,ay; - 5 ciueil

nkhopngau;g;Gf; fy;tp
1. nkhopngau;g;G njhlf;fk; Fwpj;J vOJf.
nkhopngau;g;G njhlf;fk; :

 nkhopngau;j;jy; vd;w njhliuj; njhy;fhg;gpau; kugpaypy; (98) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;

 ‘khghujk; jkpo;g;gLj;Jk; kJuhGupr; rq;fk; itj;Jk;” vd;Dk; rpd;dkD}u;r;
nrg;Ngl;Lf; Fwpg;G> rq;ffhyj;jpNyNa jkpo; nkhopngau;g;G
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lijg; Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 tlnkhopapy; toq;fp te;j ,uhkhazk;> kfhghujj; njhd;kr; nra;jpfs; rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fspy; gutyhf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
 ,JTk; gpwnkhopf; fUj;Jfis> fijfisj; jkpo;g;gLj;jpaikiag;
Gyg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 ngUq;fij> rPtfrpe;jhkzp> fk;guhkhazk;> tpy;ypghujk; Kjypa rpy
fhg;gpaq;fSk; tlnkhopf; fijfisj; jOtpg; gilf;fg;gl;litNa
,j;jifa nra;jpfNs njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj nkhopngau;g;G ,Ue;jikia ekf;F
czu;j;JfpwJ.
2. nkhopngau;g;G Vd; Njit vd vOJf.
nkhopngau;G Njit :

 nkhop ngau;g;G vy;yhf; fhyfl;lq;fspYk; Njitahd xd;W.

 tpLjiyf;Fg; gpwF ehl;bd; gy gFjpfisAk; xNu Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,izf;Fk;
Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 Njrpa czu;T Cl;Ltjw;Fk;> xUikg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; nkhopngau;gi ; g
xU fUtpahf nfhz;lJ.
 xU nkhopapy; ,Uf;Fk; E}y;fisg; gpw nkhopf;F nkhopngau;j;jy;> gy;NtW
khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;j ,Uf;fpd;w vOj;jhsu;fs;> rpe;jidahsu;fs; MfpNahiug;
gw;wpa E}y;fis ntspapLjy;.
 ,j;jifa nkhopngau;g;G Kaw;rpfs; rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp> Njrpa Gj;jf epWtdk;>
njd;dpe;jpag; Gj;jf epWtdk; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; nra;ag;gl;ld.
nkhopngau;g;gpd; Njitia czu;j;j xU epfo;r;rp:

 cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ mnkupf;fh ‘ruz; milahtpby; Fz;L tPrg;gLk;” vd;w

nra;jpia [g;ghDf;F mDg;gpajhfTk; mjw;F [g;ghd; ‘nkhF rh];l;L” vd;W
tpil mDg;gpajhFk;. mjw;F tpil njupahjjhy; mnkupf;fh `pNuh\pkhtpy;
Fz;L tPrpaJ vd;W nrhy;fpwhu;fs;.
 nkhopngau;g;G rupahf mikahjjhy; fhyj;jpw;Fk; mopT jUk; vd;gjw;F ,J Xu;
epfo;thFk;.
3. nkhop ngau;g;Gf; fy;tp gw;wp vOJf.
nkhopngau;;g;Gf; fy;tp :
 nkhopngau;gi ; gf; fy;tpahf Mf;Ftjd; %yk; midj;Jyf mwpitAk; ehk;
vspjhfg; ngw KbAk;.
 gy mwpTj;JiwfSf;Fk; njhopy; JiwfSf;Fk; ntspehl;lhiu
vjpu;g;ghu;f;fhky; ehNk ekf;F Ntz;ba midj;ijAk; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s
KbAk;.
 kdpj tsj;ij KOikahfg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
 Ntiytha;g;Gj; jsj;ij tpupthf;f KbAk;.
 ehL tpLjiy ngw;w gpwF gy ehl;Lj; J}jufq;fs; ek;ehl;by; epWtg;gl;ld.
 J}jufq;fs; jq;fSila ,yf;fpak;> gz;ghL> njhopy; tsu;r;rp> fiy
Nghd;wtw;iw mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; jj;jk; nkhopfisf; fw;Wf;
nfhLf;fpd;w Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wd.
 ,jidr; rhu;e;J gpw nkhopfisf; fw;Wj; jUk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fSk;
cUthfpAs;sd.
 gs;spfspYk; fy;Y}upfspYk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; gpw nkhopfisf; fw;Fk;
tha;g;Gfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
4. ,yf;fpa ,wf;Fkjp Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
,yf;fpa ,wf;Fkjp :

