rpj;jkUj;Jtj;jpy; Ruk;

E}y; Ma;T
gFjp - I

itj;jpa fyhepjp.jp.jahspdp
BSMS (Jaffna), M.phil., PhD (Pera)
rpNu];l tpupTiuahsu; juk; I
rpj;jkUj;Jtj; Jiw
aho;.gy;fiyf;fofk;.

itj;jpa fyhepjp kp.gp.tpj;jpah BSMS(Jaffna)

kUj;Jt cj;jpNahfj;ju;>
khtl;l rpj;j kUj;Jtkid> fpspnehr;rp.

itj;jpafyhepjp [P.yf;rpepNtj;jhBSMS(Jaffna)
kUj;Jt cj;jpNahfj;jh;>
éefhp gpuNjr nrayfk;>fpspnehr;rp

itj;jpa fyhepjp r.mIpyhBSMS(Jaffna)

kUj;Jt cj;jpNahfj;jh;

i
 khfhz Mizahsupd; tho;j;Jr;nra;jp
rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpd; njhd;ikahdJ tuyhw;wpw;F Kw;gl;l
xd;whFk;. ,j;njhd;ikahd kUj;Jtk; jw;Nghija #oypy; gy;NtW
rthy;fSf;F kj;jpapy; rpwe;j Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;Ftjw;F
fhj;jpukhd eltbf;iffs; gytw;iw Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ. ,jd;
xU iky; fy;yhf aho;. gy;fiyf;fof rpj;j kUj;Jtj;JiwahdJ
ntFtpiutpy; epWtd me;j];ij miltjw;fhjd fhyk;
fdpe;Js;sJ.
,t;thwhd #o;epiyfspy; rpj;ju;fshy; mUsg;gl;l
rpj;jkUj;Jt Vl;Lr;Rtfs; gy jiy rpwe;j rpj;j itj;jpau;fshYk;>
itj;jpa Mu;tyu;fshYk; E}YUthf;fg;gl;bUe;j NghjpYk; NkYk; gy
Ma;Tf;F cl;glTk; E}YUthf;fg;glTk; Ntz;ba Njit xd;W rpj;j
kUj;Jt tsu;rr ; papy; jtpu;ff
; g;gl Kbahj xd;whFk;. mJ kl;Lkd;wp
tlf;fpy; tpNrlkhd rpj;j kUj;Jt E}y;fs; gy Mf;f;ggl;Ls;sikia
ehk; kwe;Jtply; MfhJ.
,t;thwhd #o;epiyfspy; rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpy; $wg;gLk; “Ruk;”
Neha; epiy njhlu;gpyhd rpj;j kUj;Jt E}y;fs; gytw;wpid Ma;T
nra;Ak; rpwe;j xU Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;Ls;s itj;jpa fyhepjp
T.jahspdp mtu;fsJ Kaw;rpahdJ Nghw;Wjw;Fupa xd;whFk;. “rpj;j
kUj;Jtj;jpy; Ruk; E}y; Ma;T gFjp I vd;w jiyg;gpy; ntspaplg;gLk;
,e;E}yhdJ gy;NtW rpj;j kUj;Jt E}y;fspy; “Ruk;” vdg;gLk; Neha;
epiyia njhlu;ghd tifg;gLj;jy;> mwpFwpfs; vd;gd mlq;fpa
xd;whjf mike;Js;sJ. Nkiyj;Nja kUj;Jtj;jpw;F rthyhf
mike;Js;s Gjpjhf Njhw;wk; ngWk; Neha ;epiyikfspy; gy ,t;
Ma;tpy; ,dq;fhzf; $bajhf ,Ug;gJ rpj;j kUj;Jtj;Jiwapd;
gq;fspg;gpd; %yk; ,r;rthy;fis ntw;wp nfhs;s ngUk; cjtpahf
mikAk;.
tsu;e;JtUk; rpwe;j rpj;j itj;jpau; vd;w tifapYk;
gy;fiyf;fof tpupTiuahsu; vd;w tifapYk; itj;jpa fyhepjp
T.jahspdp mtu;fsJ Kaw;rp ghuhl;Lf;FupaJ kl;Lkd;wp gy;NtW E}y;
Ma;TfSf;Fk; toptFf;ff; $banjhd;whFk; vd;gjpy; vt;tpj IaKk;
,y;iy. ,tuJ ,e;E}y; Ma;tpw;F tho;j;Jiu toq;Ftjpy; tlkhfhz
RNjr kUj;Jt jpizf;fsj;jpd; Mizahsu; vd;w tifapy; ehd;
ngUkpjk; milfpd;wNwd;.

Dr. jpUkjp rp.Jiuul;zk;

khfhz Mizahsu;>
RNjr kUj;Jt jpizf;fsk;> tlkhfhzk;.
ii
 Ruk; gw;wpa Xh; fz;Nzhl;lk;
rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpy;; MNuhf;fpak; gw;wpAk; Neha;fs; gw;wpAk;
mtw;wpw;f;fhd rpfpr;ir KiwfSk; gj;jpahgj;jpaq;fSk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. rpj;jh;fspd; Nehf;fk; Md;kPf tho;tpy; vkJ
rhPuj;ij Neha;fs; gPbf;fg;glh tz;zk; ghJfhj;jhy;j;jhd;
Md;kPfjj;Jtq;fis milag;ngw;W IPthj;kh gukhj;khTld; ,ize;J
tPLNgW my;yJ Kj;jpepiyia milayhk; vd;gjhFk;

rhPuk; MNuhf;fpakhf ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk Mj;kh eph;kykhd

epiyapy; gukhj;khTld; milaKBAk; vd;gJ jj;JthPjpahfTk;
rkahPjpahfTk; Qhdpfshy; mwpTWj;jg;gl;l tplakhFk;. cly;
MNuhf;fpakhf ,Ug;gjw;F rpj;jh;fshy; czT Kiw kw;Wk;
NahfKiwfs; jpahdk; Nghd;witfs; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sJ.
mj;Jld; Neha; tuhky; jLg;gjw;Fk; Vw;gl;l Neha;fisj; jPh;g;gjw;Fk;
topKiwfs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. MNuhf;fpa tho;T tho;tjw;F
rpj;jh;fshy; khdplh;fspw;F mUsg;gl;l tpiykjpf;f Kbahj nry;tNk
rpj;jkUj;JtkhFk;. rpj;jh;fs; Qhdj;jpdhYk; Ez; mwpthYk; ,iw
mwpthYk; $wpait jkpo;nkhopapy; ghl;Lf;fs; thapyhf
vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghl;Lfspd; rhpahd fUj;ij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Stjw;F
jkpo;nkhop gw;wpa ruskhd mwpT ,Ue;jhy; jhd; cz;ikia
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

Ruk; vd;wgjk; Rh;+mk; vd;w ,Unrhw;Nrh;e;J

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Rh; vd;why; RLjy; my;yJ ntg;gk;. mk; vd;why;
,Uj;jy;. mjhtJ rhPuk; njhLk;NghJ my;yJ ];guprpf;Fk; NghJ
ntg;gkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd nghUl;gLk;;.vkJ rpj;jkUj;Jt E}y;fspy; Ruk;
64 tifg;gLk; vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mj;Jld; rd;dp vd;w epiyapy; Ruk;, kaf;fk;, typg;G Mfpa

Kf;fpayl;rzq;fs; fhzg;gLk;;. rd;dp vdf;$Wk;NghJ thjgpj;j fgk;
Mfpa Kj;Njh\q;fSk; gpuNfhgkiltJld; xUtuJ mwpitAk;
kaq;f nra;Ak; mj;Jld; RuKk; fhzg;gLk; vdTk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ruj;jpw;F fhuzq;fs; gy $wg;gl;lNghJk; “ke;jkyhJ Ruk;

tuhJ”vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. vkJ tapw;wpYs;s mf;fpdp ke;jkhtJld;
me;j mf;fpdpf;Fiwthy; tapw;wpy; Mfhuk; rkpghL milahky; Mkk;
my;yJ gf;Ftg;glhj mk;rk; cUthfpd;wJ. ,J ,uj;j
Rw;Nwhl;lj;Jld; rh;kq;fSf;F vLj;J nry;yg;gl;L rhPuj;jpd;

iii
rh;kj;jpYs;s tpah;itj; Jthuq;fis milf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ntg;gk;
ntspr;nry;yKbahJ jilg;gl;L rhPuj;jpDs; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. ,ijNa
fha;r;ry; ntg;G my;yJ Ruk; vd;fpd;Nwhk;;. Ruk; Vw;gl;lhy; jiytyp,
kaf;fk;, ke;jk;, typg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jrkaj;jpy; tpah;it
jilg;gLtJld; rpWePh,; kyk; ntspNaw KbahJ rhPu ntg;gk;
mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. Kw;fhyj;jpy; rpWFoe;ijfspd; ntg;gk; mjpfhpj;jhy;
Fjkhh;f;fkhf rth;f;fhujphp itj;J kyj;ij ,sf;fp
ntspNaw;Wthh;fs; ,J ntg;ig Fiwf;Fk;. mJNghy; rpWePiu Nghf;f
f\haq;fisAk; nfhLg;ghh;fs; my;yJ t];jp rpfpr;iria
Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yKk; kyk; ,sfp ntspahfpRuk; my;yJ ntg;gj;ij
Fiwf;Fk;.

Ruk; xU Nuhfkh my;yJ gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; Vw;gLk; xU

yl;rzkh? (Fwp) vd;w Nfs;tpAk; vOfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf rpd;dKj;J>
nghf;fpspg;ghd;, the;jpNgjp, mjprhuk;, fopr;ry; Nghd;w epiyfspy; Ruk;
xU yl;rzkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; mtw;wpd; fhuzk; ntt;Ntwhf
mikfpd;wJ. Ruk; vdf;$Wk; NghJ Njfk; ntg;gkiltJld; ehb
eilAk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk; ,e;jepiyia jzpg;gjw;F
,Ujak; $Ljyhf njhopw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij ehb eil mjpfhpg;gij
nfhz;L mwpayhk;. ntg;ig jzpf;f <ur;ri
P yia new;wpapy;
NghLtJld; rpWJzpia Fsph;ePhpy; eidj;J rhPuk; KOtijAk;
Jilj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;. Ruk; Vw;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; tpah;itia
ngUf;Ftjw;Fhpa RNtj rpfpr;iria Nkw;nfhs;tjdhy; ntg;gk;
jzpAk; mj;Jld; rpWePh; ntspg;glitf;Fk; rpfpr;ir ,yF kyfhhp
rpfpr;irfisAk; nra;ayhk;.

Ruk; gy jd;ikfis nfhz;ljhf cs;sJ.

“njhlh;r;rpahf Ruk; fha;jy;”
“gbg;gbahf Ruk; $Ljy;”
“tpl;L tpl;L tUk; Ruk;”
NtW yl;rzq;fSld; Njhd;Wk; Ruk; cjhuzkhf the;jp fopr;ry;
MfNt ,tw;iw vy;yhk; itj;jpah; mwpe;J mjw;Nfw;g rpfpr;ir
mspf;fNtz;Lk;.

Ruk; ,Uf;Fk; xUtUf;F „md;dj;ij fhl;lhNj‟ vd $Wthh;fs;.

,jd; fhuzk; md;dk; NkYk; ke;jj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,e;epiyfspy;
fQ;rp tiffs; nfhLg;gJ rpwe;jJ. mjpYk; ,Q;rp kpsF Nghd;w
ke;jj;ij mfw;Wk; %ypiffis Nrh;g;gJ ed;ik gaf;Fk;.

iv
 mjprhu Rurd;dp vd;w Nuhfj;jpy; Ruk; mjpfhpj;J
fhzg;gLtJld; mjid neUg;Gf;fha;r;ry; vdTk; $Wth;. mNjNghy
Njfj;jpy; mbfhaq;fs; fhuzkhf rhPuj;jpd; ,ioaq;fs; rpijtile;J
Ruk; Vw;gLk;. ,jid mgpfhjRuk; vd miog;gh;. MfNt Ruk; vd;gJ
gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; rhPuntg;gk; mjpfhpf;Fk; epiyiaNa
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. gy Neha;fSf;F Ruk; xU yl;rzkhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wNj jtpu mtw;wpd; fhuzq;fs; NtWgl;ljhf mikayhk;.

vkJ Ehy;fspy; Ruj;jpd; tiffs; $wg;gl;lNghJk; me;j

re;jh;g;gq;fspy;ehb eil vt;thW ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij tphpthf
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. Ruk; Vw;gl;l xUthpy; rhPuk; kl;Lky;yhJ kdKk;
ghjpg;gilfpd;wJ. kdk; ghjpg;Gw;w epiyapy; xUtuhy; rhpahd
Kiwapy; rpe;jpj;J nrayhw;w KbahJ. kdk; ntg;gk; milAk;
epiyia kd];jhgk; vdf;$Wth;. MfNt Ruk; Vw;gl;l xUthpy;
Qhgfrf;jp ,of;fg;gLk; vd;gjidf; nfhz;L kdk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;bUg;gij mwpayhk;. fLk; Ruk; Vw;gl;bUf;ifapy; mwpit
,oe;J tpsq;f Kbahjtw;iw gpjw;wpf;nfhz;bg;gij xU Nehahspapy;
fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

Ruj;jpy; mjpfhpj;j ntg;gk; mf;fpdp ke;jg;gLjy;, Mkepiy

Vw;gLjy; ];Nuhj]; my;yJ ehbfspy; mtNuhjk; my;yJ jil
Vw;gLjy; Njf mtatq;fs; ghukhf ,Uj;jy;, kaf;fk;, typg;G Nghd;w
yl;rzq;fs; fhzg;gLk;.

NkiyNja itj;jpaKiwg;gb fpUkpfspd; jhf;fj;jhy; Ruk;

Vw;gLtjdhy; %isapy; cs;s ntg;gepiyia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
Thermostatic centre jdJ njhopw;ghl;il mjpfhpj;J ntg;gj;ij
$l;Lfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; fpUkpia mopg;gJ Rygkhfpd;wJ. Ruj;jpw;F
RNtj rpfpr;ir my;yJ tpah;it ngUf;Fk; rpfpf;iria
Nkw;nfhs;tjdhy; Ruk; Fiwtilfpd;wJ. ,jid RNuhNjhKf
tpNrhjdrpfpr;ir vd $Wth;. mNjNghy; Ruj;ij Fiwg;gjw;F rpWePh;
ngUf;fp ,yF kyfhhp t];jp Nghd;w rpfpr;irfis
nra;tJKiwahFk;.

mjprhu Ruk; vdf;$Wk; NghJ fopr;rYld; fhzg;gLk; Ruk;.

,jpy; Ruk; xU FwpNa jtpu Nehay;y. tp\kRuk;/ khww;Ruk;/
Kiwr;Ruk; vd $Wk;NghJ mJ tpl;Ltpl;L tUk; Ruj;ij Fwpf;Fk;.
ngUk;ghYk; ,e;jepiy „kNyhpah‟ Nuhfj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. #l;bw;F
fhuzk; gpj;jk;. MfNt gpj;jNjh\k; mjpfhpf;Fk; epiyNa
ntg;gj;jpw;F fhuzkhfpd;wJ.

v
 Ruj;jpy; Mkk; my;yJ gf;Ftg;glhj mk;rk; cUthtjdhy;
Mkghrd FbePuhf Rf;F, kpsF, jpg;gyp Mfpait Nrh;e;j f\haKk;
ntg;gj;ij jzpf;f ,yhkpr;R, gw;glhfk;, epyNtk;G Mfpait Nrh;e;j
FbePUk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tpah;itia ngUf;Ftjw;Fk; rpWePiu
mjpfhpg;gjw;Fk; rPe;jpy; ePh;Ks;sp nts;shp tpj;J f\haKk;
,yFyfhhpahf fLf;fha; jhd;wpf;fha; ney;ypf;fha; f\haKk;
tof;fpy; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. xUKiw mtpj;j md;dj;ij ,Q;rp,
kpsF, rPufk; Nrh;j;J kW ciy Vw;wpnfhLg;ghh;fs;. ,J mf;fpdpia
J}z;b Nfhshwile;j gpj;jj;ij rkdpiyf;F nfhz;L tUtjw;F
cjTk;.

,e;j E}ypy; mjd; Mrphpah; gy fhuzq;fshy; Vw;gLk;

Ruj;ijAk; mtw;wpd; gphpTfisAk; yl;rzq;fisAk; xNu Nehf;fpy; gy
Gj;jfq;fspypUe;J fpilf;fg;ngw;w juTfisAk; itj;J
MuhaKw;gl;Ls;shh;. ,e; E}y; kUj;Jt khzth;fSf;Fk;
kUj;Jth;fSf;Fk; mth;fSila Ma;TfSf;Fk; Mjhukhf ,Uf;Fk;
vd ek;Gfpd;Nwd;.

Ruk; ntg;gk; mjpfhpg;gjdhy; Vw;gLk; xU FwpahFk;. mj;Jld;

jiytyp Njf mYg;G, grpapd;ik Nghd;w yl;rzq;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
xt;nthU RuKk; mjd; fhuzj;ij nghWj;J tpN\l yl;rzq;fis
cUthf;Fk;.

guuh[Nrfuk; kw;Wk; rpj;jkUj;Jt Ehy;fspy; 64 Ruq;fs;

gw;wpAk; Njh\g;ghpfhuk; rg;jRuk; etRuk; vd gy tifahd Ruj;jpd;
Nghf;Ffs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. Ruj;jpy; ke;jk; Vw;gLtJk; mf;fpdp
mjpfhpg;gJk; Njfj;jpy; Fj;JisT Ntjid Vw;gLtJk;
fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ke;jj;jhy; Ruk; Vw;gLtjdhy; ghrd
jPgd FbePh;fs; nfhLf;Fk; NghJ ke;jepiy ePq;fp RuKk; jzptilAk;.
gy itj;jpa E}y;fspypUe;J Ruj;jpd; yl;rzk; tiffs; ml;ltiz
%yk; ,e;jGj;jfj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j E}y; Ruk; gw;wpa
gy;NtW E}y;fspy; fhzg;gl;l tp\aq;fis njhFj;J xNu E}yhf
ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e; E}y; khzth;fs; tphpTiuahsh;fs;
itj;jpah;fSf;F kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf mikAk; vd;gjpy; ,U
fUj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;fKbahJ.
Nguhrphpah; R.gthdp

vi
 rpjj
; kUj;J
; tj;jpy; Ruk; gFjp I
rpj;j kUj;JtkhdJ kpf njhd;;ik tha;e;j itj;jpa Kiwfspy;
xd;whFk;. ,iwtd; rptdplkpUe;J ghu;tjp Njtp> ee;jpNjtu; %yk;
up\pfs;> Kdptu;fs;> rpj;ju;fSf;F $wg;gl;L vkf;Ff; fpilf;fg;
ngw;wjhFk;. njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J ,q;F nfhz;L tug;gl;Ls;s
itj;jpa Kiwahd rpj;j kUj;Jtk; vkJ ehl;bf; RNjr itj;jpa
Kiwfspy; xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ rpj;j kUj;Jt
tuyhwhFk;.

jw;NghJ rpj;j kUj;Jtk; ghuk;gupa topj;Njhd;wy;fspd; itj;jpakhf

kl;Lky;yhJ gy;fiyf;fof fy;tp Kiw %yk; midtUk; mwpaf;
$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;w mstpw;F tsu;;r;rp ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ.

nrtp topahf $wg;gl;L FU rp\;i\a topapy; itj;jpa Kiw

$wg;gl;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. gpd; mt; itj;jpa Kiwfs; VLfspy;;
gjpag;ngw;W gpd; VLfs; E}y; tbtq;fshf cUthf;fg;gl;ld. VLfs;
vy;yhNk E}y; tbtk; ngwtpy;iyahapDk; gjpf;fngw;w E}y;fSk;
Kw;W KOjhf Ngzg;gl;ldth vd;gJk; epr;rakpy;iy ,Ug;gpDk; rpj;j
kUj;Jtk; vDk; flypy; vkf;F fpilf;fngw;w tw;wpy; fy;tpj;
Jiwf;fhd ghlg; Gj;jfq;fshf ,Uf;ff; $batw;wpYk;; ehk; fw;Wf;
nfhz;lJ xU ifgpbahsNt. fw;f Ntz;bait Vuhsk; Vuhsk;

vkJ rpj;j kUj;Jtj;ij tsu;rr ; pg; ghijf;F NkYk; ,l;Lr; nrd;W

vkJ mwpit Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkdpy; rpj;j kUj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd
vy;yh E}y;;fSk;> VLfSk; Njlg;; gl Ntz;Lk;> njhFf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
mit Ma;T nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Ma;T nra;jij ifahs;g;gl Ntz;Lk;. me;j tifapy; itj;jpa

fyhepjp jpUkjp jp.jahspdp kw;Wk; itj;jpau;fshd kp.gp.tpj;jpah>
r.m[pyh> [P. yf;\pepNtjh MfpNahupd; Njly; Ma;Tj; njhFg;ghf
“rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpy; Ruk;” vDk; ,e;;E}y; ntsptu ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

Ruk; vd;gJ fha;r;ry; vd nghJthyf $wg;gLfpd;w xU Neha;

epiy “cly; ntg;gepiy rhjhuz msit tpl mjpfupj;jy;” vd
mikAk; Ruk; vOJ kUj;Jt mbg;gilapy; fhuzk; Kf;Fw;w
NtWghl;lhy; Vw;gLfpd;w mNjNtis mtw;wpd; Fzk;. Fwpfspw;Nfw;g>
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfp;d;wJ.

Ruk; gw;wp$Wfpd;w rpj;j kUj;Jt E}y;fspd; tpNrlkhf

guuh[Nrfuk; (aho;g;ghzj;jpw;fhd E}y;) mfj;jpau; ,uz;lhapuk;

vii
Kjyhd gjpd;%d;W E}y;fspypUe;J njhFj;J Ruj;jpd; tiutpyf;fzk;
fhuzk;> Kf;Fw;w NtWghL> Fzq;Fwp gw;wp ,e;E}ypy;
toq;fpAs;shu;fs;. mj;Jld; Kbe;j tiuapy; jw;fhy Neha; epiyapy;
Ruj;jpd; tiffs;> ve;nje;j Neha;fSld; xj;j Fzq;Fwpfis
nfhz;litahf ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpd;whu;fs;.

rpwe;jnjhU Kaw;rpahd rpj;j kUj;Jtu;fspw;F Njitahd xU

E}yhf ,e;E}iy ntspapLfpd;w rpj;j kUj;Jtj;ij aho;
gy;fiyf;fof tpupTiuahsu; itj;jpa fyhepjp jpUkjp jp.jahspdp
kw;Wk; itj;jpau;fshd kp.gp tpj;jpah> [P.yf;\pepNtjh> r.m[pyh
MfpNahupw;F rpj;j kUj;Jtu; vd;w tifapy; ed;wpfisAk;>
ghuhl;Lf;fisAk; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;Sfpd;Nwd;.
ed;wp
itj;jpau; jpUkjp rpwpgpupah R[pj;jpud;
kUj;Jt cj;jpNahfj;ju;
RNjr kUj;Jt Kiwf;fhd Njrpa epWtdk;

viii
 vd;Diu
rpj;j kUj;JtkhdJ kf;fs; MNuhf;fpakhf ,Ug;gjw;Fk; te;j
Nehiaj; jPh;g;gjw;Fkhd Kiwfis ,iwtdhy; hp\pfs;> Kdpth;fs;>
rpj;jh;fs; %yk; mUsg;gl;l xU Gdpjkhd kUj;JtkhFk;.
gpw;fhyj;jpy; gy rpj;jkUj;Jth;fs; jhk; iffz;l kUe;JfisAk;
Neha; gw;wpa Fwpg;GfisAk; vOjpa gy E}y;fs; ntspte;Js;sd.
rpj;jh;fspd; jj;Jtk; IPthj;khit gukhj;khTld; ,izg;gjhFk;.
Mj;kh ,iwtid mila cly; ,d;wpaikahj xd;whFk;. ,e;j
cly; MNuhf;fpakhf ,Ug;gjw;Fk; Nehahy; tUe;Jk; NghJ
mjidj;jPhg ; ;gjw;Fkhd topfisAk; njspthff; $wpAs;shh;fs;.
MNuhf;fpak; vd;gJ cly; csk; r%f Md;kPf ed;dpiy vd;gijj;
njspthf gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd Mz;Lfspw;F Kd;Ng $wpAs;sdh;.
csj;ij MNuhf;fpakhf itj;jpUg;gjw;F gpuhzhahkk;> Nahfh Nghd;w
gapw;;rp Kiwfis njspthff; $wpAs;shu;fs;. kdpj cs Neha;fisg;
gw;wpAk;; mtw;wpd; tiffisg; gw;wpAk; kUe;JfisAk; kUj;J nra;
KiwfisAk;>csk; jhf;fg;gLtjhy; clYk; cly; jhf;fg;gLtjhy;
csKk; ghjpf;fg;gLtjhf rpj;j kUj;jtj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,iwtdhy; mUsg;gl;l rpj;jkUj;JtKiwfis mfj;jpah;

Kjypa kfhp\pfSk; Nghfh;> nfhq;fzh; Kjypa gjpndz;rpj;jh;
thpirapy; te;jth;fSk; jkpopy; vOjp gpd; mtw;iw njhFj;J gy
E}y;fs; ntspte;Js;sd. ,e; E}ypy; mfj;jpah; 2000 vd;Dk; E}y;
mlq;fpAs;sJ. ,t;thwhd gy E}y;fs; vkf;Ff;
fpilf;ftpy;iy.vkf;Ff; fpilj;j MjpE}y;fspy; Ruk; gw;wp
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l E}y;fis ehk; vLj;J mtw;iw Ma;ThPjpahfj; njhFj;J
xU jdp E}yhf rpj;jkUj;Jt khzth;fSk; Ma;T nra;Ak;
khzth;fSk; gad;ngWk; nghUl;L ,e;E}iyj;njhFj;Js;Nshk;.
,e;E}ypy; Mjpapy; cs;s tplaq;fs; vjpYk; khw;wk; nra;ag;glhky;
E}yha;T Kiw %yk; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ.rpy E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
gy tplaq;fs; NtW rpy E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. khzth;fs;>
Ma;thsh;fs;> itj;jpah;fs; Ruk; gw;wpa KO mwpitAk; xNu E}ypy;
ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Nehf;fj;jpwf;fhfNt ,e;E}y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
Xh; Ma;T nra;Ak; NghJ rpj;jkUj;Jtj;jpy; E}yha;T vt;tsT
Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij vdJ rpj;jkUj;Jt KJfiykhzpgbg;gpd;
NghJk; fyhkzpg;gbg;gpd; NghJk; czh;e;Js;Nsd;. vdf;F
rpj;jkUj;Jt E}y;fis vt;thW E}yha;T nra;J vOJtJ vd
fw;Wf;nfhLj;j vdJ ngU kjpg;gpw;Fhpa mkuh; tho;ehs; Nguhrphpah;;
C..rptQhdRe;juk; (kUj;JtgPlk;> aho; gy;fiyf;fofk;> tho;ehs;
Nguhrphpah; tre;jp NjtNerk; (kUj;JtgPlk;> Nguhjidg;

ix
gy;fiyf;fofk;) mth;fSf;Fk; ehd; ,e;Neuj;jpy; ed;wp $wf;
flikg;gl;Ls;Nsd;. vdf;F xU kfpo;rr ; pahd tplak; vd;dntd;why;
vdJ khztpfs; jw;NghJ rpj;j itj;jpah;fshf cs;s itj;jpa
fyhepjpfshd kp.gp.tpj;jpah> [P.yf;rpepNtj;jh> r.mIpyh MfpNahUf;F
ehd; Nguhrphpah;fsplk; fw;wij ,ad;wsT tpsq;fg;gLj;jp ,e;Ehiy
vd;Dld; Nrh;e;J Ma;T nra;J vOjjkJ ngUksT Neuj;ij xJf;fp
,e;Ehy; rpwg;Gw mika Nritahw;wpAs;shh;fs;. ,e;E}iy njhFf;Fk;
NghJ vdf;F rpj;jkUj;Jt ghlj;ij fw;gpj;Jf;nfhLj;j vdJ
FUkhh;fshfpa Nguhrphpah; R.gthdp> lhf;lh; jpUkjp kp.rpwpf;fhe;jd;
mth;fspw;Fk; ed;wp $wf; flikg;gl;Ls;Nsd;. ehd; mth;fsplk; fw;w
tplaq;fs; gy ,e;E}iyj;njhFf;Fk; NghJ epidTf;F te;jd.
rpj;jkUj;Jt E}y;fis vOJk; NghJ goik mg;gbNa
Ngzg;glNtz;Lk;. mtw;iw ehk; vkJ mwpTf;Fj; jf;fgb
khw;wf;$lhJ mt;thW khw;wpdhy; rpj;j kUj;Jtk; vjph;fhyj;jpy; jdJ
jdpj;Jtj;ij ,oe;J fyg;glkhf;fg;gLk; epiy cUthFk;.

