Report ITU-R M.

2014-3
(11/2016)

Digital land mobile systems for

dispatch traffic

M Series
Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur
and related satellite services
ii Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

Foreword
The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-
frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit
of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted.
The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional
Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups.

Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR)

ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of
Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders
are available from http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common
Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found.

Series of ITU-R Reports

(Also available online at http://www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en)

Series Title

BO Satellite delivery
BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television
BS Broadcasting service (sound)
BT Broadcasting service (television)
F Fixed service
M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services
P Radiowave propagation
RA Radio astronomy
RS Remote sensing systems
S Fixed-satellite service
SA Space applications and meteorology
SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems
SM Spectrum management

Note: This ITU-R Report was approved in English by the Study Group under the procedure detailed in
Resolution ITU-R 1.

Electronic Publication
Geneva, 2017
 ITU 2017
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 1

REPORT ITU-R M.2014-3

Digital land mobile systems for dispatch traffic

(Question ITU-R 37-6/5)
(1998-2006-2012-2017)

Introduction
This Report provides the technical and operational characteristics for spectrum efficient digital dispatch
systems and also provides details of systems being introduced throughout the world. It is a compilation of
descriptions of systems, which implies that neither technical nor intellectual property rights evaluations were
performed in its preparation.
Demand in the land mobile service is on the increase due to annual growth as well as to new data-based
service requirements. This has led to the development of more spectrally efficient technologies utilizing
digital modulation and in many cases trunking. These technologies are being introduced in systems
worldwide to accommodate this demand.
Further details are available in the ITU Publication – Land Mobile Handbook (including Wireless Access) –
Volume 3: Dispatch and Advanced Messaging Systems, and are not included here.

1 General objectives
The general objectives of a spectrum-efficient digital land mobile system, for dispatch in either
private or public systems, are to provide:
– systems that offer a higher spectrum efficiency, thereby accommodating more users within
limited spectrum resources than analogue systems;
– a higher average level of voice quality over the network and enciphered speech for privacy;
– users with a wide range of services and facilities, both voice and non-voice, that are compatible
with those offered by the public fixed networks (public switched telephone network (PSTN),
public data network (PDN), integrated services digital network (ISDN), etc.);
– users with a variety of applications to satisfy their requirements, ranging from handheld
stations to vehicle mounted stations, with voice and data interfaces;
– mobile and infrastructure equipment which use state of the art technology to provide savings
in weight, power consumption and cost.

2 Service types
The basic services offered by a digital dispatch traffic system can be divided into three types:
– teleservices;
– bearer services; and
– supplementary services.

2.1 Teleservices
Teleservices provide the user with full capability, including terminal equipment functions,
to communicate with other users. Both lower layer (open systems interconnection (OSI)
layers 1 through 3) and higher layers (OSI layers 4 to 7) functionality typify these services.
2 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

Typical teleservices should include:

– a trunked and non-trunked capability to permit direct mobile-to-mobile and group speech call
facilities with user options to permit selective and secure calling;
– telephony, facsimile and some extended service offerings, e.g. videotext, telex, etc.

2.2 Bearer services

Bearer services give the user the capacity needed to transmit appropriate signals between certain
access points. These services are typified by lower layer functionality, typically limited to OSI
layers 1 through 3.
Typical bearer services should include:
– a circuit mode data facility to permit a minimum of 7.2 kbit/s for unprotected data and
a minimum of 4.8 kbit/s for protected data;
– a packet mode connection-oriented data and connectionless data facility.

2.3 Supplementary services

The range of supplementary services varies depending on the system and also the particular
implementation.

3 Channel design
Digital systems for dispatch traffic may have two types of channel categories:
– traffic channels which are used for voice and data transmission; and
– control channels which are used for signalling and control purpose, e.g. access control,
broadcast messages, synchronization, etc.

4 Channel access techniques

The systems described in this Report use either frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time
division multiple access (TDMA), code-division multiple access (CDMA), frequency hopping
multiple access (FHMA), or hybrids of these. Digital cellular technology may be adaptable for
dispatch use.

5 Systems being installed or planned

General details of the systems are given in Annex 1.
Appendices 1 to 11 give general descriptions of specific systems proposed to ITU-R.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 3

Annex 1

Systems being installed and planned

1 Introduction
Digital land mobile radio systems for dispatch and fleet management applications are being developed
worldwide. Although these systems have been developed to meet the requirements of either general
purpose applications or more specific groups of users, they share some of the basic objectives and
characteristics outlined in this Report.
Summaries of the systems are given below and more detailed descriptions can be found in
Appendices 1 to 11.

1.1 Terrestrial trunked radio system (TETRA)

The development of the standards for TETRA system has been carried out in the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), a recognized standardization organization.
The technical requirements specification aims to satisfy the needs of a wide range of professional
users, ranging from emergency services to commercial and industrial organizations.

1.2 Project 25/Project 34 (P25/P34)

The development of the standards for Project 25 system (Phase I and II) has been carried out by
Project 25, a cooperative effort between US local (Association of Public-Safety Communications
Officials international – APCO), state (Technology Professionals Serving State Government –
NASTD) and federal government users; in collaboration with the Telecommunications Industry
Association (TIA), an ANSI-accredited and ITU-R recognized standards development organization.
The Project 25 standards aim to satisfy the needs of a wide range of users, primarily in the areas of
public safety, governmental operations and other private trunked radio operations. The “Phase 1”
development defines FDMA standards that meet the FCC’s goal of compatible FM and QPSK
modulations in 12.5 kHz operation (TIA 102-series).
Additionally, the “Phase 2” (including Project 34) development phase is defined to encompass
additional details and capabilities outlined within the User-defined P25/34 Statement of
Requirements (SoR) document; including improved spectrum utilization (i.e. 6.25 kHz), a specified
TDMA Air Interface for critical private radio, Wideband data capabilities (i.e. at 700 MHz with 50,
100, 150 kHz channelization, published as TIA-902 series), a redefined intersystem interface, the
addition of new infrastructure/systems connectivity interfaces, protection-oriented broadband data for
allocated 4.9 GHz spectrum in US, and new, modified, or enhanced features and services.
A key element of the Project 25 technology is its ability to coexist with operational analogue systems,
enabling a graceful migration from analogue to digital, while maintaining an emphasis on
interoperability and compatibility among conventional and trunked system implementations.