 gpw nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sTk; mit Nghd;w Gjpa gilg;Gfs;

cUthfTk; nkhopngau;g;G nra;fpwJ.
 nkhopNtypia mfw;Wk; gzpia nkhopngau;g;G nra;fpwJ.
 n[u;kd; nkhopapy; nkhopngau;g;gpd; %yk; mwpKfk; Md N\f;];gpau; me;ehl;Lg;
gilg;ghsu; NghyNt nfhz;lhlg;gl;lhu;.
 Mq;fpNyau; tUiff;Fg; gpd; Mq;fpy E}y;fSk; Mq;fpyk; topahf gpw
INuhg;gpa nkhop E}y;fSk; mwpKfkhapd.
 ,Nj Nghyj; jkpo; E}y;fSk; gpw nkhopfSf;F mwpKfkhapd.
 jkpOf;Fupa E}yhf ,Ue;j jpUf;Fws; cyfnkhopf;Fupajhf khwpaJ
nkhopg;ngau;g;ghy; jhd;.
 nkhopngau;g;G ,y;yhtpby; rpy gilg;ghspfSk; $l cUthfp ,Uf;f KbahJ.
 Fwpg;ghf N\f;];gpau;> fk;gu;> ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; ,Ue;jpUf;f KbahJ.
 ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; tq;f nkhopapy; vOjpa ftpijj; njhFg;ghd fPjhQ;rypia
Mq;fpyj;jpy; mtNu nkhopngau;j;j gpwFjhd; mtUf;F Nehgy; gupR fpilj;jJ.
5. nkhopngau;g;gpd; nrk;ik gw;wp tptup.
nkhopngau;g;gpd; nrk;ik :

 Camel vd;gjw;F tlk;(fapW) xl;lfk; vd ,U nghUs; cz;L. ‘Crp fhjpy;

xl;lfk; EioahJ” vd;Dk; Ntw;Wnkhopj; njhliu ‘Crp fhjpy; xl;lfk;
EioahJ” vd;W nkhopngau;j;Jg; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. ,j;njhlupy; tlk;
 vd;gNj nghUj;jkhd nrhy;yhf mikAk;. mjhtJ Crp fhjpy; E}y; EioANk
md;wpf; fapW EioahJ.
 Underground Drainage vd;w njhliu nkhopngau;g;gjpy; jLkhw;wk; te;jJ.
ghjhsr;rhf;fil vd;gJ Nghd;nwy;yhk; nkhopngau;j;jdu;. kiyahs nkhopapy;
gad;gLj;jpa Gij rhf;fil vd;w nrhy; nghUj;jkhf ,Ug;gijf; fz;ldu;.
mijNa gad;gLj;jTk; njhlq;fpdu;.
 Tele vd;gJ njhiy vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. MfNt Telegraph, Television, Telephone,
Telescope, Telemetry Kjypa nrhw;fis nkhopngau;f;fg;gLfpwNghJ njhiytup>
njhiyf;fhl;rp> njhiyNgrp> njhiyNehf;fp> njhiymstpay;> vd;wthW Kd;
xl;LfSld; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;ld.
 ,jw;F khwhf Transcribe, Transfer, Transform, Transact Mfpatw;iw nkhopngau;f;Fk;
NghJ gbnaLj;jy;> khWjy;> cUkhw;Wjy;> nray;gLj;Jjy; vd;wthW
nkhopngau;ff ; g;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F Trans vd;w Kd; xl;il itj;J
nkhopngau;ff ; tpy;iy.
,t;thW ,lk;ghu;j;J nkhopngau;g;G> Kiwahf nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
6. gy;Jiw tsu;r;rpapy; nkhopngau;g;gpd; gq;F vd;d?
gy;Jiw tsu;r;rpapy; nkhopngau;g;G :
 ,d;iwf;Fg; gy;NtW Jiwfspd; tsu;r;rpf;F nkhopngau;gG ; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
 nkhopngau;g;G ,y;iy vdpy; cyif vy;yhk; tiyahfg; gpbj;jpUf;fpw
Clfj;jpd; tsu;r;rp ,y;iy.
 njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp> jpiug;glk;> ,jo;fs; Nghd;w Clfq;fs;
nkhopngau;g;ghy; jhd; tsu;r;rp ngWfpd;wd.
 tpsk;gu nkhopf;F nkhopngau;g;Gj; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
 jpiug;glq;fs;> njhiyf;fhl;rpj; njhlu;fs; Mfpad Ntw;W nkhopkhw;wk;
nra;ag;gl;L midj;J nkhop NgRk; kf;fisAk; milfpd;wd.
 ,jdhy; GJtifahd rpe;jidfs;> nkhopf;$Wfs; guTfpd;wd.
7. nkhop ngau;g;gpd; gad;fs; ahit?
nkhop ngau;g;gpd; gad;fs; :