,e;Ehy; rpj;j kUj;Jt khzth;fs;> Ma;thsh;fs;> itj;jpah;fs;

Nghd;Nwhh;fspw;F ngUk; cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk; vd ek;Gfpd;Nwd;. ,ij
,dpNj Ma;T nra;a cjtpa vdJ md;gpw;fpdpa rpj;jitj;jpah;fs;
%thpw;Fk; vdJ FUkhh;fspw;Fk; ,it vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf ,ij
vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Mtiy J}z;b ,ilA+W ,d;wp njhFf;f
cjtpa vy;yhk; ty;y ,iwtDf;Fk; ed;wpiaf; $wpf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

itj;jpafyhepjp.jp.jahspdp.Mphil;PhD
rpNu];l tpupTiuahsu; juk; I
rpj;jkUj;Jtj; Jiw
aho;gy;fiyf;fofk.;

x
nghUslf;fk; gf;f
,yf;fk;

Ruj;jpd; tiutpyf;fzk; 1

Kf;Fw;w NtWghL 2

Ruj;jpd; NtWngau;fs; 5

Ruk; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; 5

Ruj;jpd; tiffs;; 9

Ruj;jpd; tiffspd; FwpFzq;fs; 19

ml;ltizfs; 64

njhFg;G 140

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs; 150

xi
 Ruk;
rpj;jkUj;Jtj;jpy; Ruk; xU Nehahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;Nehiag; gw;wpa gy;NtW tpguq;fs; gy E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Ruj;jpd; kWngah;> ,jd; tiutpyf;fzk;> Ruk; Vw;gLtjw;f;fhd
fhuzq;fs;> Ruj;jpd; tiffs; mtw;wpd; Fzq;Fwpfs; xt;nthU
tiffspw;Fkhd kUe;Jfs; vd;gd $wg;gl;l NghjpYk; ,it
xt;nthd;Wk; vy;yh E}y;fspYk; Fwpg;gplg;gl tpy;iy. vkf;Ff;
fpilj;j E}y;fspy; Nkw;$wpa rpy tplaq;fs; rpy E}y;fspy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Lk; NtW rpy E}y;fspy; NtW rpy tplaq;fs;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Lk; cs;sd.Ruk; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; KOtijAk; xNu
E}ypy; gbg;gjw;F ,yFthf ,e;E}ypy; ,yf;fpa Ma;T Kiw %yk;
njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpj;jkUj;Jtj;jpy; 4448 Neha;fs; cs;sjhf
mfj;jpah; 2000 vd;Dk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. RukhdJ
nrlj;jpYs;s gpzpf; nfy;yhk; uhrhthFk; vd ruNge;jpu
itj;jpaj;jpul;L vd;Dk; E}ypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kjypy; Ruk; cz;lhfpa tuyhwhf nrfuh[ itj;jpa

jpwTNfhy;> ruNge;jpu itj;jpaj;jpul;L> A+fp itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp
vd;Dk; %d;W E}y;fspYk; gpd;tUkhW $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ifyhrgjpahd gukrptd; Kd;dk; j\hgpuahgjp nra;jahfj;ij

mopg;gjw;Fk; jhd; Nahfk;(jg];) nra;ifapy; mopf;f te;j kd;kjdpd;
fizia vupg;gjw;Fk; fhuzkhd %d;whtJ new;wpf;fz;zpy; ,Ue;J
Njhd;wpa neUg;Ng Rukhapw;W.

ruNge;jpu itj;jpaj; jpul;L vd;Dk; Ehypy;

nrhy;yNtRuj;jpdpljpwikNfsha;
nrlj;jpYs;sgpzpf;nfy;yhk; uhrhthFk;
vy;yNtekDf;Fnkhf;Fnkhf;Fk;
vopNyhLgpujhgNfhgkhFk;
fy;yNtjf;fpdplNts;tpiaj;jhd;
rhk;grptd; Nfhgj;jhyopj;jNghJ
ney;yNtnew;wpf;fz; Rthiyjd;dpy;
NeuhfGwg;gl;LNeu;e;jjhNk. 2(A+.it.rp.)

.A+fpitj;jparpe;jhkzp vd;Dk; Ehypy;.

jf;\dhy; mtkhdk; nra;ag;gl;l gukrptDila Nfhgj;jhy; Vw;gl;l
\k; fhuj;jpypUe;J cz;lhdjhFk;.
gf;Ftkhahahrk; Ju;g;gyNkfhZk;
1
G+zNtFspu;ke; jhf;fpdpfhZk;
nghq;fKld; ehbjhd; glglj; NjhLk;
fhZtha; ,njy;yhk; Ruj;Jf;Fgps;isnad;W.
guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; Ruj;jpd;
tiutpyf;fzkhf“ jpUTU ifiy vd;Dk ;………” vd;Dk; ghly;
%yk; Qhdr;nry;tk; (vd;nwd;Wk;) nghUe;jpa ifyhak;; vd;Dk;
kiyapd; fz;Nz tPw;wpUe;J mUs;toq;Fk; jiytuhfpa rpwP fz;l
guNkRtud; J}y #f;Fk; cUtj;Jld; $bthOfpd;w caphpdq;fspd;
ed;ikf;fhff; fw;gpj;j (cgNtjq;fsp;y; xd;whfpa MAs; Ntjk; vd;w
mwpT E}ypy; $wg;gl;lgb nty;Ytjw;F mhpa jPtpid (apd;)
tpisthfpa ghtk; fhuzkhf cz;lhfpa Neha;fSf;Fs;Ns
Ruk;vd;Dk; fha;r;ry; tiffspy; Kiwahfr;nrhy;tw;F gpuzt
tbtpduhfpa MidKff;flTspd; jpUg;ghjq;fis Jizahf kdjpy;
,Uj;JNthkhf vdf;Fwpg;gpl;L jPtpidapd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk;
Neha;fSs; xd;whf Ruk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

rz;KfNtY vOjpa Neha; ehly; Neha; Kjy; ehly; jpul;L

vd;Dk; E}ypy;

clypd; ,aw;if #L jd;dsTf;F kpQ;rp vOe;J cly;

KOtJNkh my;yJ rpyghfq;fspNyh mjpf ntg;gkhapUj;jy;> fz;
vupT> tha; Fkl;ly; >the;jp> jiyg;ghuk; my;yJ jiytyp> clk;Gtyp
Kjypa gy FwpFzq;fis Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. ,Jjdp NehahfTk;
kw;wNeha;fSf;F Jiz NehahfTk; tUk;.

Fg;Grhkp Kjypahu; vOjpa rpj;jkUj;Jtk; nghJvd;Dk; E}ypy;

clypd; ,aw;ifr; #L jd;dsTf;F kpQ;rp vOe;J> fhy;

vupr;ry;> tha; Fkl;ly;> cly; Nehjy;> the;jpahjy; MfpaFzk;
Fwpfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kf;Fw;w NtWghLk; RuKk;

Ruk; Vw;gLtjw;F Mkk; Kf;fpafhuzkhf $wg;gLfpwJ.

,jid mf];jpau; 2000,y;

Njfj;jpy; rhg;gpl;l czT rPuzkhfhky; MkNjh\khfp

tapw;wpYs;s [hluhf;fpdpia ntspNa tPrr; nra;Ak;. mg;NghJ
njhl;lhy; Ruk; fhAk; vd $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

2
ntq;fl;luh[d; vOjpa ruNge;jpu itj;jpaj; jpul;L vd;D
; k; E}ypy;

jtWjyhd czT> eilKiwfshYk;> thjk; Kjypa

Njhrq;fs; Mkhraj;ijaile;J mq;Fs;s u]jhJTld; fye;J>
Nfh\;lj;jpYs;s (Fly;) mf;dpgyj;ij Fiwe;J (c\;zj;ij)
ntspf;nfhzu;e;J [;tuj;ij cz;lhf;Ffpd;wJ. NkYk;>
tpfhuj;ijaile;j u]jhJtpau;itnry;Yk; Foha;fisAk;> u]thf];
Nuhj];fisAk; milg;gjhy; [;tuk; cz;lhfpd;wJ vdf;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nfh\hapRthkpfs; mUspa mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpaj;jpy; Ruk;

tUk; fhuzkhf>

thjhjpNjh\ gpuNfhgj;jhy; Mkhraj;ijNru;e;J m[Puzk;

cz;Lgz;Zk; rPuzpf;fhj Mfhuq;fs;; Nuhk$gq;fs; Kjypa
];Nuhjukhu;ff
; q;fis jLj;J gf;Fthraj;jpypUf;FQ; rhluhf;fpdpia
ntspg;gLj;jp mj;Jld; fye;J Njfnky;yhk; tpahgpj;J mjp#lhd
Ruj;ij cz;Lgz;Zk;. Ruj;jpy; Nuhk$ghjp RNuhj khu;f;fq;fis
jLf;fpwjhy; tpau;itNjhd;whky; cly; ,e;jpupaq;fs; kdJ
,itfspy; mjpjhgQ;> ru;thq;fKk; Ntjidnad;Dk; yl;rzq;fs;
Vffhyj;jpy; nae;jNuhfj;jpy; Njhd;WNkh mjw;FRunkd;WNgu; vd
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Neha; ehly; Neha; Kjy; ehly; jpul;Lvd;Dk; E}ypy;

Fly;jdpy; rPjkyhJRuk; tuhJ

mrPuzkd;wpRuk; tuhJ

,iug;igapy; Mkk; vd;wrPjk; ngUfpmjd; fhuzkhffgk;

mjpfupj;J mq;Fs;s mdy; vDk; capuf;fpdpia jd;dpiytpl;Lkhwp>
ntg;gk; $b> euk;gpd; topahfGw clypw; gutpNjhd;Wk;.

mf;fhuzq;fshYz;lhFk; RuNehapy; ,iug;ig> Fly; jk;

,aw;ifnjhopy; nfLtjhy; ePu;>vU ,t;tpuz;Lk; NflilAk;
GwtopRuq;fspy; Mkk; Vw;glhkNy Kf;Fw;wq;fisAk;> cly;
jhJf;fisAk;> fopnghUl;fisAk; jhf;Fk;.

thj gpj;j> fgq;fs; jdpj;jdpkpFjy;> fye;J Nfhshwiljy;>

,itf;Fjf;f gbgytif Ruq;fs; Vw;gLk;. gj;jpagpioahy; Ru
Njhlq;fSk;> fhyk;> ,lk;> cly;> ntg;gkpifahy; mk;ikr;

3
Ruq;fSk;>njhw;W Neha; GOthy; kfhkhup Nghd;w Ruq;fSk; kw;Wk; gy
gpwRuq;fSk; Njhd;Wk; vd $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mfj;jpau; itj;jpafhtpak; 1500 vDk; E}ypy;

jhndd;wtd;dpthA
jhz;bNkw; nfhz;Ljhdhy;
jhndd;wRuj;jhw; Njhlk;
jhfKk; kpFjpahFk;
jP>thA ,it ,uz;Lk; Nru;e;J kpFe;jpUg;gpd; fha;r;rYk>; jhfk;
Nghd;witAk; kpFjpahFk;.
guuhrNrfuk; Ru Nuhfepjhdk; vd;Dk; E}ypy;

thjklhNj NkdpnflhNj……… vd;Dk; ghly; %yk; RuNehapy;

thjNjhrk; kPwpy; Nehahspapd; Njfgyk; FiwjYk; gpj;;jNjhrk; kPwpy;
rj;jp vLj;jYk; fgNjhrk; kPwpy; ,UkYk;>,iug;ig Fly; ,tw;wpy;
rPjsk; cz;;lhfpy; thAgPilAk; Njhd;Wk;.

mj;Jld;

ke;jhf;fpdpahw; RuKk;> mjNdhL thjhjp Kj;Njh\q;fs;

Nfhshwile;J tpfhug;gl;lhw; rd;dpAk;> ePu;kakhd fgj;jpd; Nfhshwhy;
tPf;fKk;> njhlu;r;rpahd Nkfrk;ge;j NehapUg;gpd; #iyAk; Vw;gLk;.

mgj;jpakd;wp Njh\tpfhu kZfhNj…… vd;Dk; ghly; %yk;

RuNehapy; vjphpilahd mgj;jpa czitAk; nraiyAk; nra;jhy;
mgj;jpa Njh\k; Kjyhff; $Wk; vOtifj;Njh\ tpfhuq;fs;
cz;lhFk; md;wp mkph;jk;; Nghd;w kUe;Jfspd; tPhpaKk; nfLk;.

4
Ruj;jpd; NtWngau;fs;:
nrfuhrNrfuk; itj;jpa jpwTNfhy; vd;Dk; E}ypy; Ruj;jpw;F kW
ngauhf fdy; vdTk;>

rpj;j kUj;Jtk; nghJ vd;Dk; E}ypy;

ntk;ik
ntg;G Neha;>
fhe;jy;>
fhq;if>
fha;r;ry;>
#L>
mdy;>
gpwg;gpYk; ,wg;gpYk; njhlUk; Neha;>
gk;ky; Neha;
vdTk; gy;NtW ngau;fshf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ruk; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

gjpd;%d;W E}y;fspd; Ma;tpd;gb>47 fhuzq;fshy; Ruk;
Vw;gLtjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j 47 fhuzq;fSk; xNu E}ypy;
$wg;gltpy;iy. rpy fhuzq;fs; rpy E}y;fspYk;>NtW rpy fhuzq;fs;
NtW rpy E}y;fspYk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ ,jd; tphpthd tpguk;
ml;ltiz 1y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ ,e;jf; fhuzq;fs; njhFj;J
jtwhd md;d ghdhjpfspd; gpuNahfk;> jtwhd
gof;ftof;fq;fs;>Neha;epiyfs; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;L ml;ltiz 1a
y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kyf;fl;L> Mfhu NfhshW vd;Dk; fhuzq;fs; nrfuh[ Nrfuk;>

mfj;jpau; 2000> rpj;j kUj;Jtk; nghJ> Neha; ehly; Neha; Kjdhly;
jpul;L> guuhrNrfuk; Ru Nuhf epjhdk; Mfpa Ie;J E}y;fspy;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. fLk; ntapypy; jpupjy; Ruj;jpw;fhd fhuzkhf
mfj;jpau; 2000> Neha; ehly; Neha; Kjdhly;> rpj;j kUj;Jtk; nghJ>
guuhrNrfuk; Ru Nuhf epjhdk; Mfpa ehd;F E}y;fspYk;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ke;jk; Ruj;jpw;f;fhd fhuzkhf mDgt itj;jpa
gpuk;k ufrpak;> Neha; ehly; Neha;Kjdhly;> guuhrNrfuk; Ru Nuhf
epjhdk; Mfpa %d;W E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

5
 Nfhgk;> jiyapy; Rik J}f;Fjy; vd;gd mfj;jpau; 2000> rpj;;j
kUj;Jtk; nghJ> guuh[Nrfuk; Ru Nuhf epjhdk; Mfpa E}y;fspYk;>
kpF ntg;gk;> kpFe;j Fspu;rr
; p> kpFe;j Gzu;r;rp> J}f;fkpd;ik> mbgly;>
tplq;fye;j czT> kpFe;j eil> kioapy; eidjy; ,it Ruk;
Vw;gLk; fhuzq;fshf nrfuh[Nrfuk; itj;jpa jpwTNfhy;> Neha;
ehly; Neha; Kjy; ehly; Mfpa E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. grpia
mlf;fy;> fLikahd Xl;lk;> ehLfspd; Ntw;Wik vd;gd Ruk; tUk;
fhuzq;fshf rpj;j kUj;Jtk; nghJ> Neha; ehly; Neha; Kjy;
ehly;Mfpa E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ky %j;jpuk; mlf;fy; vd;gJ jd;te;jpup itj;jpak;>rpj;j

kUj;Jtk; nghJ tpYk;>mjpfkhf ePuhLjy;> cs;sk; khWghliljy;>
nfl;l vz;zk; nfhs;Sjy; ,it mfj;jpau; 2000> Neha; ehly; Mfpa
E}y;fspYk;> tplq;fye;j czT rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpYk;> kpFe;j eil>
miyr;ry;> ,iy Cwpa ePiu Fbg;gJ> mbjbahy; cly; Nehjy;>
Fuy; fjWk;gb rj;jkpl;L njhz;il fl;Ljy;> grp fplg;gJ> ,it
guuhrNrfu RuNuhf epjhdj;jpYk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. fjwp $ty; Neha;
ehly; Neha;Kjy; ehlypYk; guuhrNrfuk;RuNuhf epjhdj;jpYk;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mjpf ePu; mUe;Jjy;> gfy; epj;jpiu> ,utpy; [hfuzk; vd;gd

jd;te;jpup itj;jpak;;>ehl;gl;l Iak;> gLf;if NtWgly;> jhd; nra;j
gotpid #o;jy; ,it rpj;j kUj;Jtk; nghJtpYk;> Gifapiy
NghLjy; mfj;jpau; 2000 Yk; $wg;gl;L ; s;sJ.

Kf;Fw;wk; $l;lf;$ba czTfs;> gdpapy; jpupjy;> kpFe;j fhw;W>

tplf; fhw;W> Njfj;jpy; tplg;GOf;fs; cl;nrd;W Jisj;jy;> mjpfkhf
vz;iz ePuhLjy;> Ju;ehw;wKs;s tpau;it> nrupahik> gak;>
NjhlKz;lhf;f$ba vz;iz ePuhbagpd; ngz; Gzu;r;rp> Kf;Fw;w
NfL> kpF ciog;G ,it Ruj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzq;fshf Neha;
ehlypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

6
ml;l
; tiz 1a: Ruj;jpw;f;fhd fhuzq;fspd; tifg;ghL

jtwhd khWgl;l(jtwhd) eilKiw Neha; epiy

czT
thjg;gpuNfhgk; fgg; gpj;jg;gpu
gpuNfhgk; Nfhgk;
kpFe;j fhw;W kpF kpF
tplf; fhw;W ciog;G ntg;gk;
kpFe;j eil. fLk;
.fLikahd ntapypy;
Xl;lk;.miyr;r jpupjy;
y; jiyapy;
Rik Rkj;jy;
Kf;Fw;wk; ke;jk;.
$l;lf;$ba nrupahik
czTfs;
Mfhu kyf;fl;;L
NfhshW
tplq;fye;j kpFe;j Gzu;r;rp NjhlKz;lhf;f $ba Njfj;jpy;
czT vz;iz ePuhbagpd; ngz; Gzu;r;rp tplg; GOf;fs;
cl;nrd;W
Jisj;jy;
mjpf ePu; fUtp fhuzhjpfspd; ftiy> gak;>
mUe;Jjy; Nfhgk;> nfl;l vz;zk; nfhs;su;
cs;sk; khWghliljy;
,iy rUF gdpapy; jpupjy; kpFe;j Fspu;r;rpkioapy;
Cwpa ePu; eidjy mjpfkhf ePuhLjy;
mUe;Jjy;
J}f;fkpd;ik grpia mlf;fy; ky
%j;;jpuk; mlf;fy;
mjpfkhf vz;iz ePuhLjy;
Ju;ehw;wKs;s tpau;it
mbgly>; mbjbahy; cly; Nehjy;
ehLfspd; Ntw;Wik
fjwpf; $ty;
vz;iz Nja;j;J ];ehdk; nra;jgpd;
vz;iz Nghfhik
Gifapiy NghLjy;
gfy; epj;jpiu
gLf;if NtWgly;

vy;yh E}y;fspYk; $wg;gl;l fhuzq;fisg; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ

khWgl;l md;dghdhjpfshYk; jtwhd eilKiwfshYk; thj gpj;j

7
fgq;fspy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; Vw;gLtjhy; Ruk; cz;lhfpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf kpFe;j eil> fLikahd Xl;lk;> miyr;ry;> jiyapy;
Rik Rkj;jy;> kpFe;j Gzu;r;rp NjhlKz;lhf;f $ba vz;iz
ePuhbagpd; ngz; Gzu;r;rp Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; clypYs;s 7 clw;
jhJf;fshfpa ,ur (msTf;F mjpfkhd tpah;it
ntspNaWtjhy;>mjpfkhd tpe;J ntspNaWjy; (\Pzpf;fg;gLtjhy;)
thjk; jd;mstpy; kpFjpailfpd;wJ. vdNt ,jdhy; thj Ruk;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
gdpapy; jpupjy; kpFe;j Fspu;r;rp kioapy; eidjy; mjpfkhf
ePuhLjy; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; fgk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; fg Ruk;
Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
fUtp fhuzhjpfspd; ftiy> gak;> Nfhgk;> nfl;l vz;zk;
nfhs;sy;> cs;sk; khWghliljy; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; gpj;jj;jpy;
ghrf gpj;jk; ghjpg;gile;J ke;j mf;fpdp cz;lhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ke;jhf;fpdpahy; rkpghL ghjpf;fg;gl;L Mkk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,ijNa mfj;jpah; 2000 vd;Dk; E}ypy; “Njfj;jpy; rhg;gpl;l czT
rPuzkhfhky; MkNjh\khfp tapw;wpYs;s [hluhf;fpdpia
ntspNatPrr; nra;Ak;. mg;NghJ njhl;lhy; Ruk; fhAk; vd
$wg;gLfpd;wJ”.;
,jidNa “gaj;jhy; Ruk; Vw;gl;lJ” vd Kd;Ndhh; $Wth;.

8
 Ruj;jpd; tiffs;
182 tif Ruq;fs; Ma;Tf;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l 13 Ehy;fspy; ,Ue;J
,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. vy;yh tiffSk; vy;yh Ehy;fspYk;
fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,tw;wpd; njhFg;G ml;ltiz 2 ,y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1. tsp Ruk;
2. tsp moy;; Ruk; 35. mjp fhiy Ruk;
3. tsp Ia Ruk; 36. eLf;fw; Ruk;
4. moy; Ruk; 37. gfw; Ruk;
5. moy; tsp; Ruk; 38. khiy Ruk;
6. moy; Ia Ruk; 39. jPtuw; Ruk;
7. Ia Ruk; 40. Ntdw; Ruk;
8. Ia tsp Ruk; 41. nfhl;lhtp Ruk;
9. Ia moy; Ruk; 42. tpf;fw; Ruk;
10. Kg;;gpzpr; Ruk; 43. Vg;gr; Ruk;
11. ke;j Ruk; 44. tpau;it Ruk;
12. espu; Ruk; 45. J}q;fhr; Ruk;
13. ntQ; Ruk; 46. ,Uky; Ruk;
14. Nkdp Ruk; 47. fl;b Ruk;
15. cs; Ruk; 48. rPo;nfhs;Sk; Ruk;
16. cl; Ruk; 49. goQ;; Ruk;
17. ntspr; Ruk; 50. tPPff
; Ruk;
18. tpl;L tUk; Ruk;; 51. fopr;rw; Ruk;
19. tplhr; Ruk; 52. the;jp Ruk;
20. rhuw; Ruk;; 53. NkhJ Ruk;
21. nrq;fiu Ruk; 54. ehNtW Ruk;
22. Cd; Ruk; 55. Vtw; Ruk;
23. nfhOg;G Ruk; 56. g+j Ruk;
24. vd;G Ruk; 57. kUe;J Ntfr; Ruk;
25. %isr; Ruk; 58. eQ;R Ruk;
26. tpe;;Jr; Ruk; 59. rpdr; Ruk;
27. Jd;gr; Ruk; 60. gar; Ruk;;
28. Kiwr; Ruk; 61. tUj;jr; Ruk;
29. kaf;fr; Ruk; 62. fhkr; Ruk;
30. gpjw;wy; Ruk; 63. nja;trpdr; Ruk;
31. GOr; Ruk; 64. Nru;f;if Ruk;.
32. kQ;rw; Ruk;
33. fhiyr; Ruk;
34. ,uhr;; Ruk;
9
 Nkw;$wpa 64 Ruq;fs; rpj;j kUj;Jtk; - nghJ> Neha;ehly;
Neha;Kjy; ehly; jpul;L vDk; ,uz;L Ehy;fspYk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Neha;ehly; Neha;Kjy; ehly; jpul;L vDk; Ehypy; rPo;nfhs;Sk;
gy;nfhg;gs Ruk; xU tifahf $wg;gl;Ls;s NghJk; rpj;j kUj;Jtk;
- nghJ vDk; E}ypy; rPo;nfhs;Sk; Ruk;> gy;nfhg;gs Ruk; vd ,uz;L
tiffshf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.Neha;ehly; Neha;Kjy; ehly; jpul;L vDk;
Ehypy; $wg;gl;Ls;s cs;sr; Ruk; rpj;j kUj;Jtk; - nghJ vDk;
E}ypy; $wg;gltpy;iy.

itj;jpa rhurq;fpufk; vDk; 64 tifr;Ruq;fspy; cs;s tsp

Ruk;> tsp Ia Ruk;> moy; Ruk;>Ia Ruk;> Kg;;gpzpr; Ruk;
vd;gtw;wpw;Fg;gjpyhf thj Ruk;> gpj;j Ruk; rpNyj;k Ruk;> thjrpNyj;k
Ruk;>rd;dpthj Ruk; vd;w ngah;fSlDk; khe;j Ruk;> espu; Ruk>; cl;
Ruk;> tpl;L
; tpl;L tUk; Ruk;> tplh Ruk;> Cd; Ruk;> Kiw Ruk;>,uhr;;
Ruk;> goQ;; Ruk;> fopr;rw; Ruk;> eQ;R Ruk; vd;gtw;Wld; Nkyjpfkhf
fPOs;s tiffs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fzf;fha;rr ; y; Ruk;
clk;G Neha; Ruk;;
Mk Ruk;
,uj;j Ruk;
md;dgdhjp Ruk;
khq;fp\ Ruk;
ml;ru khe;j Ruk;
rPjtpr Ruk;
Fspu; Ruk;
jhg Ruk;
rd;dpthj Ruk;
mIPuz Ruk;
mj;jp Ruk;
rPj
P Ruk;
ntq;fl;uh[d; vOjpa jd;te;jpup itj;jpak; vDk; Ehypy;Ruj;jpd;
tiffshf > Rughj Ruk;> rhJu;jpf Ruk;> thjtj;jP Ruk;> rq;fpuf
m];jp Ruk;;>KOj;j Ruk; gpj;j mjprhu Ruk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;Wld;
,e;Ehypy; tsp moy;; Ruk; (thj gpj;j) tsp Ia (thj rpNyl;Lk) Ruk;
Kiwr; Ruk;> Ntdw; Ruk;> eQ;R Ruk>; moy; IaRuk (gpj;j rpNyl;Lk;)
vd;gd 64 tifr; Ruq;fspd; tiffspy; cs;slf;fg;
;gl;Ls;sJ.mj;Jld; Mk Ruk;> rd;dpthj Ruk>; mj;jp Ruk; Nghd;wit
itj;jpa rhurq;fpufk; vDk; E}ypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJld; xj;Js;;sJ.