1.3 Digital integrated mobile radio system (DIMRS)

The DIMRS system is one of the methods being used in North America to provide integrated dispatch
services and increase spectrum efficiency.
4 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

1.4 TETRAPOL system

The development of the specifications for TETRAPOL has been carried out by the TETRAPOL
Forum and the TETRAPOL users’ club. The TETRAPOL specifications aim to satisfy primarily the
public safety sector and could be used also by other large private networks and simple private or
professional mobile radiocommunication (PMR) networks.

1.5 Enhanced digital access communication system (EDACS)

EDACS is an advanced two-way trunked radio system operating on 25 kHz or 12.5 kHz
channelization in VHF, UHF, 800 and 900 MHz frequency bands. The development of these
standards for the EDACS system is carried out by TIA, a recognized standardization organization.
The EDACS specifications provide backward compatibility and interoperability with the existing
base of EDACS equipment and systems, globally. EDACS uses a variety of GFSK modulation
techniques and supports the following communication modes: digital voice, digital data, encryption
of digitized voice, and analogue FM for mutual aid capability. The digital voice mode supports the
following call types: group calls, group emergency calls, individual calls, and system all-calls.
The EDACS specifications provide features and functions intended for satisfying requirements for
public safety, industry, utility and commercial users.

1.6 Frequency hopping multiple access system (FHMA)

This FHMA system has been developed in Israel, where a test bed is operating for validation of system
evolution. The prime incentive for developing FHMA has been spectral efficiency. The level of
spectral efficiency achieved makes it a viable solution for public access mobile radio (PAMR)/PMR
services, even when the spectral assignment is extremely small (e.g. 30 frequencies of 25 kHz for
unconstrained service coverage). FHMA systems are primarily focused on the PAMR market, and
trying to address challenges posed by commercial users.

1.7 CDMA-public access mobile radio (CDMA-PAMR)

The CDMA-PAMR deployment option is a viable state-of-the-art digital land mobile radio system
that utilizes Voice-over-IP (VoIP) technology, running over standardized cdma2000-1x radio
networks or standardized cdma2000-HRPD radio networks to provide advanced digital trunking
services to users over variant spectral conditions. The development and publication of the radio
standards for CDMA-PAMR systems has been carried out by the Telecommunications Industry
Association (TIA-US), a recognized standardization organization.
The core network specifications for 1x are based on an evolved ANSI-41 (i.e. TIA/EIA-41) network
architecture, but the standards also include the necessary capabilities for operation with an evolved
GSM-MAP based core network. The High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) uses packet core network
specifications based on standard industry protocols.
The CDMA-PAMR technology and deployments are catering to a substantial demand for standardized
and flexible digital land mobile abilities and services, including high-speed data and voice services, in
particular for national and regional PAMR networks. It provides features and functions intended on
satisfying requirements for public safety, industry, utility and commercial users.

1.8 TETRA enhanced data service (TEDS)

TEDS has been developed to provide a high-speed data service in response to PMR and PAMR user
needs and according to a mandate issued by the ETSI Board to develop TETRA Release 2 standard.
The mandate called for a packet data solution that is integrated with existing TETRA1 standard,
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 5

and has at least a 10-fold increase in data speed over that standard. To ensure maximum compatibility
with the TETRA1 protocol, access to TEDS channels is only allowed via the TETRA1 control
channel on conventional access networks. Alternatively, direct access networks support a QAM
control channel which can be accessed without the use of a TETRA1 control channel.
TEDS physical layer is based on a 4-slot TDMA technique as in TETRA1, but utilizes four new
modulations, i.e. π/8-D8PSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM and 64-QAM and three new channel bandwidths of
50, 100 and 150 kHz. These provisions plus the use of three channel coding rates offer system
planners the flexibility of selecting their required throughput from a wide range extending to beyond
500 kbit/s. TEDS introduces the use of sub-carriers (8 per each 25 kHz) to the QAM channels in order
to combat the effect of multi-path. TEDS also provides for link adaptation in which an algorithm
changes modulation type and channel coding rate adaptively to improve link performance under
different propagation conditions. TEDS protocol introduces support for the use of “sectored antennas”
as a means of extending the range of TEDS channels to that of a TETRA1 channel without a need for
additional base station sites.
TEDS is an IP packet data service over the air interface with the capability of transmitting a number
of concurrent multimedia applications via a multimedia exchange layer. These new additions to the
TETRA protocol allows quality of service (QoS) negotiation with each application. To facilitate
transmission of some real-time data and telemetry applications the TEDS protocol introduces
“scheduled data access”, where over a given time, capacity is guaranteed to an application at regular
time intervals without needing to engage in random access requests each time. Another feature
provided by TEDS is “data priority” which enables the MS to indicate a priority for obtaining reserved
slots for packet data applications.

1.9 Global open Trunking architecture (GoTa)

GoTa specification has been standardized by the China Communications Standards Association
(CCSA), a recognized standardization organization.
GoTa is a professional trunking system based on cdma2000 air interface technology. It separates
voice/data traffic from the signalling channel to provide high voice quality and performance.
GoTa features a channel sharing mechanism via common public long code mask (PLCM) for highly
efficient spectrum utilization, unique group addressing (Group ID combined with mobile’s IMSI)
technique and special group paging method for fast dispatch access. Those techniques constitute
GoTa’s unique radio characteristics and offer high performance for professional and public access
mobile radio services.
GoTa provides a wide variety of professional dispatch functionalities, ordinary voice service, SMS,
location services and broadband packet data service through the secured connection. It also offers
a broad range of industrial/commercial applications to satisfy the needs of public safety, industry, utility
and commercial users. GoTa has been widely deployed in different countries and frequency band.

1.10 Next Generation Digital Network system (NXDN)

NXDN is a digital land mobile radio system which meets a requirement of narrower 6.25 kHz
bandwidth. The specifications for NXDN have been developed in Japan and managed by the NXDN
Forum. The NXDN system aims to satisfy the needs of a wide range of professional users, ranging
from public safety users to commercial and industrial users and can be used in various systems from
simple systems using a direct mode operation to large network trunked systems. NXDN physical
layer employs a FDMA technique with a four-level FSK modulation and includes two transmission
rates; one is 4.8 kbit/s for 6.25 kHz bandwidth and the other is 9.6 kbit/s for 12.5 kHz bandwidth used
for current analogue FM.
6 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

1.11 Broadband Trunking Communication (B-TrunC)

The B-TrunC standard is developed by the CCSA and published by the Ministry of Industry and
Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China. B-TrunC supports scalable carrier
bandwidths, from 20 MHz down to 1.4 MHz.
B-TrunC is a professional trunking system which can support emergency call, voice group call, video
group call, private voice call, private video call, real-time short data, floor control, late entry, dynamic
regrouping, etc.

