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9
SCIENCE
Quarter III – Week 2
What happens when volcanoes
erupt?

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
Science – Grade 9
Contextualized Learning Activity Sheets (CLAS)
Quarter III - Week 2: What happens when volcanoes erupt?
First Edition, 2021

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 Lesson 1
What happens when volcanoes erupt?

MELC: Explain what happens when volcanoes erupt. (S9ES IIIb-28)

Objectives:
1. Describe the internal structure of volcanoes.
2. Explain how volcanoes erupt.
3. Discuss the different factors that affect volcanic eruption.

Let’s Try
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Circle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Why do certain types of volcano erupt less violent than other types of volcanoes?
A. Low viscosity magma and high gas content
B. High viscosity magma and high gas content
C. Low viscosity magma and low gas content
D. High viscosity magma and low gas content

2. What do we call to the hot molten material that breaks through the surface of the Earth?
A. Fluid B. Lava C. Liquid D. Magma

3. What structure enables the flow of magma to reach the earth's surface?
A. Central vent B. Conduit C. Magma chamber D. Surrounding vent

4. Which of these does NOT affect magma's viscosity?

A. Chemical composition C. Pressure
B. Concentration of gases D. Temperature

5. What structure permits the magma to flow through the vent from the magma chamber?
A. Central vent B. Conduit C. Magma chamber D. Secondary vent

6. What structure helps magma to escape through the side of the volcano?
A. Central vent B. Conduit C. Magma chamber D. Secondary vent

7. What do we call the hot molten liquid rock, when it is still below the Earth’s surface?
A. Fluid B. Lava C. Liquid D. Magma

8. What part of the Earth’s layer produces magma?

A. Crust B. Mantle C. Inner core D. Outer Core

9. What happens to water as it interacts with hot magma?

A. It boils. C. It produces bubbles.
B. It produces steam. D. It cools the magma.

10. Which of the following is NOT a cause why volcanoes erupt?

A. Pulling apart of tectonic plates.
B. Movement or rocks in the Earth’s crust.
C. Injection of newly formed magma in the magma chamber.
D. Production of steam due to interaction of water and hot magma.
1
 Let’s Explore and Discover

In your previous lesson, you have learned the external parts of a volcano which are
the summit, slope, and base. Now, let us focus our discussion on the internal parts of a
volcano.

Internal Structure of a Volcano

On the surface of a volcano, there is a vent that serves as opening which releases
lava, gases, ash, or other volcanic materials. Vents can consist of a single structure in a
circular form, a large elongated fissure, and fracture or a small crack on the ground.
(Source: “Planet Earth”, PBS, accessed January 26, 2021,
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/
volcano-parts/)
The channel or pipe-like
structure through which
magma flows to the surface of
the earth is the main or
central vent. The secondary
or side vent is where some
magma can escape through
the sides of the volcano,
particularly if the main vent
is blocked. There are several
vents in a volcano, but only
one main vent or central vent
remains.

Connected to the vent

is another pipe-like structure
called conduit into which
magma flows. Another hollow
structure inside the volcano
is the magma chamber
where the molten rock
(magma) is stored and gases
are collected underground.
(Source: “Main Parts of a Volcano”, Sciencing, accessed January 26, 2021,
https://sciencing.com/main-parts-volcano-5431616.html)

Volcanic materials pass through the conduit from the magma chamber during an
eruption and will be ejected through the vent into the surface.

How do volcanoes erupt?

The variety of volcanic eruptions ranges from devastating explosions to moderate lava
gurgles. All volcanic activity relies on the same underlying concept. In essence, all eruptions
result from magma being forced up to the surface from under the Earth where it erupts as
lava, ash, and rock. What do you think are the mechanisms driving this process? What
exactly causes molten rock or magma to rise from the interior of the Earth and erupt into
the landscape?
2
 To understand how volcanoes erupt let’s have a recall on the structure of the Earth.
The outermost layer of the Earth is composed of the upper mantle and crust which is
collectively called as lithosphere. Only a portion makes up the crust. It is cold and rigid and
composed primarily of silicate rock.