 ,J nkhopngau;g;Gf; fhyk; fhiyapy; vOe;jTld; ehspjo;g;gbg;G nkhopngau;G

%yNk ekf;Fr; rhj;jpakhfpwJ.
 ,uT njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; fhZk; Nfl;Fk; nra;jpfSk; nkhopngau;g;G %yNk
fpilf;fpd;wd.
 ek; gzpfs; gytw;wpYk; nkhopngau;g;gpd; Jiz ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ.
 ,d;iwa tsUk; ehLfspy; mwptpaiy cUthf;f> murpaiy cUthf;f>
nghUspaiy cUthf;f> r%ftpaiy cUthf;f> ,yf;fpaj;ij cUthf;f
nkhopngau;gN; g cjTfpwJ.
 nkhopngau;g;G kdpju;fisAk; ehLfisAk; fhyq;fisAk; ,izf;fpw
neLQ;rhiyahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
  gy nkhopfspYk; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;Gf; $Wfis vy;yhk; xUq;F Nru;j;J
midtUf;Fk; nghJikahf;FfpwJ.
 nkhop ngau;g;gpdhy; Gjpa nrhw;fs; cUthfp nkhoptsk; Vw;gLfpwJ. gpw
,dj;jtupd; gz;ghL ehfupfk; gof;f tof;fk; Nghd;wtw;iw mwpa KbfpwJ.
 mjpypUe;J ey;ydtw;iw ehk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbfpwJ. gpw nkhop ,yf;fpa
mwpT fpilf;fpwJ.
 mjd; %yk; ek; ,yf;fpaj;ij tsg;gLj;j KbfpwJ. cyfg;Gfo; ngw;w mwptpay;
fz;Lgpbg;GfisAk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;GfisAk; mwptjw;F tha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ.
8. nkhop tsu;r;rpf;F nkhopngau;g;G cjTfpwJ vd;gij epWTf.
nkhop tsu;r;rpf;F nkhopngau;g;G :
 ey;y nkhop ngau;g;ghsd; rpy nkhop kPwy;fisr; nra;thd;.
 Gjpa ,yf;fz tpjpfspd; Njitia cUthf;Fthd;.
 nra;AisNa jd; ntspaPl;L tbtkhff; nfhz;bUe;j jkpo; mr;R ,ae;jpuj;jpd;
tUifia xl;b nkhopngau;gi ; g vjpu; nfhz;lNghJ ciueil tsu;r;rpia
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
 mg;NghJ jkpo; Mq;fpy njhluikg;GfisAk; $WfisAk; Vw;f Ntz;ba epiy
vw;gl;lJ.
 nkhopngau;g;G ,j;jifa nkhopg; gpur;rpidfisf; fle;J mjd; jPu;thf
nkhopapy; GJf;$Wfis cUthf;fp tsu;r;rpf;F toptFf;fpwJ.
,ay; - 5 nra;As; - 1
ePjpntz;gh
1. ePjpntz;gh czu;j;Jk; fy;tpapd; rpwg;G ahJ?
ePjpntz;gh czu;j;Jk; fy;tpapd; rpwg;G :