2 Explanation of Table 1
Table 1 presents the core parameters for these systems. In each case, complete specifications are,
or will be, available from the relevant authorities as indicated in the Appendices.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 7

TABLE 1
Core parameters
TETRA
CDMA-
Parameter Project 25 TETRA1 DIMRS TETRAPOL EDACS FHMA enhanced GoTa NXDN B-TrunC
PAMR
data service
Designation 8K10F1E, 25K0D7W/25KWDW(2) 20K0D7W/20KWDW(2) 4K80P1W 16K0F1E/8K50F1E 25K0D7W/25KWDW 1250K0B1W 25K0D7W, 1250K0B1W 8K30F1E/4K00F1E 18M0G7W
of 5K76G1E(1) 25K0D7W/25KWDW(2) 20K0D7W/20KWDW(2) 4K80P1W 16K0F1E/8K50F1E 25K0D7W/25KWDW 1250K0B1W 50K0D7W, 1250K0B1W 8K30F1E/4K00F1E 9M00G7W
emission: 8K10F1E, 100KD7W,
– traffic 5K76G1E(1) 150KD7W
channels 25KD7W
– control
channels
Frequency 380-390/390-400 or 806-821/ 70-520 136-174 410- As in 410- 136-174 1 447-1
bands 136-200 410-420/420-430 or 851-866 746-870 380-512 420/420-430 TETRA1 415/420-425 380-512 467
(MHz) 360-520 450-460/460-470 or 870- 806-821/851-866 806-821/ 450- 452-457.5/ 806-821/851-866 1 785-1
746-870 870-888/915-933 888/915-933 896-901/935-940 851-866 460/460-470 TEDS is 462-467.5 896-901/935-940 805
896-901/ 870- integrated 450-470
806-
935-940 876/915-921 with 821/851-866 806-821/
TETRA1 851-866
824-
849/869-894
1 850-1 910/
1 930-1 990
1 920-1 980/
2 110-2 170
Duplex Varies or 5-10 MHz 45 MHz As necessary Varies (160 MHz 45 MHz (800 MHz 10 MHz As in 10 MHz Varies (150 MHz TDD (1
separation none (400 MHz band) (800 MHz band) (80/160 MHz band) band) (400 MHz TETRA1 (400 MHz, band) 447-1
(150 MHz 10-45 MHz bands) Varies (400 MHz 39 MHz (900 MHz band) 450 MHz Varies (400 MHz 467}
band) (800/900 MHz band) 5 MHz or band) band) 45 MHz bands) band) TDD (1
3 MHz and dependent on system 10 MHz 45 MHz (800 MHz 45 MHz 45 MHz (800 MHz 785-1 805)
5 MHz design (400 MHz (800 MHz and band) (Secondary band) 10 MHz
(400 MHz band) 900 MHz bands) 800 MHz, 39 MHz (900 MHz (450-470
band) 45 MHz 800 MHz band) MHz)
39 MHz (900 MHz bands) 45
and band) 80 MHz MHz(806-
45 MHz 821/
(1.9 GHz
(800 MHz 851-866)
band)
band)
190 MHz
(2.1 GHz
band)
8 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3
TABLE 1 (continued)

TETRA
Parameter Project 25 TETRA1 DIMRS TETRAPOL EDACS FHMA CDMA-PAMR enhanced data GoTa NXDN B-TrunC
service
RF carrier 12.5 for
spacing (kHz) 8K10F1E
(C4FM) 25 25 12.5-10 25/12.5 25 1 250 25, minimum 1 230 12.5/6.25
15
6.25 for 6.25 evolution (800 MHz)
5K76G1E 1 250 (else)
(CQPSK)
Maximum base Max. 10 W at
station antenna, with Not specified. 100
e.r.p. (W): 500 Not specified. Not specified 25 200 antenna gain Typically ERP1 As TETRA 1 Peak : 105 Not specified.
20
– peak 500 Typically 250 200 below level (dBW) = 22 (800 MHz Typically
10-100 W required by band) 10-100 W
– average
regulation; Typical: 63
average: 10 W(3) (800 MHz
band)
Peak: 60
(other bands)
Typical: 36
(other bands)
Nominal
mobile station 4
transmit power
2
(W) from 10/10 to Typically 3/5 to 10.4/0.5 10/10 10/10-110/110 4/1.33(4) 0.2 Similar to 0.2-1 Typically 5/5 to
Peak/average: 110/110 from 10/25 TETRA 1 50/50
– mobile 1/1 to 5/5 3.5/0.17 2/2 1/1-6/6 0.6/0.2 0.6
Typically 1/2.5 Typically 1/1 to 0.2
– handheld
to 1.8/4 5/5
Cell radius 7.6-35 3.8-17.5 5-40 (design 8-28 Design Design Design Maximum cell Design and Design Design and
(km): 7.6 3.8 dependent) dependent dependent dependent radius as in deployment dependent deployment
– handheld/ 35 17.5 5 8 7-13 TETRA1 dependent dependent
40 28 > 50 Typically: 1.5,
– suburban
– mobile/rural Maximum: 100

1 ERP (dBW) = output power (dBW) + antenna gain (dBd) – losses (dB).
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 9
TABLE 1 (continued)

