = (Diagonals bisect angles in a rhombus)
8

Proof complete.
Question 15 (b)(iii)

Criteria Marks
3𝜋
• Correctly proves that tan 8 = √2 + 1 using the established 2
identity.
𝑦 1
• Recognise and establishes that tan−1 (𝑥 ) = arg (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) and links
this to the result of arg(𝑧 + 𝑤), including evaluating 𝑧 + 𝑤 in 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
form.
Sample answer:
𝑦
Recall that arg(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = tan−1 𝑥 for acute angles.

𝑦
tan(arg(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)) =
𝑥
1 1 1
Now 𝑧 + 𝑤 = (1 + 𝑖) + 𝑖 = + (1 + )𝑖
√2 √2 √2

1
(1 + )
tan(arg(𝑧 + 𝑤)) = √2
1
( )
√2

3𝜋 √2 + 1
tan ( )= × √2
8 √2
3𝜋
tan ( ) = √2 + 1
8
Proof complete.

Question 15 (c)(i)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly constructs a LHS = RHS style proof with full working out 2
shown to prove the trigonometric identity.
• Applies a correct trigonometric identity to the RHS expression when 1
initiating a LHS = RHS style proof.
Sample answer:

(𝑛 + 1)𝜋
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = √2 sin (𝑥 + )
4

(𝑛 + 1)𝜋 (𝑛 + 1)𝜋
= √2(sin 𝑥 cos ( ) + cos 𝑥 sin ( ))
4 4
𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋
= √2(sin 𝑥 cos ( + ) + cos 𝑥 sin( + ))
4 4 4 4

1 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋
= √2 (sin 𝑥 ( cos − sin ) + cos 𝑥 ( sin + cos ))
√2 4 √2 4 √2 4 √2 4
 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= sin 𝑥 cos − sin 𝑥 sin + cos 𝑥 sin + cos 𝑥 cos
4 4 4 4
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= (sin 𝑥 cos + cos 𝑥 sin ) + (cos 𝑥 cos − sin 𝑥 sin )
4 4 4 4
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= sin (𝑥 + ) + cos(𝑥 + )
4 4
= 𝐿𝐻𝑆

∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Proof complete

Question 15 (c)(ii)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly proves the 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1 case and makes an appropriate 4
conclusion for mathematical induction.
• Correctly applies the 𝑛 = 𝑘 assumption as part of the proof for the 3
𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1 case.
• Correctly writes the 𝑛 = 𝑘 assumption and the statement to prove 2
for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1 case.
• Correctly shows true for the 𝑛 = 1 case. 1
Sample answer:

Show true for 𝑛 = 1

𝑑𝑦
𝐿𝐻𝑆 =
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝜋
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = √2𝑒 𝑥 sin (𝑥 + )
4
𝜋
= 𝑒 𝑥 (√2 sin(𝑥 + 4 ))

= 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) using identity from part i)

= 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥

Hence, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

True for 𝑛 = 1

Assume true for 𝑛 = 𝑘, where 𝑘 ∈ ℕ

𝑘
𝑑𝑘 𝑦 𝑘𝜋
i.e. 𝑑𝑥 𝑘 = 22 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑥 + )
4

Prove true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1

 𝑘+1
𝑑𝑘+1 𝑦 (𝑘+1)𝜋
RTP: 𝑑𝑥 𝑘+1 = 2 2 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑥 + )
4

𝑑𝑘+1 𝑦
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑘+1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑘 𝑦
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑘
𝑘
𝑑 𝑘𝜋
= 𝑑𝑥 (22 𝑒 𝑥 sin (𝑥 + )) using 𝑛 = 𝑘 assumption.
4

𝑘 𝑘𝜋 𝑘𝜋
= 22 (𝑒 𝑥 sin (𝑥 + ) + 𝑒 𝑥 cos (𝑥 + ))
4 4
𝑘 𝑘𝜋 𝑘𝜋
= 22 𝑒 𝑥 (sin (𝑥 + ) + cos (𝑥 + ))
4 4
𝑘 (𝑘+1)𝜋
= 22 𝑒 𝑥 (√2 sin (𝑥 + )) using identity from part i)
4