Below the crust is the Earth’s mantle. Conditions vary significantly from the crust
up to the mantle. Pressure increase dramatically and temperature can reach up to 1000°C.
This makes the rock viscous enough to behave like a liquid. As the mantle melts, magma is
formed. Melting happens when tectonic pull apart or one plate is forced down under
another.
(Source: “How do Volcanoes Erupt?”, Universe Today Space and Astronomy, accessed
January 26, 2021, https://www.universetoday.com/31124/how-volcanoes-erupt/)

Below is the order of volcanoes’ eruption mechanism. Refer to the figure to better
understand the spontaneity of the eruption.
1. Under the crust, this viscous molten
rock or magma gathers into the
magma chambers. Since this magma
is less solid and lighter than the
surrounding rock, it rises to the
surface. As the magma rises, bubbles
of gas form inside it. Pressure causes
volcanoes to erupt. The pressure is
caused by some combination of heat
and/or gases. When the pressure is
too high, an explosive eruption can
happen which is dangerous and
destructive.
(Source: “The Big Question:Why
do volcanoes erupt?”, BBC,
accessed January 26, 2021,
https://www.bbc.co.uk/
newsround/44100737)

2. An injection of fresh magma into a

chamber that is already filled with
magma of similar or different
composition is another way that
causes volcanic eruptions. This
injection forces some of the
chamber's magma to move up in the
conduit and to erupt at the surface
through vents.
(Source: ‘What Causes a Volcano to
Erupt?’, Scientific American, accessed
January 26, 2021,
https://www.scientificamerican.
com/article/what-causes-a-volcano-
to-erupt-and-how-do-scientists-
predict-eruptions/)

3. When water interacts with hot magma under the surface and produces steam, it can
produce enough pressure to cause an explosion.
(Source: “The Big Question: Why do volcanoes erupt?”, BBC, accessed January 26,
2021, https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround /44100737)

The hot molten rock is called magma when it is below the surface. It erupts as lava,
ash, and volcanic rocks when it hits the surface.

3
Factors Affecting Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanic activity can be very interesting. Some eruptions can be very explosive, while
many others are not. Previously, you have learned about the different types of volcanic
eruptions and the types of volcanic cones. Do you know that these are all because of the
internal structure of a volcano? Similarly, this factor also determines the nature of an
eruption.

Viscosity is a measure of a material’s resistance to flow. It is also known as the

thickness and stickiness of the fluid. The more viscous and thicker the material is, the
higher its flow resistance. For instance, syrup is more viscous than water. Viscosity is
controlled by the temperature of the magma, its chemical composition, and the amount of
dissolved gases it produces.

Factors Affecting Viscosity

Figure 1. Lava with less silica content has low
viscosity that it can travel a great
1. Temperature - the higher the
distance, forming a thin sheet.
temperature of the magma, the
lower its viscosity. On the other
hand, the lower the
temperature of the magma, the
higher its viscosity.

Figure 2. Lava with high silica

content is too viscous
2. Composition of magma -
to travel far, and tends
magma with a high silica
to break up as it flows.
content is more viscous than
those with low silica content.
Silica is a compound
consisting silicon and oxygen.

Philippine volcanoes have high

silica content in their magma.
Thus, volcanoes erupt violently. Figure 3. Lava with low amount
of gas and high silica
content is very viscous
and does not flow out
at all, as it rises
3. Amount of gases - Gas (mainly forming a columnar
water vapor) dissolved in plug in the vent.
magma appears to increase its
tendency to flow. The dissolved
gases expand and create small Figure 4. Lava with low amount
gas bubbles in the magma of gas as it rises has
when the vapor pressure is high viscosity that it
great that they force the piles up at a vent
magma to the surface. As the resulting in a dome.
bubbles escape, that can
trigger an eruption.

(Source: Liza A. Alvarez et al., Science 9–Learner’s Material,

Pasig City: Department of Education, 2014,176)

4
 If the magma is a thin fluid, the gases from the rising magma will easily escape. The
lava flows freely from the vent down to its slopes, uniformly and continually releasing
pressure. Since pressure does not accumulate, there is no violent explosion.

If the magma is thick and pasty, it is not possible for the gases in the magma to pass
freely and can create great pressure. Violent eruptions occur due to high-pressure levels.
The gases violently escape and throw out the massive amount of solid hot rock, as well as
lava, dust, ashes, and gas clouds. Loss of gases, thus, makes magma more viscous in near
surface conditions, creating a dome or columnar shape as seen in Figure 3 and Figure 4.