TETRA
Parameter Project 25 TETRA1 DIMRS TETRAPOL EDACS FHMA CDMA-PAMR enhanced data GoTa NXDN B-TrunC
service
Area coverage Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular channel Cellular channel
technique channel reuse channel reuse channel reuse channel reuse channel reuse channel reuse channel reuse channel reuse channel reuse reuse reuse and
Simulcast Quasi Diversity Simulcast Simulcast and of 1 and and of 1and Simulcast sectorization
Voting synchronous receivers Diversity Voting sectorization(5) sectorization sectorization sectorization Voting receivers Diversity
receivers (Simulcast) receiver receivers Diversity Diversity Diversity Diversity receivers
Time-sharing (Time-sharing Diversity receivers, time receivers receivers (base receivers
transmission transmission) receivers synchronous station)
Diversity
receivers
Access method FDMA TDMA TDMA FDMA FDMA FHMA CDMA Multi-carrier CDMA FDMA FDMA
TDMA in (TDMA/FHM) modulation
development (MCM) TDMA
Traffic Integrated voice See
channels/RF and data modes specifications
carrier: FDMA: 1 4 6 1 1 3 See As in TETRA1 See 1 and published
– initial TDMA: 2 @ 6, 4, 3, 8, 12, 1 1 Not specified specifications specifications 1 standards
12.5 kHz etc. and published and published
– design
TDMA: 4 @ standards standards
capability
25 kHz 61
FDMA: 1
253
TDMA: 2 or 4
Transmission Integrated voice 36 64 8 9.6 36.9 cdma2000-1x: 690 Maximum 9.6~153.6 9.6 for Uplink:
rate (kbit/s) and data modes 9.6 or 14.4 Support up to 12.5 kHz 25 000 kbit/s
FDMA: 9.6 Support up to 1.8 Mbit/s on 4.8 for for 10MHz
TDMA 2-slot: 1.8 Mbit/s the reverse link 6.25 kHz Downlink:
TBD, ranging uplink and and up to 50 000 kbit/s
from 9.6-12 3.1 Mbit/s 4.9 Mbit/s on for 10 MHz
TDMA 4-slot: downlink the forward link
TBD, ranging
from 22-24 cdma2000
700 MHz data HRPD:
only modes Support up to
50 kHz: 1.8 Mbit/s
76.8-230.4 per 1.25 MHz
kbit/s channel uplink
100 kHz: and
153.6-460.8 4.9 Mbit/s
kbit/s per 1.25 MHz
150 kHz: channel
230.4-691.2 downlink
kbit/s
10 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3
TABLE 1 (continued)

TETRA
Parameter Project 25 TETRA1 DIMRS TETRAPOL EDACS FHMA CDMA-PAMR enhanced data GoTa NXDN B-TrunC
service
Modulation FDMA integrated π/4-DQPSK M16-QAM GMSK GFSK π/4 SQPSK cdma2000-1x: π/4-DQPSK, QPSK 4-level FSK QPSK
voice and data (M = 4) BPSK, QPSK, π/8-D8PSK, 8-PSK 16-QAM
modes: QPSK-c 8-PSK uplink 4-QAM,
16-QAM 64-QAM
family includes and QPSK, 16-QAM,
C4FM and CQPSK 8-PSK, 64-QAM
TDMA voice 16-QAM
modes: downlink
2-slot: TBD;
QPSK-c family cdma2000
(includes C4FM and HRPD: BPSK,
CQPSK) and CPM QPSK,
under consideration 8-PSK uplink
4-slot: TBD; CPM and QPSK, 8-
under consideration PSK, 16-QAM,
700 MHz data-only 64-QAM
modes downlink
50 kHz: QPSK
100 kHz: 16-QAM
150 kHz: 64-QAM
Traffic channel
structure: FDMA
– Basic rate
speech codec: 4.4 4.567 4.2 6 6.5 4.4 9.6, 4.8, 2.4, As in TETRA1 9.6, 4.8, 2.4, 4.4 12.2
– Bit rate 2.8 3.177 2 2.7 5.596 and 1.2 1.2 2.8
CRC
(kbit/s) IMBE ACELP VSELP (6:1) RPCELP AME IMBE/AMBE EVRC CRC AMBE+2
AMR
– Error TDMA (narrow-band EVRC 2.45
protection (2 and 4 slot) and wideband), 1.15
– Coding 2.450 proposed SMV AMBE+2
algorithm 1.150 proposed
– Basic rate IMBE enhanced
speech codec: half rate
– Bit rate
(kbit/s)
– Error
protection
– Coding
algorithm
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 11
TABLE 1 (continued)

CDMA- TETRA enhanced

Parameter Project 25 TETRA1 DIMRS TETRAPOL EDACS FHMA GoTa NXDN B-TrunC
PAMR data service
Traffic channel
structure
(continued): N/A Rate tbd Half rate codec N/A N/A As in TETRA1 14.4,7.2,3.6,1. N/A 4.75
– Alternative rate tbd 8 CRC
speech codec: 8.0 CRC
AMR
– Bit rate (kbit/s) 6.7
– Error VSELP (3:1)
protection N/A Defined
– Coding
algorithm 6.1 Up to 19.2 7.2 4.8 4.8 Up to 4.4 for
– Circuit mode 9.6 Up to 28.8 None 7.2 9.6 12.5 kHz
IP – Internet IP (Internet Connection- Yes IP – Connection- Up to 2.2 for
data (kbit/s) Supports IP
protocol Protocol) oriented, Internet oriented, 6.25 kHz
– Protected and other
connectionless protocol connectionless None
– Non- network
Supports IP and oriented, Connection- protocols
protected other network standard TCP/IP oriented,
– Packet mode protocols connectionless
data Supports IP
and other
network
protocols
Messaging X.400 Yes Yes
Control channel – Slot information
structure (number channel: 1 See See See
of channel types): – Primary control 5 specifications specifications 3 specifications
– Common control 2 2 channel: 3 5 1 1 TDMA slot As in TETRA1 (for Common 1
channel downlink control
– Temporary
control, 3 slot As in TETRA1 channels)
– Associated control channel: 1
control channel 3 3 2 1 uplink access 1-7 (for 1
– Dedicated control
Slow associated, As in TETRA1 Associated
– Broadcast channel: 1
control channel 2 2 1 1 450 bit/s; fast control 1
– Associated associated cycle channels)
control channel: 1 stealing 1-7 (for
Provided Broadcast
control
channels)
Delay spread Class A – 50 Class A – no Class A – 39.8 No equalization Class Class A – no Use of multi- N/A
equalization Class Q – 50 equalization without equalizer needed A – 52 equalization See carrier channels See See
capability (μs)(6) Class B – 55.5 Class B – 65.5 Class Class B – no specifications eliminates the need specifications specifications
Class Q – 111.1 without equalizer Q – 52 equalization for equalization in
Class Q – N/A Class Q – no QAM channels.
equalization PSK channels
same as TETRA1
12 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3
TABLE 1 (continued)