 mUspidg; ngUf;fp
 mwpitr; rpuhf;fp
 kaf;fk; mfw;wp
 mwpTf;Fj; njspT je;J
 capUf;F ngUe;Jizaha; ,d;gk; Nru;g;gJ fy;tpNa MFk;
 vdNt mj;jifa fy;tpiag; Nghw;wp fw;f Ntz;Lk;.
vd;W E}ypd; Mrpupau; fy;tpapd; rpwg;ig czu;j;Jfpwhu;.
,ay; - 5 nra;As; - 2
jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;
1. ,iwtd; Gytu; ,ilf;fhld; FuYf;Fr; nrtp rha;j;j epfo;it eaj;Jld; vOJf.
 kJiuia Mz;l FNyr ghz;bad; nghUl;nry;tKk; fy;tpr; nry;tKk; kpf;ftd;
vd;W fw;Nwhu; $wf; Nfl;l ,ilf;fhldhu; vd;Dk; Gytu;. jhk; ,aw;wpa
ftpijapid kd;dd; Kd;G Njd; Ritr;nrhl;l ghliyg; ghbdhu;.
 kd;dd; mijg; nghUl;gLj;jhky; Gytiu mtkjpj;jhd;;. kdk; tUe;jpa
,ilf;fhldhu; jdf;F ele;j mtkhdj;ij> ,iwtdplk; Kiwapl;lhu;.
 jpUMythapy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwth kd;dd; mtkjpj;jJ vd;id kl;Lk; my;y
nrhy; tbthd cd; cikahisAk;> nghUs; tbthd cd;idAk; Nru;j;J
mtkjpj;jhd; vd;W $wp ,ilf;fhld; nrd;W tpl;lhd;. ,ilf;fhdpd; nrhy;
Ntu;g;gil Nghy; ,iwtdpd; nrtpapy; ijj;jJ.
 kd;ddpd; gpioia czu;j;Jtjw;fhfTk;> ,ilf;fhldhUf;Fk; fgpyUf;Fk; kd
kfpo;r;rpia cz;lhf;fTk; epidj;j ,iwtd; flk;gtdf; Nfhtpiy tpl;L ePq;fp
tljpU Mythapy; nrd;W jq;fpdhu;.
 kd;dd; jd; gpioia czu;e;jhd; ,iwtdplk; kd;whbdhd;. ‘rpwpatu;fspd;
Fw;wk; nghWg;gJ ngupaUtUf;F ngUikay;yth” vd;W jd; Fw;wj;ijg;
nghWf;f Ntz;bdhd;.
 kd;dd; mitiaf; $l;b ,ilf;fhlidAk;> gpw Gytu; ngUkf;fisAk;
mioj;J G+uz Fk;gk; itj;J mtu;fsplk; kd;dpg;G Ntz;bdhd;.
 Gytu;fSk; kd;did kd;dpj;J ,d;Gw;wdu;. ,iwtDk; kPz;Lk; flk;gtdk;
te;jhu;.
2. kd;dd; ,ilf;fhld; vd;w GytDf;Fr; rpwg;G nra;jJ Vd;? tpsf;fk; jUf.
 ghz;ba ehl;il Ml;rp Gupe;j FNyr ghz;bad; vd;Dk; kd;dd; jkpo;g; Gyikapy;
rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhd;.
 fgpyupd; ez;guhd ,ilf;fhldhu; vd;Dk; Gytu; jhk; ,aw;wpa ftpijapid
kd;dd; Kd;G ghl mijg; nghUl;gLj;jhky; kd;dd; Gytiu mtkjpj;jhd;.
 kdk; tUe;jpa ,ilf;fhldhu; ,iwtdplk; Kiwapl;lhu;.
 kd;ddpd; gpioia czu;j;Jtjw;fhf ,iwtd; flk;gtdf; Nfhtpiy tpl;L
ePq;fp tljpU Mythapy; nrd;W jq;fpdhu;.
 ,ij mwpe;j kd;dd; jd; gpioiag; nghUj;jUSkhW ,iwtid Ntz;b
,ilf;fhldhUf;Fr; rpwg;Gr; nra;J> Gytu;fsplk; kd;dpg;G Ntz;bdhd;.
 Gjpa ek;gpf;if
Fwpg;Gr; rl;lk;
Kd;Diu
Nkupapd; FLk;g epiy
Nkupf;Fg; gpbj;j #oy;
Nkupapd; tpUg;gk;
NkupN[d; ngw;w fy;tp
gl;lkspg;G tpoh
KbTiu