𝑘 1 (𝑘 + 1)𝜋
= 22 × 22 × 𝑒 𝑥 sin (𝑥 + )
4

𝑘+1 (𝑘 + 1)𝜋
=2 2 𝑒𝑥 sin (𝑥 + )
4

= 𝑅𝐻𝑆

True for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1

Hence, shown true for 𝑛 = 1, proven true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1 by assuming true for 𝑛 = 𝑘. Therefore, by
mathematical induction, must be true for all positive integers 𝑛.
Question 15 (c)(iii)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly uses the induction identity to prove the given statement. 1
Sample answer:
𝑘 𝑘𝜋
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 24 × 22 𝑒 𝑥 sin (𝑥 + )
4
𝑘+8 𝑘𝜋
=2 2 𝑒𝑥 sin (𝑥 + )
4
𝑘+8 𝑘𝜋
=2 2 𝑒𝑥 sin (𝑥 + + 2𝜋)
4
𝑘+8 𝑘𝜋 + 8𝜋
=2 2 𝑒𝑥 sin (𝑥 + )
4
𝑘+8 (𝑘 + 8)𝜋
=2 2 𝑒𝑥 sin (𝑥 + )
4

𝑑 𝑘+8 𝑦
= 𝑘+8
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Proof complete.

Question 16 (a)(i)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly uses binomial expansion or equivalent to show that 1
𝑥 4 (1 − 𝑥)4 = 𝑥 8 − 4𝑥 7 + 6𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 .
Sample answer:

From binomial expansion, (1 − 𝑥)4 = 1 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4

𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑥 4 (1 − 𝑥)4
= 𝑥 4 (1 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 )
= 𝑥 8 − 4𝑥 7 + 6𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4
= 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Proof complete
Question 16 (a)(ii)

Criteria Marks
𝑥 4 (1−𝑥)4 3
• Recognises that > 0 always, due to even powers and uses
1+𝑥 2
22
this identity to correctly prove that > 𝜋.
7
22
• Evaluates the definite integral correctly to yield − 𝜋. 2
7
• Attempts long division and correctly expresses the integral as 1
1 4
∫0 𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 4 − 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Sample answer:

𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 4

1 + 𝑥 2 √𝑥 8 − 4𝑥 7 + 6𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4

𝑥8 + 𝑥6

_____________________________

−4𝑥 7 + 5𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4

−4𝑥 7 − 4𝑥 5

______________________________

5𝑥 6 + 𝑥4

5𝑥 6 + 5𝑥 4

______________________________

−4𝑥 4

−4𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2

______________________________

4𝑥 2

4𝑥 2 + 4

_______________________________

−4

𝑥 4 (1 − 𝑥)4 4
∴ 2
= 𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 4 −
1+𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
1 1
𝑥 4 (1 − 𝑥)4 4
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 4 − 𝑑𝑥
0 1+𝑥 0 1 + 𝑥2

𝑥 7 2𝑥 6 4𝑥 3 1
=[ − + 𝑥5 − + 4𝑥 − 4 tan−1 𝑥]
7 3 3 0
 22
=( − 𝜋) − (0)
7
22
= −𝜋
7
𝑥 4 (1−𝑥)4 1 𝑥 4 (1−𝑥)4
Since > 0 for 0 < 𝑥 < 1, then ∫0 𝑑𝑥 > 0.
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2

22
Hence, −𝜋 >0
7

22
>𝜋
7
22
Therefore, is an overestimate of 𝜋.
7

Proof complete

Question 16 (b)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly sketches the locus of 𝑧, which is a circle with both 3
restrictions shown.
• Uses the property that 𝑤 is purely imaginary to yield the correct 2
cartesian equation, which is a circle.
• Uses 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and attempts to express 𝑤 in 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 form by 1
realising the denominator.
Sample answer:

Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are real numbers.

(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑖𝑦
𝑤=
𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 − 1)

(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑖(𝑦 − 1)
𝑤= ×
𝑥 + 𝑖(𝑦 − 1) 𝑥 − 𝑖(𝑦 − 1)

((𝑥 − 2) + 𝑖𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑖(𝑦 − 1))

𝑤=
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2

𝑥(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑦(𝑦 − 1) + 𝑖(𝑥𝑦 − (𝑥 − 2)(𝑦 − 1))

𝑤=
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2

Since 𝑤 is purely imaginary, then 𝑅𝑒(𝑤) = 0.