CDMA- TETRA enhanced

Parameter Project 25 TETRA1 DIMRS TETRAPOL EDACS FHMA GoTa NXDN B-TrunC
PAMR data service
Channel coding Integrated voice Convolutional Multirate Convolutional Control Variable rate Convolutional PCCC turbo codes Convolution Convolution Convolution
and data for codes with trellis coding codes with BCH/repeat. convolutional codes with for the payload. codes and codes with codes and
FDMA. interleaving with interleaving Digital voice with long interleaving. Partitioned Reed- Turbo codes interleaving Turbo codes
BCH code for plus error interleaving plus error custom with interleaving, Turbo codes Muller block codes with plus error
network ID. detection plus error detection repeat. selective priority for the header interleaving. detection
Trellis codes for detection and Data repeat protection for
data. bit encoded voice
Golay & Hamming prioritization bits, partial
codes for voice. repetition, and
Reed-Solomon channel state
codes for enhanced Viterbi
embedded signals. algorithm; error
Integrated voice detection (cyclic
and data for redundancy
TDMA. check (CRC))
TBD for network
ID.
TBD for data.
TBD codes for
voice.
TBD codes for
embedded signals
Encipherment Air interface is Allowed for Yes Not specified, Yes As in TETRA1 Yes Yes Yes
– security levels Types 1, 2, 3 and 4 exportable Type 1, 3, 4 designed on a See
plus “provisions for” specifications
authentificatio concept
n. Plus end-to-
end encryption
user definable
up to the
highest level
– multi-algorithm Yes
of security
– multikey Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
– encipherment Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes
control Yes
Yes
– over the air Yes No Yes Yes Yes
rekeying Yes
Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes
Handover Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Hand-off Yes Yes Yes Yes
(Yes)
Intersystem Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
roaming capability
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 13
TABLE 1 (end)

TETRA
Parameter Project 25 TETRA1 DIMRS TETRAPOL EDACS FHMA CDMA-PAMR enhanced data GoTa NXDN B-TrunC
service
Design capability Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Allowed for Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
for multiple
operators
(systems) in same
area
Direct mode Mobile-to- Mobile-to- Allowed for Mobile-to-mobile. Portable- Not Yes As in TETRA1 Yes (Design Mobile-to- Yes
mobile. mobile. Dual watch portable. determined since TEDS is dependent) mobile. (Design
Channel Dual watch(8). gateway Portable-mobile. integrated with Channel dependent)
scan(7). Repeater. Mobile-mobile. TETRA1 scan(7).
Repeater. Trunking Mobile-base Repeater.
Trunking node mode gateway
gateway
Repeater mode Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes As in TETRA1 Yes (Design Yes Yes
dependent (Design
dependent)

ACELP: algebraic codes excited linear prediction IMBE: improved multiband excitation
AMBE: advanced multiband excitation PCCC: parallel concatenated convolutional coding
C4FM: constant-envelope 4-level frequency modulation (FM) QPSK: quadriphase shift keying
CQPSK: coherent quaternary phase shift keying TCP/IP: transmission control protocol/Internet protocol
DPQSK: differential quadriphase pulse shift keying VSELP: vector sum excited linear prediction
GFSK: gaussian frequency shift keying QCELP: Qualcomm Code Excited Linear Predictive Coding
GMSK: gaussian-filtered minimum shift keying
(1)
Denotes the emission classifications for C4FM and CQPSK modulations. Both alternatives utilize a common receiver and are thus interoperable.
(2)
Denotes the emission classification for base stations/mobiles (hand portables).
(3)
Not accounting for the effects of power control (15 dB dynamic range).
(4)
Not accounting for the effects of uplink power control (60-70 dB).
(5)
Effective reuse pattern between 2 and 3, effective also to sectorization.
(6)
Classes A and B refer to single transmitter operation. Class Q refers to quasi-synchronous (simulcast) operation.
(7)
Scanning channels for the purpose of alternative channel communication.
(8)
Allows a terminal using direct mode service to monitor the trunking control channel for any incoming signalling. It also allows a terminal in trunking mode to monitor a direct
mode channel.
14 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

Appendix 1
to Annex 1

General description of the TETRA system

1 Introduction
TETRA is a high-performance mobile radio system which has been developed primarily for
professional users such as the emergency services and public transport. The TETRA suite of mobile
radio specifications provide a comprehensive radio capability encompassing trunked, non-trunked
and direct mobile-to-mobile communication with a range of facilities including voice, circuit mode
data, short data messages and packet mode services. TETRA supports an especially wide range of
supplementary services, many of which are exclusive to TETRA.
TETRA is designed to operate in the bands below 1 GHz and the 25 kHz channel structure allows it
to fit easily into existing PMR frequency bands.
The specifications cover three distinct telecommunication services corresponding to:
– voice plus data (V+D);
– direct mode.
Direct mode provides direct mobile-to-mobile communications when outside the coverage of the
network or can be used as a secure communication channel within the network coverage area. It will
interoperate with TETRA V+D both at OSI layer 1 and OSI layer 3.

2 Services

2.1 Teleservices
Clear speech or enciphered speech in each of the following:
– individual call (point-to-point);
– group call (point-to-multipoint);
– acknowledged group call;
– broadcast call (point-to-multipoint one way).

2.2 Bearer services

Individual call, group call, acknowledged group call, broadcast call for each of the following:
– short data service;
– circuit mode unprotected data 7.2, 14.4, 21.6, 28.8 kbit/s;
– circuit mode protected data (low) 4.8, 9.6, 14.4, 19.2 kbit/s;
– circuit mode protected data (high) 2.4, 4.8, 7.2, 9.6 kbit/s;
– IP packet data using up to 4 timeslots channel bandwidth.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 15

2.3 Supplementary services supported

2.3.1 PMR type supplementary services
Access priority, pre-emptive priority, priority call.
Include call, transfer of control, late entry.
Calls authorized by dispatcher, ambience listening, discreet listening.
Area selection.
Short number addressing.
Talking party identification.
Dynamic group number assignment.
2.3.2 Telephone type supplementary services
List search call.
Call forwarding – unconditional/busy/no reply/not reachable.
Call barring – incoming/outgoing calls.
Call report.
Call waiting.
Call hold.
Calling/connected line identity presentation.
Calling/connected line identify restriction.
Call completion to busy subscriber/on no reply.
Call retention.

2.4 Security aspects

The TETRA system is designed to ensure high levels of security. The security objectives are listed
below:
Correct charging: primarily of interest to commercial systems.
Authenticity: proving the true identity of the communicating parties and of the
network.
Confidentiality of communication: protection against unauthorized reading of transmitted
information.
Integrity of communication: protection against unauthorized modification of transmitted
information.
Privacy: privacy of people using or operating the network, e.g. personal
information, identities, location.
Traffic flow confidentiality: to prevent disclosure of information which can be inferred from
observing traffic patterns.
Monitoring: to permit authorized monitoring of communications, uninhibited
by the security mechanisms.
Security management: o enable administration of a secure network.
16 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

3 Overview of the system

The functional architecture for TETRA voice plus data is shown in Fig. 1, including standardized
interfaces.