10
thj Nrhf Ruk; gpj;j gpujhg Ruk;
gpj;j Nrhif Ruk; rpNyw;gd Nkhf Ruk;
thj it#up Ruk; ryh rar; Ruk;
ra Ruk; rpNyw;gd Njhr Ruk;
ujhg thj Ruk; Mk rpNyw;gd Ruk;
rhJu;jpf Ruk; rpNyw;gd tpf;FUjp Ruk;
thjtj;jP Ruk; rpNyw;gd\gQ;thfpRuk;
rq;fpuf m];jp Ruk; khq;;fprgpujhg Ruk
thj Nrhf Ruk; thj mjprhu Ruk;
gpj;j Nrhif Ruk; thj mrPuz Ruk;
ra Ruk; thj cjpur; Ruk;
gpujhg thj Ruk; khq;fpr R+upr;; Ruk;
thjkhrPj Ruk; gpj;;jtpl Ruk;
thj fd Ruk; gpj;j mj;jp Ruk;
ehdhis khww; Ruk; gpj;j mjprhu Ruk;
thj khe;j fz Ruk; gpj;j khww; Ruk;
gpj;j ,uj;j Ruk; gpj;j mrPuz Ruk;
rpNyw;gd Mk Ruk;; gpj;j rpNyw;gd Ruk;
rpNyw;gd mjprhu Ruk;; mrhj;j Ruk;
rpNyw;gd rd;dp Ruk;; gpj;j rd;dp Ruk;
rpNyw;gd Ruk;; gpj;j rPj Ruk;
rpNyw;gd fz Ruk;; gpj;j ,uj;j Ruk;
rpNyw;gd rPj Ruk;; gpj;j ,u;jg; gpujhg Ruk;
gpj;j Nrhf Ruk; gpj;j tpuz Ruk;
Mfpf rpNyw;gd Ruk;
tpr rpNyw;gd Ruk;
fg gQ;rhfPf Ruk;
rPNyj;k khfPf Ruk;
;
tiffs; nrfuhrNrfuk; itj;jpa jpwTNfhy; vDk; Ehypy;
Ruj;jpd; tiffshf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;Wld; ,e;Ehypy; thj Ruk;>
tsp moy;; Ruk; (thjgpj;j)> tsp Ia Ruk (rPjthj)> moy; Ruk(gpj;j)>
moy; tsp; Ruk; (gpj;j thjk;)>moy; Ia Ruk (gpj;j fgk;)> Ia Ruk
(fg Ruk;)> Ia tsp Ruk (thj fg Ruk;) Ia moy; Ruk;> Kg;;gpzp
Ruk; (%d;W Njhr Ruk;) ke;j Ruk;> fopr;rw; Ruk;> g+j Ruk;> eQ;R Ruk;
vd;gd 64 tifr; Ruq;fspd; tiffspy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mj;Jld; mk;ik Ruk;> rd;dp ghj Ruk;> m[Puz Ruk;> mj;jp Ruk;;>
gpNuj Ruk;> Nrhf Ruk;> Mfpf thj Ruk; Rughj Ruk;tpuz Ruk;>
thjtj;jp Ruk;> md;dgdhjp Ruk; vd;gd jd;te;jpup itj;jpak; vDk;
Ehypy; Ruj;jpd; tiffshf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rpNyw;gd ePu; Njhr Ruk;; thjj;;jpw; rd;dp ghj Ruk;

rpNyw;gd gpuNkf Ruk;; gpj;j ,uj;j gpuNkf Ruk;
rpNyw;gd ehyh khww; Ruk;; rpNyw;gd mj;jp Ruk;
khq;;fprgpujhg Ruk;
11 tpud thj Ruk;
gpj;j jhf Ruk;
khq;fpr mjprhu Ruk;
gpj;j tpr rpNyw;gd mj;jp Ruk;
rpNyw;gd njhe;j
gpj;j ra Ruk;
mjprhu Ruk;;
,uj;j gpj;j cj;pu; Ruk;
ePUjpup Ruk;;
fu ghj gpj;j Ruk;
rpNyw;gd gpujhg Ruk;
g;pj;j gpuNkf Ruk;
rpNyw;gd Nrhf Ruk;
gpj;j ,uj;j mj;rhu Ruk;
rpNyw;gd njhe;j Ruk;;
g;j;j Nkf Ruk;
rpNyw;gdrd;dp ghj Ruk;;
rpNyw;gd ra Ruk;
Njhiy gw;wpa Ruk;;
rpNyw;gd khq;fpr cjpu; Ruk;
jiyia gw;wpa Ruk;;
jirapy; tpl Ruk;
rPj thj Ruk;
Rf;fy jhJ fj Ruk;

,t;tiffs; guuh[Nrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk; vd;Dk; E}ypy;

Ruj;jpd; tiffshf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;Jld; nrfuhrNrfuk; itj;jpa
jpwTNfhy; vd;Dk; E}ypy; $wg;gl;l

thj Nrhf Ruk; gpj;j mrPuz Ruk;

gpj;j Nrhif Ruk; gpj;j rpNyw;gd Ruj;jpy;
thj mj;jp Ruk; mrhj;j Ruk;
thjkhrPj Ruk; gpj;j rd;dp Ruk;
thj fd Ruk; gpj;j rPj Ruk;
ehdhis khww; Ruk; gpj;j ,uj;j Ruk;
thj khe;j fz Ruk; gpj;j ,u;jg; gpujhg Ruk;
thj mjprhu Ruk; gpj;j tpuz Ruk;
thj mrPuz Ruk; gpj;j ,uj;j Ruk;
thj cjpur; Ruk; rpNyw;gd Mk Ruk;;
khq;fpr R+upr;; Ruk; rpNyw;gd mjprhu Ruk;;
gpj;;jtpl Ruk; rpNyw;gd rd;dp Ruk;;
gpj;j mj;jp Ruk; rpNyw;gd Ruk;;
gpj;j mjprhu Ruk; rpNyw;gd fz Ruk;;
gpj;j khww; Ruk; fg gQ;rhfPf Ruk;
,t; tiffs; guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk; vd;Dk; E}ypYk;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld; ,uj;j Ruk;> gpNuj Ruk;> tpuz Ruk;
Mfpait itj;jpa rhu rq;fpufk; vd;Dk; E}ypYk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tsp Ruk(thj)> tsp moy;; Ruk(thj gpj;j)> tsp Ia Ruk;(rPjthj)>
moy; Ruk(gpj;j)> moy; tsp; Ruk(gpj;;j thjk;)> moy; Ia
Ruk;(gpj;;jrpNyw;gd)> Ia tsp Ruk(rpNyw;gd thjk);> Ia moy;

12
Ruk(rpNyw;gd gpj;jk;;>rpNyw;gd Ruk; ke;j Ruk;> G+j Ruk;> %is Ruk;
vd;gd 64 tif Ruq;fSs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Rf;fy jhJ fj Ruk;

mgpfhj Ruk;
rq;fk Njhr Ruk;
fpUkp Ruk;
Ruhjp rhu Ruk;
,uj;;jhjp rhu Ruk;
mk;ik Ruk;
re;epghj Ruk;
rPj Ruk;
,it mDNght itj;jpa gpuk;k ufrpak; vd;Dk; E}ypy;
Ruj;jpd; tiffshf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld;tsp Ruk; (thj)> tsp
moy;; Ruk; (thjgpj;j)> tsp Ia Ruk; (thjrpNy\;k;)> moy; Ruk;
(gpj;j)> Ia Ruk; (rpNy\;k;)> gar; Ruk; >fhk Ruk;>Ia moy; Ruk;
(rpNy\;k; gpj;jk;)> Kiw Ruk;> kQ;rw; Ruk;> Ntdw; Ruk;> the;jp Ruk;>
G+j Ruk;> eQ;R Ruk; vd;gd 64 tif Ruq;fSs;
cs;nsLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it jtpu Nrhf Ruk;> mIPuzRuk; vd;gd
itj;jpa rhu rq;fpufk; vd;Dk; E}ypYk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld;
Mfhe;Jt RuKk; Nkyjpf tifahf ,e;E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mk;ik Ruk;
rd;dpghj Ruk;
rg;j Ruk;
my;g Ruk;
Gduh tu;j;jp Ruk;
tp];NghlfRuk; ,it mfj;jpau; Fzthflk; vd;Dk; E}ypy;
Ruj;jpd; tiffshf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld; rPj Ruk;> mjprhu
rd;dpghj Ruk; vd;gd itj;jpa rhu rq;fpufk; vd;Dk; E}ypy;
$wg;gl;l tiffSld; xj;Js;sJ.
rPj tprk Ruk; kr;ir fj Ruk;
gpj;j jhJ.Nkij jhJ fj Ruk; khkf Ruk;
Fiyg;G Ruk; Mfhe;Jt Ruk;

13
 ,it mfj;jpau; 2000 vd;Dk; E}ypy; tiffshf
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld; tsp Ruk(thjk;)>tsp moy;; Ruk; (thj
gpj;jk;);> tsp Ia Ruk; (thj fg)>;moy; Ruk; (gpj;jk;) moy; Ia Ruk;
(gpj;j fgk;) Ia Ruk; (fg)> eQ;R Ruk;> G+j Ruk;> fopr;ry; Ruk;> vd;G
Ruk;> nfhOg;G Ruk;> KiwRuk;> Kg;gpzp Ruk;(thj gpj;j rpNyj;Jk;)
vd;gd 64 tif Ruq;fSs; cs;sLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mDNght itj;jpa
gpuk;k ufrpak; vd;Dk; E}ypy; tiffshf $wg;gl;Ls;s mgpfhj Ruk;>
Rf;fpy jhJ fj RuKk;> guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdj;jpy; $wg;gl;l
thjj;jpy; rd;dpghj RuKk; ,e;E}ypYk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. itj;jpa rhu
rq;fpufk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; $wg;gl;l rPj Ruk;> gpNuj Ruk;> mIPuzRuk;>
Nrhf Ruk;> tpuz Ruk;> Mfpf thj Ruk;> Mk Ruk;> ,uj;j Ruk;
Mfpait ,e;E}ypYk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
MfPf Ruk;> khwy; Ruk;> ru;kj;;ij gw;wpa Ruk; vd;gd A+fp
itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp vd;Dk; E}ypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it jtpu
mDNghf itj;jpa gpuk;k ufrpak; vd;Dk; E}ypy; $wg;gl;l mgpfhj
RuKk;> nrfuh[Nrfu itj;jpa E}ypy; $wg;gl;l Mfpa rpNyw;gd
RuKk;> itj;jpa rhu rq;fpufk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; $wg;gl;l mIPuzRuk;>
Mk Ruk;> ,uj;j Ruk; Nghd;w Ruq;fSk; ,e;E}ypYk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
G+j Ruk;> Cd; Ruk;> Ia Ruk;> moy; Ia Ruk;> tsp Ruk;> tsp
moy; Ruk;> tsp Ia Ruk;> moy; Ruk; ,it 64 tif Ruq;fSs;
cs;sLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ruNge;jpu itj;jpa jpul;L vDk; E}ypy; 64 tif Ruq;fSs;

cs;slf;fg;gl;l>tsp Ruk; (thjk;)>tsp moy;; Ruk; (thj gpj;jk;)> tsp
Ia Ruk; (thj fgk;)>moy; Ruk; (gpj;jk;);> moy; Ia Ruk; (gpj;j
fgk;;)>Ia Ruk;(fgk;)>$wg;gl;Ls;sJld;> mfj;jpau; 2000 vDk; E}ypy;
$wg;gl;l Mfe;Jt RuKk; rd;dpghj RuKk; tiffshf
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fe;jrhkp Kjypahu; vOjpa itj;jpa rhurq;fpufk; vDk;

Ehypy; Ru tFg;G>fha;rr; y; Nuhf glyk; vDk; ,uz;L gFjpfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,uz;bYk; rpy tiffs; nghJthf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.mj;Jld; fha;r;ry; Nuhf glyj;jpd; tifspd;
ngau;fSk; Ruk; vd;Nw Kbtilfpd;wd.

fe;jrhkp Kjypahu; vOjpa itj;jpa rhurq;fpufk; vDk;

Ehypy; Ru tFg;G vDk; gFjpapy; fzf;fha;rr ; y; Ruk;> clk;G Neha;
Ruk;;> Mk Ruk;> ,uj;j Ruk>; md;dgdhjp Ruk;>khq;fpr; Ruk;>ml;rukhe;j
Ruk;>cl; Ruk;> espu; Ruk;> rPj
P Ruk;> goQ;; Ruk;> rPj
P tpr Ruk;>Kg;;gpzp
Ruk;>vd;G Ruk;>ke;j Ruk; vDk; 15 tifahd Ruq;fspd; ngau;fs;

14
fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJk; 8 tifahd Ruq;fSf;F kl;LNk Fzk;Fwpfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

fha;r;ry; Nuhf glyk; vDk; gFjpapy; tsp Ruk(thj);> tsp Ia

Ruk; (thj rpNyj;Jk);> moy; Ruk; (gpj;jk;)> rd;dp thj Ruk;> cl;
Ruk;>ke;j Ruk;> vd;G Ruk; ,uj;j Ruk;> Cd; Ruk;>eQ;R Ruk;> tplh
Ruk;> Kiwr; Ruk;> Fspu; Ruk;> jhg Ruk;>tprghf Ruk;> ,uh Ruk;> espu;
Ruk;>Ia Ruk; (rpNyj;Jk Ruk;);> m[Puz Ruk;> mjprhu Ruk;> jpupNjhr
Ruk;> goQ;; Ruk; vDk; 24 tifahd Ruq;fspd; ngau;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJk; 12 tifahd Ruq;fSf;F kl;LNk Fzk;Fwpfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Mfe;Jf Ruk; vDk; tif ruNge;jpu itj;jpa Kiwfs;

mf];jpau; ,uz;lhapuk;mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak; vDk;
E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;L ,Ue;jhYk; mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak;
vDk; Ehypy; NkYk; 4 tiffshf gpupf;fgl;Ls;sJ. mitahtd
Mfe;Jt Ruk;> mgpfhj Ruk;> mtprq;f Ruk;>rhg Ruk;>mgprhu Ruk;.
,jpy; tUk; mtprq;f Ruk NkYk; 7 tiffshf gpupf;fgl;Ls;sJ.
mit fhk Ruk;> Jf;f Ruk;> G+jhNtr Ruk;> mTrhje;j Ruk;> tpr Ruk;>
Nfhg Ruk;> ga Ruk; vd;gdthFk;;.

gy E}y;fspy; tiffspd; vz;zpf;if tiuaWf;fgl;l NghJk;

E}y;fspy; ,t;tsT tifAk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L ,y;iy. ,it mopgl;L
,Uf;fyhk;.

njhFg;G

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;>nrfuhrNrfuk; itj;jpaj;

jpwTNfhy; ,uz;L E}y;fspYk; 64 tifr;Ruq;fs; $wg;gl;L mtw;wpd;
FwpFzq;fs;> rpfpr;ir rhj;jpahmrhj;jpaq;fs; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;Ehy;fspd; gb RuNuhfkhdJ thjj;jhy; 20 tifAk;>

gpj;jj;jhy; 24tifAk;> fgj;jpdhy; 20 tifAkhf gphpf;fg;gl;L
nkhj;jkhf 64 tif $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

thjj;jpdhy; cz;lhFk; 20 y;
rhj;jpak; - 12
Mrhj;jpak;- 8
gpj;jj;jpdhy; cz;lhFk; 24 Ruq;fspy;
rhj;jpak; - 10
mrhj;jpak; - 14

15
fgj;jpdhy; cz;lhFk; 20 tifr;Ruq;fspy;
rhj;jpak; - 10
mrhj;jjpak; - 10

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhfepjhdk;> nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpaj; jpwTNfhy;

E}y;fspd; gb Ruq;fspd; tiffs; 64d; tpguk;

thjj;jpdhy; cz;lhFk; gpj;jj;jpdhy; fgj;jpdhy; cz;lhFk;

Ruq;fs; cz;lhFk; Ruq;fs; Ruq;fs;
rhj;jpak;( mrhj;jpak;( rhj;jpa mrhj;jp rhj;jpak; mrhj;jpak;(10)
12) 8) k;(10) ak;(14) (10)
thjk; thjrpNyw;g gpj;jk gpj;jrpNy rpNyw;gd rpNyw;gd Ruk;
dk; w;gd gpj;j
(thjfgf) (gpj;jfg
k;)
thjgpj;jk; thjj;jpy; gpj;jth gpj;j rpNyw;gd rpNyw;gd
rd;dp ghjk j rd;dp thj rd;dp Ruk;
(rd;dpghjk;
);
rPjthjk; G+j gpj;jrpN gpj;j rpNyw;gd khq;fpr
yw;gd(g rPjk; rak; mjprhuk;
pj;jfg)
Thj gpNujk gpj;j gpj;j rpNyw;gd rpNyw;gd
mj;jp jhf(gpj; rak;(ra khq;fprk; njhe;j
jRuk;) Ruk;)
Thjkh khq;fp\ gpj;j ,uj;jgpj; rpNyw;gd ePh;cjphp
rPj gpujhg tplk j fz
(tplk) cjphpr;
Ruk;(it
#hp)
thjfz khq;fpr gpj;j Fughj(R rpNyw;gd rpNyw;gd
t#hp(it# mj;jp ughjk; ePh;Njh\k; gpujhg
hp) (mj;jp)
ehehis Nrhf gpj;j gj;j,uj; rpNyw;gd rpNyw;gd fz
khww; tp\rpN j(,uj;j mj;jp Ruk;
Ruk; yw;gdk; gpj;j) Ruk;
(gpj;jNr
hf)
khe;j tpuzthj gpj;j gpj;jgpuN rpNyw;gd rpNyw;gd
Ruk; mjprhu( kf(gpj;j mjprhuRu Nrhf Ruk;
mjprhu gpujhg) k;
gpj;j)

16
thj gpj;j gpj;j,uj; rpNyw;gd rpNyw;gd
khe;j khwy; jgpujhg gpuNkd njhe;j
fz Ruk; rpNyw;gd
(ke;j)
thjmjpr gpj;j gpj;jtpu rpNyw;gd rpNyw;gd
hu mrPuz z ehyh rd;dpghj
Rutjprhu (mrPuz) khwy;
k;)

thjmIPu gpj;j,uj;
zk; j
;(mIPuz) mjprhu
thjjphp gpj;j
Ruk;(cjphp tpl
thj)
gpj;j
Nkf
gp;j;j,uj;
j
gpuNkf
Nkw;$wpa 64 Ruq;fspy; 32 tiffs; rhj;jpak; vdTk; 32 Ruq;fs;
mrhj;jpak; vdTk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. guuhrNrfuk RuNuhf epjhdj;jpy;
,e;j 64 tifiaj;jtpu clw;jhJf;fisg;gw;wp tUk; Ruq;fshf 7
tiffs; FwpFzq;fSld; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

1. %isr;Ruk; gpj;jj;jhYk;
2. Njhiyg;gw;wpa Ruk; rpNyw;gdj;jhYk;
3. jiyiag;gw;wpa Ruk; thjj;jhYk; cUthtJ
4. jirapy; tplRuk;
5. ,uj;jj;ijg;gw;wpa Ruk;
6. mj;jp Ruk;
7. Rf;fpy Ruk; vd;gdthFk;.

rpj;jkUj;Jtk; nghJ> Neha;ehly; Neha;Kjdhly; jpul;L vd;Dk;

,U E}y;fspYk; NtW tifahd 64 tif Ruq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;Ehypy; thj> gpj;j> rpNyw;gd vd;Dk; ngah;fid tsp moy; Iak;
vd;Dk; ngah;fSld; guguhrNrfuj;jpYs;s mNj ghly;fs;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

17
guuhrNrfuk; Rpj;jkUj;J ghly; mbfs;
tk; nghJ
1. thj Ruk; tspr;Ruk; thjRuj;jpd; Fzk;
ciuf;fpd;……
2. thjgpj;j tsp moy; thjgpj;jRukhdhy;
tUj;Jq; Fzj;ij
tFj;jpLtd;……
3. thjrpNyw; tsp Ia cijAq; fgKk
gdRuk; Ruk; ;nghq;fp Athe;jpAz;;
%r;RKz;lha;g;……
4. gpj;j Ruk; moy; gpj;j Ruj;jpd;
Fzq;NfsPh;
gpjw;wpg;…….
5. gpj;j thj moy; tsp me;jg; gpj;j
Ruk; kJtpuz;Lk;
thjnkhd;WQ;……
6. gpj;j moy; Ia gpj;jNrw;gdRuj;ijg;
Nrw;gd NgRtd; kde;j
sh;e;J……
7. rpNyw;gd Ia Ruk; nta;aRue; jdpypUky;
Ruk; Jug;G tpf;fy;…………
8. rpNyw;gd Ia tsp jiyia kpfT
thjk; eLf;FtJJQ; rhPu
KOJk;………
9. rpNyw;gd Ia moy; **“ntg;nghL Nth;it
gpj;jk; Az;lha;
ntSg;gJ…….”.(guuhr)“
nrg;ghF Kiy kltPh;
Nrj;kgpj;j
Rur;nray;Nfs;…..”(rp.k)
,uz;L tpjkhd 64 tifr;Ruq;fs; ntt;NtW Ehy;fspy; $wg;gl;l
NghJk; ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gl;l 9 tifr;Ruq;fspd; FwpFzq;fs;
guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhfepjhdj;jpy; $wg;gl;l ghly;fSk; rpj;j kUj;Jtk;
ngJ vd;Dk; E}ypYk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

** - rpNyw;gd gpj;j Ruk; guuhr Nrfuj;jpy; gpd;tUkhW

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jiyia kpfT eLf;FtJQ; rhPu KOJk; tpiwg;gJTk;
miyA kpUk Nwhd;WtJ kq;if nahLfhy; Fsph;tJTk;
FiyAQ; Ruj;jp ypf;Fzq;fs; $Lq;f gj;jpy; thjnkd
kiyapd; Kdpt dhuha;e;J tFj;jh dhAs; NtjkNj.

18
rpj;jkUj;Jtk; nghJ vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,Nj Fzq;Fwpfis gpd;tUk;
ghly; %yk; $wpAs;shh;.

“nrg;ghF KiykltPh;
Nrj;kgpj;j Rur;nray;Nfs;
ntg;ghFk; tpah;itAkha;
nte;JWeh tJntWf;Fk;
jg;ghJ mile;jpUf;Fk;
njhz;il fl;b ehf;frf;Fk;
mg;ghUkQ; rilKbah
iiwe;jpLkh Az;kiwNa”

Ruj;jpd; tiffSk; FwpFzq;fSk;;

01.thj Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

10 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l thj Ruj;jpd; 35 FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;Jf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.1 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 cly; eLf;fk; 19 neQ;R Neh

2 Ruk; $b FiwAk;; 20 tpf;fy;
3 twl;rp - fOj;J cjL 21 the;jp
4 epj;jpiuapd;ik 22 if> fhy; nghUj;jpy; Neh
5 Jk;ky; ,d;ik 23 Kfk; kpDkpDf;Fk;
6 mtatq;fspy; ieg;gpd;ik 24 fz; ePy epwkhFk;
7 jiy ,jaq;fspy; typ 25 cly; typ
8 mNuhrfk; 26 gw;$r;rk;
9 kyr;rpf;fy; 27 grpapd;ik
10 nfhl;lhtp 28 ,Uky;
11 cly; fUik 29 tapw;W nghUky;
12 Njfjj;jpy; ntg;gk; 30 eLf;fk;
13 jhfk; 31 tha;eP&Wk;
14 Fspu; 32 gak;
15 jiytyp 33 cly; vhpr;ry;
16 ke;jk; 34 eikr;ry;
17 cly; ntSj;jy; 35 %h;r;ir
18 rpdk;

19
guuhrNrfu RuNuhf epjhdj;jpYs;s thjRuj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;
“thjRuj;jpd; FzKiuf;fpd; kapu;f$
; r;nrwpjYly;……..vd;Dk; ghly;
%yk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

02.thj gpj;jRuj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

thj gpj;j Ruj;ijg; gw;wp 9 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,tw;wpd; FwpFzq;fs; 36 njhFj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y;
Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.2 y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 jiytyp
21 tha;T kpFk;
2 kaf;;fk; 22 Ruk;
3 the;jp 23 Njfk; FspUk;
4 jhfk; 24 cly; gyk; FiwAk;
5 fOj;J tha; tul;rp 25 Jk;ky;
6 Nrhk;gy; 26 cly; typ eLf;fk;
7 %l;Lfsp typ 27 tapW fopjy;
8 epj;jpiu gq;fk; 28 tpah;it
9 ehtul;rp 29 fz; J}q;Fk;
10 kaph; $r;ry; 30 cly; vhpr;ry;
11 nfhl;lhtp 31 fUik epw eh
12 Ntfkhd Ngr;R 32 Njhy;gl;il $Dk;
13 tha; gpjw;wy; 33 gpuk;ik
kaf;fj;jpy; epw 34 njhz;il fufug;G
14 Ntw;Wik
35 czT tpUg;gkpd;ik
15 thapy; ifg;G
36 jiyghuk;
16 Rit Fiwjy;
17 cly; jsh;jy;
18 ngU%r;R
19 fhjilj;J ,iuAk;
20 kQ;ry; eh> fz;
03.thj fgRuj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

10 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;lthjfgRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fs; 40 Mf njhFj;J

gpd;tUkhW $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz
3.3 y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 c\;zk;- $b>Fiwjy;
2 mnuhrfk;
3 %l;L typ jiy typ

20
4 %f;F xOFjy; 21 kyKk; ePUk; ntSj;jy;
5 ngU%r;R 22 fz;ntSj;jy;
6 ,Uky; 23 tplh Ruk;
7 kyke;jk; 24 the;jp
8 jpkph;j;jy; 25 njhz;il Neh
9 gpjw;wy; tha; 26 cly; Neh
10 ghh;it FiwT 27 tpf;fy;
11 ehf;fpy; ntOg;G 28 kaph; $r;ry;
12 kaf;fk; 29 ehtul;rp
13 Nrhk;gy; 30 tha; ePUwy;
14 tPf;fk; 31 fhjilg;G
15 fOj;Jg;gpbg;G 32 Fsph; eLf;fk;
16 tpah;it Fiw 33 epj;jpiu
17 <is 34 gy; fbj;jy;
18 ,isg;G 35 ehgp jbg;G
19 J}f;fk; 36 ,Uky;
20 nta;;apiy tpUk;Gjy; 37 tpah;it mjpfkhFk ;
38 Kfk; tw;wy;
39 epj;jpiuapd;ik
40 tha; jpj;jpf;F
; k;

04.;gpj;j Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

9 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l gpj;j Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;Jf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ(40). ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.4 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 cly; vhpr;ry;
2 gpjw;wy;
3 thapy; ciwg;G Rit
4 %f;F tha; - Ntf;fhsk;
5 Fsph;r;rpapy tpUg;gk;
6 kaf;fk;
7 %h;r;ir
8 jpkph;g;G
9 Nrhk;gy;
10 Ngjp
11 gpj;j the;jp
12 the;jp ,uj;jk;

21
13 rptg;G epwkhd jbg;G 37 tha; jpj;jpg;G
14. %r;R thq;fy; 38 ehf;F Gz;zhFjy;
15. fz; rptg;G 39 Gsp Vg;gk;
16 eLf;fk; 40 Kfk; fUepwk;
17 ,isg;G 41 grpapd;ik
18 Rit ,d;ik 42 cly; tPf;fk;
19 mwpT nfLk; 43 ky fl;L
20 tha; frg;G 44 tha; jpj;jpg;G
21 epj;jpiu 45 ehf;F Gz;zhFjy;
22 vU ePh; kQ;rs; epwkiljy; 46 Gsp Vg;gk;
23 kdf;fyf;fk; 47 Kfk; fUepwk;
24 Xq;fhsk;
25 Fsph;
27 njhz;il Gz;

05.gpj;j thj Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;.

ehd;F Ehy;fspy; $wg;gl;l gpj;jthj Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fs; 18 Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; Ehy;Ma;tpd; tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.5y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
10.jhfk;
1.Ruk; $Ljy; 11.ntapiy tpUk;Gjy;
2. cly; kQ;rs; 12.fz;ntSg;G/ rptg;G
3. tapW nghUky; 13.neQ;nrhpT
4. ke;jk; 14. the;jp
5. fz;Neh 15.gLf;ifapy; Gusy;
6. Fsph; 16. fPy;fspy; NtjidAld; cisT
7. Njftul;rp 17.cly; vhpr;ry;
8. XspFd;wy; 18.eLf;fk;
9. kaf;fk;

06.gpj;j fg Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

8 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l gpj;j fg Ruj;jpd; 29 FwpFzq;fSk;
njhFj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz
3.6 y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 clk;G jpkph;jy;
2 tpah;it

22
3 mow;rp 16 ky ryk; - kQ;rs;
4 ehtwl;rp 17 epjjp;iuapd;ik
5 ,Uky; 18 ngU%r;R
6 fgk; ntspNaWk; 19 tpf;fy;
7 kaf;fk; 20 fhjpiur;ry;
8 Nrhk;gy; 21 cly; tPf;fk;
9 thapy; ifg;Gr;Rit 22 ePh; Ntl;if
10 gpjw;wy; 23 fopj;jy;
11 khh;G typ 24 tha; gpjw;wy;
12 Jiytyp 25 fz; ntspwy;
13 kpF Ruk; 26 cly; vhpr;ry;
14 cly; tw;wy; 27 fz; rptf;Fk;
15 kd jsh;r;rp 28 tha; fWf;Fk;
29 ky rpf;fy;

07.fg Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;;

8 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l fg Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;Jf; 35

Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.7 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
18 jiytyp
1 mNuhrfk; 19 tPf;fk;
2 clk;G jpkph;;jy; 20 Nrhk;gy;
3 RNuhj]; jilg;gly; 21 clk;G ghuk;
4 thapy; ckpo;ePh;Ruj;jy; 22 fz; ntSg;G
5 thapy; ,dpg;G Rit 23 kaph; rpyph;j;jy;
6 khh;gpy; rspfl;ly; 24 kaf;fk;
7 Nky; %r;R thq;fy; 25 tpf;fy;
8 %f;F ePh; xOFjy; 26 jhfk;
9 ,jak; glglg;G 27 mNuhrfk;;
10 the;jp 28 fopr;ry;
11 ,Uky; 29 rPj Ngjp
12 Njhypy; Fsph;r;rp 31 epj;jpiu
30 cly; ntz;zpwk;
13 c];zj;jpy;tpUg;gk; 31 ky
32 ehtwl;rpjpuk;
%j;
14 eikr;ry; 32 jiy ePh; Nfhj;jy;
15 rhPuk; kQ;rs; 33 ehb Jbf;Fk;
16 ke;jhf;fpdp
17 tpah;it

23
08.fg thj (Ia tsp) Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

5E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l fg thj Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

10Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.8 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. kpFe;jRuk;
2. eLf;fk;
3. cly; tpiwg;G
4. Ritapd;ik
5. if fhy; Fspuy;
6. cly; epwk; nfLjy;
7. ngU %r;R
8. Nfhio ff;fy;
9. cly; Nrhu;T
10. ,dpg;G Gspg;gpy; tpUg;gk;

09 fg gpj;j Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

4 E}y;fspy; khj;jpuNk $wg;gl;l fg gpj;j Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk;

njhFj;J 14 Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk;
ml;ltiz 3.9 y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
7. ngU Kr;R
1. kpFe;j Ruk; 8. FUjp ntspNawy;
2. eh nte;Jyu;jy; 9. njhz;il fl;Ljy;
3. ifj;jy; 10. fz; rptj;jy;
4. cztpy; ntWg;G 11. kdk; jsUjy;
5. Nfhio the;jp 12. if fhy; typ
6. ,Uky; 13. fz; gQ;riljy;
14. gpjw;wy;
10 Kg;;gpzp Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

4E}y;fspy; khj;jpuNk $wg;gl;lKg;;gpzp Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk;

njhFj;J 16Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk;
ml;ltiz 3.10 y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. gpjw;wy; 9. khu;G Jbj;jy;

2. the;jp 10. fz; vupjy;
3. gpuik 11.tapW typ
4. ehtwl;rp 12.,Uky;
5. jhfk; 13.thapy; frg;G
6. tpau;it 14.fhy; typ

24
7. Fspu; 15 fz;>cjL fWj;jy;
8. eLf;fy; 16grp

11.ke;j Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

6E}y;fspy; khj;jpuNk $wg;gl;lke;j Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

20 Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.11
y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. tapw;W ke;jk; 11. eLf;fk;

2. njhz;il khu;G typ 12. fopr;ry;
3. Gsp Vg;gk; 13. Nky; Kr;R
4. the;jp 14. vupr;ry;
5. ePu; Ntl;if 15. kaf;fk;
6. ngUKr;R 16. Ju;ehw;w kyk;
7. tapw;W ngUky;; 17. cly; nkypAk;
8. Ruk; 18. ,Uky;
9. ,iog;;G 19. cly; rpy;ypLjy;
10. tpf;fy; 20. ntSj;jy;
12. espu; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

3E}y;fspy; khj;jpuNk $wg;gl;l espu;Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

10Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.12 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

01. Fspu; Ruk;

02. kapu; rpypu;f;Fk;
03. nfhl;lhtp
04. Fspu; eLf;fk;
05. jiy typ
06. fz;zPu; tbjy;
07. gpj;j the;jp
08. kaf;fk;
09. tha; gpjw;wy;
10.Ruk;tpl;Ltpl;L tUjy;

13.ntQ; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; khj;jpuNk $wg;gl;lntQ; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk;

njhFj;J 7Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk;
ml;ltiz 3.13 y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1. %f;F Jisapy; nfhg;gsk; tUjy;

25
2. jiy Neha;
3. fz; rptg;G
4. fz; vupjy;
5. tha; ePUwy;
6. kapu; rpypu;jy;
7. cly; td;ik Fiwjy;

14 Nkdp Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;lNkdp Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 8Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.14 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 Njhy; jbj;jy; 6 eikr;ry;

2 cly; rptj;jy; 7 jiyr;Rw;W
3 cly; vupr;ry; 8 kaf;fk;
4 the;jp
5 fopr;ry;

15.cs;sr; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2E}y;fspy; khj;jpuNkcs;sr; Ruk; $wg;gl;lNghJk; Ruj;jpd;

FwpFzq;fs;; $wg;gltpy;iy.

16.cl; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

3 E}y;fspy; khj;jpuNk $wg;gl;l cl;Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk;

njhFj;J 9Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk;
ml;ltiz 3.15 y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 cl;Gwkhf fhAk;
2 kdj;jsu;T
3 if fhy; Xa;rr; y;
4 czT Ntz;lhik
5 tha; Fkl;ly;
6 cly; nkypjy;
7 tapW vupjy;
8 kaf;fk;
9 kyryk; jPUk;

26
17 ntspr; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy;khj;jpuNk $wg;gl;l ntspr; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk;

njhFj;J 5Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk;
ml;ltiz 3.16 y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;
1 ntspg;Gwkhf fhAk;
2 tha; ifj;jy;
3 Fkl;ly;
4 czT nrupahik
5 ePu; Ntl;if

18 tpl;L tUk; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

3 E}y;fspy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;ltpl;L tUk; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk;

njhFj;J 6Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk;
ml;ltiz 3.17 y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 tpl;L tpl;L Ruk; tUk; 5 if fhy; #k;Gk;

2 cly; fWf;Fk; 6 tapW ngUf;Fk;
3 FUjp ciwAk;
4 cly; nkypAk;

19.tplh Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

3 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;ltplh Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 6Mf
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.18 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 tplhJ rpy ehs; fhAk;

2 fz; rptf;Fk;
3 eh cyUk;
4 ePu; Ntl;if
5 if fhy; Neh
6 cly; td;iknfLk;

20. rhuw; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;l rhuw; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

13Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.19 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

27
 1 ,ur jhJit gw;wp tUk; 7. eh RitawpahJ
2 cly; vupAk; 8. the;jp
3 cly; Neh 9. ngU%r;R
4 ePu; Ntl;if 10. tpf;fy;
5 J}f;fkpd;ik 11. jiytyp
6. cly; td;ik Fiwjy; 12. ,isg;G
13. tpau;it
21.nrq;fiu Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;lnrq;fiu Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

16Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.20 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 ,uj;jjhJit gw;wpa Ruk; 11 [ak; $Ljy;

2 cly; rptf;Fk; 12 jiy Neh
3 kpFjpahd Ruk; 13 %f;FePu; gha;r;ry;
4 ePu; Ntl;if 14 tha; gpjw;wy;
5 tpau;it 15 if fhy; rpy;ypLjy;
6 cly; Neh 16 mbf;fb fopj;jy;
7 Njhy; fd;wpg;Nghjy;
8. eh tOtOj;jy;
9. kQ;rs; epwkhjy;
10 %l;L Neh

22.Cd; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

4 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l Cd;Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 14Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.21 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 khkprjhJit gw;wptUk; Ruk; 8 Njhy;kpDkpDj;jy

2 ngU%r;rwpjy;; 9 nfhl;lhtp
3 cly; Neh> Cjy; 10 tpf;fy;
4 cjL cyu;jy; 11 kyf;fl;L
5 kapu; $r;nrwpjy; 12 tpau;it
6 kdf;fyf;fk; 13 cly; eikr;ry;
7 fz;zPu; tbjy;; 14 %u;ri; r

28
23.nfhOg;G Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l nfhOg;G Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

5Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.22 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 nfhOg;G jhJit gw;wpa Ruk;;

2 cztpy; tpUg;gkpd;ik
3 nrupahik
4 jiy Neh> Gusy;
5 eLf;fk;

24.vd;G Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

5 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l vd;G Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 17Mf
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.23 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1vd;G gw;wp tUk; 11 Fspu;r;rp

2 ePu; Ntl;if 12 mjpf fha;rr; y;
3 cly; ,iof;Fk;; ntOf;Fk; 13 cly; eLf;fk;
4 nrupahik 14 Gj;jp Ngjypf;Fk;
5 mbtapw;wpy; Neh 15 epj;jpiu ,d;ik
6 fopr;ry;; 16 cjL rptf;Fk;
7 euk;G Neh
8 fPy; Neh
9 fz; kQ;rs;
10 jiy mirf;;f Kbahik

25.%is Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

3 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l %is Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

16Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.24 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 %isia gw;wp cz;lhFk; 9 kdfyf;fk;

2 nrupahik 10 jiy eLf;fk;
3 Gsp Vg;gk; 11 cly; ,iof;Fk;; ntOf;Fk;
4 nfhl;lhtp 12 cly; nkypAk;
5 tpf;fy; 13 cly; epwk;; khWk;
6 the;jp 14 e;jpupaq;fspd; nraiy Fiwf;Fk;
7 cg;gprk; 15 eh twl;rp

29
8 fopr;ry;; 16 gy;yPw;wpy; cjpuk; tbAk;

26.tpe;;J Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l tpe;;J Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

13Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.25 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1Rf;fpy jhJ gw;wpa Ruk; 8 tha; ,dpg;gha; ,Uf;Fk;

2 gy; typ 9 grp ,d;ik
3 cly; Neh 10 tpf;fy;
4 jiy eLf;fk; 11 the;jp
5 kdfyf;fk; 12 fopr;ry;;
6 cly; ntSf;Fk; 13 kaf;fk;
7 FUjp td;ik FiwAk;

27.Jd;g Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l Jd;gRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;Jf; 7Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.26 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1 Jd;gj;jpdhy; tUk;
2 kaf;fk;
3 %u;ri; r
4 mwpT fyf;fk;
5 fz; rptf;Fk;
6 the;jp
7 if fhy; eLf;fk;

28.Kiwr; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

6 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l Kiw Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 16

Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.27 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 Fspu;r;rp 9gy Kiwtupd; kz;zPuy; fy;yPuy; ghjpg;G

2 if fhy; tpiwf;Fk; 10 tpau;it
3 fz;vupAk; 11 jhfk;
4 Kiw tpl;L tpl;L tUk;; 12. %l;L tpl;Lg;NghtJ Nghy; typ
5 jiy typ 13. kaf;fk;

30
6 fPy; Neh 14 .cly; Neh
7 neQ;R Neh 15. the;jp
8 nfhl;lhtp 16.,Uky;

29.kaf;f Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l kaf;fRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 6Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.28 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
1 jiy Rw;wy;
2 the;jp
3 kaf;fk;
4 mwpT nfly;
5 typg;G
6 mwptw;W fplj;jy;
30.gpjw;wy; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;lgpjw;wy;Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;Jf;

6Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.29 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 kapu; rpypu;j;jy;
2 fz; rptf;Fk;
3 fPy; Neh
4 gpjw;wy;
5 mwptopj;jy;
6 Xbj;jpupjy;

31.GO Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;lGO Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 4Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.30 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1 tapw;W GOthy; vw;gLk;
2 ngUk;ghYk; Foe;ijfSf;F vw;gLk;
3 typg;G
4 ngU%r;R

31
32. kQ;rs; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

3 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;lkQ;rs; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 6Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.31 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 tplh Ruk;
2 cly; kQ;rs;
3 gpj;j the;jp
4 FUjp td;ik FiwAk;
5 cly; CJk;
6 kyk; %j;jpuk; kQ;rshFk;

33.fhiyr; Ruk;
2 E}y;fspy; kl;LNk $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs; $wg;gltpy;iy.

34.,uhr;; Ruk;
3 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs;$wg;gltpy;iy

35.mjp fhiyr; Ruk;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs;$wg;gltpy;iy

36.eLf;fw; Ruk;
2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs;$wg;gltpy;iy

37.gfw; Ruk;
2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs;$wg;gltpy;iy

38.khiyr; Ruk;
2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs; $wg;gltpy;iy

39.jPtuw; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l jPtuw; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 7Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.32 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 Njhy; vYk;G gw;wp vw;gLk;

2 cly; ntSf;Fk;
3 gpjw;wy;
4 tha; ePUwy;
32
5 cly; Neh
6 kaf;fk;
7 ehb nkypAk;

40. Ntdw; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

4 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l Ntdw; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

13Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.33 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 mdy; Nghy; fhAk;

2 ePu; Ntl;if
3tapW if fhy; vupr;ry;
4 ehtwl;rp
5 gy; fbj;jy;
6 gpjw;wy;
7 gLf;ifapy; Gusy;
8 ngU%r;R
9 cly; Neh
10 mjpf J}f;fk;
11 %Hr;ir
12 mf;fpdp ke;jk;
13 kaf;fk;

41.nfhl;lhtp Ruk;
2E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs; $wg;gltpy;iy

42.tpf;fw; Ruk;
2E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs; $wg;gltpy;iy

43.Vg;gr; Ruk;
2E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs; $wg;gltpy;iy
44.tpau;it Ruk;
2E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs; $wg;gltpy;iy

45.J}q;fhr; Ruk;
2E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs; $wg;gltpy;iy

33
46.,Uky; Ruk;
2E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs; $wg;gltpy;iy

47.fl;b Ruk;
2E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs; $wg;gltpy;iy

48.rPo;nfhs;Sk; Ruk;
2E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs; $wg;gltpy;iy

49.goQ;; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

3E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;lgoQ;; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 3Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.34 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 khwp khwp tUk;

2 xU khj fhyk; tiu ePbf;Fk; 3 Kf;Fw;wk; $Lk;

50.tPPff
; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;
2E}y;fspYk; FwpFzkhf fg thj njhe;jj;jhy; Vw;gLk;
vdf;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

51.fopr;rw; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

5E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;lfopr;rw; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 10

Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.36 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 czT tpUg;gk; ,d;ik

2 mf;fpdp ke;jk;
3 ehtwl;rp
4 if fhy; rptj;jy;
5. fopr;ry;; FUjpAld; ntspNaWk;
6 kdf;fyf;fk;
7 cly; Neh
8 the;jp
9 grp ,d;ik
10 khu;G tapw;wpy; rptg;G epw Gs;spfs;

34
52. the;jp Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

3 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;; the;jp Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 15Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.37 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 the;jp 9. Gspj;j ,uj;jthe;jp

2 tpau;it 10 khh;G typ( vhpT)
3 fopr;ry;; 11 Jh;gyk;
4 cly; Neh 12. if> fhy; Fsph;r;rp
5 tapW ,iuj;jy; 13. epwf;FiwT
6 fhJ Nfshik 14. ,e;jpupa e\;lk;
7 eh tusy; 15.ehYehSf;Fs; ,wg;G
8 czT tpUg;gk; ,d;ik

53. NkhJ Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l the;jp Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 6Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.38 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 if fhy; jsUk;
2 cly; Neh
3 tpau;it
4 Vg;gk;
5 gpuik
6 Fspu; cztpy; tpUg;gk;

54. ehNtW Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;l ehNtW Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

5Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.39 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 jiy Neh
2 the;jp
3 jaf;fk;
4 cly;nkypT
5 tha;gpjw;wy;

35
55. Vtw; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;l Vtw; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

4 Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}hy; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.40
y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 nfhg;gsk;
2 kdr;Nrhu;T
3 kdf;fyf;fk;
4 tha; gpjw;wy;

56. g+j Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

7 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;lg+jRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 21Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.41 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
11 fopr;ry;
1 cly; fWg;G 12 J}f;fKz;lhFk;
2 gpjw;wy; 13 %l;L Neh
3 Mly; ghly; 14 fisg;G
4 kaph; $r;ry; 15 mjpf grp jhfk;
5 vg;nghUspYk; Mirg;gly; 16 tapW fopjy;
6 jiyapb 17 tpop ntSg;G Nrhk;gy;
7 kaf;fk; 18 fhuzkpd;wp rphpj;jy;
8 tpah;j;jy; 19.Ruk;
9 fz;rptj;jy; 20 ngU%r;R
10 tpopj;Jg;ghh;j;jy; 21.jiyeLf;fk;

57.kUe;J Ntfr; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;lkUe;J Ntfr; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

9Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.42 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 kUe;J eQ;rpdhy; Vw;gLk; 8 the;jp

2 FUjp NflilAk; 9 cly; ntSj;jy;
3 tha; Gz;
4 cly; tPf;fk;
5 ,Uky;
6 Jk;ky;

36
 7 fopr;ry;
58.eQ;R Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

7 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;leQ;RRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 12 Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.43 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 G+r;rp fbj;j ,lj;jpy; tPPpf;fk; eikr;ry ;vupr;ry;

2 cly; KOtJk; Kfj;jpy; ePu;Nfhu;j;jy;
3 tpf;fy;
4 Vg;gk;; 10 gpjw;wy;
5 nrupahik 11 ngUKr;R
6 the;jp 12 eLf;fk; jiytyp fopr;ry;
7 kaf;fk;
8 %u;ri ; r
9 grp jhfk; Fspu;

59 rpdr;Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;l rpdr; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

3Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.44 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 jiyapb
2 fz;lgb NgRjy;
3 kaf;fk;

60.gar; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

3 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;l gar; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 11Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.45 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 cly; eLf;fk;
2 tpau;j;jy;
3 tapW vupjy;
4 fz; rptj;jy;
5 jiy Rw;wy;
6 kaf;fk;
7 kapu; rpypu;j;jy;
8 ngUKr;R

37
9 khu;G Jbj;jy;
10 gy; fbj;jy;
11 nrj;jtd; Nghy; fhzy;

61.tUj;jr; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;l tUj;jr; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

2Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.46 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 tha; gpjw;wy;
2 Mly; ghly; mOjy;

62. fhk Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

3 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;l fhkRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 6Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.47 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 gz;Gfis ,oj;jy;
2 cly; fz; vupr;ry;
3 mwpT kaf;fk;
4 eh tuwy;
5 ePu; Ntl;if
6 khu;G Jbj;jy;

63 nja;trpdr; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;l nja;trpdr;Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

5Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.48 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 jiy Nehjy;
2 kaf;fk;
3 the;jp
4 jiy Rw;wy;
5 gpuk;ik

38
64Nru;f;if Ruk;
2E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs; $wg;gltpy;iy

65.fzf;fha;rr
; y; Ruk;
xU E}ypy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs; $wg;gltpy;iy

66.clk;G Neha; Ruk;

xU E}ypy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs; $wg;gltpy;iy

67 Mk Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;;

4 Ehy;fspy; $wg;gl;;l Mk Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 15
Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.49 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 clk;G vupr;ry; 9 kaf;fk;

2 Jhf;fk; tUk; 10 cly; typ
3 cly; ,isg;G 11 rPj Ngjp jhfk;
4 grp ,d;ik 12 cly; Cjp ntspwy;
5 cly; ntg;gk; 13 cly; fWg;G
6 Nfhgk; 14. tha; ifj;jy;
7 ,Uky; 15.ryf;fLg;G
8 cly; fisg;G

68.,uj;j Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

4 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;l nja;trpdr; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

16Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.50
y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 tpau;it 9 rpWePu; fz;fs; kQ;rshjy;

2 jhfk; 10 tapw;Wtyp
3 Ku;ri; r 11 fopr;ry;
4 ehf;F kQ;rshjy; 12 jiyRw;W
5 neQ;rpy; Nfhis 13 fz; js;Sk;
6 kyge;jk; 14 if fhy; Fspu;r;rp
7 epj;jpiu 15.cly; typ
8 cly; eLf;fk; 16 kyk; rptf;Fk;

69md;dgdhjp Ruk;
2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs; $wg;gltpy;iy
39
70.khq;fpr Ruk;
xU Ehypy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs;$wg;gltpy;iy

71.ml;ru khe;j Ruk;

xU Ehypy;$wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs;$wg;gltpy;iy

72.rPjtpr Ruk;
xU Ehypy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs;$wg;gltpy;iy

73.espu; Ruk;
xU Ehypy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs;$wg;gltpy;iy
74.jhg Ruk;
xU Ehypy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs;$wg;gltpy;iy

75.m[Puz Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

7 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;l m[Puz Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J
23Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.51 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
1 J}f;fKz;lhFk; 9 tapw;Wg; nghUky;
2 Njfk; ,isf;Fk; 10 clk;G Fsph;r;rp
3 tpf;fy; 11 fop
4 grpapd;ik 12 nfhl;lhtp
5 cly; typ 13 cly; fWj;jy;
6 Gspj;j Vg;gk; 14 vg;nghUspYk; Mirg;gly;
7 the;jp 15 gpjw;wy;
8 jhfk; 16 kaph; $r;rhpj;jy;
17 jiyapb 20 fz; rptj;jy;
18 kaf;fk; 21 mf;dp ke;jk;
19 tpah;j;jy; 22 ,Uky;
23 Nky; %r;R

76.mj;jp Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;;

4 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;l; mj;jp Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

12Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.52 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ;

1 Njf gyk; FiwAk;

2 if fhy; typ
40
3 epj;jpiu ,d;ik
4 ehtul;rp
5 cly; eLf;fk;
6 Gj;jp Ngjypg;G
7 cjL rptf;Fk;
8 mf;fpdp ke;jk;
9 cly; ntSf;Fk;
10 ,iog;G
11 fopr;ry;
12 jhfk;

77.gpNuj Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;;

guuhrNrfuk;> nrfuhrNrfu E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;lgpNuj Ruj;jpd;

FwpFzq;fshf kyk; fopAk;, cly;eLf;fk;. cisT Fj;J if fhy;
mirtw;W fplf;Fk; mwpT nfLk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ

78.Nrhf Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;;

5E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;lNrhf Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J 6Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.53 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 ehtwl;rp 5 kaf;fk;
2 ky ry fl;L 6. Ruk;
3 ryk; rptg;G
4 Gwq;fhy; tPq;Fk;

79.mgpfhj Ruk;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;l mgpfhj Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

9Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.54 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1.jhfk; 8. Fsph; cztpy; tpUg;gk;
2. ,isg;G 9. Njf epwk; nfLjy;
3. if> fhy; jsh;jy;
4.Ruk;
5. cly;Neh
6.tpah;it
7. gpuk;ik

41
80.Mfpf thj Ruk;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy;; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; Mfpf thj

Ruj;jpd;Fzq;Fwpfs; jiy typ>jhfk; kaf;fk; kyk; %j;jpuk; fl;Lk;
Njfk; ,isf;Fk; vd;git $wg;gl;Ls;sd

81.Rughj Ruk;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy;; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; RughjRuj;jpd;

Fzq;Fwpfs; if fhy; vupr;ry; kyk; %j;jpuk; kQ;rshFk; fhJ
,iur;ry; vd;git $wg;gl;Ls;sd

82.rhJu;jpf Ruk;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy;; vDk; E}ypy;;rhJu;jpf

Ruk;$wg;gl;Ls;s NghJk;Fzq;Fwpfs; $wg;gltpy;iy.

83.thj mj;jP Ruk;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy;;> guuhrNrfuk; vDk; E}y;fspy;thj

mj;jPRuj;jpd; Fzq;Fwpfshf jiy typ>jhfk; kaf;fk; if fhy;
Xr;ry;vd;git $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

84.rq;fpuf m];jp Ruk;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy;; vDk; E}ypy;; rq;fpuf m];jp Ruk;

$wg;gl;Ls;s NghJk ;Fzq;Fwpfs; $wg;gltpy;iy.

85.KOj;j Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

jd;te;jpup itj;jpak; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l KOj;j Ruj;jpd;

FwpFzq;fshf jiy Rw;W> jiy Neh> tha; ifg;G> fz; rptg;G>
gPio rhUk>; %f;F ePu; tbAk; cly; cyw;Wk>; tpau;it KJF
mbtapW Ntu;f;Fk;> kaf;fk;>eh Gz;dhFk; gpjw;wy; vd;gd ,jd;
FwpFzq;fshf $wg;gl;Ls;sd

88.ra Ruk;

nrfuh[Nrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy;; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; ra

Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

42
 tplhky; fhAk;> ,UkYld; njhz;il Gifr;rYk; Vw;gLk;>
iffs;> Kfk;> fz;fs; ,it ntz;ikahFk; my;yJ fUepwkilAk;>
ehf;F kuj;Jg;Ngha; tha; Ju;ehw;wkbf;Fk;.

90. gpj;j gpujhg Ruk;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy;; vDk; E}ypy;;gpj;j gpujhg Ruk;

$wg;gl;Ls;s NghJk; Fzq;Fwpfs; $wg;gltpy;iy.

91. mgpd;ah] ]e;jpghj [;tuk;

Njh\hjpfs; gpuNfhgkile;J> khu;gpYs;s ];Nuhj];]{fis

mile;J mq;F MkNjh\j;ij tpUj;jp nra;J Njh\q;fs;
nfl;bahfpd;wd. NkYk; ,t;thkNjh\k; Gj;jp;];jhdj;jpYk;> ,ju
,e;jpupa khu;f;fq;fspYk; gpuNtrpj;J [;tuj;ij cz;lhf;Fk;. ,J fhJ>
fz; Kjyhd cWg;Gf;fisg; ghjpf;fpd;wd. Nehahspf;F ve;j
Ntiyfisr; nra;tjpYk; gpupak; ,Uf;fhJ. ];gu;r czu;r;rp>
thridfisawpAk; rf;jp Kjyhditfs; ke;jg;gl;LtpLk;. jiyia
,q;fkq;Fk; Gul;Lthd;> rhg;ghl;by; tpUg;gkphJ. $r;rypLthd;>
gLf;ifapYk; epiynfhs;s KbahJ jtpg;ghd;> thu;j;ijfSk;
`PdkhFk;. ,J m]hj;akhFk;.

92.Rf;fpy jhJ fj Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;;

2 E}y;fspy; ,r;Ruk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mfj;jpau; 2000 vDk; E}ypy;

mjpfkhd J}f;fj;Jld; mwpT nfLk;. ,isg;G ,Uf;fhJ vd
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mDNghf itj;jpa gpuk;kufrpak; vDk; E}ypy; fz;fspUs;

fk;ky;> ku;k];jhdq;fspy; Nehjy;> mjpf epj;jpiu> gpuyhgk;> Qhgf
kwjp> <dj;njhdp> ru;thq;f ntsptuYld; tPf;fk;> mrPuzk;> Ngjp>
the;jp> iffhy; Fspu;r;rp Vw;gLk; vd $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

93.rhg Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

; DNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak; vDk; E}ypy;kl;Lk;

m rhgRuk;
$wg;gl;Ls;s NgJk; FwpFzq;fs; vitAk; $wg;gltpy;iy.

43
94.mgprhu Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; mgprhu Ruk;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. FwpFzq;fshf jhfk; nfhg;gsk; kdJ gpjw;wy;
vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

95.mTrjfe;j Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak; vDk; E}ypy;kl;Lk ;mTrjfe;j

Ruk;$wg;gl;Ls;s NghJk; FwpFzq;fs; vitAk; $wg;gltpy;iy.

96.Nfhg Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak; vDk; E}ypy;kl;Lk;Nfhg Ruk;

$wg;gl;Ls;s NgJk; FwpFzq;fs; vitAk; $wg;gltpy;iy.

97.mtprq;f Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak; vDk; E}ypy;kl;Lk; mtprq;f

Ruk;$wg;gl;Ls;s NghJk; FwpFzq;fs; vitAk; $wg;gltpy;iy.