More simply, a very thin and fluid magma erupts and forms gentle mountain slopes
while a very dense magma erupts explosively and forms a fat lava flow and steep mountain
slopes. So, if you see a mountain formed by a volcano, by looking at the angle of its slope,
you can measure the viscosity of the magma that has formed it.
(Source: “Basic Education Assistance for Mindanao (BEAM) Learning Guide”, lrmds,
accessed February 03, 2021, https://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/detail/6403)

Let’s Practice
Activity 1
Color My Body
Directions: Identify the different parts of a volcano. Color each part using the given color
corresponding to their number on the table. Then, give a brief description of
each part.

Number Color Part of Volcano Description

1 Red

2 Orange

3 Brown

5
 Activity 2
Thicker than Water
Directions: Given are the factors that affect the viscosity of magma and the ability of lava
to flow. Put a checkmark on the appropriate box that correctly describes each
factor indicated in the diagram below.

Higher Lower Higher Lower Higher Lower

1. Silica content 2. Temperature 3. Amount of gases

High Viscosity Magma

VISCOSITY
OF
MAGMA

Low Viscosity Magma

Higher Lower Higher Lower Higher Lower

4. Silica content 5. Temperature 6. Amount of gases

Directions: Based on the diagram above, answer the following questions. Check the box
that corresponds to your answer.

Q1. What are the conditions that make the volcanoes erupt violently?
 Lower temperature, higher silica content, and higher amount of gases.
 Higher temperature, lower silica content, and lower amount of gases.

Q2. What are the conditions that make the volcanoes erupt non-violently?
 Lower temperature, higher silica content, and higher amount of gases.
 Higher temperature, lower silica content, and lower amount of gases.

Volcanologists (geologists who study the processes involved in the formation and
eruption of volcanoes) have a great interest in viscosity since the molten rock or magma's
viscosity determines the type of volcano according to the shape of its summit; how quickly
a volcano can erupt and how destructive the eruption can be.
6
 Let’s Do More

Activity 1
Volcano Bottle
Objective: Describe the effect of pressure on the formation of gas.

Materials: two 350 mL plastic bottle Water

Drinking soda (Example: Coke)

Procedure:
1. Half-fill the bottle with drinking soda then close its cap.
2. Shake the bottle for 1 minute.
3. After 1 minute, slowly unscrew the cap of the bottle. Observe
what happens.
4. Get the other bottle and half-fill it with water.
5. Shake the bottle for 1 minute.
6. After 1 minute, slowly unscrew the cap of the bottle. Observe
what happens.

Directions: Check the box that corresponds to your answer.

Q1. What did you observe in the bottle with drinking soda after shaking and opening its
cap?
Bubbles form on top. There was an explosion of bubbles after opening the cap.
Bubbles form on top. There was no explosion of bubbles after opening the cap.

Q2. If you will shake the bottle for 2 minutes or more, what do you think will be the behavior
of drinking soda when its cap will be slowly unscrewed?
More bubbles will form on top. An explosion of bubbles after opening the cap will be
observed.
More bubbles will form on top. Greater explosion of bubbles after opening the cap will
be observed.

Q3. What did you observe in the bottle with water after shaking and opening its cap?
Bubbles form on top. There was an explosion of bubbles after opening the cap.
Bubbles form on top. There was no explosion of bubbles after opening the cap.

Q4. If you will shake the bottle for 2 minutes or more, what do you think will be the behavior
of the mixture when its cap will be slowly unscrewed?
More bubbles will form on top. An explosion of bubbles after opening the cap will be
observed.
Bubbles form on top. There was no explosion of bubbles after opening the cap.

In the activity, you have seen the effect of shaking the bottle on dissolved gas in
drinking soda. As you increase the time of shaking, greater explosion of bubbles was
observed. Let us relate this concept to what happens inside the volcano. Magma inside the
volcano has gases dissolved in it and these gases increase the tendency of magma to flow.
When the pressure is great, the dissolved gases expand and produce small gas bubbles that
push the magma to the surface. It can cause an explosion as the bubbles escape. The
greater the pressure build up is, the more violent the eruption will be.
(Source: Liza A. Alvarez et al., Science 9–Learner’s Material,
Pasig City: Department of Education, 2014,168)
7
 Activity 2
“Slow” with the Flow
Objective: Demonstrate the viscosity of different liquids.