4 System specifications
Refer to Table 1.

FIGURE 1
TETRA voice plus data
NMU
I6

MS2 MS3

MS A/I

TE MT Infrastructure Infrastructure
BS I3
I4 I1
TN
TETRA1 TETRA2

Transit
network

I5
LS2

PSTN
PTN
ISDN PDN

BS: base station

ISDN: integrated services digital network
MS : mobile station
MT: mobile terminal
NMU: network management unit
PDN: public data network
PSTN: public switched telephone network
PTN: public telephone network
TE: terminal equipment
Re port M.2014-0 1

4.1 Logical channels

The following logical channels are defined:
– common control channel (CCCH) comprising:
– main control channel (MCCH);
– extended control channel (ECCH).
These channels deal with control information addressed to or received from MSs not involved
in a circuit mode call;
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 17

– associated control channel (ACCH) comprising:

– fast associated control channel (FACCH);
– stealing channel (STCH/C);
– slow associated control channel (SACCH).
These channels deal with control information intended for or received from mobile stations
involved in a circuit mode call;
– broadcast common control channel (BCCCH) comprising:
– broadcast synchronization channel (BSCH);
– broadcast network channel (BNCH).
These channels carry the downlink system broadcast information;
– traffic channels (TCH) comprising:
– speech traffic channel (TCH/S);
– speech or data traffic channels (TCH/7.2, TCH/4.8, TCH/2.4);
– user data carried on the circuit mode traffic channels (STCH/U).
These channels carry the circuit mode voice or data traffic information.

4.2 TDMA frame structure – Voice and data

The TETRA frame structure, shown in Fig. 2, has four slots per TDMA frame. This is further organized
as 18 TDMA frames per multiframe of which one frame per multiframe is always used for control
signalling. This eighteenth frame is called the control frame and provides the basis of the SACCH.
The circuit mode voice or data operation traffic from an 18-frame multiframe length of time is
compressed and conveyed within 17 TDMA frames, thus allowing the eighteenth frame to be used to
control signalling without interrupting the flow of data. Besides the basic TDMA frame structure
described above, there is a hyperframe imposed above the multiframe structure. This is for long repeat
frame purposes such as encipherment synchronization. Furthermore, it can be seen that each time-slot
is of 510 modulation bits in duration.
18 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

FIGURE 2
TETRA TDMA frame structure
1 hyperframe = 60 multiframes (= 61.2 s)

1 2 3 4 5 59 60

1 multiframe = 18 TDMA frames (= 1.02 s)

1 2 3 4 5 17 18
Basic TDMA Control
frame structure frame
1 TDM A frame = 4 time-slots
(= 56.67 ms)

1 2 3 4

1 time-slot = 510 modulating bits duration (= 14.167 ms)

1 2 3 4 509 510

R ep ort M.2014-0 2

4.3 Traffic channels

4.3.1 Speech traffic channels
The speech codec, and the associated error correction and detection mechanisms have been defined
in the TETRA standard. Speech frames of 30 ms, each comprising 137 bits provide a net bit rate of
4.567 kbit/s. The coding method, ACELP, has been designed to achieve robustness to transmission
errors, and to offer a high quality in the presence of background acoustic noise while using a limited
bit rate.
Error correction (consisting of a 1/3 rate punctured convolutional code) and interleaving schemes, to
selectively protect the most important bits within the speech frame, have been specified. Furthermore,
an error detection mechanism has been included and bad frame replacement techniques can be used,
in order to minimize the impairment of the speech quality resulting from speech frames not correctly
received.
4.3.2 Data circuit mode traffic channels
Data services of up to 19.2 kbit/s are supported with channel coding and interleaving schemes by
using up to four time-slots per TDMA frame.
Unprotected digital bearer services with a bit rate up to 28.8 kbit/s are also supported.
4.3.3 Data packet mode control channels
Data services of up to approximately 15 kbit/s are supported using control channels allocated to carry
IP packet data.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 19

5 Operational characteristics

5.1 Location updating and roaming

The mobile station evaluates the received signal and initiates the location updating procedure when
necessary.
A location area is the area in which a mobile terminal can move freely without updating the location
information maintained in the network. The paging area is the area in which a mobile is paged.
The switching and management infrastructure (SwMI) will page the mobile terminal in every location
area where it is registered.
To facilitate mobility management, a mobile terminal may be temporarily registered in a number of
location areas so that a mobile terminal may travel freely between the areas without the need to
reregister.
Roaming is possible within a TETRA network and between TETRA networks.

5.2 Communication protocols

The communication protocols are layered according to the OSI model and are specified in the TETRA
standards.
Layers 1 to 3 are subdivided as shown in Fig. 3. The C-plane corresponds to all signalling information,
both control and data and also packet mode data traffic. U-Plane information corresponds to circuit
mode voice or circuit mode data.
The MM, CMCE and SNDCP are defined in Fig. 3.
The MLE (mobile/base link control entity) performs management of the mobile-to-base/base-to-mobile
connection, mobility within a registration area, identity management, quality of service selection,
protocol discrimination (i.e. routing to the higher layer applications).
The LLC (logical link control) layer is responsible for scheduling data transmission and
retransmissions, segmentation/reassembly, logical link handling.
The MAC (medium access control) layer performs frame synchronization, interleaving/de-interleaving
channel coding, random access procedures, fragmentation/reassociation and bit error rate (BER)
measurements for control purposes.
20 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

FIGURE 3
Mobile/base station protocol stack
C-plane U-plane

MM CMCE SNDCP

Layer 3

MLE

LLC

Layer 2

MAC

Layer 1 Physical layer

C-plane traffic:
MM: mobility management - controls roaming and handover.
CMCE: circuit mode control entity - call control, supplementary
services and short data service.
SNDCP : Sub Network Dependent Convergence Protocol,
supporting IP packet data service.