Kd;Diu
tuyhw;wpy; kdpju;fs; tUfpwhu;fs; rpyu; tuyhwhfNt ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. ,tu;fs;
ghijNa ,y;yhj ,lj;jpy; jq;fs; fhybfshy; xw;iwabg; ghijapl;L mijNa
ngUQ;rhiyahf Mf;Ffpwhu;fs;. gyupd; gazq;fSf;F toptFf;fpwhu;fs; mtu;fSs;
xUtuha; tpsq;fpa NkupN[idg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.
Nkupapd; FLk;g epiy
xt;nthU ehSk; fhiy Ie;J kzp mtu;fs; tpopj;J vOk; Neuk;. mtu;fSf;Fg;
gfy; KOtJk; gUj;jpf; fhl;by; Ntiyfs; ,Uf;Fk;. xU epkplj;ijf; $l tPzhf;fp
tplf; $lhJ vd;W epidf;Fk; FLk;gk; mJ. khiyg; nghOjpy; midtUk; xd;whf
Nru;e;J ghLtJk; gpuhj;jid nra;tJk; kpfTk; kfpo;r;rp epiwe;jJ.
Nkupf;Fg; gpbj;j #oy;
Nkup Nfhil fhy ,uTfis kpfTk; tpUk;gpdhs;. njspe;j thdk; gUj;jpg;
G+f;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; fz;rpkpl;Lk; el;rj;jpuq;fs; ,tw;iwg; ghu;j;jthNw ,Ug;gJ
mtSf;Fg; gpbj;jkhapUe;jJ.
Nkupapd; tpUg;gk;
xU Kiw nts;isf; Foe;ijfs; tPl;bDs; tpisahbagb Rw;wp te;j NghJ xU
Gj;jfj;ijf; ifapy; vLj;J mijg; Gul;lj; Jtq;fpaNghJ tpy;]dpd; ngz; rpWkp
‘Gj;jfj;ij vd;dplk; nfhL” cdf;Fg; gbf;fj; njupahJ vdg; gpLq;fpf; nfhz;lhs;.
Nkup kdk; Jtz;lhs; Nkup mJ Kjy; ehd; gbf;f Ntz;Lk; ehd; thrpf;f fw;Wf; nfhs;s
NghfpNwd; ehd; gbf;f tpUk;GfpNwd; vdj; jdf;Fj; jhNd nrhy;ypf; nfhz;lhs;. kp];
tpy;]d; cd;idg; Nghd;w Foe;ijfs; gbj;jhf Ntz;Lk; vd Kjy; Kiwahf
gs;spf;Fr; nry;yTk; gbf;fTk; ek;gpf;if nfhLj;jhs;.
NkupN[d; ngw;w fy;tp
NkupN[d; jhd; ngw;w Gjpa fy;tpapdhy; Kf;fpakhd xUtuhf
khwpf;nfhz;bUe;jhs;. mtshy; ,g;nghOJ fzf;Fg; ghu;f;f KbAk;. mtSila
mf;fk; gf;fj;jtu; fUg;gpd kf;fs; nts;is epwj;jtu; ,UtUNk rk;gsf; fzf;Nfh
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; vJntd;whYk; NkupaplNk nfhz;L te;jhu;fs;. Nkup jdJ
gs;spapy; NkYk; GjpJ Gjpjha;f; fw;Wf; nfhz;L te;jhs;. jdJ ghijapy; jhd;
nkJthf cau cau Ngha;f; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpNwhk;. vd kdjpy; $wpf; nfhz;lhs;.
gl;lkspg;G tpoh
gl;lkspg;G tpohtpd; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j gFjp vd;gJ gl;lq;fis
toq;FtJ. kjpg;Gkpf;f nts;isj;jhs; RUs;fspy; ,e;jg; gl;lk; ngWk; khztu;fs;
vOjTk; gbf;fTk; $batu;fs; vd;W vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk; Nkupapd; ngaiur; nrhy;ypf;
$g;gpl;lhu;fs;. Nkup jd;Dila gl;lj;jpid kfpo;r;rpAld; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhs;.
G+g;Nghy mij Ve;jp jd; neQ;NrhL mizj;Jf; nfhz;lhs;.
KbTiu
NkupN[d; fUg;gpdf; Foe;ijfs; fy;tpiaf; fw;f Nky; gbg;gpw;fhf
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ltu;. mjd; %yk; jd; fy;tp mwpit tsu;j;jJ kl;Lk; my;yhky; fy;tp
mwptw;w ,Us; r%fj;jpy; xw;iwr; Rluhf te;J Xuhapuk; Rlu;fis Vw;wpatu; ,tu;
Nghd;W gyuJ tho;f;ifia mwptJ fy;tp tuyhw;iw mwptjhFk;.