Materials:
Dishwashing liquid Timer (Cellphone) Ballpen
Cooking oil Ruler Measuring cup or spoon
Water Drinking glass

Procedure:
1. Before doing the activity, predict which liquid sample (dishwashing liquid, cooking oil,
and water) flows the fastest? the slowest?
Liquid Prediction (Which liquid will flow the fastest?
Which liquid will flow the slowest?)
1. Cooking oil
2. Water
3. Dishwashing liquid

2. Measure 10 ml or 2 tablespoons for each liquid.

3. Place the drinking glass on the table or flat surface upside down.
4. Pour the liquid at the bottom of the drinking glass and record the time it takes for each
liquid to reach the table or surface.
5. Repeat procedure number 3 and 5 three times for each liquid.
6. Compute for the average travel time for each liquid. To solve for the average, get the
sum of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trials. Then, divide it by 3.

Liquid Travel time to reach the bottom of drinking glass (seconds)

1st Trial 2nd Trial 3rd Trial Average
Water
Dishwashing liquid
Cooking oil

Directions: Check the box that corresponds to your answer.

1. Is your prediction correct? Yes No

2. Which liquid flows fastest? Water Dishwashingliquid Cooking oil

Which liquid flows slowest? Water Dishwashing liquid Cooking oil

3. Which liquid is the most viscous? Water Dishwashing liquid Cooking oil
Give a reason for your answer. Because it can flow easily.
 Because it cannot flow easily.

4. Which liquid is the least viscous? Water Dishwashing liquid Cooking oil
Give a reason for your answer. Because it can flow easily.
 Because it cannot flow easily.

5. Explain viscosity in your own words.

Based on the experiment, I could define viscosity as _______________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________.

You have observed that different liquids have different viscosities. The more viscous
the liquid is, the harder it is to flow. In connection with our topic, when magma has a high
viscosity it cannot flow easily, thus, can cause violent eruptions compared to magma with
low viscosity.

8
 Let’s Sum It Up
Directions: Fill in the spaces to complete all the statements inside the box. Each space
corresponds to a letter. Choose your answer from the box below.

vents conduit stickiness amount injection

Earth magma ashes gases fresh
lava tectonic thickness concentration chamber
water viscosity temperature steam fluid

Volcanoes have ❶ _ _ _ _ _ that releases gases, ash, ❷ _ _ _ _ and other volcanic

materials into the Earth’s surface. ❸ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ allows magma to flow from magma chamber
through the vent. Magma chamber stores and collects ❹ _ _ _ _ _ and ❺ _ _ _ _ _
underground.

Volcanic eruptions are results of magma being pushed from underground up to the
surface of the ❻_ _ _ _ _. The way volcanoes erupt are caused by several factors such as
pulling apart of ❼_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ plates or one plate is forced down under another plate,
interaction of ❽_ _ _ _ _ with hot magma that produces ❾_ _ _ _ _, and ❿_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _
of fresh magma into the magma chamber that is already filled with magma.

Eruptions of volcanoes can either be violent or not as it is mainly affected by magma’s

⓫_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. It is also known as the ⓬_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and ⓭_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of the
fluid. Viscosity is affected by the following factors namely: ⓮_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, chemical
composition and ⓯_ _ _ _ _ _ of gases.

Let’s Assess
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Circle the letter of the correct answer.
1. What do we call the hot molten liquid rock when it is still below the surface of the Earth?
A. Fluid B. Lava C. Liquid D. Magma

2. What part of the Earth’s layer produces magma?

A. Inner core B. Outer Core C. Crust D. Mantle

3. What do we call molten hot liquid rock after it erupts on the surface of the Earth?
A. Fluid B. Lava C. Liquid D. Magma

4. Which combination can create a violent volcanic eruption?

A. Low viscosity magma and low gas content
B. Low viscosity magma and high gas content
C. High viscosity magma and low gas content
D. High viscosity magma and high gas content
9
5. Which of these does NOT affect the viscosity of magma?
A. Chemical composition C. Pressure
B. Concentration of gases D. Temperature