U-plane traffic:
Clear/encrypted speech
Circuit mode unprotected data
Circuit mode protected data (low)
Circuit mode protected data (high)
R eport M.2014-0 3

5.3 Call set-up

5.3.1 Broadcast phase
The base station is continuously transmitting the following control and identification information:
– system identify (e.g. country code, operator code, area code etc.);
– system timing information (e.g. slot synchronization, frame synchronization etc.);
– control channel organization and loading information (e.g. announce slot structure especially
for random access);
– requests for or denial of system registrations.
Information (such as paging messages addressed to a particular mobile or group of mobiles)
is transmitted on a per call basis.
5.3.2 Set-up
Information is exchanged between the infrastructure and mobile. Five elements of the mobile
procedure are:
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 21

– wake up (if a battery economy mode);

– presence check on control channel (if required);
– transfer to the traffic channel;
– acknowledgement on traffic channel (if required);
– traffic information transfer (voice or data).
Further elements need to be taken into account, especially concerning invoking supplementary
services during this phase, conveying this information to the infrastructure, checking the subscriber
database to ensure these services have been subscribed to. On successful conclusion of this stage, the
mobile progresses to the call in progress stage.
5.3.3 Call in progress
Terminals are now concerned primarily to communicate with each other rather than signal to the
infrastructure. However, even during the traffic phase a substantial amount of control information
should be supported to allow “traffic channel acknowledgement”, notification of call waiting, call hold
and transfer to waiting, priority pre-empt, include call (IC) and speaker identification during a call.
5.3.4 Call clear down
The mobile relinquishes traffic channel and returns to monitoring the control channel. If the call is on
“hold” the system will retain details of the mobile and the call reference for subsequent reconnection.
The system may optionally retain line resources. When the call is complete all radio and line resources
should be cleared of traffic and returned to the resource pool.

5.4 Connection restoration

A number of network procedures are supported in the TETRA specifications to provide continuity of
service when a mobile encounters adverse propagation effects, moves between different cells or
encounters interference. Connection restoration may also be required for traffic reasons;
to redistribute the load on a particular cell such as during minimum mode operation; to allow the
frequency allocations at a particular cell to be reorganized, or for maintenance or equipment fault
reasons.
The responsibility for initiating the connection restoration procedures can rest with the mobile station
or with the base station, depending on the reason for restoration.
The mobile station is responsible for monitoring the quality of the downlink transmissions and may
request an alternative channel on the same serving cell if interference is encountered or may request
service on another cell if the received signal strength drops below a predefined level. The TETRA air
interface protocol provides a range of restoration procedures (of different quality) which a network
operator may wish to install, and to which users may choose to subscribe. These range from a totally
unprepared restoration taking several seconds during which time the connection is broken, to
seamless handover where the break in service is imperceptible to the user.
The base station may choose to move the mobile station to another channel on the same servicing cell
if interference on the uplink is encountered. The BS may wish to hand-off the call to an adjacent cell
if the loading becomes too high on a particular site (load shedding). This would be performed by
altering the acquisition and relinquishing criteria defined in the broadcast (BCCCH).
22 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

Bibliography

ETSI EN 300 392. Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) – Voice plus Data (V+D), several parts.
ETSI ETR 300 and TR 102 300. TETRA Designers’ Guides – several parts.
ETSI EN 300 394-1. Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) – Conformance testing specification, Part 1: radio.
ETSI EN 300 395. Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) – TETRA CODEC – several parts.
ETSI EN 300 396. Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) – TETRA Direct Mode – several parts.

Appendix 2
to Annex 1

General description of the Project 25 system

1 Services supported
Services will be available on Project 25 systems in accordance with system type and other
specifications within this Appendix. Where a service is mandatory for a Project 25 system type, such
a system must provide that service. Where a service is a standard option, and a Project 25 system
provides that service, it shall be provided in compliance to the standard. Technological limitations
may preclude some systems from supporting certain services.

1.1 Types of systems

Two types of systems are defined: non-trunked (conventional) and trunked. All Project 25 trunked
radios shall be capable of operation in both types of systems.
1.1.1 Non-trunked (conventional)
Non-trunked (conventional) systems possess no centralized management of subscriber operation or
capability. All aspects of system operation are under control of the system users. Operating modes
within non-trunked systems include both direct (i.e. radio-to-radio) and repeated (i.e. through an RF
repeater) operation.
1.1.2 Trunked
Trunked systems provide for management of virtually all aspects of radio system operation, including
channel access and call routing. Most aspects of system operation are under automatic control,
relieving system users of the need to directly control the operation of system elements.

1.2 Availability
The following table of telecommunication services (Table 2) shows service availability by system
type. The services are further denoted as either mandatory or as a standard option, by system type.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 23

TABLE 2
Telecommunication services
Bearer services Non-trunked Trunked
Circuit switched unreliable data Standard option Standard option
Circuit switched reliable data Standard option Standard option
Packet switched confirmed delivery data Standard option Standard option
Packet switched unconfirmed delivery data Standard option Standard option
Teleservices Non-trunked Trunked
Broadcast voice call Not available Mandatory
Unaddressed voice call Mandatory Not available
Group voice call Standard option Mandatory
Individual voice call Standard option Mandatory
Circuit switched data network access Standard option Standard option
Packet switched data network access Standard option Standard option
Pre-programmed data messaging Standard option Standard option
Supplementary services Non-trunked Trunked
Encipherment Standard option Standard option
Priority call Not available Standard option
Pre-emptive priority call Not available Standard option
Call interrupt Standard option Standard option
Voice telephone interconnect Standard option Standard option
Discreet listening Standard option Standard option
Radio unit monitoring Standard option Standard option
Talking party identification Standard option Standard option
Call alerting Standard option Standard option
Services to the subscriber Non-trunked Trunked
Intra-system roaming Standard option Standard option
Inter-system roaming Standard option Standard option
Call restriction Not available Standard option
Affiliation Not available Standard option
Call routing Not available Standard option
Encipherment update Standard option Standard option

2 Functional groups

2.1 Mobile end system (MES)

In the MES functional group, the term “mobile” is used as in land mobile radio (LMR), which
includes all mobile radios, portable radios, and fixed remote radios. The MES functions include the
voice and/or data user interface built into a radio.
24 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

2.2 Mobile data peripheral (MDP)

The MDP functional group includes all mobile, portable, and fixed remote data peripherals. The MDP
functions include the data user interface of any data peripheral attached to a radio.

2.3 Mobile routing and control (MRC)

The MRC functional group includes functions of voice and/or data routing, as well as control of the
mobile radio.

2.4 Mobile radio (MR)

The MR functional group includes functions of transmission and reception of all RF signals.

2.5 Base radio (BR)

The base radio functional group includes only the functions of modulation and demodulation of the
radio-frequency energy. Elements within the base radio include the power amplifier, RF front-end,
IF selectivity, and end-IF detection device.

2.6 Base audio (BA)

The base radio audio functional group includes the functions of frequency/level shaping and signal
processing associated with transmitted signals and received signals coupled to the BR. The interface
to the BR and base control are manufacturer-specific, and may be at any level or frequency.

2.7 Base control (BC)

The base radio control functional group includes the automated control functions of an individual
radio.