98. rPj Ruk; -

mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; Njfj;jpy;

Fsph;r;rp> eLf;fk;> jpdT> Nrhk;gy;> gpuyhgk;> %h;r;ir> gpuk;ik>
rpNyj;Jk;> thjk; ,uz;Lk; Kjypy; ,ur jhJit mDrhpj;J
eLf;fiyAk; FspiuAk; cz;lhf;fp gpd; Ruj;ij cz;lhf;Fk.;

99.rq;fk Njhr Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l

rq;fk Njhr Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf;; fz;zPu;> fk;ky>; fz; rptf;Fk>;
jiy Neh> Jilapy; Neh> tapW vupr;ry;> fPy;fspy; Neh> jhfk;>
cs;sq; if fhy;; Fspu;r;rp vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

100.fpUkp Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l

fpUkp Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf;; tapw;W typ> khu;G typ>mjprhuk;
vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

44
101.Ruhjp rhu Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l

Ruhjp rhu Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf mjpjhgk;> khu;G Neha>; Ngjp
vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

102.,uj;;jhjp rhu Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk;

$wg;gl;;l,uj;;jhjp Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf;; mjpjhgk;> khu;G Neha>;
Ngjp> ,uj;j fopr;ry>; jhfk;>cly; Neh vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

103.mk;ik Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

mfj;jpah; Fzthflk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; rpd;dk;ik vd;Dk;

ngahpd; fPo; uzk;> ,Uky;>tpf;fy;> fhak; ,it tUk;NghJ Ruk;
cz;lhFk;.

mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak; vDk; E}ypy; $wg;gl;;l

mk;ik Ruj;jpd; fPo;(k#rpfh vd;Dk; mk;ik Ruk;) thj gpj;j
rpNyj;Jkj;jhy; kdpjh;fSf;F cz;lhfpd;wJ. ,jw;F rpfpr;ir nra;tJ
mrhj;jpak;. ,e;j Ruk; cz;lhd %d;W ehs; tiuapYk;; kpfTk;
Kk;kukha; ,Uf;Fk;. jphpNjhr Kiwf;fha;r;ry;fSf;F ehb elg;gJ
Nghy; ,jw;f;Fk; elf;Fk;. NkYk;; ,J kpfTk; cf;fpukha; 8 – 10
ehl;fs; tiuapYk; Njfj;jpw;F cs;spUe;J gpd; nfhg;gsq;fs;
cz;lhfp rPo; fire;J gf;F fl;Lk;. ,J rf;jp nrhUgKilaJ. NkYk;
,J thj gpj;j rpNyj;Jkq;fis ,urhjp rg;j jhJf;fSld;
mDrhpf;fpd;wikahy; 8 my;yJ 9 MtJ ehspy; Ruk; Fiwe;J ,J
Kjypy; mjpFUukha; ,Uf;fpwjpdhy; mjd; El;gj;ij mwpa
itj;jpah;fspw;F mrhj;jpakha; ,Uf;fpwJ. nfhg;gsq;fs; tl;lkha;
fz;fspw;F ,d;gkha;j; Njhd;wpdhy; gpj;jj;jhy; Njhd;wpaJ vd;Wk;
fUq;Fuq;F kaph;fisg;Nghy; vq;Fk; jbj;J tprj;ijg;Nghy; ,Ue;jhy;
rpNyj;Jkj;jhy; cz;lhdJ vd;Wk; Njhrj;Jld; fye;J ehf;ifg;
NghypUe;jhy; thjj;jpdhy; cz;lhdJ vd;Wk; jphpNjhrj;jhy;
cz;lhdhy; mtd; vkidg;Nghy; ghh;g;ghd; vd;Wk;
mwpaNtz;bAs;sJ.mrhj;jpa yl;rzq;fshf nfhg;gsq;fs;
gtsf;Fz;Lfisg;NghYk; tl;lkhAk; ePz;Lk; fWg;ghAk; rptg;ghAk;
ehdhtpj th;zkhAk; Njhd;wp rPf;fpuj;jpy; kiwe;Jk; jhfk;>Ngjp>
NjfeLf;fk;> Rthrfhrq;fs;> gpjw;wy;>tpf;fy;> %u;ri
; r> jhgk;> if fhy;
tPf;fk>; vd;Dk; yl;rzq;fs; ,Ue;jhy; mrhj;jpa Nuhfk; vd;W
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

45
104.rd;dpghjRuj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

6 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;lrd;dpghjRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;J

28Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.55y;
fhl;lg;gl;
Ls;sJ;
cly; Nrhu;T fhJ Nfshik> ,iur;ry;
Gj;jp jLkhw;wk Nky; %r;R
cly;vupT vYk;GUf;fp
fz; rptg;G> fz;zPu; tUk; grpapd;ik
tha; gpjw;wy; jiy if fhy; typ
%u;ri; r ehb Ntfk; $Ljy;
cly; typ> %l;Ltyp Ngjp> kyf;fl;L
,Uky; eh fWf;Fk; nkhw nkhwg;G
tPf;fk; ntF %j;jpuk
kpFe;j Ruk; tapw;W typ ,uj;jf; fopr;ry;
the;jp cly; KOtJk; kQ;rs;
jhfk;; Gfy; J}f;fk;;> J}f;fkpd;ik
Fspu; eLf;fk; ehf;if mirf;f Kbahik
khu;G Jbj;jy; Clk;gpy; rptg;G> fWg;G > jbg;G
khu;G typ Fuw;fk;ky;
Nfhio fl;ly;

46
105.rg;j Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

mfj;jpau; Fzthflk; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;lrg;j Ruj;jpd;

FwpFzq;fshf;; ,uj;jk; nfLk;> cly; gyk; FiwAk>; tplhJ Ruk; fhAk;
vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

106.mjprhu rd;dpghj Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

mfj;jpau; Fzthflk; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; mjprhu rd;dpghj Ruj;jpd;

FwpFzq;fshf eLf;fk;> jiytyp> jhfk>; grpapd;ik> fisg;G> ehTyUk;>
tapw;W nghUky;>Fkl;ly;> the;jp> ,uj;j fopr;ry;> Ku;ri
; r> kaf;fk; vd;gd
$wg;gl;Ls;sd.

107.my;g Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

mfj;jpau; Fzthflk; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l my;g Ruj;jpd;

FwpFzq;fshf;; cztpy; tpUg;gk; ,d;ik> jiy typ> KJF if fhy;
typ> epj;jpiu FiwT> eh cyuy;> kyk; fl;Lk;> %j;jpuk; rptg;ghf khWk>;
Kfk; ntSf;Fk;> tpau;it> ,Uky;>tapw;W nghUky; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

108.Gduh tu;j;jp Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

mfj;jpau; Fzthflk; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;lGduh tu;j;jp Ruj;jpd;

FwpFzq;fshf; jiy typ> the;jp> jhfk;>eh ntSj;jy>;ruPu Ntjid>
kyge;jk;> %j;jpuk; rptg;ghf khWk>; tPf;fk;> fl;b>fz;Neha; %u;ri
; r vd;gd
$wg;gl;Ls;sd.

109.tp];NghlfRuk;

mfj;jpau; Fzthflk; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; tp];NghlfRuk; $wg;gl;;l

NghJk; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fs;; vitAk; $wg;gltpy;iy.

110. tprr; rpNyj;Jkr; Ruk;

mfj;jpau; 2000 vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; iffs;> fhy;fs; Kjyhd ,lq;fspy;

Fspu;r;tp> Mdhy; tapw;wpy; #L> clk;gpy; tpau;it cz;lhFk;. fhq;ifAk;
mjpfupf;Fk;. fgk; njhz;ilia milf;Fk;. gplupapy; ghu czu;r;rp Vw;gLk;.
,it tp\ rpNyj;kr; Ruf;Fwpahf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

47
111. gpj;j jhJ> NkijjhJ fj Ruk;

mfj;jpau; 2000 vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;l gpj;j jhJ> NkijjhJ

fj Rj;jpd; Fwp Fzq;fshf tha; gpjw;wYld;> clk;G Fspu;e;J
nkyptilAk; vd $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

112. k[;i[ fj Ruk;

mfj;jpau; 2000 vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;l k[;i[ fj Ruj;jpd;

FwpFzq;fshf ,Uky;> ngU%r;R> tpf;fy;> mbf;fb kaf;fk;> clk;G
Xa;r;ry;> gpuhzthA> mghdthA ,itfis mjpfupf;fr; nra;J Ruk; fhAk;
vd $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

113. Mfe;Jf Ruk;

3 E}y;fspy; ,r;Ruk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.,tw;wpd; FwpFzq;fs; njhFj;J 18

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
10. jhfk;
1. cly; vupr;ry;> 11. tapw;WisT>
2. tpau;it> 12. tha; fWj;jy;>
3. ehtwl;rp> 13. khuilg;G
4. Fspu; 14. %u;ri; r>
5. clk;gpy; Fj;.Jtyp> 15. jiytyp>
6. Mfhuj;jpy; ,r;ir> 16. eLf;fk;>
7. nfhg;gsq;fs;> 17. gpjw;wy;>
8. kdJjgpj;jy;> 18. epj;jpiuapd;ik
Mfpa Fwpfs; Njhd;Wk; vd $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.ml;ltiz 3.56 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

114. khkf Ruk;

mfj;jpau; 2000 vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; ,r;Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf

clk;gpy; Fspu; cz;lhfp> vupr;ry;> ehtwl;rp> fhy; tapW Kjypa ,lq;fspy;
tPf;fk;> iffhnyupr;ry;> efk;> fz;fs;> Njhy; Kjyhd ,lq;fspy; ,uj;jk;
Fiwe;J ntSj;Jg;Nghjy;> the;jp> fz;> jiy> tapW Kjypa ,lq;fspy;
typ Vw;gLk; vd $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

48
115. Fiyg;G Ruk;

mfj;jpau; 2000 vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;l ,r;Ruj;jpd; Fwpfs;

gpd;tUkhW Rthrk; mjpfupj;J ,Uky;> ehtwl;rp> kaf;fk; Vw;gLk; vd
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

116.Mfpfkhwy; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;;

A+fp itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;lMfpf khwy;

Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf; khwp khwp Ruk; 15 ehl;fSf;F xU jlitahfTk;
my;yJ khjj;jw;F xUjlit Ruk; fhAk.;

117.MfPf Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

A+fpKdp itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp E}ypy; $wg;gl;;l MfPfRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk;

njhFj;Jf; 13 $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1 Fspu;
2 Njfthl;lk;;
3 ,Uky;
4 clk;gpy; vupr;ry;
5 jiytyp
6 fz;typ
7 J}f;fk;
8 kaf;fk;
9 cly; ntSf;Fk;
10 fz; gRik epwk;
11 the;jp
12 ,uj;jk; FiwT
13 gpjw;wy;

118.rh;kjhJ fj Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

A+fp itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l rh;kjhJ

fjRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf; ehb ke;jk>; jiy typ> jhfk;>cly; ntz;ik>
gpjw;wy;> cly; vupr;ry;>kaf;fk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

49
119.thj mj;jp Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2; E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;lthj mj;jpRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;Jf; 8 Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.57 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 vYk;gpy; thjk; $b mbf;fb Ruk; fhAk;

2 vYk;gpy; rpYrpYg;G mbf;fb Ruk; fhahJ
3 nrupahik
4 gyRit nghUl;fspy; tpUg;gk;
5 mwpT kaf;fk;
6 iffhy; Xa;rr; y;
7 Njfk; nkypAk;
8 jhfk;

120.thj khrPj Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;lthj khrPjRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;Jf; 10 Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; Ehy; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.58 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 mjpf jhfk; 6 vOe;Jelf;f Kbahik

2 kyryk; milf;Fk; 7 eLf;fk;
3 Njfk; tpiwf;Fk; 8 tpf;fy;
4 ,isg;G 9 gpfw;wy
5 jiyapb 10 tpau;it

121.thj fd Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;lthj fd Ruj;jpd;FwpFzq;fSk; njhFj;Jf; 6 Mf

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.59 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 kyryk; milf;Fk;
2 eh twl;rp
3 Njf vupr;ry;
4 fopr;ry;
5 jhfk;
6 eh njhz;il Gz;zhFk;

50
122.ehdhis khww; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;l thj ehdhis khww; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fSk;

njhFj;Jf; 7 Mf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; Ehy; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz
3.60 y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1 Fspu; Ruk;
2 cly; typ
3 %l;L typ
4 ,Uky;
5 the;jp
6 kaf;fk;
7 %f;F ePu; tbAk;

123. thj khe;j fzr;Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

; uuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk; vDk; E}ypy;

g kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l thj khe;j
fzr; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf tapw;W nghUky;> Ju;ehw;w kyk>; Njfk;
nkypAk;> the;jp> jhfk;> jhgk;> kaf;fk;>kuzk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

124.thj mjprhu Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

; uuhrNrfuk;
g RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;lthj
mjprhuRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshftapw;W nghUky>; Gsp Vg;gk>; if fhy;
Fspu;r;rp> cly; ntSg;G>mjpf jhfk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd

125thj m[PuzRuj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l thj

mjprhuRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshftapw;W grp FiwAk;> tapW ke;jk;> cjuk;
fhy; tPq;Fk;> Ruk;>kpFk;> mbf;fb tapW Cjy;>jir twSk; vd;gd
$wg;gl;Ls;sd.

126 thj cjpupRuj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;lFwpFzq;fSk; thj cjpup Ruj;jpd; 5njhFj;Jf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.61 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1. cly; tPf;fk;
2. njhz;ilapy; tha;T kpFk;

51
 3. if fhy; nghUj;Jfspy; Neh
4. mwpT kaf;fk;
5. thahy; ,uj;jk; ff;Fk;

127.khq;fpr it#upRuj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;l FwpFzq;fSk; khq;fpr it#upRuj;jpd; 8

MfnjhFj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; Ehy; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.62
y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. ,Uky; 5. tpf;fy;
2. kaf;fk; 6. tpau;it
3. the;jp 7. cly; cisr;ry;
4. clypy;; nfhg;gsk; 8. cly; typ

128.gpj;jtplRuj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l gpj;j tp\

Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf; xUGwk; mjpf ntg;gkha; Ruk; fhAk;> kWGwk; kpff;
FspUld; tpau;itAz;lhFk;. jiyapbf;Fk;. thAkpFe;J nghUkYld;
,iur;ry; fhZk;. ehtwl;rp> epj;jpiuapd;ik vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

129.gpj;j mj;jp Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;lgpj;;jmj;jp

Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf if fhy; Fj;jp Neh> epj;jpiu ,d;ik> cly;
twSk>eh twSk;> if fhy; fz; vupT> mwpT kaq;Fk; vd;gd
$wg;gl;Ls;sd.

130 gpj;j mjprhu Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l gpj;j

mjprhu Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf Nehahspapd; tapw;wpy; ke;jKz;lhfp
cztpy; ntWg;Gw;W gpd;du; ,r;Ruk; Njhd;Wk;. fopr;ry; kpFk;. jhfk;
mjpfupf;Fk;. eh twSk;. ifAk; fhYk; ntr;nrd Fspu;e;jpUf;Fk; vd;gd
$wg;gl;Ls;sd.

131 gpj;j khww; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;l FwpFzq;fSk; 7 MfnjhFj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.63 y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;J

52
 1 ke;jk;
2 gbg;gbahf Ruk; $Lk;
3 ,Uky;
4 tha;T>
5 the;jp>
6 tpf;fy;
7 kaf;fk;

132 gpj;j mrPuz Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l gpj;j

mrPuz Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf re;epghj Ruq;fspy; jtiz fope;jgpd;
tpNrl cgjputk; Fiwe;J rpW typAld; Ruq;fhAk;> jz;zPu; jhfKk; Njf
ntg;Gk; Vw;gLk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

133.gpj;j rd;dpRuj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;lFwpFzq;fSk; 10 Mf; njhFj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.64 y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

134 gpj;j rPj Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;lFwpFzq;fSk; 9 MfnjhFj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.65 y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 kaf;fk;
2 Fspu; Ruk;
3 gak; 7 vupr;ry;
4 jhfk;; 8 %u;ri; r
5 cwf;fk;; 9 jiyfpWfpWg;G
6 rpj;jgpuk;ik

35 gpj;j ,uj;j Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;lFwpFzq;fSk; 9 MfnjhFj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.66 y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;J

1 the;jp 7 khu;gpy; Nfhio fl;Lk;

2 cs;%r;R> 8 cly; typ
3 ,isg;Gz;lhFk; 9 kyk; rptg;ghFk;
4 fz; Kfk; ntSf;Fk;
5 cly; kQ;rs; epwk;
6 rpWePupy; ,uj;jk; ntspg;gLk;

53
136 gpj;j ,uj;j gpujhg Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l gpj;j ,uj;j

gpujhg Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf mf;dp Nghy; Ruk;. eh ntbj;J
Gz;Zz;lhfp ehw;wkpFk;> tapWk; fhYk; rpde;J typf;Fk;. tapW nghUKk;>
miuf;Ff; fPo; cWg;Gfs; FspUk;> fz;fs; FoptpOe;J fupf;Fk;. ehf;F
frf;Fk;. ku;kjhdq;fspy; mjpf mow;rp cz;lhFk;. if fhy; cise;J
Kwpe;J NghtJNghy; Ntjid jUk;. kyk; mjpf rptg;ghf fopAk;. clk;gpw;
nrhwpT. Nkypisg;G> tpf;fy;> jpLf;fply; Vw;gLk;. vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

137.gpj;j tpuzRuj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;lFwpFzq;fSk; 7 MfnjhFj;Jf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.67 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ

1 neQ;rpbf;Fk;. 5 gak;
2 tpyhg;Gwq;fspy; gpbg;G. 6 Ruk; tplhky; fhAk;.
3 mtatq;fspy; Gz;fs; 7 kaf;fk;
4 if fhy; Fj;jpAisAk;.

138. MkrpNyw;gd Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk;

$wg;gl;;lMkrpNyw;gd Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf cwf;fk>; cly;typ> ,Uky;>
grp ,d;ik> ,L;g;G Neh> eLf;fk;; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

139.rpNyw;gd mjprhu Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;lFwpFzq;fSk; 8 MfnjhFj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.68 y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;J

1 ,Uky;
2 Kfkijf;Fk;
3 tapW nghUKk;
4 jhfk;
5 tapW ,iuAk;;
6 tapW fopAk;
7 ;Gwq;fhy; Gwq;if tPq;Fk;.
8 ehtwl;rp

54
140 rpNyw;gd rd;dp Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy;>guuhrNrfuk; vDk; E}y;fspy; rpNyw;gd

rd;dp Ruk; $wg;gl;l NghJk; nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy; vDk; E}ypy;
kl;Lk; Fzq;Fwpfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.mitahtd jiy typ> ,Uky;>Jhf;fk;
,d;ik vd;gdthFk;.

141 rpNyw;gdRuj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; fg Ruk;rpNyw;gd

Ruk; vDk; ,uz;L tiffSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. guuhrNrfuk; vDk; E}ypy;
rpNyw;gd Ruk; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy;
vDk; E}ypy; $wg;gl;l rpNyw;gdRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf kapu; $r;ry;>
%j;jpuk; ntz;ik epwkhf ,wq;Fk;> kaf;fk;> Fspu;> jpj;jpg;G Rit; vd;gd
$wg;gl;Ls;sd.

142.rpNyw;gd fz Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; $wg;gl;;l NghJk; mjd;

FwpFzq;fs; $wg;gltpy;iy.

143 rpNyw;gd rPj Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk;$wg;gl;l rpNyw;gd

rPjRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf ke;jk>; kaf;fk>; Fspu;> Nrhu;T> jhfk;> if fhy;
fLg;G vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

144 .gpj;j Nrhf Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk;$wg;gl;l gpj;j

NrhfRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf cly; tPq;Fk>; ngU%r;R> ,isg;G> tpf;fy;>
gpjw;wy> jhfk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

145 .Mfpf rpNyw;gd Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;;

2 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;lMfpf rpNyw;gd Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fs;njhFj;Jf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.69 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;J

1 cly; typ 6. vupr;ry;

2 jiy GUtq;fspy; typ 7. twl;rp
3 eh cjL tOtOg;G 8 Kfk; tapW tPf;fk;
4 jhfk; 9 cly; ntSg;G

55
 5 %u;ri
; r 10 ,isg;G
11 ,Uky;

146 .tpr rpNyw;gd Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk;$wg;gl;l rpNyw;gd

rpNyw;gd Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf if fhy; Fspu;r;rp> tapw;wpy; RL>
tpau;it> fgk; njhz;il milf;Fk;> gplupapy; ghuczu;r;rp vd;gd
$wg;gl;Ls;sd.

147 .fg gQ;rhfPf Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk;$wg;gl;lfg

gQ;rhfPfRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf cly; Kfk; if fhy; tpij tPq;Fk;>
mrPuzk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

148 .rpNyj;k khfPf Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk;$wg;gl;lrPNyj;k
khfPf Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf tpyhgf;fj;jpy; Njhy;fspy; fhq;if fz;
ehf;F ntSf;Fk;> cl;nfhz;l Mfhuk; rPuzpahJ vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

149 gpj;j gpujhg Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk;$wg;gl;l gpj;j
gpujhgRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf ehtwlr;rp> kaf;fk;> %j;jpuk; fLj;J kQ;rs;
epwkhfp Gyhy; ehw;wj;Jld; ,Uf;Fk;.cly; mdy; Nghy; ,Uf;Fk; vd;gd
$wg;gl;Ls;sd.

150 .rpNyw;gd Nkhfr;Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk;$wg;gl;l gpj;j

gpujhgRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf if fhy;fspy; mbf;fb Fspu;r;rp #L khwp
khwp tUk;> tpau;it> khu;gpy; fgk; fl;Lk; %r;R Kl;Lk;> if fhy; %l;L
Neh ,it rpy;ypLk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

151 Mk rpNyw;gd Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk;$wg;gl;l Mk

rpNyw;gdRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf cwf;fk; mjpfupf;Fk;> cly; typ> ,Uky;>
grp ,d;ik> ,Lg;G Neh eLf;fk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

56
152 fg gQ;thfp Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk;$wg;gl;lfg

gQ;rhfPfRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf cly; Kfk; if fhy; tpij tPq;Fk>;
typ>mrPuzk;> thA mjpfg;gLk; rhg;ghl;il js;Sk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

154 rpNyw;gd ePu; Njhr Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;lrpNyw;gd ePu;

Njhr Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf jhfk; kyryk; fl;b cly; Kfk;
mijf;Fk>; tapw;wpy; thAkpFe;J nghUkp %r;RKl;Lk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

155 fg Nkf (rpNyw;gd gpuNkfk;) Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l fg Nkf

Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf mjpfkhf if fhy; vupe;J tplhky; Ruk; fhAk;.
rpWePu; rPo; Kjypa mOf;Fg; nghUSld; fye;J jbj;J ntsptUk;.
cLf;fbNghy; ,jak; ,iltplhJ Ntfkhf mbf;Fk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd

156 rpNyw;gd ehyh khww; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l rpNyw;gd ehyh

khww; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf FspUld; Ruk; fha;e;J tpau;j;JtpLk;. gpd;
mLj;j 2 jpdq;fs; tuhky; epd;W ehd;fhk; ehs; Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; te;J
Kd;Nghy; fhAk;. the;jp> ,Uky;> ,iug;G. nfz;ilf;fhy;fspYs;s tpir
euk;Gfspw; rPjsk; nghUe;jp FWf thq;fp typf;Fk;. nghUj;Jfs;> gplup
typf;Fk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

157 khq;fpr mjprhu Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;l

; khq;fpr mjprhu
Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf ,isg;G> tpf;fy>; tpau;it> fz;ntSf;Fk;>
mjprhuk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

158 rpNyw;gd njhe;j mjprhu Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l rpNyw;gd

njhe;j mjprhu Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf FspUld; Ruk; fha;e;J
tpau;j;JtpLk;> njhz;ilapy; Nrw;gk; fl;b ,UkYz;lhfp mrWld; rspiaf;
ff;fp> ,isg;G Njhd;wp> tapW fope;J> miuf;Ff; fPOs;s mtatq;fs;
Fspu;e;J> khu;G Kjypatplq;fspy; mjpf RuKz;lhFk;. cs;SWg;Gfspy;
mtpay;> mow;rp> kaf;fnkhL kpF jhfk; Vw;gLk;.,ilapilNa

57
neQ;rilf;Fk;. ,t;Ntjid nrUkpdhw; rpwpJ RfKz;lhFk; vd;gd
$wg;gl;Ls;sd.

159 ePUjpupr; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l ePUjpupr; Ruj;jpd;

FwpFzq;fshf FspUld; Ruk; fha;e;J tpau;j;JtpLk;> ntg;gkhf Ruk; fhAk;>
clk;Gow;Wk;> tpf;fy;> rj;jp> ,isg;G ,UkYz;lhFk;.mtatq;fspy; cs;s
Njhypy; ePu;Nfhu;j;J tPf;fKz;lhfp ntbj;J ePu; tbAk;. tapwpiuAk;. ehf;F
ew;Ritaw;Wf; fUepwkilAk;. clk;G nkypAk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

160 rpNyw;gd gpujhg Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l rpNyw;gd

gpujhg Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf FspUld; Ruk; fha;e;J tpau;j;JtpLk;>
clk;gpw; RuNtfkjpfupj;J ehsiltpNy vd;gpDs;spUf;Fk; kr;iriag;gw;wp
mijAUfr;nra;J ryg;igf;F te;J ryj;Jld; fUepwkha; ntspg;gLk;.
nghUj;Jfspy; NehTk; tPf;fKk; cz;lhFk;. mt;tPf;fj;jpy; tpuy; Edpahy;
mku;j;jp ghu;j;jhy; gs;sKz;lhfp mg;gs;sk;; neLNeuk; kiwahky; ,Uf;Fk;.
,ilapilNa ryj;NjhL ,uj;jk; ntspg;gLk;. mjprhuk;> ,isg;G> ,Uky;
Njhd;Wk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

161 rpNyw;gd Nrhf Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l rpNyw;gd Nrhf

Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf FspUld; Ruk; fha;e;J tpau;j;JtpLk;>,Uky;>
clk;gpYs;s nghUj;Jfspy; cisT> mjpf jhfk;> fis> Nfhio
Az;lhFk;. kaf;fk;> mjpjhfk;>mwptw;Wg; NgRjy;> ehf;F fWj;J muk;Nghy;
Ks;Sz;lhjy;> if fhy; jbj;J tPq;Fk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

162.rpNyw;gd njhe;j rpNyw;gd Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l

rpNyw;gdnjhe;j rpNyw;gdRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf kaf;fk>; mjpjhfk;>
mwptw;W Ngry>; if fhy; fdg;Gld; jbj;J tPq;fy; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

163 rpNyw;gd rd;dp ghj Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l rpNyw;gd

rd;dp ghj Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf FspUld; Ruk; fha;e;J tpau;j;JtpLk;>
Njfj;jpd; gplup> jiy Kjypa cWg;Gfs; NjhWk; Gz;Nghy; NehFk;.
mwpTnfl;L gpjw;wp NgRk;. ,isg;Gld; mjpf jhfk;> thapy; tplQ;nrwpe;j

58
jd;ikNghy; frg;GRit fz;L eh tuz;L fWf;Fk;. fopr;ry;> coiy> eh>
%f;F ntbj;J Gz;zhFk;. rj;jpAld; fOj;J new;wp Ntu;it fhZk; vd;gd
$wg;gl;Ls;sd.

164 Njhiyg;gw;wpa Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;; - rpNyw;gd gpj;jj;jpy; tUtJ

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk ;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l; Njhiyg;gw;wpa

Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf FspUld; Ruk; fha;e;J tpau;j;JtpLk;> fhypYk;
tapw;wpYk; vu;pT. fz;Zk; jiyAk; NehFk;. ghy; gok; Nghd;w
kJuRitAs;s nghUs;fs; frg;Gr;RitAz;lhf;Fk;. mjpfkhf eh tuSk;.
clk;gpy; tpau;itapd;wp Ruk; fhAk;. vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

165 jiyiag;gw;wpa Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;- thjj;jpy; tUtJ

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l

jiyiag;gw;wpa Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf FspUld; Ruk; fha;e;J
tpau;j;JtpLk;> Ruk;> Njf eLf;fk;> nghUj;JfspYk; tapw;wpYk; NehT>
fLg;G> nghUky;> gpjw;wpg;NgRjy;> vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

166 .jirapy; tpl Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l jirapy; tpl

Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf Nrhu;T> ,Uky;> tpau;it> rpWePu; FiwT> Kfk;
fWj;jy>; Njf twl;rp> cisT> Neh> the;jp> tpf;fy;vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

167.rPj thj Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk ;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l rPj thj

Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf cly; eLq;Fk;> cly; Fspu;e;J tpiwf;Fk>;
Nrhk;gy>; tpf;fy>; kyf;fl;L> gpjw;wy;> jiyapb>tpau;it vd;gd
$wg;gl;Ls;sd.