6. Which of the following is NOT a cause why volcanoes erupt?

A. Pulling apart of tectonic plates
B. Movement or rocks in the Earth’s crust
C. Injection of newly formed magma in the magma chamber
D. Production of steam due to interaction of water and hot magma

7. Which structure allows magma to flow from the magma chamber through the vent?
A. Central vent B. Conduit C. Magma chamber D. Secondary vent

8. What happens to water as it interacts with hot magma?

A. It boils C. It produces bubbles
B. It produces steam D. It cools the magma

9. Which structure allows magma effuse (flow out) the Earth’s surface?
A. Central vent B. Conduit C. Magma chamber D. Surrounding vent

10. Which structure allows magma to escape through the side of a volcano?
A. Central vent B. Conduit C. Magma chamber D. Secondary vent

Thank you for giving your best effort.

Remember, learning is more fun when you do it
with a smiling face and a happy heart!

10
 Answer Key
Let’s Try Let’s Practice: Activity 1
1. C No. Color Part of Volcano Description
2. B 1 Red Magma chamber It collects gases and stores magma
3. C 2 Orange Conduit It connects the vent and magma chamber.
4. C 3 Brown Central vent Opening that releases lava, gases, ash or other
5. B volcanic materials.
6. D Activity 2
7. D 1. Higher silica content 4. Lower silica content
8. B 2. Lower temperature 5. Higher temperature
9. B 3. Higher amount of gas 6. Lower amount of gas
10. B Q1. Lower temperature, higher silica content and higher amount of gases
Q2. Higher temperature, lower silica content and lower amount of gases

Let’s Do More: Activity 1

Q1. Bubbles form on top. There was an explosion of bubbles after opening the cap.
Q2. More bubbles will form on top. Greater explosion of bubbles after opening the cap will be observed.
Q3. Bubbles form on top. There was no explosion of bubbles after opening the cap.
Q4. Bubbles form on top. There was no explosion of bubbles after opening the cap.

Let’s Do More: Activity 2

Liquid Travel time to reach the bottom of drinking glass (seconds)
1st Trial 2nd Trial 3rd Trial Average
Water Answer vary Answer vary Answer vary Answer vary
Dishwashing liquid Answer vary Answer vary Answer vary Answer vary
Cooking oil Answer vary Answer vary Answer vary Answer vary
Guide Questions: 1. Yes or No 4. Least viscous – water
2. Fastest – water Because it can flow easily
3. Slowest – dishwashing liquid 5. Answer vary
4. Most viscous – dishwashing liquid Because it cannot flow easily

Let’s Sum It Up Let’s Assess

1. Vents 6. Earth 11. Viscosity 1. D 6. B
2. Lava 7. Tectonic 12. Thickness 2. D 7. B
3. Conduit 8. Water 13. Stickiness 3. B 8. B
4. Magma 9. Steam 14. Temperature 4. D 9. A
5. Gases 10. Injection 15. Amount 5. C 10. D

References
Book
Liza A. Alvarez, Dave G. Angeles, Hernan L. Apurada, Ma. Pilar P. Carmona, Oliver A. Lahorra, Judith F.
Marcaida, Ma. Regaele A. Olarte, Estrella C. Osorio, Digna C. Paningbatan, Marivic S. Rosales,
and Ma. Teresa B. Delos Santos. Science Grade-9 Learners Module. Pasig City: Department of
Education, 2014.
Websites
BBC. “The Big Question: Why do volcanoes erupt?”. Accessed January 26, 2021
https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/44100737.
lrmds. “Basic Education Assistance for Mindanao (BEAM) Learning Guide”. Accessed February 03,
2021. https://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/detail/6403.
PBS. “Planet Earth”. Accessed January 26, 2021. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/volcano-
parts/.
Sciencing. “Main Parts of a Volcano”. Accessed January 26, 2021. https://sciencing.com/main-parts-
volcano-5431616.html.
Scientific American. “What Causes a Volcano to Erupt?”. Accessed January 26, 2021.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-causes-a-volcano-to-erupt-and-how-do-
scientists-predict-eruptions/.
Universe Today Space and Astronomy. “How do Volcanoes Erupt?”. Accessed January 26, 2021.
https://www.universetoday.com/31124/how-volcanoes-erupt/

11
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