𝑥(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑦(𝑦 − 1)
𝑅𝑒(𝑤) = =0
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2

𝑥(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑦(𝑦 − 1) = 0

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 = 0
 1 5
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + =
4 4
1 5
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − )2 =
2 4
1 √5
Circle with centre (1, 2) and radius units.
2

There are restrictions to the circle, i.e. 𝑤 ≠ 0, so 𝑧 − 2 ≠ 0 𝑧 ≠ 2 and 𝑧 − 𝑖 ≠ 0, so 𝑧 ≠ 𝑖

Question 16 (c)(i)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly mentions the concavity of 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 to make the claim that 2
Trapezoidal rule is an underestimate, hence,
𝑛 1
∫1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 > 2 ln 𝑛 + ln(𝑛 − 1)!
• Uses Trapezoidal rule with 𝑛 − 1 subintervals to show that the 1
𝑛 1
estimate of the integral is ∫1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 2 ln 𝑛 + ln(𝑛 − 1)!
Sample answer:

Applying Trapezoidal rule with 𝑛 − 1 sub-intervals.

𝑛−1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ≈ (ln 1 + ln 𝑛 + 2(ln 2 + ln 3 + ln 4 + ⋯ + ln(𝑛 − 1)))
2(𝑛 − 1)
1
≈ 2 (ln 𝑛 + 2(ln(2 × 3 × 4 × … × (𝑛 − 1))))

1
≈ 2 (ln 𝑛 + 2 ln(𝑛 − 1)!)

1
≈ 2 ln 𝑛 + ln(𝑛 − 1)!

Since 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 is concave down, then Trapezoidal rule is an underestimate.

𝑛 1
Hence, ∫1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 > 2 ln 𝑛 + ln(𝑛 − 1)!

Question 16 (c)(ii)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly simplifies and rearranges the inequality result to yield the 2
desired result by taking the exponential of both sides.
• Uses the result from part i) and substitutes 1
𝑛
∫1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 ln 𝑛 − 𝑛 + 1 to yield an inequality result.
Sample answer:
𝑛 1
Using the result ∫1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 > 2 ln 𝑛 + ln(𝑛 − 1)! From part i)

𝑛
Let ∫1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 ln 𝑛 − 𝑛 + 1

1
∴ 𝑛 ln 𝑛 − 𝑛 + 1 > ln 𝑛 + ln(𝑛 − 1)!
2
1
𝑒 𝑛 ln 𝑛−𝑛+1 > 𝑒 2 ln 𝑛+ln(𝑛−1)!
1
𝑛𝑛 𝑒 1−𝑛 > 𝑛2 (𝑛 − 1)!
1
𝑛𝑛−2 𝑒 1−𝑛 > (𝑛 − 1)!
1
𝑛 × 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑒 1−𝑛 > 𝑛 × (𝑛 − 1)!
 1
𝑛𝑛+2 𝑒 1−𝑛 > 𝑛!
1
Hence, 𝑛! < 𝑛𝑛+2 𝑒 1−𝑛

Proof complete.

Question 16 (d)(i)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly proves the statement using appropriate algebraic working 1
out.
Sample answer:

Let (0,0,0) and (𝑎, 𝑎, 𝑎) be the points which form the longest diagonal in a cube with side length 𝑎 units.

Length = √𝑎2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 = √3𝑎2 = √3𝑎

Proof complete.

Question 16 (d)(ii)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly proves the statement using appropriate algebraic working 1
out.
Sample answer:

The longest diagonal is 𝐴𝐺 which is also the diameter of the sphere. Hence, 𝐴𝐺 = 2

2 = √3𝑎

2
𝑎=
√3

Proof complete.

Question 16 (d)(iii)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly finds the sum of the volume using appropriate algebraic 1
working out.
Sample answer:

6 square pyramids are required to form the entire volume of the cube.

2 1 2 8√3
∴ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = × 𝑎 3 = ( )3 =
6 3 √3 27
Question 16 (d)(iv)

Criteria Marks
• Correctly demonstrates the scalar dot product using appropriate 1
algebraic working out.
Sample answer:
1 1 1 1 1 1
Point 𝐴(− 2 𝑎, 2 𝑎, 2 𝑎) and 𝐶(2 𝑎, − 2 𝑎, 2 𝑎)

1 1 1 1 1 4 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑂𝐶
𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = − 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 = − 𝑎2 = − ( ) = −
4 4 4 4 4 3 3
Proof complete.