168 .thjj;;jpw; rd;dp ghj Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l thjj;;jpw;

rd;dp ghjFwpFzq;fshf jiyapb> ,Uky>; ,ja Jbg;G mjpfupg;G> eh
twSk>; eLf;fk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

59
169 gpj;juj;j gpuNkf Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l

gpj;juj;j gpuNkf Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf FspUld; Ruk; fha;e;J
tpau;j;JtpLk;> cs;sq;if cs;sq;fhy; vupAk;. mbf;fb kpFe;J Fiwe;J
Ruq;fhAk;. njhz;il fdj;Jg; Gife;J Gz;Nghy; nehe;J ,UKk;. rpWePupy;
,uj;jk; fye;J fLg;Gld; ntsptUk;. fhjilj;J ,iur;ry; Vw;gLk;.
clk;gpy; xUtif Ju;ehw;wk; tPRk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

170 rpNyw;gd mj;jp Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

3 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;;lrpNyw;gd mj;jpRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fs;njhFj;Jf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; E}y; Ma;T tpguk; ml;ltiz 3.70 y;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
1 fz; rptg;G 10 fz; vupr;ry;
2 Gj;jp Ngjypg;G 11 tPf;fk; ntSg;G
3 neQ;R Neh 12 ,Uky;
4 rpW ePu; rptg;G 13 ,isg;G
5 kaf;fk; 14 tpau;it
6 epj;jpiu ,d;ik 15 nghUky;
7 fopr;ry; 16 jhfk;
8 cly; tw;wy; 17 jhgk;
9 cly; Fspu;r;rp; twl;rp
171 .khq;fpr gprjhgRuj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l khq;fpr

gprjhgRuj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf cly; mow;rp> %j;jpu Jthuj;jpy; rPo;
,uj;jk; tUjy; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

172 tpuzthj Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

3 E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;l NghJk; guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;> mfj;jpah;

2000vDk; E}y;fspy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l tpuzthj Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf
mjpf Ruk; Ntjid> jiytyp> rpuk; gplup typ> euk;Gfis ,rpe;J
typf;Fk;vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

173 gpj;j jhf Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;lgpj;j

jhfRuj;jpd;mjpf Ntfj;Jld; Ruq;fhAk;. ehtpw; Jtu;g;Gz;lhfp

60
twl;rpAz;lhfp mbf;fb fbf;Fk;. mwpT kaf;fk;> kyryk; ntg;gkilAk;
vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd

174 gpj;j tp\ rpNyw;gd mj;jp Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l gpj;j tp\

rpNyw;gd mj;jp Ruj;jpd;FwpFzq;fshf,utpy; eLrhkj;jpy; Nehahsp
ehtuz;L jhfKz;lhfp jz;zPu; Fbg;ghd;. clypy; mow;rp Vw;gLk;. mjpf
Ruk;> %r;R Kl;Lr; rspAld; ku;kj;jhdj;jpy; NehT kpFjpahfpa
cgj;jputq;fis nra;J gpd;du; m];jpj;jhJtpy; mlq;Fk; vd;gd
$wg;gl;Ls;sd

175 gpj;j ra Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l gpj;j ra rpNyw;gd Ruj;jpd;

FwpFzq;fshf FspUld; Ruk; fha;e;J tpau;j;JtpLk;> Ruj;NjhL ,Uky;
Njhd;Wk;. njhz;il Gifj;J fl;Lk;. if Kfk; fz; ntspwp fUikAk;
Nru;e;jpUf;Fk;. ehf;F muk; Nghy; nrhUnrhUg;ghf ntspwp fhZk;. mjpy;
mrW Vw;gl;L ehw;wk; ntspg;gLk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd;.

176 ,uj;jgpj;j cjpupr; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l rpNyw;gd

,uj;jgpj;j cjpupr;; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf FspUld; Ruk; fha;e;J
tpau;j;JtpLk;. ,Uky;> ,uj;jkhf the;jpnaLj;jy;>kaf;fk;> Njf tPf;fk;>
tapw;Wg;nghUky;> kyryk; fl;Lg;gly;. kyry thapyhfTk; ,uj;jgpj;jk;
tuyhk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.;

177 fughj gpj;j Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l fughj gpj;j

Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf FspUld; Ruk; fha;e;J tpau;j;JtpLk;> if fhy;
vupTld; Gz;zhfp mrW gw;wp Ju;ehw;wk; tPRk;. mf;dp Nghy Ruk; fhAk;>
the;jp cs;%r;R. kyryk; kQ;rs; epwk;. fhjpy; ,iur;ry; Vw;gLk; vd;gd
$wg;gl;Ls;sd

178 gpj;j gpuNkf Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l gpj;j gpuNkf

Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf FspUld; Ruk; fha;e;J tpau;j;JtpLk;> Ruj;NjhL
jhfk;> kaf;fk;> Nrhu;T> ehtwl;rp. rpWePu; fLj;J Ju;ehw;wKs;s kQ;rs;

61
rPOld; ntspg;gLk;. tha;T mjpfupj;J czT FiwAk;> ve;NeuKk; Njfj;jpy;
mf;dp Nghy; fhe;Jk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd

179 gpj;j ,uj;j mjprhu Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk; vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l gpj;j ,uj;j

mjprhu Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf FspUld; Ruk; fha;e;J tpau;j;JtpLk;>
Ruj;Jld; tapW nghUkp ,iur;ry; mjpfupj;J ,uj;j fopr;ry; Vw;gLk;>
NjfQ; NrhUk;> kaf;fkpFk;. nghUj;Jfspy; Gz;Nghy; NehFk; vd;gd
$wg;gl;Ls;sd

180 gpj;j Nkf Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l gpj;j Nkf

Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf FspUld; Ruk; fha;e;J tpau;j;JtpLk;> mjpf jhfk;>
gpuik. mf;dpNghy; Ruk; fhAk;. clk;gpy; Nrhu;T. kyryk; milf;Fk;. Nrhfk;
ntspg;gLk;. fis> %r;R> ,isg;G> Jug;G Njhd;Wk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd

181 rpNyw;g ra Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l rpNyw;gd ra

Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf FspUld; Ruk; fha;e;J tpau;j;JtpLk;>,Uky;> $jy;>
,isg;G> tpf;fy;> nrUky;> Kff;fdg;G> jiyapb> mf;dpNghy; Ruk; fhAk;
vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd

182 rpNyw;gd khq;fp\ cjpupr; Ruj;jpd; Fzk; Fwpfs;

guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;vDk; E}ypy; kl;Lk; $wg;gl;;l rpNyw;gd

khq;fp\ cjpupr; Ruj;jpd; FwpFzq;fshf FspUld; Ruk; fha;e;J
tpau;j;JtpLk;. clk;gpYs;s nghUj;Jfspw; Gz;izg;Nghy; nehe;J cise;J
kpfTk; Jd;gKz;lhFk;. kaf;fk;> the;jp> mwpT nfly;> tpf;fy;> tpau;it
Vw;gLk; vd;gd $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

62
Rutiffis Nehf;Fk; NghJ Ruk; gpd;tUtdtw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tifg;ghL tiffspd;
vz;zpf;if
Njhrq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L(Njh) 11

jhJf;fisg;gw;wpa Ruk;(jh) 17
Njhrk;>jhJ>FwpFzk; vd;gd fye;j tif(m) 64

Ruk; Vw;gLtjw;f;fhd fhuzq;fis 12

itj;J(fh)
FwpFzq;fis kl;Lk; itj;J(F) 26
nja;t Fw;wk;> Vty; 3
Ruj;jpd; Nghf;if itj;J(M) 13

czh;r;rp trg;gLk; epiyfis itj;J 8

tifg;gLj;j KbahjJ 28

63
 9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

12
11
10
vz;

fUtp
ml;ltiz 01

ke;jk;

;ftiy
kyf;fl;;L
Kf;Fw;wk;

czTfs;

tplf; fhw;W
$l;lf;$ba

kpF ntg;gk;

J}f;fkpd;ik
kpF ciog;G

kpFe;j fhw;W
fhuzhjpfspd;
gdpapy; ;jpupjy;

kpFe;j Gzu;r;rp
kpFe;j Fspu;r;rp
fhuzq;fs;

ruNge;jpuu;
itj;jpa jpul;L
itj;jpa
rhu rq;fpufk;
mfj;jpau;
Fzthflk;
A+fp
itj;jpa
rpe;jhkzp

64
√

mf];jpau; 2000
jd;te;jpup
itj;jpak;
mDNghf
√
√

itj;jpa
gpuk;k ufrpak;
√
√
√

nrfuhr Nrfuk;
√
√
√
√
√

Neha; ehly;
√
√
√
√
√
√
√

Neha;
Kjyehly;
mfj;jpau; 4000
√
√

rpj;j
kUj;Jtk; nghJ
√

mfj;jpau;
itj;jpa
fhtpak; 1500
√

Guuhr Nrfuk;
√
√

Ru Nuhf epjhdk;
13 Njfj;jpy; √
tplg;Gof;fs;
cl;nrd;W
Jisj;jy;
14 √
mjpfkhf ePuhLjy; √
15 mjpfkhf √
vz;iz ePuhLjy;
16 Ju;ehw;wKs;s √
tpau;it
17 √
nrupahik
18 √
gak;
19 NjhlKz;lh; f;f √
$ba vz;iz
ePuhbagpd; ngz;
Gzu;r;rp
20 √
mbgly;
21 tplq;fye;j √
czT √
22 √
kpFe;j eil
23 fLk; ntapypy; √
jpupjy; √ √
24 kioapy; √
eidjy;
65
25 √
Kf;Fw;w NfL
26 √ √
grpia mlf;fy;
27 fLikahd √ √
Xl;lk;
28 ehLfspd; √ √
Ntw;Wik
29 nfl;l vz;zk; √ √
nfhs;su;
30 cs;sk; √
khWghliljy; √
31 √
fjwpf; $ty; √
32 Mfhu NfhshW √ √
33 vz;iz
Nja;j;J ];ehdk;
nra;jgpd;
vz;iz
Nghfhik √
34 √ √
Nfhgk; √
35 jiyapy; Rik √ √
Rkj;jy;
36 Gifapiy √
NghLjy;
37 mjpf ePu; √
mUe;Jjy;

66
38 √
gfy; epj;jpiu
39 √
,utpy; [hfuzk;
40 ky %j;;jpuk; √
mlf;fy;
41 √
ehl;gll Iak;
42 gLf;if √
NtWgly;
43 jhd; nra;j
gotpid #o;jy; √
44 kpFe;j eil> √
miyr;ry;
45 ,iy rUF √
Cwpa ePu;
mUe;Jjy;
46 mbjbahy; √
cly; Nehjy;;
47 √
grp fplg;gJ

67
ml;ltiz 02. Ruj;jpd; tiffs;

,y. Ruk;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 thj(tsp) Ruk; √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
2 thj gpj;j (tsp moy);; √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Ruk;
3 thjfg(tsp Ia) Ruk; √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
4 gpj;j(moy); Ruk; √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
5 gpj;j thj(moy; tsp;) √ √ √ √
Ruk;
6 gpj;j fg (moy; Ia) √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Ruk;
7 fg (Ia) Ruk; √ √ √ √ √ v √ √
8 fg thj (Ia tsp) √ √ √ √ √
Ruk;
9 fg gpj;j (Ia moy;) √ √ √ √
Ruk;
10 Kg;;gpzp Ruk; √ v √ √
11 ke;j Ruk; √ √ v √ √ √
12 espu; Ruk; √ √ √
13 ntQ; Ruk; √ √

68
14 Nkdp Ruk; √ √
15 cs;sr; Ruk; √ √
16 cl; Ruk; √ √ √
17 ntspr; Ruk; √ √
18 tpl;L tUk; Ruk;; √ √ √
19 tplh Ruk; √ √ √
20 rhuw Ruk;; √ √
21 nrq;fiu Ruk; √ √
22 Cd; Ruk; √ √ √ √
23 nfhOg;G Ruk; √ √
24 vd;G Ruk; √ √ √ √ √
25 Kis Ruk; √ √ √
26 tpe;;J Ruk; √ √
27 Jd;g Ruk; √ √
28 Kiwr; Ruk; √ √ √ √ √ √
29 kaf;f Ruk; √ √
30 gpjw;wy; Ruk; √ √
31 GO Ruk; √ √
32 kQ;rw; Ruk; √ √ √

69
33 fhiyr; Ruk; √ √
34 ,uhr;; Ruk; √ √ √
35 mjp fhiy Ruk; √ √
36 eLf;fw; Ruk; √ √
37 gfw; Ruk; √ √
38 khiy Ruk; √ √
39 jPtuw; Ruk; √ √
40 Ntdw; Ruk; √ √ √ √
41 nfhl;lhtp Ruk; √ √
42 tpf;fw; Ruk; √ √
43 Vg;gr; Ruk; √ √
44 tpau;it Ruk; √ √
45 J}q;fhr; Ruk; √ √
46 ,Uky; Ruk; √ √
47 fl;b Ruk; √ √
48 rPo;nfhs;Sk; Ruk; √ √
49 goQ;; Ruk; √ √ √
50 tPPff
; Ruk; √ √
51 fopr;rw; Ruk; √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

70
52 the;jp Ruk; √ √ √
53 NkhJ Ruk; √ √
54 ehNtW Ruk; √ √
55 Vtw; Ruk; √ √
56 g+j Ruk; √ √ √ √ √ √ √
57 kUe;J Ntfr; Ruk;; √ √
58 eQ;R Ruk; √ √ √ √ √ √ √
59 rpdr; Ruk; √ √
60 gar; Ruk; √ √ √
61 tUj;jr; Ruk; √ √
62 fhk Ruk; √ √ √
63 nja;trpdr; Ruk; √ √
64 Nru;f;if Ruk; √ √
65 fzf;fha;rr
; y; Ruk; √
66 clk;G Neha; Ruk;; √
67 Mk Ruk; √ √ √ √
68 ,uj;j Ruk; √ √ √ √
69 md;dgdhjp Ruk; √ √
70 khq;fpr Ruk; √

71
71 ml;ru khe;j Ruk; √
72 rPjtpr Ruk; √
73 espu; Ruk; √
74 jhg Ruk; √
75 m[Puz Ruk; √ √ √ √ √ √
76 mj;jp Ruk; √ √ √ √
77 gpNuj Ruk; √ √
78 Nrhf Ruk; √ √ √ √ √
79 mgpfhj Ruk; √ √
80 Mfpf thj Ruk; √
81 Rughj Ruk; √
82 rhJu;jpf Ruk; √
83 thjtj;jP Ruk; √ √
84 rq;fpuf m];jp Ruk; √
85 KOj;j Ruk; √
88 ra Ruk; √
90 gpj;j gpujhgRuk; √
91 Mgd;ahr rd;dpghjRuk; 
92 Rf;fpy jhJ fj Ruk; √ √

72
93 rhg Ruk; √
94 mgprhu Ruk; √
95 mTrjfe;j Ruk; √
96 Nfhg Ruk; √
97 mtprq;f Ruk; √
98 rPPj Ruk; √
99 rq;fk Njhr Ruk; √
100 fpUkp Ruk; √
101 Ruhjp rhu Ruk; √
102 ,uj;;jhjp rhu Ruk; √
103 mk;ik Ruk; √ √
104 rd;dpghj Ruk; √ √ √ √ √ √
105 rg;j Ruk; √
106 mjprhu rd;dpghj Ruk; √
107 my;g Ruk; √
108 Gduh tu;j;jp Ruk; √
109 tp];NghlfRuk; √
110 tprr;rpNyj;kr; Ruk; √
111 gpj;j jhJ.Nkij jhJ fj Ruk; √

73
112 kr;ir fj Ruk; √
113 Mfhe;Jt Ruk; √ √ √
114 khkf Ruk; √
115 Fiog;G Ruk; √
116 Mjpfkhwy; Ruk √
117 MfPf Ruk; √
118 rh;kjhJ fj Ruk; √
119 thj mj;jp Ruk; √ √
120 thjkhrPj Ruk; √ √
121 thj fd Ruk; √ √
122 ehdhis khww; Ruk; √ √
123 thj khe;j fz Ruk; √
124 thj mjprhu Ruk; √
125 thj mrPuz Ruk; √
126 thj cjpur; Ruk; √ √
127 khq;fpr itR+upr;; Ruk; √ √
128 gpj;;jtpl Ruk; √
129 gpj;j mj;jp Ruk; √
130 gpj;j mjprhu Ruk; √

74
131 gpj;j khww; Ruk; √ √
132 gpj;j mrPuz Ruk; √
133 gpj;j rd;dp Ruk; √ √
134 gpj;j rPj Ruk; √ √
135 gpj;j ,uj;j Ruk; √ √
136 gpj;j ,uj;jg; gpujhg Ruk; √
137 gpj;j tpuz Ruk; √ √
138 Mk rpNyw;gd Ruk;; √
139 rpNyw;gd mjprhu Ruk;; √ √
140 rpNyw;gd rd;dp Ruk;; √ √
141 rpNyw;gd Ruk;; √ √
142 rpNyw;gd fz Ruk;; √
143 rpNyw;gd rPj Ruk;; √
144 gpj;j Nrhf Ruk; √
145 Mfpf rpNyw;gd Ruk; √ √
146 tpr rpNyw;gd Ruk; √
147 fg gQ;rhfPf Ruk; √
148 rPNyj;k khfPf Ruk; √
149 gpj;j gpujhg Ruk; √

75
150 rpNyw;gd Nkhf Ruk; √
151 Mk rpNyw;gd Ruk; √
152 fg gQ;rthfp Ruk; √
153 rpNyw;gd Nrhf Ruk; √
154 rpNyw;gd ePu; Njhr Ruk;; √
155 rpNyw;gd gpuNkf Ruk;; √
156 rpNyw;gd ehyh khww; Ruk;; √
157 khq;fpr mjprhu Ruk; √
158 rpNyw;gd njhe;j mj;prhu Ruk;; √
159 ePUjpup Ruk;; √
160 rpNyw;gd gpujhg Ruk; √
161 rpNyw;gd Nrhf Ruk; √
162 rpNyw;gd njhe;j Ruk;; √
163 rpNyw;gd rd;dp ghj Ruk;; √
164 Njhiy gw;wpa Ruk;; √
165 jiyia gw;wpa Ruk;; √
166 jirapy; tpl Ruk; √
167 rPj thj Ruk; √
168 thjj;;jpw; rd;dp ghj Ruk; √ √

76
169 gpj;j ,uj;j gpuNkf Ruk; √
170 rpNyw;gd mj;jp Ruk; √ √ √
171 khq;;fprgpujhg Ruk; √ √
172 tpuz thj Ruk; √ √ √
173 gpj;j jhf Ruk; √
174 gpj;j tpr rpNyw;gd mj;jp Ruk; √
175 gpj;j ra Ruk; √
176 ,uj;j gpj;j cj;pu; Ruk; √
177 fu ghj gpj;j Ruk; √
178 g;pj;j gpuNkf Ruk; √
179 gpj;j ,uj;j mj;rhu Ruk; √
180 gp;j;j Nkf Ruk; √
181 rpNyw;gd ra Ruk; √
182 rpNyw;gd khq;fpr cjpu; Ruk; √

77
thj Ruk; 3.1
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
Neh
jd;

rpk
ru

a;
1 cly; eLf;fk;     
2 Ruk; $b Fiwe;J 
fhzg;;gLk;
3 twl;rp - fOj;J cjL  
4 epj;jpiuapd;ik    
5 Jk;ky; 
6 mtatq;fspy; 
ieg;gpd;ik
7 jiy ,jaq;fspy; typ     
8 mNuhrfk;   
9 kyr;rpf;fy;      
10 nfhl;lhtp       
11 cly; fUik   
12 Njfjj;jpy; ntg;gk;    
13 jhfk;    
14 Fspu;    
15 jiytyp  
16 ke;jk;  
17 cly; ntSj;jy;    
18 rpdk;  
19 neQ;R Neh 

78
20 tpf;fy; 
21 the;jp   
22 if> fhy; nghUj;jpy; Neh    
23 Kfk; kpDkpDf;Fk;   
24 fz; ePy epwkhFk; 
25 cly; typ   
26 gw;$r;rk;  
27 grpapd;ik 
28 ,Uky; 
29 tapw;W nghUky;  
30 eLf;fk;  
31 tha;eP&Wk; 
32 gak; 
33 cly; vhpr;ry;  
34 eikr;ry; 
35 %h;r;ir 

ml;ltid 03
ml;ltizapy; E}y;fspd; KOg;ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gl Kbahjjhy; gpd;tUk; RUf;fq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ruNge;jpu itj;jpa Kiwfs; - (ru) Mj;kul;rhkph;jk;nkd;Dk; itj;jpa rhurq;fpufk; - (Mj;);
mfj;jpau; Fzthflk; - (mF) A+fp itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp - (A+fp)
mf];jpau; ,uz;lhapuk;- (m,) “jd;te;jpup itj;jpak; (Kjy; ghfk)-;(jd;)
mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak (mgpu) . nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy-; (nrf) .
Neha;ehly; Neha;Kjy; ehly; jpul;L(Neha;) mf];jpau; ehd;fhapuk;- (meh)
rpj;j kUj;Jtk;- nghJ- (rpk) mf];jpau; itj;jpafhtpak;- (it)
“guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;- (guuh)

79
thjgpj;j Ruk; 3.2
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
Neh
jd;

rpk
ru

a;
1 jiytyp  
2 kaf;;fk;     
3 the;jp  
4 jhfk;   
5 fOj;J tha; ,lj;jpy;  
tul;rp
6 Nrhk;gy;       
7 %l;Lfspy; typ     
8 epj;jpiu gq;fk;   
9 ehtwl;rp   
10 kaph; $r;ry;   
11 nfhl;lhtp  
12 Ntfkhd Ngr;R  
13 tha; gpjw;wy;   
14 kaf;fj;jpy; epw  
Ntw;Wik
15 thapy; ifg;G 
16 Rit Fiwjy;  
17 cly; jsh;jy;  
18 ngU%r;R  
19 fhjilj;J ,iuAk;  
20 kQ;rs; eh> fz;   
80
21 tha;T kpFk; 
22 Ruk;   
23 Njfk; FspUk; 
24 cly; gyk; FiwAk; 
25 Jk;ky; 
26 cly; typ eLf;fk; 
27 tapW fopjy; 
28 tpah;it 
29 fz; J}q;Fk;   
30 cly; vhpr;ry;  
31 fUik epw eh 
32 Njhy;gl;il $Dk; 
33 gpuk;ik 
34 njhz;il fufug;G 
35 czT tpUg;gkpd;ik 
36 jiyghuk; 
ml;ltid 03
ml;ltizapy; E}y;fspd; KOg;ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gl Kbahjjhy; gpd;tUk; RUf;fq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ruNge;jpu itj;jpa Kiwfs; - (ru) Mj;kul;rhkph;jk;nkd;Dk; itj;jpa rhurq;fpufk; - (Mj;);
mfj;jpau; Fzthflk; - (mF) A+fp itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp - (A+fp)
mf];jpau; ,uz;lhapuk;- (m,) “jd;te;jpup itj;jpak; (Kjy; ghfk)-;(jd;)
mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak (mgpu) . nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy-; (nrf) .
Neha;ehly; Neha;Kjy; ehly; jpul;L(Neha;) mf];jpau; ehd;fhapuk;- (meh)
rpj;j kUj;Jtk;- nghJ- (rpk) mf];jpau; itj;jpafhtpak;- (it)
“guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;- (guuh)

81
thjfg Ruk; 3.3
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 rPuw;w cr;zk; - Fiwjy;  
$Ljy;
2 mnuhrfk;   
3 %l;L typ jiy typ     
4 %f;F xOFjy;      
5 ngU%r;R     
6 ,Uky;       
7 kyke;jk;      
8 jpkph;j;jy; 
9 gpjw;wy; tha;     
10 ghh;it FiwT   
11 ehf;fpy; ntOg;G  
12 kaf;fk;   
13 Nrhk;gy;     
14 tPf;fk;   
15 fOj;Jg;gpbg;G 
16 tpah;it Fiw  
17 <is  
18 ,isg;G   

82
19 J}f;fk; 
20 nta;;apiy tpUk;Gjy; 
21 kyKk; ePUk; ntSj;jy;  
22 fz;ntSj;jy;  
23 tplh Ruk;  
24 the;jp   
25 njhz;il Neh  
26 cly; Neh 
27 tpf;fy;  
28 kaph; $r;ry; 
29 ehtul;rp  
30 tha; ePUwy; 
31 fhjilg;G  
32 Fsph; eLf;fk;     
33 epj;jpiu 
34 gy; fbj;jy; 
35 ehgp jbg;G 
36 ,Uky; 
37 tpah;it mjpfkhFk;  
38 Kfk; tw;wy;  
39 epj;jpiuapd;ik  
40 tha; jpj;jpf;F
; k;  

83
gpj;j Ruk; 3.4
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 cly; vhpr;ry;    
2 gpjw;wy;       
3 thapy; ciwg;G Rit  
4 %f;F tha; - Ntf;fhsk; 
5 Fsph;r;rpapy tpUg;gk; 
6 kaf;fk;    
7 %h;r;ir    
8 jpkph;g;G  
9 Nrhk;gy;    
10 Ngjp    
11 gpj;j the;jp 
12 the;jp ,uj;jk;    
13 rptg;G epwkhd jbg;G  
14 Njhy; / kQ;rs;/ gr;ir  
15 tpah;it  
16 Nky; *r;R tpLif  
Jh;kzk;
17 jtpf;Kbahj jhfk;        
18 tpf;fy;  
19 mjpfRuk;   
84
20 %r;R thq;fy; 
21 fz; rptg;G   
22 eLf;fk; 
23 ,isg;G   
24 Rit ,d;ik  
25 mwpT nfLk;
26 tha; frg;G   
27 epj;jpiu 
28 vU ePh; kQ;rs; epwkiljy;   
29 kdf;fyf;fk; 
30 Xq;fhsk; 
31 Fsph;
32 neQ;nrhpT 
33 njhz;il Gz; 
34 grpapd;ik 
35 c;ly; tPf;fk; 
36 ky fl;L  
37 tha; jpj;jpg;G  
38 ehf;F Gz;zhFjy; 
39 Gsp Vg;gk; 
40 Kfk; fUepwk;

85
gpj;j thjRuk; 3.5
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 Ruk; $Ljy;   
2 cly; kQ;rs   
3 tapW nghUky;   
4 ke;jk;   
5 fz;Neh  
6 Fsph  
7 Njftul;rp  
8 ;XspFd;wy  
9 kaf;fk;   
10 jhfk;  
11 ntapiy tpUk;Gjy  
12 fz;ntSg;G/ rptg;G   
13 neQ;nrhpT  
14 the;jp   
15 gLf;ifapy; Gusy;  
16 fPyf
; spy; NtjidAld; 
cisT
17 cly; vhpr;ry 
18 .eLf;fk 

86
gpj;j fg Ruk; 3.6
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
Neh
jd;

rpk
ru

a;
1 clk;G jpkph;jy;  
2 tpah;it  
3 mow;rp 
4 ehtww;rp     
5 ,Uky;      
6 fgk; ntspNaWk;   
7 kaf;fk;    
8 Nrhk;gy;  
9 thapy; ifg;Gr;Rit 
10 gpjw;wy;     
11 khh;G typ  
12 jiytyp  
13 kpF Ruk;   
14 cly; tw;wy; 
15 kd jsh;r;rp 
16 ky ryk; - kQ;ry;  
17 epj;iuapd;ik  
18 ngU%r;R   
19 tpf;fy; 
20 fhjpiur;ry; 
87
21 cly; tPf;fk; 
22 ePh; Ntl;if 
23 fopj;jy; 
24 tha; gpjw;wy; 
25 fz; ntspwy; 
26 cly; vhpr;ry; 
27 fz; rptf;Fk; 
28 tha; fWf;Fk; 
29 ky rpf;fy; 
fg Ruk;3.7
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
mgp

Neh

me
jd;

guu
rpk
nr
ru

a;
f
u

h
1 mNuhrfk; 
2 clk;G jpkph;;jy; 
3 Rnuhj]; jilg;gly; 
4 thapy; ckpo;ePh; Ruj;jy;   
5 thapy; ,dpg;G Rit  
6 khh;gpy; rspfl;ly;       
7 Nky; %r;R thq;fy;    
8 %f;fpy; ,Ue;J ePh; xOFjy;    
9 ,jak; glglg;G 
10 the;jp   
11 ,Uky;     

88
12 Njhy; Kjyhd ,lj;jpy; 
Fsph;r;rp
13 tPf;fk;   
14 Nrhk;gy; 
15 clk;G ghuk;  
16 fz; Kjyhd ,lj;jpy;   
ntOg;G
17 kaph; rpyph;j;jy; 
18 kaf;fk;  
19 tpf;fy;   
20 jhfk;   
21 mNuhrfk;; 
22 fopr;ry;  
23 rPj Ngjp  
24 cly; ntz;zpwk;  
25 c]zkhd nghUspy; tpUg;gk;  
26 eikr;ry; 
27 rhPu kQ;rs; 
28 ke;jhf;fpdp 
29 tpah;it   
30 jiytyp 
31 epj;jpiu 
32 ky %j;jpuk;  
33 ehtwl;rp 
34 jiy ePh; Nfhj;jy; 
35 ehgp jbf;Fk;
89
fgthj Ruk; 3.8
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 kpFe;jRuk; √ √ √
2 eLf;fk; √ √ √
3 cly; tpiug;G √ √ √
4 Ritapd;ik √ √
5 if fhy; Fspuy; √ √ √
6 cly epwk; nfLjy; √ √
7 ngU Kr;R √ √ √
8 Nfhio ff;fy; √ √
9 cly; Nrhu;T √ √ √
10 ,dpg;G Gspg;gpy; tpUg;gk; √ √ √

