Tutorial 2

PROBABILITY & COUNTING RULES SOLUTIONS

1. Draw Venn diagrams to show whether the following are true:

(a) (B ∩ C ∩ A′ ) ∪ ((B ∪ C) ∩ A) = (C ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ B ′ ∩ C ′ )[F ALSE]

(b) (A ∪ B ∪ C ′ )′ = ((A ∩ C) ∪ (B ∩ C))′ ∩ C[T RU E]
(c) ((A ∩ B) ∩ C ′ )∪((B ∩ C) ∩ A′ )∪((A ∩ C) ∩ B ′ ) = (A ∩ B ∩ C)′ ∩((A ∩ B) ∪ (B ∩ C) ∪ (A ∩ C)) [T RU

2. Describe the following Venn diagrams in set notation:

(a) (A ∩ B ′ ) ∪ (B ∩ A′ ∩ C ′ )
(b) (A ∩ B ∩ C) ∪ (A ∩ B ′ ∩ C ′ ) ∪ (B ∩ A′ ∩ C ′ ) ∪ (C ∩ A′ ∩ B ′ )
(c) (A ∪ B ∪ C)′ ∪ (A ∩ B ∩ C ′ ) ∪ (A ∩ C ∩ B ′ ) ∪ (B ∩ C ∩ A′ )
(d) (A ∪ B ∪ C)′ ∪ (A ∩ B ′ ∩ C ′ ) ∪ (A′ ∩ B)
(e) (A ∪ C ∩ B ′ ) ∪ (B ∩ A′ ∩ C ′ )
(f) (A ∩ B) ∪ (C ∩ A′ ∩ B ′ )

3. A group of five applicants for a pair of identical jobs consists of three men and two women. The
employer is to select two of the five applicants for the jobs. Let S denote the set of all possible
outcomes for the employer’s selection. Let A denote the subset of outcomes corresponding to the
selection of two men and B the subset corresponding to the selection of at least one woman.
Sample Space S:
M1 M2 M1 M3 M1 W1 M1 W2
M2 M3 M2 W1 M2 W2
M3 W1 M3 W2
W1 W2
List the outcomes

(a) A = {M1 M2 , M1 M3 , M2 M3 }
(b) B = {M1 M2 , M1 M3 , M2 M3 } = {A}
(c) A∪B = {M1 M2 , M1 M3 , M2 M3 , M1 W1 , M1 W2 , M2 W1 , M2 W2 , M3 W1 , M3 W2 , W1 W2 } = {S}
(d) A ∩ B = {∅}
(e) A ∩ B ′ = A ∩ A = A.

4. From a survey of 60 students attending a university, it was found that 9 were living off campus,
36 were undergraduates, and 3 were undergraduates living off campus.

Graduate Undergraduate Total

On 18 33 51
Off 6 3 9
Total 24 36 60

(a) Find the number of these students who were undergraduates, were living off campus, or both.
[42]
(b) Find the number of these students who were undergraduates living on campus. [33]
(c) Find the number of these students who were graduate students living on campus [18]

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5. Bongani and Sakhi have R7 each. They toss a fair coin as well as a fair die (marked 1 to 6). If the
coin shows “heads”, Bongani pays Sakhi R1 for every dot on the upturned side of the die. If the
coin shows “tails”, Sakhi pays Bongani R1 for every dot on the upturned side of the die. Let X
be the amount (in Rand) which Sakhi has after one trial of the game. What is the sample space
for X?
S = [E] - {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13}
6. A standard piano keyboard consists of 88 keys and looks like this:

The names of the notes and the frequency of the notes played by white keys (here frequency means
how high or low the sound is) are given above the notes. Low notes are on the left, high on the
right.
(a) Not a good idea to close your eyes and put your finger down!
Most people who try this method choose notes close to the middle. Notes in the centre of
the keyboards are more likely to be chosen than notes at the edge.
Better: Write integers 1, 2, ..., 88 on identical slips of paper. Place in a container and shake
to mix well. Without looking, put your hand in the container and choose a slip.
(b) Mutually exclusive, exhaustive but not equally likely.
• No key is both black and white
• The black and white keys make up the entire keyboard
• There are 36 black and 52 white keys, so white is more likely
(c) Median key - between 44th and 45th
329.63 + 349.22
Median frequency =
2
′
(d) L is the event ”chosen key is to the right of middle c”
(e) L′ as more keys to the right than equal or to the left of middle c
7. (a)
P (A ∪ B ∪ C)
= P ((A ∪ B) ∪ C)
= P (A ∪ B) + P (C) − P ((A ∪ B) ∩ C)[addition rule]
= P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B) + P (C) − P ((A ∪ B) ∩ C)[additon rule]
= P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B) + P (C) − P ((A ∩ C) ∪ (B ∩ C))[distributive law]
= P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B) + P (C) − [P (A ∩ C) + P (B ∩ C) − P ((A ∩ C) ∩ (B ∩ C))][addition ru
= P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B) + P (C) − P (A ∩ C) − P (B ∩ C) + P (A ∩ B ∩ C)
(b)
P (A′ ∩ B ′ ∩ C ′ ) = P (A ∪ B ∪ C)′
= 1 − P (A ∪ B ∪ C) [pairwise disjoint]
= 1 − [P (A) + P (B) + P (C)] [Axiom 3]
= 1 − P (A) − P (B) − P (C)