5 E}y;fspd; ngah;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l NghJk; FwpFzq;fs; 4 E}y;fspy; khj;jpuk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ

90
fg gpj;j Ruk; 3.9
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
mgp

Neh

me
jd;

guu
rpk
ru

a;
u

h
1 kpFe;j Ruk; √ √ √
2 eh nte;Jyu;jy; √ √ √
3 ifj;jy; √ √ √ √
4 cztpy; ntWg;G √ √
5 Nfhio the;jp √ √ √
6 ,Uky; √ √ √ √
7 ngU Kr;R √ √
8 Fujp ntspNawy; √ √
9 njhz;il fl;Lfy; √ √ √ √
10 fz; rptj;jy; √ √
11 kdk; jsUjy; √ √
12 if fhy; typ √ √
13 fz gq;riljy; √ √
14 gpjw;wy √

91
Kg;;gpzp Ruk; 3.10
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 gpjw;wy; √ √
2 the;jp √ √
3 gpuik √ √ √
4 ehtwl;rp √ √
5 jhfk; √ √
6 tpau;it √ √
7 Fspu; √ √ √ √
8 eLf;fy; √ √ √
9 khh;G Jbj;jy; √ √
10 fz; vupjy; √ √ √
11 tapw;Wtyp √
12 ,Uky; √
13 thapy; frg;G √
14 fhy; typ √
15 fz;> cjL fWj;jy; √
16 grp √

92
ke;j Ruk; 3.11
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 tapw;W ke;jk; √ √
2 Njhz;il khu;G typ √ √
3 Gsp Vg;gk; √ √
4 the;jp √ √ √ √
5 ePu; Ntl;if √ √ √ √
6 ngUKr;R √ √ √
7 tapw;W ngUky;; √ √ √ √ √
8 ;Ruk; √ √ √ √ √
9 ,iog;;G √ √
10 tpf;fy; √ √
11 cly; rpy;tpLjy; √
12 ntSj;jy; √ √
13 ,Uky; √ √
14 eLf;fk; √ √
15 fopr;ry; √ √
16 Nky; Kr;R √ √
17 vupr;ry; √ √
18 kaf;fk; √ √ √
19 Ju;ehw;w kyk; √ √
20 cly; nkypAk;

93
espu; Ruk; 3.12
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Mj;**

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
01 Fspu; Ruk; √ √
02 kapu; rpypu;f;Fk; √ √
03 nfhl;lhtp √ √
04 Fspu; eLf;fk; √ √
05 jiy typ √ √
06 fz;zPu; tbjy; √ √
07 gpj;j the;jp √ √
08 kaf;fk; √ √
09 tha;gpjw;wy; √ √
Ruk; tpl;Ltpl;L tUjy; √ √
** - Rutifapd; ngah; kl;Lk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. FwpFzk; $wg;gltpy;iy
ml;ltid 03
ml;ltizapy; E}y;fspd; KOg;ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gl Kbahjjhy; gpd;tUk; RUf;fq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ruNge;jpu itj;jpa Kiwfs; - (ru) Mj;kul;rhkph;jk;nkd;Dk; itj;jpa rhurq;fpufk; - (Mj;);
mfj;jpau; Fzthflk; - (mF) A+fp itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp - (A+fp)
mf];jpau; ,uz;lhapuk;- (m,) “jd;te;jpup itj;jpak; (Kjy; ghfk)-;(jd;)
mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak (mgpu) . nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy-; (nrf) .
Neha;ehly; Neha;Kjy; ehly; jpul;L(Neha;) mf];jpau; ehd;fhapuk;- (meh)
rpj;j kUj;Jtk;- nghJ- (rpk) mf];jpau; itj;jpafhtpak;- (it)
“guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;- (guuh)

94
ntQ; Ruk; 3.13
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 %f;F Jisapy; √ √
nfhg;gsk; tUjy;
2 jiy Neha; √ √
3 fz; rptg;G √ √
4 fz; vupjy; √ √
5 tha; ePUwy; √ √
6 kapu; rpypu;jy; √ √
7 cly; td;ik Fiwjy; √ √

Nkdp Ruk; 3.14

,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru

1 Njhy; jbj;jy; √ √
2 cly; rptj;jy; √ √
3 cly; vupr;ry; √ √
4 the;jp √ √
5 fopr;ry; √ √
95
6 eikr;ry; √ √
7 jiyr;Rw;W √ √
8 kaf;fk; √ √

cl; Ruk; 3.15

,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 cl;Gwkhf fhAk; √ √
2 kdj;jsu;T √ √
3 if fhy; xa;rr; y; √ √
4 czT Ntz;lhik √ √
5 tha; Fkl;ly; √ √
6 cly; nkypjy; √ √
7 tapW vupjy; √ √ √
8 kaf;fk; √
9 kyryk; jPUk; √

96
ntspr; Ruk; 3.16
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 ntspg;Gwkhf fhAk; √ √
2 tha; ifj;jy; √ √
3 Fkl;ly; √ √
4 czT nrupahik √ √
5 ePu; Ntl;if √ √

tpl;L tUk; Ruk; 3.17

,y. Fzk; Fwpfs; Mj;**

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru

1 tpl;L tpl;LtUk; Ruk; √ √

2 cly; fWf;Fk; √ √
3 FUjp ciwAk; √ √
4 cly; nkypAk; √ √
5 if fhy; #k;Gk; √ √
6 tapW ngUf;Fk; √ √
** - Rutifapd; ngah; kl;Lk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. FwpFzk; $wg;gltpy;iy
97
tplh Ruk; 3.18
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Mj; **

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 tplhJ rpy ehs; fhAk; √ √
2 fz; rptf;Fk; √ √
3 eh cyUk; √ √
4 ePu; Ntl;if √ √
5 if fhy; Neh √ √
6 cly; td;iknfLk; √ √
** - Rutifapd; ngah; kl;Lk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. FwpFzk; $wg;gltpy;iy

rhuw; Ruk;; 3.19

,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru

1 ,ur jhJit gw;wp tUk; √ √

2 cly;ngupAk; √ √
3 cly; Neh √ √
4 ePu; Ntl;if √ √
5 Jhf;fkpd;ik √ √
98
6 cly; td;ik Fiwjy; √ √
7 eh RitawpahJ √ √
8 the;jp √ √
9 ngU%r;R √ √
10 tpf;fy; √ √
11 jiytyp √ √
12 ,isg;G √ √
13 tpau;it √ √
nrq;fiu Ruk; 3.20
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 ,uj;j jhJit gw;wpa Ruk; √ √
2 cly; rptf;Fk; √ √
3 kpFjpahd Ruk; √ √
4 ePu; Ntl;if √ √
5 tpau;it √ √
6 cly; Neh √ √
7 Njhy;fd;wpg;Nghjy; √ √
8 eh tStSj;jy; √ √
9 kQ;rs; epwkhjy; √ √
10 %l;L Neh √ √
11 [ak; $Ljy; √ √
12 jiy Neh √ √
99
13 %f;F ePu; gha;r;ry; √ √
14 tha; gpjw;wy; √ √
15 if fhy; rpy;ypLjy √
16 mbf;fb fopj;jy; √
Cd; Ruk; 3.21
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
**
ru
1 khkpr jhJit gw;wptUk; √ √ √
Ruk;
2 ngU%r;rwpjy;; √ √
3 cly; Neh Cjy; √ √ √
4 cjL cyu;jy; √ √ √
5 kapu; $r;nrwpjy; √ √ √
6 kdf;fyf;fk; √ √ √
7 fz;zPu; tbjy;; √ √
8 Njhy; kpDkDj;jy; √ √
9 nfhl;lhtp √ √
10 tpf;fy; √ √
11 kyf;fl;L √ √
12 tpau;it √ √ √
13 cly; eikr;ry; √ √
14 %u;ri; r
** - Rutifapd; ngah; kl;Lk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. FwpFzk; $wg;gltpy;iy

100
nfhOg;G Ruk; 3.22
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 nfh*g;G jhJit √ √
gw;wpa Ru;;k;
2 cztpy; tpUg;gkpd;ik √ √
3 nrupahik √ √
4 jiy Neh Gusy; √ √
5 eLf;fk; √ √

vd;G Ruk; 3.23

,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru

1 vd;G gw;wp tUk; √ √

2 ePu; Ntl;if √ √ √ √
3 cly; ,iof;Fk; ntOf;Fk; √ √ √
4 nrupahik √ √
5 mbtapw;wpy; Neh √ √
6 fopr;ry;; √ √ √
7 euk;G Neh √ √ √
8 fPy; Neh √ √
101
9 fz; kQ;rs; √ √
10 jiy mir;f;f Kbahik √ √
11 Fspu;r;rp √
12 mjpf fha;rr; y; √ √
13 cly; eLf;fk; √
14 Gj;jp Ngjypf;Fk; √
15 epj;jpiu ,d;ik √
16 cjL rptf;Fk; √
17 mf;fpdp ke;jk; √
%is Ruk; 3.24
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 %isia gw;wp cz;lhFk; √ √
2 nrupahik √ √
3 Gsp vg;gk; √ √ √
4 nfhl;lhtp √ √
5 tpf;fy; √ √
6 the;jp √ √
7 cg;gprk; √ √
8 fopr;ry;; √ √
9 kdfyf;fk; √ √
10 jiy eLf;fk; √ √
11 cly; ,iof;Fk;; ntOf;Fk; √ √

102
12 cly; nkypAk; √ √
13 cly; epwk;; khWk; √ √
14 ,e;jpupaq;fspd;nra;iyFiwf;Fk; √ √
15 eh twl;rp √
16 gy;yPw;wpy; cjpuk; tbAk; √
tpe;;J Ruk; 3.25
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 Rf;fpy jhJ gw;wpa Ruk; √ √
2 gy; typ √ √
3 cly; Neh √ √
4 jiy eLf;fk; √ √
5 kdfyf;fk; √ √
6 cly; ntSf;Fk; √ √
7 FUjp td;ik FiwAk; √ √
8 tha; ,dpg;gha; ,Uf;Fk; √ √
9 grp ,d;ik √ √
10 tpf;fy; √
11 the;jp √
12 fopr;ry;; √
13 kaf;fk; √

103
Jd;g Ruk; 3.26
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 Jd;gj;jpdhy; tUk; √ √
2 kaf;fk; √ √
3 KHr;ir √ √
4 mwpT fyf;fk; √ √
5 fz; rptf;Fk; √ √
6 the;jp √ √
7 if fhy; eLf;fk; √ √

Kiwr; Ruk; 3.27

,y. Fzk; Fwpfs; Mj; **

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru

1 Fspu;r;rp √ √ √ √ √
2 if fhy; tpiwf;Fk; √ √
3 fz;vupAk; √ √
4 Kiw tpl;L tpl;L tUk;; √ √
5 jiy typ √ √ √ √

104
6 fPy; Neh √ √ √ √ √
7 neQ;R Neh √ √ √ √
8 nfhl;lhtp √ √ √
9 gy Kiwtupd; kz;zuP y; √
fy;yPuy; ghjpg;G
10 tpau;it √
11 jhfk; √ √
12 cly; Neh
13 the;jp √
14 ,Uky; √
** - Rutifapd; ngah; kl;Lk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. FwpFzk; $wg;gltpy;iy

kaf;f Ruk; 3.28

,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru

1 jiy Rw;wy; √ √
2 the;jp √ √
3 kaf;fk; √ √
4 mwpT nfly; √ √
5 typg;G √ √
6 mwptw;W fplj;jy; √

105
gpjw;wy; Ruk; 3.29
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 kapu; rpypu;j;jy; √ √
2 fz; rptf;Fk; √ √
3 fPy; Neh √ √
4 gpjw;wy; √ √
5 mwptopj;jy; √ √
6 Xbj;jpupjy; √ √
GO Ruk; 3.30
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru

1 tapw;W GOthy; vw;gLk; √ √

2 ngUk;ghYk; √ √
Foe;ijfSf;F
vw;gLk;
3 typg;G √ √
4 ngU%r;R √ √

106
kQ;rs; Ruk; 3.31
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 tplh Ruk; √ √
2 cly; kQrs; √ √ √
3 gpj;j the;jp √ √ √
4 FUjp td;ik FiwAk; √ √
5 cly; CJk; √ √ √
6 kyk; Kj;jpuk; √
kQ;rshFk;
jPtpuw; Ruk; 3.32
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru

1 Njhy; vYk;G gw;wp √ √

vw;gLk;
2 cly; ntSf;Fk; √ √
3 gpjw;wy; √ √
4 tha; ePUwy; √ √
5 cly; Neh √ √
6 kaf;fk; √ √
7 ehb nkypAk; √

107
Ntdw Ruk; 3.33
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 mdy; Nghy; fhAk; √ √
2 ePu; Ntl;if √ √ √
3 tapW if fhy; vupr;ry; √ √ √
4 ehtwl;rp √ √ √ √
5 gy; flpj;jy; √ √
6 gpjw;wy; √ √ √ √
7 gLf;ifapy; Gusy; √ √ √
8 ngU%r;R
9 cly; Neh √
10 mjpf Jhf;fk; √
11 KHr;ir √
12 mf;fpdp ke;jk; √
13 kaf;fk; √

ml;ltid 03
ml;ltizapy; E}y;fspd; KOg;ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gl Kbahjjhy; gpd;tUk; RUf;fq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ruNge;jpu itj;jpa Kiwfs; - (ru) Mj;kul;rhkph;jk;nkd;Dk; itj;jpa rhurq;fpufk; - (Mj;);
mfj;jpau; Fzthflk; - (mF) A+fp itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp - (A+fp)
mf];jpau; ,uz;lhapuk;- (m,) “jd;te;jpup itj;jpak; (Kjy; ghfk)-; (jd;)
mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak (mgpu) . nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy-; (nrf) .
Neha;ehly; Neha;Kjy; ehly; jpul;L(Neha;) mf];jpau; ehd;fhapuk;- (meh)
rpj;j kUj;Jtk;- nghJ- (rpk) mf];jpau; itj;jpafhtpak;- (it)
“guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;- (guuh)

108
goQ;; Ruk; 3.34
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Mj; **

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 khwp khwp tUk; √ √
2 xU khj fhyk; tiu √ √
ePbf;Fk;
3 Kf;Fw;wk; $Lk; √ √

** - Rutifapd; ngah; kl;Lk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. FwpFzk; $wg;gltpy;iy

tPf
P ;f Ruk; 3.35
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru

1 fg thjnjhe;jj;jhy; √ √
Vw;gLk;

109
fopr;rw; Ruk; 3.36
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 czT tpUg;gk; ,d;ik √ √
2 mf;fpdp ke;jk; √ √ √
3 ehtwl;rp √ √ √ √
4 if fhy; rptj;jy; √ √ √
5 fopr;ry;; FUjpAld; √ √ √ √
ntspNaWk;
6 kdf;fyf;fk; √ √
7 cly; Neh √ √ √
8 the;jp √ √ √
9 grp ,d;ik √
10 khu;G tapw;wpy rptg;G epw √
Gs;spfs;

the;jp Ruk; 3.37

,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru

1 the;jp √ √
2 tpau;it √ √ √

110
3 fopr;ry;; rPjk; tpOjy; √ √ √
4 cly; Neh √ √ √
5 tapW ,iuj;jy; √ √
6 fhJ Nfshik √ √
7 eh tusy; √ √ √
8 czT tpUg;gk; ,d;ik √ √
9 Gspj;j ,uj;jthe;jp √
10 khh;G vupr;ry; √
11 Jh;gyk; √
12 if fhy; Fsph;rr ; p √
13 epwf;FiwT √
14 ,e;jphpa e\;lk; √
15 ehd;F ehl;fspy; ,wg;G √
NkhJ Ruk;3.38
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru

1 if fhy; jsUk; √ √
2 cly; Neh √ √
3 tpau;it √ √
4 Vg;gk; √ √
5 Gpuik √ √
6 Fspu; cztpy; tpUg;gk; √ √
111
ehNtW Ruk; 3.39
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
Neh
jd;

rpk
ru

a;
1 jiy Neh √ √
2 the;jp √ √
3 jaf;fk; √ √
4 cly;nkypT √ √
5 tha;gpjw;wy; √ √

Vtw; Ruk; 3.40

,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru

1 nfhg;gsk; √ √
2 kdr;Nrhu;T √ √
3 kdf;fyf;fk; √ √
4 tha; gpjw;wy; √ √

112
g+j Ruk; 3.41
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

nr

ha;
gpu

Ne
M

eh
ru

gu
m

uh
i
A+

d;
F

fp

t
rp
j;

k
1 cly; fWg;G √ √ √
2 gpjw;wy; √ √
3 Mly; ghly; √ √ √ √ √
4 kaph; $r;ry; √ √ √ √
5 vg;nghUspYk; √ √
Mirg;gly;
6 Jiyapb √ √ √ √
7 kaf;fk; √ √
8 tpah;j;jy; √ √
9 fz;rptj;jy; √ √
10 tpopj;Jg;ghh;j;jy; √ P√ √ √
11 fopr;ry; √ √
12 J}f;fKz;lhFk; √ √ √
13 %l;L Ne √ √ √ √ √
14 fisg;G P√ √ √ √
15 mjpf grp jhfk; √ √ √ √
16 tapW fopjy; √ √
17 tpop ntSg;G Nrhk;gy; √ √ √ √
18 fhuzkpd;wp rphpj;jy; √
19 Ruk; √ √
20 ngU%r;R √
21 jiyeLf;fk; √

113
kUe;J Ntfr; Ruk;; 3.42

,y. Fzk; Fwpfs; Neha; rpk

1 kUe;J eQ;rpdhy; √ √
Vw;gLk;
2 FUjp NflilAk; √ √
3 tha; Gz; √ √
4 Cly; tPf;fk; √ √
5 ,Uk;y; √ √
6 Jk;ky; √ √
7 fopr;ry; √ √
8 the;jp √ √
9 cly; ntSj;jy; √ √

114
eQ;R Ruk; 3.43
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs; Mj;** m, jd; mgpu nrf Neha; rpk
1 G+r;rp fbj;j ,lj;jpy; tPPpf;fk; √ √ √ √
eikr;ry; vupr;ry;
2 cly; KOtJk; Kfj;jpy; √ √
ePu;Nfhj;jy;

3 tpf;fy; √ √
4 Vg;gk;; √ √
5 Nrupahik √ √ √
6 the;jp √ √ √ √
7 kaf;fk; √ √ √
8 %u;ri; r √ √
9 grp jhfk; Fspu; √ √
10 gpjw;wy; √ √ √
11 ngUKr;R
12 eLf;fk; jiytyp fopr;ry; √ √
** - Rutifapd; ngah; kl;Lk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. FwpFzk; $wg;gltpy;iy

115
rpdr; Ruk; 3.44
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs; Neha; rpk
1 jiyapb √ √
2 fz;lgb NgRjy; √ √
3 kaf;fk; √ √

gar; Ruk;; 3.45

,y. Fzk; Fwpfs; mgpu** Neha; rpk
1 cly; eLf;fk; √ √
2 tpau;j;jy; √ √
3 tapW vupjy; √ √
4 fz; rptj;jy; √ √
5 jiy Rw;wy; √ √
6 kaf;fk; √ √
7 kapu; rpypu;j;jy; √ √
8 ngUKr;R √ √
9 khu;G Jbj;jy; √ √
10 gy; fbj;jy; √ √
11 nrj;jtd; Nghy; fhzy; √
** - Rutifapd; ngah; kl;Lk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. FwpFzk; $wg;gltpy;iy
116
tUj;jr; Ruk; 3.46
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 tha; gpjw;wy; √ √
2 Mly; ghly; mOjy; √ √
fhk Ruk; 3.47
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

mgpu**

Neha;

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
1 gz;Gfis ,oj;jy; ru √ √
2 cly; fz; vupr;ry; √ √
3 mwpT kaf;fk; √ √
4 eh tuwy; √ √
5 ePu; Ntl;if √ √
6 khu;G Jlpj;jy; √ √
** - Rutifapd; ngah; kl;Lk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. FwpFzk; $wg;gltpy;iy

117
nja;trpdr; Ruk; 3.48
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 jiy Nehjy; √ √
2 kaf;fk; √ √
3 the;jp √ √
4 jiy Rw;wy; √ √
5 gpuk;ik √ √

Mk Ruk; 3.49
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru

1 clk;G vupr;ry; √
2 Jhf;fk; tUk; √ √
3 cly; ,isg;G √ √ √
4 grp ,d;ik √ √ √
5 cly; ntg;gk; √ √
6 Nfhgk; √

118
7 ,Uky; √ √
8 cly; fisg;G √ √
9 kaf;fk; √ √
10 cly; typ √ √
11 rPj Ngjp jhfk; √ √ √
12 cly; Cjp ntspwy; √ √ √
13 cly; fWg;G √ √
14 ryf;fLg;G √
15 tha;ifj;jy; √

,uj;j Ruk; 3.50

,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
Neh
jd;

rpk
ru

a;
1 tpau;it √ √
2 jhfk; √ √ √
3 Ku;ri; r √
4 ehf;F kQ;rshjy; √ √
5 neQ;rpy; Nfhis √ √
6 kyge;jk; √
7 epj;jpiu √
8 cly; eLf;fk; √
119
9 rpWePu; fz;fs; kQ;rshjy; √ √
10 tapw;Wtyp √
11 fopr;ry; √
12 jiyRw;W √
13 fz; js;Sk; √
14 if fhy; Fspu;rr; p √
15 cly; typ>Nrhh;T √
16 kyk; rptg;G> ehw;wk; √

m[Puz Ruk; 3.51

,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru

1 J}f;fKz;lhFk;  
2 Njfk; ,isf;Fk;  
3 tpf;fy;   
4 grpapd;ik   
5 cly; typ   
6 Gspj;h Vg;gk; 
7 the;jp
8 jhfk; 
9 tapw;Wg; nghUky;
120
10 clk;G Fsph;r;rp 
11 Fop 
12 nfhl;lhtp
13 cly; fWj;jy;
14 vg;nghUspYk;  
Mirg;gly;
15 gpjw;wy; 
16 kaph; $r;rhpj;jy;
17 Jiyapb
18 kaf;fk;  
19 tpah;j;jy;   
20 fz; rptj;jy;
21 mf;dp ke;jk;
22 ,Uky; 
23 Nky; %r;R 

121
mj;jp Ruk; 3.52
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs; Mj; A+fp jd; nrf
1 Njf gyk; FiwAk; √ √
2 if fhy; typ √
3 epj;jpiu ,d;ik √ √ √
4 ehtul;rp √ √
5 cly; eLf;fk; √ √
6 Gj;jp Ngjypg;G √ √
7 cjL rptf;Fk; √
8 mf;fpdp ke;jk; √
9 cly; ntSf;Fk; √ √
10 ,iog;G √
11 fopr;ry; √
12 jhfk; √ √
Nrhf Ruk; 3.53
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs; Mj;** m, mgpu** nrf guuh
1 ehtw;l;rp √ √ √
2 ky ry fl;L √ √ √
3 ryk; rptg;G √ √
4 Gwq;fhy; tPq;Fk; √ √ √
5 kaf;fk; √ √
6. Ruk; √
** - Rutifapd; ngah; kl;Lk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. FwpFzk; $wg;gltpy;iy
122
mgpfhj Ruk; 3.54
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 jhfk; √

2 ,isg;G √
3 if> fhy; jsh;jy √
4 Ruk √
5 cly;Neh √ √
6 tpah;it √
7 gpuk;ik √
8 Fsph; cztpy; tpUg;gk; √
9 Njf epwk; nfLjy; √

123
rd;dpghj Ruk; 3.55
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 cly; Nrhu;T;  
2 Gj;jp jLkhw;wk  
3 cly;vupT   
4 fz; rptg;G> fz;zPu; tUk;    
5 tha; gpjw;wy;     
6 %u;ri; r   
7 cly; typ> %l;Ltyp  
8 ,Uky;  
9 tPf;fk;  
10 kpFe;j Ruk;      
11 the;jp   
12 jhfk;;    
13 Fspu; eLf;fk;    
14 ehtul;rp;;     
15 tpau;it    
16 khu;G Jbj;jy;    
17 khu;G typ   
18 Nfhio fl;ly;  
19 fhJ Nfshik> ,iur;ry;   
20 Nky; %r;R  
21 vYk;GUf;fp  
124
22 grpapd;ik  
23 jiy if fhy; typ   
24 ehb Ntfk; $Ljy;  
25 Ngjp> kyf;fl;L   
26 eh fWf;Fk; nkhw nkhwg;G    
27 ntF %j;jpuk  
28 tapw;W typ ,uj;jf;   
fopr;ry;
29 cly; KOtJk; kQ;rs; 
30 Gfy; J}f;fk;;> J}f;fkpd;ik 
31 ehf;if mirf;f Kbahik 
33. Clk;gpy; rptg;G> fWg;G > 
jbg;G
34. Fuw;fk;ky; 

ml;ltid 03
ml;ltizapy; E}y;fspd; KOg;ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gl Kbahjjhy; gpd;tUk; RUf;fq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ruNge;jpu itj;jpa Kiwfs; - (ru) Mj;kul;rhkph;jk;nkd;Dk; itj;jpa rhurq;fpufk; - (Mj;);
mfj;jpau; Fzthflk; - (mF) A+fp itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp - (A+fp)
mf];jpau; ,uz;lhapuk;- (m,) “jd;te;jpup itj;jpak; (Kjy; ghfk)-;(jd;)
mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak (mgpu) . nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy-; (nrf) .
Neha;ehly; Neha;Kjy; ehly; jpul;L(Neha;) mf];jpau; ehd;fhapuk;- (meh)
rpj;j kUj;Jtk;- nghJ- (rpk) mf];jpau; itj;jpafhtpak;- (it)
“guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;- (guuh)

125
Mfe;Jf Ruk; 3.56
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 cly; vupr;ry;  
2 tpau;it 
3 ehtwl;rp  
4 Fspu; 
5 clk;gpy; Fj;.Jtyp 
6 Mfhuj;jpy; ,r;ir 
7 kaf;fk;>  
8 nfhg;gsq;fs 
9 kdJjgpj;jy  
10 jhfk 
11 tapw;WisT 
12 tha; fWj;jy 
13 khuilg;G 
14 %u;ri; r 
15 jiytyp> 
16 eLf;fk;> 
17 gpjw;wy;> 
18 epj;jpiuapd;ik 

126
thj mj;jp Ruk; 3.57
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 vYk;gpy; thjk; $b √
mbf;fb Ruk; fhAk;
2 vYk;gpy; rpYrpYg;G √
mbf;fb Ruk; fhahJ
3 Nrupahik √
4 gyRit nghUlfspy; √
tpUg;gk;
5 mwpT kaf;fk; √ √
6 iffhy; xa;rr
; y; √ √
7 Njfk; nkypAk; √ √
8 jhfk; √
ml;ltid 03
ml;ltizapy; E}y;fspd; KOg;ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gl Kbahjjhy; gpd;tUk; RUf;fq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ruNge;jpu itj;jpa Kiwfs; - (ru) Mj;kul;rhkph;jk;nkd;Dk; itj;jpa rhurq;fpufk; - (Mj;);
mfj;jpau; Fzthflk; - (mF) A+fp itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp - (A+fp)
mf];jpau; ,uz;lhapuk;- (m,) “jd;te;jpup itj;jpak; (Kjy; ghfk)-;(jd;)
mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak (mgpu) . nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy-; (nrf) .
Neha;ehly; Neha;Kjy; ehly; jpul;L(Neha;) mf];jpau; ehd;fhapuk;- (meh)
rpj;j kUj;Jtk;- nghJ- (rpk) mf];jpau; itj;jpafhtpak;- (it)
“guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;- (guuh)

127
thj khrPj Ruk; 3.58
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 mjpf jhfk; √
2 kyryk; milf;Fk; √ √
3 Njfk; tpiwf;Fk; √
4 ,isg;G √
5 Jiyapb √
6 v*e;J elf;f Kbahik √
7 eLf;fk; √
8 tpf;fy; √
9 gpfw;wy; √
10 tpau;it √

128
thj fd Ruk; 3.59
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 kyryk; √ √
milf;Fk;
2 eh twl;rp √
3 Njf vupr;ry; √
4 fopr;ry; √ √
5 jhfk;
6 eh njhz;il √ √
Gz;zhFk;

ml;ltid 03
ml;ltizapy; E}y;fspd; KOg;ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gl Kbahjjhy; gpd;tUk; RUf;fq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ruNge;jpu itj;jpa Kiwfs; - (ru) Mj;kul;rhkph;jk;nkd;Dk; itj;jpa rhurq;fpufk; - (Mj;);
mfj;jpau; Fzthflk; - (mF) A+fp itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp - (A+fp)
mf];jpau; ,uz;lhapuk;- (m,) “jd;te;jpup itj;jpak; (Kjy; ghfk)-;(jd;)
mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak (mgpu) . nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy-; (nrf) .
Neha;ehly; Neha;Kjy; ehly; jpul;L(Neha;) mf];jpau; ehd;fhapuk;- (meh)
rpj;j kUj;Jtk;- nghJ- (rpk) mf];jpau; itj;jpafhtpak;- (it)
“guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;- (guuh)

129
ehdhis khww; Ruk; 3.60
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 Fspu Ruk; √ √
2 cly; typ √
3 Kl;L typ √ √
4 ,Uky; √ √
5 the;jp √ √
6 kaf;fk; √ √
7 %f;F ePu; tbAk; √

ml;ltid 03
ml;ltizapy; E}y;fspd; KOg;ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gl Kbahjjhy; gpd;tUk; RUf;fq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ruNge;jpu itj;jpa Kiwfs; - (ru) Mj;kul;rhkph;jk;nkd;Dk; itj;jpa rhurq;fpufk; - (Mj;);
mfj;jpau; Fzthflk; - (mF) A+fp itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp - (A+fp)
mf];jpau; ,uz;lhapuk;- (m,) “jd;te;jpup itj;jpak; (Kjy; ghfk)-;(jd;)
mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak (mgpu) . nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy-; (nrf) .
Neha;ehly; Neha;Kjy; ehly; jpul;L(Neha;) mf];jpau; ehd;fhapuk;- (meh)
rpj;j kUj;Jtk;- nghJ- (rpk) mf];jpau; itj;jpafhtpak;- (it)
“guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;- (guuh)

130
thj cjpup Ruk;3.61
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 cly; tPf;fk; √ √
2 njhz;ilapy; tha;T √
kpFk;
3 if fhy; √ √
nghUj;Jf;fspy; Neh
4 mwpT kaq;Fk; √ √
5 thahy; ,uj;jk; √ √
ff;Fk;

khq;fpr t#up Ruk; 3.62

,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru

1 ,Uky; √
2 kaf;fk; √
3 the;jp √
4 clypy; nfhg;gsk; √

131
5 tpf;fy; √
6 tpau;it √
7 cly; cisr;ry; √
8 cly; typ √

gpj;j khww; Ruk; 3.63

,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
1 ke;jk; ru √
2 gbg;gbahf Ruk; $Lk √
3 ,Uky √ √
4 tha;T> √
5 the;jp> √ √
6 tpf;fy √ √
7 kaf;fk; √ √

132
gpj;j rd;dp Ruk; 3.64
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 Fspu; √
2 igj;jpaf;Fzk; √
3 %u;rr
; piuj;jy √
4 fz; fhJ ke;jkhjy; √
5 gpjw;wy; √ √
6 %u;ri
; r √
7 eh twl;rp √
8 Cik Nghy; Ngr √ √
KbahJ
9 cly; Neh √
10 rpWePu; kyk; nre;epwk; √

133
gpj;j rPj Ruk;3.65
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 kaf;fk; √ √
2 Fspu; Ruk; √ √
3 gak; √ √
4 jhfk;; √ √
5 cwf;fk;; √ √
6 rpj;jgpuk;ik √ √
7 vupr;ry; √
8 %u;ri
; r √
9 jiyfpWfpWg;G √
ml;ltid 03
ml;ltizapy; E}y;fspd; KOg;ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gl Kbahjjhy; gpd;tUk; RUf;fq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ruNge;jpu itj;jpa Kiwfs; - (ru) Mj;kul;rhkph;jk;nkd;Dk; itj;jpa rhurq;fpufk; - (Mj;);
mfj;jpau; Fzthflk; - (mF) A+fp itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp - (A+fp)
mf];jpau; ,uz;lhapuk;- (m,) “jd;te;jpup itj;jpak; (Kjy; ghfk)-;(jd;)
mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak (mgpu) . nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy-; (nrf) .
Neha;ehly; Neha;Kjy; ehly; jpul;L(Neha;) mf];jpau; ehd;fhapuk;- (meh)
rpj;j kUj;Jtk;- nghJ- (rpk) mf];jpau; itj;jpafhtpak;- (it)
“guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;- (guuh)

134
gpj;j ,uj;j Ruk; 3.66
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 the;jp √
2 cs;%r;R> √
3 ,isg;Gz;lhFk; √
4 fz; Kfk; ntSf;Fk √
5 cly; kQ;rs; epwk; √
6 rpWePupy; ,uj;jk; √ √
ntspg;gLk
7 khu;gpy; Nfhio fl;Lk; √
8 cly; typ √
9 kyk; rptg;ghFk; √

135
gpj;j tpuz Ruk; 3.67
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 neQ;rpbf;Fk;. √ √
2 tpyhg;Gwq;fspy; √
gpbg;G.
3 mtatq;fspy; √ √
Gz;fs;
4 if fhy; √
Fj;jpAisAk;.
5 gak; √
6 Ruk; tplhky; fhAk;. √ √
7 kaf;fk; √

ml;ltid 03
ml;ltizapy; E}y;fspd; KOg;ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gl Kbahjjhy; gpd;tUk; RUf;fq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ruNge;jpu itj;jpa Kiwfs; - (ru) Mj;kul;rhkph;jk;nkd;Dk; itj;jpa rhurq;fpufk; - (Mj;);
mfj;jpau; Fzthflk; - (mF) A+fp itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp - (A+fp)
mf];jpau; ,uz;lhapuk;- (m,) “jd;te;jpup itj;jpak; (Kjy; ghfk)-;(jd;)
mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak (mgpu) . nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy-; (nrf) .
Neha;ehly; Neha;Kjy; ehly; jpul;L(Neha;) mf];jpau; ehd;fhapuk;- (meh)
rpj;j kUj;Jtk;- nghJ- (rpk) mf];jpau; itj;jpafhtpak;- (it)
“guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;- (guuh)

136
rpNyw;gd mjprhu Ruk;; 3.68
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 ,Uky; √
2 Kfkijf;Fk; √
3 tapW nghUKk; √ √
4 jhfk; √
5 tapW ,iuAk;; √
6 tapW fopAk; √ √
7 ;Gwq;fhy; Gwq;if √
tPq;Fk;.
8 ehtwl;rp √

ml;ltid 03
ml;ltizapy; E}y;fspd; KOg;ngah; Fwpg;gplg;gl Kbahjjhy; gpd;tUk; RUf;fq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ruNge;jpu itj;jpa Kiwfs; - (ru) Mj;kul;rhkph;jk;nkd;Dk; itj;jpa rhurq;fpufk; - (Mj;);
mfj;jpau; Fzthflk; - (mF) A+fp itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp - (A+fp)
mf];jpau; ,uz;lhapuk;- (m,) “jd;te;jpup itj;jpak; (Kjy; ghfk)-;(jd;)
mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak (mgpu) . nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy-; (nrf) .
Neha;ehly; Neha;Kjy; ehly; jpul;L(Neha;) mf];jpau; ehd;fhapuk;- (meh)
rpj;j kUj;Jtk;- nghJ- (rpk) mf];jpau; itj;jpafhtpak;- (it)
“guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;- (guuh)

137
Mfpf rpNyw;gd Ruk; 3.69
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha;
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru
1 cly; typ Vpr;ry; √ √
2 jiy GUtq;fspy; typ √
3 eh cjL tOtOg;G √
4 jhfk; √
5 %u;ri
; r √
6 Vupr;ry; √ √
7 twl;rp √
8 Kfk; tapW tPf;fk; √
9 cly; ntSg;G √
10 ,isg;G √
11 ,Uky;

138
rpNyl;Lk; mj;jp Ruk; 3.70
,y. Fzk; Fwpfs;

Neha
mgpu

meh

guuh
nrf
mF

m,
Mj;

A+fp

it
jd;

rpk
ru

;
1 fz; rptg;G √
2 Gj;jp Ngjypg;G √
3 neQ;R Neh √
4 rpW ePu; rptg;G √
5 kaf;fk; √
6 epj;jpij ,d;ik √
7 fopr;ry; √ √
8 cly; tw;wy; √
9 cly; Fspu;r;rp twl;rp √ √
10 fz; vupr;ry; √
11 tPf;fk; ntSg;G √
12 ,Uky; √
13 ,isg;G √
14 tpau;it √
15 nghUky; √
16 jhfk; √
17 jhgk; √

139
 njhFg;G
rpj;jkUj;Jtj;jpy; Ruk; xU Nehahff; fUjg;gl;L mJ
Njhd;Wtjw;Fhpa fhuzq;fs;> Kf;Fw;w NtWghL gw;wpAk; Ruj;jpd; tiffs;
gw;wpAk; xt;nthU tiffspw;Fk; chpa Fzk; Fwpfs; gw;wpAk; njspthff;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ruk; Njhd;wpa tuyhw;iwg;ghh;f;Fk; NghJ ,iwtDila

new;wpf;fz;zpypUe;J Njhd;wpa neUg;Ng Rukhapw;W (mfj;jpah;2000) vd;Dk;
NghJ rka tuyhw;Wld; mf;fpdp gQ;rG+jq;fspy; xd;whFk;. ,g;gQ;r
G+jq;fs; mz;lj;jpYs;sJ NghYNt vkJ clYk; ,g;gQ;rG+jf;$Wfshy;
Mdit.vkJ clypYs;s caph;j;jhJf;fs;> cly;j;jhJf;fs; midj;Jk;
mNj gQ;rG+jq;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;lit. Ruk; vd;gJ Njfj;jpy; ntg;gk;
rhjhuz cly; ntg;gepiyia tpl mjpfhpj;jyhFk;. gpj;jkhdJ clypd;
ntg;gepiyf;F fhuzkhd xU caph;j;jhJ MFk;. gpj;jkhdJ jP apdhYk;
ePhpdhYk; MdJ. vdNt Ruk; gpj;jNfhshWld; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ.

gpj;jj;jpYs;s ePupd; msT $b jPapd; msT FiwAk; NghJ Mkk;

cUthfpd;wJ. Mkk; vdg;gLtJ rkpghL ruptu eilngwhjjhy;
cUthFtNj ,ij mfj;jpah; 2000> A+fpKdp itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp>
guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk; Nghd;w E}y;fspy; mf;fpdp ke;jk; mjhtJ
FiwTgLtjhy; Mkk; cUthfp mJ rhuk; vd;Dk; clw;jhijg;gw;wp
Foha;topahfg;gutp tpah;itj;Jthuq;fis milj;J mf;fpdpia ntspNa
tPrr;nra;fpd;wJ. mg;NghJ njhl;lhy; Ruk; fhAk; vdf;$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ruj;jpw;Fhpa fhuzq;fisg;ghh;f;Fk; NghJ jtwhd czTg;gof;fk;

gpioahd eilKiwfs; vd;gtw;why; thj gpj;j fgq;fs; jk; epiyapy;
khw;wkilfpd;wd. mjhtJ Kj;jhJf;fspd; rkdpiy Fok;Gtjhy; mit
jkJ njhopy;fisr; nra;a KbahJ Nghfpd;wd. thjj;jijf;$l;lf; $ba
czT eilKiwfshy; thjk; gpuNfhgkilapd; thj Ruk; Vw;gLk;.
Ruj;jpw;Fhpa fhuzq;fshy; Kjyp;y; md;dkaNfhrk; vdg;gLk;
czTf;fhy;tha;j;njhFjpNa gpujhdkhfj;jhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. MNuhf;fpakhd
xUthpy; gf;Fthirak; vdg;gLfpd;w gFjpapy; rkpghL eilngWk; ,jw;Ff;
fhuzkhd rkhd thA ghrf gpj;jk; fpNyjf fgk; vd;gd rkdpiyapy;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Ruf;fhuzq;fshy; mtw;wpd; rkdpiy Fok;Gk;NghJ gpj;j
Rug;G ghjpg;G Vw;gl;L mf;fpdp ke;jk; milAk; ,jdhy; rkpghL
eilngwhJ. ,jd;NghJ Mkk; cUthFk;. MjhtJ rhpahfr;rkpghlilahj
epiy. ,e;j Mkk; Foha;fs; %yk; mfj;JWQ;rg;gl;L tpah;itj;Jthuq;fis
milg;gjhy; Ruk; cz;lhfpd;wJ.tpah;it ntspNawhJ.

140
mNj Ntis Foha;fspy; Mkj;jhy; jilfs; Vw;gLtjhy; RNuhNjh jil
Vw;gl;L thjk; gpuNfhgkilfpd;wJ. thjk; gpuNfhgkiltjhy;

 cjhd thA ghjpg;ghy; the;jp Xq;fhsk; Ruj;Jld; Vw;gLk;

 mghd thA ghjpg;ghy; vU fl;Lk;(kyf;fl;L) ePh; FiwAk; (rpWePh;
FiwAk;) (guuhrNrfuk;)
 tpahd thA ghjpg;ghy; cly; typ> jiy typ %l;L typ vd;gd
Vw;gLk;
 ghrfgpj;jk; ghjpg;giltjhy; rkpghL eilngwhJ>grp Vw;glhJ>
(Temperature $bdhy; Thermo Stat Theory %yk; Appetite Center
inhibit gz;zg;gl;L grp Vw;glhJ. ,J Nkiyj;Nja tpsf;fk;)
 ,nuQ;rf gpj;jk; ghjpg;ghy; cly; ntg;gk; mjpfhpj;J fz;vhpT if>
fhy; vhpT fz;rptj;jy; vd;gd Ruj;Jld; Vw;gLk;.
 rkpghL ghjpf;fg;gLtjhy; fpNyjf fgk; Nghjf fgk; vd;gd
ghjpf;fg;gLtjhy; thapy; Rit czuKbahik kw;Wk; tha; ifj;jy;
vd;gd Vw;gLk;.

Nkw;$wpa Fzk; Fwpfs; vy;yhk; vy;yh Ruj;jpYk; ,Ug;gjpy;iy.

cjhuzkhf thjk; gpuNfhgpj;J thj Ruk;; Vw;gbd; mjpy; gpd;tUk; Fwp
Fzq;fs; Vw;g;gLk; vd guuhr Nrfu E}ypy; njspthff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Njfk; Gs;shpj;J Fsph;e;J eLq;Fk;

if fhy;;Kjypa nghUj;Jf;fspy; cisT cz;lhFk; (thjk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy; typ gpujhd FzkhFk;.
mghd thA kpFe;J kyryk; twSk;.
gpj;jk; kpFe;J gpj;j Ruk; Vw;gbd; mjpy; gpd;tUk; Fwp Fzq;fs; Vw;g;gLk;
vd guuhr Nrfu E}ypy; njspthff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ntg;gk; kpFe;J mf;;fpdp Nghy; Ruk; fhAk;
tha; twz;L jLkhw;wj;Jld; nfhd;dpj;J gpjw;wr;nra;Ak;
Fz;fs; rptg;ghfNth kQ;rshfNth epwk;nfhs;Sk;
,il,ilNa kyk; fopAk;
jz;zPh;jhfk; kpFk;
mwpT nfLk;
tha; frf;Fk;
,uj;jhirak; kpff; nfhjpg;ghFk;
fgg;gpuNfhgj;jhy; fgRuk; Vw;gLk; gpd;tUk; Fwp Fzq;fs; Vw;g;gLk; vd
guuhr Nrfu E}ypy; njspthff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

141
clk;gpy; ntg;gj;Jld; Ruk; fz;L ,Uky;> tpah;it>tpf;fy; Fsph;> cly;
ntSg;G> fis> %r;R>,isg;G> kpF jhfk;> neQ;rpy; rsp milj;J FW FW
vd;Dk; njhdp> fopr;ry;.

vdNt Fzk;Fwpfis itj;Jf;nfhz;L ehbiaAk; mtjhdpj;J vd;d

Njh\k; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij mwpe;J me;j Njh\j;ij kWgbAk; gioa
epiyf;F mjhtJ rkdpiyf;F nfhz;L tUtjw;F rpfpr;ir Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.

guuhr Nrfu RuNuhf epjhdepjhdk; vd;Dk; E}y; 14k; 16k;

E}w;whz;by; Ml;rpnra;j guuhr Nrfu kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; mf;fhyj;jpy;
itj;jpak;nra;j Gyikkpf;f itj;jpah;fisAk; Gyth;fisAk; mioj;J
Neha;; tpguq;fisAk; rpfpr;irfSk; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd; 1928 – 1936
fhyg;gFjpapy; Vohiyiar;Nrh;e;j fhyk;nrd;w jpU I nghd;idah
vd;gtuhy; Vl;Lg;gpujpahf ,Ue;j ,k;kUj;Jtf;Fwpg;;Gfs; RuNuhf
epjhdkhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}yha;tpy; vLf;fg;gl;l 13 E}y;fspy; ,e;E}ypy; 64
tiffSk; njspthff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e; E}ypYs;s rpy tplaq;fs;
rpj;jkUj;Jtk; nghJ vd;Dk; E}ypy; cs;slq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}y;
aho;g;ghzj;Jf;NfAhpa xU E}yhFk;. ,e;E}y; rpj;jkUj;Jtj;Jf;F kpfTk;
msg;ghpa xU E}yhFk;.

rpj;j kUj;Jt Nfhl;ghL gb Ruk; Vw;gLtjw;F gpujhdkhd fhuzk; Mkk;

MFk;. Ruk; xU gpj;jNuhfkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. gpj;jj;jpYs;s
gQ;rg+jq;fs; NjA> ePu; vd;gdthFk;. NjAtpd; msT gpj;jj;jpy; Fiwtjhy;
ke;j mf;fpdp Vw;gl;l czT rkpghL miltjpy;iy. ,jw;fhd rpfpr;iriag;
ghu;f;Fk;NghJ rpj;j kUj;Jt E}y;fspy; Ruj;jpw;F nghJthd FbePu;
nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld; ,yq;fzk; guk Xs\jk; vdf;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,yq;fzk; vd;gJ gl;bdp ,Uj;jy; my;yJ jpu&gkhd
Mfhuq;fis vLj;jy;.

FbePiug; ghu;g;NghNkahdhy; ,jpy; gy %ypiffspd; ghjfq;fs;

Nru;e;J ePu; Cw;wp nfhjpf;f itj;J fha;r;rg;gLtjhFk;. ,sQ;#lhf ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ Fbf;ff; nfhLf;fg;gLk; 60 – 90ml nfhLf;fgg;Lk;. frhak; / FbePu;
ruf;Ffisg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ mjpy; fl;lhakhf

1. jPgdk; jPiag; ngUf;ff; $ba mjhtJ Nja+ g+jKs;s %ypiffs;

Nru;f;fg;gLk;. ,it gpj;jjpy; Fiwe;JNghd NjAit $l;b
rkhdhf;fpdpahf nfhz;L tUk;.

142
 2. rkpghl;il Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F fhuzkhd ghrf gpj;jj;ij $l;b
rkpghl;il (grdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd nra;ifAs;s %ypiffNsh/
mtw;wpd; ghfq;fis Nru;f;fg;gLk;. ,t; ,uz;L nra;iffshYk;
1. gpj;jj;jpy; Fiwe;j NjAit $l;b gpj;jj;ij
jd;dpiag;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
2. cUthfpa Mkj;ij rkpghliar;nra;a Ntz;b gpj;jj;ij $l;b
mij rkpghlila itf;fpd;wJ. (ghrf gpj;jk;)

,tw;why; cUthfpa Mkk; mfw;wg;gl;L tpau;it Jthuq;fid

milj;jy; ePf;fg;gl tpau;it ntspNaWk;. ,ij czthf Ruk; cs;s
Ntisfspy; “czNt kUe;J” vd;gjw;fpzq;f Gspf;fQ;rp kf;fshy;
ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; NjA G+jKs;s Rf;F> kpsF> kpsfha;> ntq;fhak;>
Nghlg;gl;L GOq;fy; muprp mtpa itj;J fQ;rpAld; $l;b gog;GspAk; tpl;L
Rlr;Rl rkNehahspf;F toq;fg;gLtJ tof;fk;. ,q;F GOq;fy; muprpia
vdg;gLtJ ney;iy mtpj;J ,bj;j muprp ,ij kPz;Lk; Ntfitf;Fk;
NghJ ,yFthf rkpghlilaf; $ba epiyf;F khw;wg;gLk;. ,jdhy; ,f;
fQ;rp RuNehahspf;F czthfTk; gad;gLk;.

mLj;J FbePupYs;s kw;iwa ruf;Ffisg; ghu;j;jhy; Nkw;fj;Nja

kUj;Jtg;gb fpUkpfshy; Ruk; cz;lhtJ vd;w $w;wpy; rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpy;
mOf;fhd ePu; mUe;jyhy; Ruk; Vw;gLtijf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F FbePupy;
cs;s %ypiffspy; Antimicrobial activity mjhtJ Ez;Zapu; vjpup jd;ik
cs;sij gy Ma;Tfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

mLj;J FbePu; ruf;Ffspy; Neha; vjpu;g;G vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; (X[];)

(Njfrf;jp) ,jidf; $l;B Nehia mfw;WtNj rpj;j kUj;Jt mbg;gil
,q;F fpUkpfshy; Ruk; Vw;gl;lhy; Ez;Zapu; vjpup khj;jpiufisAk; Ruj;ij
jzpf;Fk; khj;jpiufSk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; cldbahf Neha;
khWfpd;wJ. rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpy; FbePiu toq;fp mjpy; cs;s %ypiffspy;
(Phytochemicals) ,urhadr; rj;Jf;fs; clypy; cs;s X[]; vd;w
Njfrf;jpia $l;b mJNt fpUkpfisf; fz;L mjw;Fupa vjpu;g;G rf;jpia
(gpj;jk);,dq;fz;L mopf;fpd;wJ. vdNt mNj tifahd fpUkpj;jhf;fk;
kPz;Lk; tuhky; ,uj;jjpy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;fpd;wJ.

mLj;J Ruj;jpy; rkpghL ghjpf;fg;gLtjhy; thj> gpj;j> fgf %d;Wk;

ghjpf;f;ggl;L thjk; njhopiy ,of;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ mghd tha+ ghjpg;ghy;
kyk;> ryk; fl;Lk;. ,jw;F rpWePiug; ngUf;ff;$ba nra;ifAs;s
%ypiffSk; kyj;ij ,sf;fp ntspNaw;Wk; nra;ifAs;s %ypiffSk;
,f;FbePupy; Nru;f;fg;gLk;. clypd; ntg;g epiyia rkdpiyapy;

143
itj;jpUg;gjpy; rpWePu;> tpau;it> kpf Kf;fpa gq;if tfpf;fpd;wd. ,J
Nkiyj;Nja Nehf;F ,ijNa rpj;jkUj;JtKk; $Wfpd;wJ.

FbePiu jput&gkhf vLf;Nwhk;. ,J (aqueous extract) ,J

%ypiffis ePupy; mtpf;fpd;Nwhk;. ,jd;NghJ %ypiffspy; cs;s
,urhadg; nghUl;fs; FbePupy; ,wq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j ,urhadg; nghUs;fNs
clypy; nraw;g;gl;L Nehia ePf;ff; fhuzkhfpd;wd. jw;NghJ ePuhdJ hight
polar solvent vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. Kw;fhyj;jpy; ,Nj ePiug;ghtpj;J
(FbePu;) jahupf;fg;gl;L Neha;fspw;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,ij toq;Fk;NghJ
,yFthf rkpghlilAk;> #lhf toq;Ffiapy; tpau;it Vw;gLk;. ,jdhy;
clypy; $ba ntg;gk; ,of;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy; Ruk; FiwAk;. Mkk; Vw;gLtJ
xLf;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy; jil Vw;glhJ. vdNt tpau;it ngUfp ntg;gk;
jzpAk;.

rpj;jkUj;Jtk; xU tpQ;QhdkhFk;.,jd; jj;Jtq;fSk; Nehia

epjhdpf;Fk; jd;ikAk; mjd; rpfpr;irfSk; tpQ;Qhd Nehf;fpNyNa
mike;js;sJ.

kpfr;rpwe;j rpj;ju;fshy; cUthf;fpa tp;Q;Qhdj;ij rpwe;j Kiwapy;

khztu;fSk;> itj;jpau;fSk; gad;gLj;jpdhy; r%fk; ed;ik ngWk;
vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

Ruj;jpw;Fupa kUe;Jfs;> rpfpr;irKiw vd;gd ghfk; II y;

ntsptuTs;sJ.

144
 Xg;gL
P

Ruk; rpj;jkUj;Jtj;jpy; Fever in Western

Medicine
Kiw Ruk; Malaria
fg gpj;j Ruk; Tuberculosis

,uj;jRuk;
nrq;fhiu Ruk; Dengue
gpj;jRuk;
Mjprhu rd;dpghj Ruk; Typhoid
fopr;ry; Ruk; Bacillary dysentry
mk;ik Ruk; Exanthimatous fevers
thj fg Ruk; Sinusitis with Tonsillitis
gpj;j fgRuk; / mgd;ahr Pneumonia
rd;dpghj
fgRuk; Lower Respiratory
fg thj Ruk; infections
fg gpj;j Ruk;
ke;j Ruk; Fever due to Food
Poisoning

145
146
147
148
149
 crhj;Jiz Ehy;fs:;

1. ntq;fl;uh[d;.v];.>“ruNge;jpu itj;jpa Kiwfs; ([;tu Nuhf

rpfpr;ir)”> 3k; gjpg;G> 1991> jQ;ir ru];tjp kfhy; ntspaPL.1-308.
2. fe;jrhkp Kjypahu>; gjpndz;rpj;jh;fs; mUspr;nra;j Mj;kul;rhkph;jk;
nkd;Dk; itj;jpa rhurq;fpufk;> 1952> ,uj;jpd ehafu; mz;l; rd;];>
jpUkfs; tpyhr mr;rfk;> nrd;id.102 – 111.
3. rptQhdNahfpfs;> rp.nf.Fkhurhkpg;gps;is> gjpg;ghrphpah; rp.gp. rhkp
“mfj;jpau; Fzthflk;” kiyag;g rhkp itj;jparhiy godp (1973)
2k; gjpg;G 116 -135.
4. A+fp khKdptu; >A+fp itj;jpa rpe;jhkzp> ,e;jpa kUj;Jtk; -
XkpNahgjpj;Jiw nrd;id. 1998.42-48.
5. lhf;lh; v]. ntq;fluh[d;> mf];jpau; ,uz;lhapuk;> jQ;rhT+h;
ru];tjp kfhy;.1981. 51 – 159.
6. ntq;fl;uh[d;. v];.>“jd;te;jpup itj;jpak; (Kjy; ghfk;)”> 1884.
jQ;ir ruRtjp kfhy; ntspaPl;L 65-95.
7. Nfh\hap Rthkpfs; mDf;fpufj;jpd; gb Kdprhkp Kjypahuhy; vOjp
KbTngw;wJ>“mDNghf itj;jpagpuk;k ufrpak;” G+.R.Fg;Grhkp
Kjypahh; Fkhuh; Nfhtpe;juh[; Kjypahh;> 196959 - 83>
8. fNzrypq;fehjd;. eh.nrfuhrNrfu itj;jpa jpwTNfhy;> 1k; gjpg;G>
MAs;Ntjj;jpizfsk;> ehtpd;d> kfufk.>2009 m];uh gpupz;lu;];
gpiwtl; ypkpll;> jpupNfhzkiy 83-122. .
9. rz;KfNtY. k.>Neha;ehly; Neha;Kjy; ehly; jpul;L (,uz;lhk;
ghfk;)> 3k; gjpg;G> 2003> jpUthsu;fs; vk;.vy;.vk;. gpupz;lu;];> nrd;id
1 - 33.
10. mf];jpau; ehd;fhapuk;
11. f.e. Fg;Grhkp Kjypahh ;rpj;j kUj;Jtk;- nghJ ,e;jpa kUj;Jtk;
XkpNahgjpj;Jiw nrd;id 2004 1- 111
12. mfj;jpaKdpth; mUspr;nra;j ngUE}y; itj;jpa fhtpak; mf];jpau;
itj;jpafhtpak; (1500 ghly;) ,uj;jpd ehafh; mz;L ]d;];>
jpUkfs; tpyhr mr;rpae;jpurhiy. 1934
13. I. nghd;idah “guuhrNrfuk; RuNuhf epjhdk;”ehd;fhk; ghfk; 1935.
aho;g;ghzk; irtg;gpufhrae;jpurhiy.1 -46.

150