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 8. (a)
P (A ∪ B ′ ) = P (A) + P (B ′ − P (A ∩ B ′ ) [Addition Rule]
= P (A) + (1 − P (B)) − P (A ∩ B ′ ) [Complement]
= P (A) + 1 − P (B) − (P (A) − P (A ∩ B)) [Theorem 2]
= P (A) + 1 − P (B) − P (A) + P (A ∩ B)
= 1 − P (B) + P (A ∩ B)
(b) (A ∩ B) ⊂ A ⊂ (A ∪ B)
By theorem 4: P (A ∩ B) ≤ P (A) ≤ P (A ∪ B)
By theorem 3: P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B)
From axiom 1 P (A ∩ B) ≥ 0
∴ P (A ∪ B) ≤ P (A) + P (B)
(c)
P (A ∪ B) = P (S)
=1
= P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B)
= 0.8 + 0.5 − P (A ∩ B)
P (A ∩ B) = 0.3
(d) P ((A ∪ B) ∩ C) = 0 , Since events are all mutually exclusive.
P (A′ ∪ B ′ ) = P (A ∩ B)′ = 1, Since A and B are mutually exclusive.

9. If C is the event that the person will have their teeth cleaned, F is the event that they will have
a cavity filled, and E is the event that a tooth is extracted, then the following probabilities are
given:
P (C) = 0.44, P (F ) = 0.24, P (E) = 0.21, P (C ∩ F ) = 0.08, P (C ∩ E) = 0.11, P (F ∩ E) = 0.07,
P (C ∩ F ∩ E) = 0.03).
P (C ∪ F ∪ E) = P (C) + P (F ) + P (E) − P (C ∩ F ) − P (C ∩ E) − P (F ∩ E) + P (C ∩ F ∩ E)
= 0.44 + 0.24 + 0.21 − 0.08 − 0.11 − 0.07 + 0.03
= 0.66

10. (a) 263 = 17576

26P 3 15600
(b) 3
= = 0.888
26 17576
3

2
1
(5 × 21) 1575
(c) 3
= = 0.09
26 17576
11. (a) 8! = 40320
4! 24
(b) = = 0.000595
8! 40320
9P 3 × 7! 2450160
12. = = 0.064
11! 39916800

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13. There are 7 people in a family; grandfather, grandmother, father, mother and three children. A
photographer has arrived at a family event to take photos of the family.

(a) 7C3 = 35
(b) 7P 3 = 210
(c) 7! = 5040
(d) 6! = 720
(e) 6! × 2! = 1440
720
(f) = 0.14
5040
1440
(g) = 0.29
5040
8×4×3×3×2×2×1×1
14. = 0.028
8!
9 × 9P 5
15. = 0.1512
9 × 105
16. Ways Shampie and Lungelo next to each other = 2 × 6!
Ways Shampie and Lungelo not next to each other =
7! - Ways Shampie and Lungelo next to each other = 5040 − 1440 = 3600

17. (a) 4! = 24
(b) Sihle eats these Jelly Tots and takes a handful of five more (variable colours)
i. P(No Green) + P(one Green) = P (G′ G′ G′ G′ G′ ) + 5 × P (G′ G′ G′ G′ G)
 5    4
4 1 4
= +5× = 0.737
5 5 5
ii. 5C2 = 10

18. For what value of n is

(a) (n + 1)3 = (n)4

(n + 1)(n)(n − 1) = (n)(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3)
(n + 1) = (n − 2)(n − 3)
2
n − 6n + 5 = 0
(n − 1)(n − 5) = 0
n = 1 or 5
(n + 1)3 is not defined for n = 1. Therefore n = 5
   
n+1 n
(b) 3 =7
3 2
(n + 1)! n!
3× =7×
3!(n − 2)! (n − 2)!2!
(n + 1)! = 7 × n!
n+1 =7
n =6

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19. A three digit number is formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The digits can be repeated.
How many ways are there of choosing

(a) The numbers: 63 = 216

(b) An even numbers: 6 × 6 × 3 = 108 Choose 2 or 4 or 6 at end.
(c) A number greater than 331: 3 × 6 × 6 + 1 × 3 × 6 + 1 × 1 × 5
A number > 400 or a number > 340 but < 400 or number > 331 but < 340
(d) What happens to these counts if the digits cannot be repeated?
i. 6 × 5 × 4 = 120
ii. 3 × 5 × 4 = 60 Choose the end digit as even first
iii. 3 × 5 × 4 + 1 × 3 × 4 = 60 + 12 = 72
A number > 400 or (first = 3, second digit 4, 5 or 6, third digit any remaining number)

20. Each coded item in a catalogue comprises 5 digits from 0 through 9 and the digits can be repeated.
Find the probability of randomly selected a code for which the first digit is greater than 7 and
the last digit is even.
2 × 103 × 5 1
P (> 7 and last digit even) = =
103 10
21. In a poker hand of 5 cards drawn randomly from a standard pack of 52 playing cards, what is the
probability of holding
4 4



1
(a) 2 aces and 3 jacks: 2 3
52

= 9.23 × 10−6 =
5
108290
4 48



3 94
(b) 3 aces: 52

2 = = 0.00174
5
54145
13 13



4 143
(c) 4 hearts and 1 club: 52

1 = = 0.00358
5
39984

22. A fleet of nine taxis is to be dispatched to three airports in such a way that three go to airport
A, five go to airport B and one goes to airport C.
   
9 6 1
(a) In how many distinct ways can this be accomplished?: = 504
3 5 1
(b) If exactly one of
the
taxis

is in need of repair, what is the probability that it is dispatched
8 5 1
1
to airport C?: 3 5 1 =
504 9
(c) If exactly three of the taxis are in need of repair,
what

is the probability that every airport
6 4
45
receives one of the taxis requiring repairs?: 3 × 2 4 =
504 504

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23. Students attending the University of Cape Town can select from 130 major areas of study. A
students major is identified in the registrar’s records with a two - or - three letter code (for
example, statistics majors are identified by STA, math majors by MS). Some students opt for a
double major and complete the requirements for both of the major areas before graduation. The
registrar was asked to consider assigning these double majors a distinct two - or - three letter code
so that they could be identified through the students system.

(a) What is the maximum

  number of possible double majors available to University of Cape
130
Town students: = 8385
2
(b) If any two - or - three letter code is available to identify majors or double majors, how many
major codes are available
26 × 26 × 26 = 17576 three letter codes
26 × 26 = 676 two letter codes
= 18252 total major codes available
(c) How many major codes are required to identify students who have either a single major or
a double major: 8385 + 130 = 8515 codes
(d) Are there enough major codes available to identify all single and double majors at the
University of Cape Town: YES

24. A local society is conducting a raffle where 50 tickets are to be sold - one per customer. There
are three prizes to be awarded. If the four organizers of the raffle each buy one ticket, what is the
probability that four organizers
4


3 4
(a) Win all of the prizes - P (win all) = 50
=
3
19600
4 46



276
(b) Win exactly two of the prizes - P (win 2) = 50
1 =
2

3
19600
4 46



4140
(c) Win exactly one of the prizes - P (win 1) = 1 50
2 =
3
19600
4 46



15180
(d) Win none of the prizes - P (win nothing) = 0 50
3 =
3
19600

25. A study is to be conducted in a hospital to determine the attitudes of nurses towards various
administrative procedures. A sample of 10 nurses is to be selected from a total of the 90 nurses
employed by the hospital.

(a) 
Howmany different samples of 10 nurses can be selected?
90 90!
=
10 10!80!
(b) Twenty of the 90 nurses are male. If 10 nurses are randomly selected from those employed
by the hospital, what is the probability that the sample of ten will include exactly 4 male
(and

6
female) nurses?
20 70
4 6
90

= 0.111
10

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26. A student prepares for an exam by studying a list of ten problems . She can solve six of them.
For the exam, the instructor selects five problems at random from the ten on the list given to the
students. What is the probability that the
student can solve all five problems on the exam?
6
5
P (She can solve all 5 on the exam) = 10

= 0.0238
5

27. Show that, for any integer n ≥ 1,

 
n
(a) = 1. Interpret this result.
n  
n n!
For any n ≥ 1, = =1
n n!(n − n)!
 
n
(b) = 1. Interpret this result.
0  
n n!
For any n ≥ 1, = =1
0 0!(n − 0)!
   
n n
(c) = . Interpret this result.
r n − r   
n n! n! n
For any n ≥ 1, = = =
r r!(n − r)! (n − r)!(n − (n − r))! n−r
     
n+1 n n
28. Prove that = +
   k k k−1
n n n! n!
+ = +
k k−1 k!(n − k)! (k − 1)!(n − k + 1)!
n!(n − k + 1)! n!k
= +
k!(n − k + 1)! k!(n − k + 1)!
n!(n + 1) (n + 1)!
= +
k!(n − 
 k + 1)! k!(n + 1 − k)!
n+1
=
k