2.8 Radio-frequency control (RFC)

The RFC functional group includes all logic for translating user command signalling and control into
base radio command signalling and control for one or more base radios. The RFC functions further
include all logic for generating command signalling and control to a radio-frequency switch (RFS)
functional group, if present.

2.9 Radio-frequency switch (RFS)

The RFS functional group includes all switching for establishing interconnection paths between
gateways and base radios, as directed via command and control signalling from an RFC.

2.10 Console
The console functional group includes all end system functionality for dispatcher(s); including
a dispatcher’s man machine interface, control and audio functions.

2.11 Mobile service switching centre (MSC)

The mobile service switching centre is a switching centre for services between radio subnetworks.
The MSC is the combination of the RFC and RFS functional groups.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 25

2.12 Home location register (HLR)

The HLR is a dynamic database service which tracks the mobility of radios associated with
a particular radio subnetwork, that roam to other radio subnetworks.

2.13 Visitor location register (VLR)

The VLR is a dynamic database service which tracks the mobility of roaming radios which enter
a radio subnetwork, but that are associated with a different radio subnetwork.

2.14 Radio-frequency gateway (RFG)

The RFG functional group functions include direct interface with any/all end systems with the
exception of the console (where the end system may be an RFG into another radio subsystem),
and any translation of command signalling between the end system/user and the RFC. The RFG
functions further include any translation of end system/user payload between the user and the RFS.
The RFG also includes interface between VLRs, HLRs, and MSCs between RF subsystems.

3 Signalling description

3.1 Data units

Information is transmitted over the air, using the common air interface (CAI), in data units. There are
five types of data units defined for voice channel operation, one type of data unit for data packets,
and one type of data unit for control functions.
3.1.1 Voice data units
Voice information is transferred in a sequence of logical link data units (LDUs), each convey 180 ms
of voice information. There are two kinds of LDUs, denoted as LDU1 and LDU2. Each LDU conveys
additional embedded information, which includes a link control word, an encipherment
synchronization word, and low-speed data. LDU1 conveys the link control word. LDU2 conveys the
encipherment synchronization word. Both LDU1 and LDU2 convey low-speed data.
Voice information in the LDUs is conveyed as nine frames of vocoder information, with each frame
containing 20 ms of digitized voice information.
The LDUs are paired into superframes of 360 ms. Each superframe has an LDU1 and an LDU2. The
last superframe of a voice transmission may terminate after LDU1, if the transmission ends before
the LDU2 portion of the superframe has begun. Since LDU2 is present in each superframe (except
possibly the last one), it is possible for the transmission recipient to synchronize decipherment in the
middle of the transmission, and begin receiving a voice transmission on a superframe boundary.
Voice transmission begins with a header data unit, which conveys the synchronization of the
encipherment algorithm. This allows voice information in LDU1 of the first superframe to be
deciphered. The header data unit takes 82.5 ms to transmit.
Voice transmission terminates with one of two types of terminator data units. A simple terminator is
a short word, 15 ms in duration, signifying the end of a transmission. A terminator with link control
conveys a link control word for supervisory functions when terminating a transmission. A terminator
with link control is 45 ms in duration.
26 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

3.1.2 Packet data unit

A packet data unit conveys general purpose data information. A packet data unit is split into blocks
of information. The first block conveys addressing and service information, and is designated as
a header block. Subsequent blocks are designated as data blocks. The length of the data packet is
contained in the header block.
Each block is protected with either a rate 1/2 trellis code, or a rate 3/4 trellis code. The rate 1/2 trellis
code encodes 12 octets of information into exactly 196 bits. The rate 3/4 trellis code encodes 18 octets
of information into exactly 196 bits. A header block always uses the rate 1/2 trellis code.
Data blocks use a rate 1/2 trellis code for unconfirmed delivery data packets, and a rate 3/4 trellis
code for confirmed delivery data packets. The type of data packet (confirmed or unconfirmed)
is indicated in the header block.
3.1.3 Control data unit
A special short data packet is defined for control functions. It consists of a single block protected with
the rate 1/2 trellis code defined for the packet data unit. It requires 37.5 ms of air time to transmit.

3.2 Media access control

Data units are transmitted over the air preceded by a short burst of frame synchronization and network
identity. The frame synchronization is exactly 48 bits, 5 ms in duration. The network identity is a
64-bit codeword. These allow the recipient of the transmission to determine the beginning of the
message, and to distinguish traffic on the proper radio system from interference or co-channel traffic
on nearby systems. The network identifier also contains a data unit identifier which identifies among
the seven possible data units.
Channel access is controlled with status symbols which are periodically interleaved throughout
transmissions. Each status symbol is two bits, transmitted after every 70 bits within a data unit.
This spaces the status symbols exactly 7.5 ms apart. The 7.5 ms interval is designated as a microslot
time interval. If a data unit happens to end before a microslot boundary, then additional null bits are
inserted to pad the transmission to the next microslot boundary.
An RF subsystem indicates activity on an inbound channel by setting the status symbols on the
corresponding outbound channel to a “busy” state. Radios wishing to access the inbound channel are
inhibited from transmission when the status symbols indicate “busy”. When status symbols indicate
“idle”, they may transmit. A third state, indicating “unknown” is used for slotting status symbols.

4 Operational characteristics
Operation over the CAI is dependent on mode, i.e. whether the message is voice or data, and whether
the system is trunked or non-trunked. In general, trunked operation requires radios to request service
on a control channel using a control data unit. The RF subsystem then assigns the radio to a working
channel for further operations. After the operations are complete on the working channel, the call is
cleared for assignment of the channel to other calls. Operation in a non-trunked system does not have
the service request phase and the call clearing phase.

4.1 Voice transmit operation

Operation of a transmitter for voice messages has three main cases, with several options and variations
of each case. The three main cases consist of routine group calls, emergency group calls, and
individual calls.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 27

4.1.1 Controls
A transmitter may have several controls which affect transmit operations. Controls sufficient for
a radio to support all of the call types are defined below. These controls are:
PTT switch – A push-to-talk (PTT) switch is activated when an operator wishes to transmit,
and released when a transmission is finished.
Channel selector – The channel selector is a switch or control that allows the operator of a radio to
select a radio’s operational parameters. The operational parameters that can be selected include the
following items:
– transmit frequency;
– transmit network access code;
– talk group;
– other parameters for setting the vocoder and encipherment functions. For example,
the enciphering key variable may be selected.
Emergency switch – The emergency switch is asserted by a radio operator for emergency calling.
Once this switch is asserted, the emergency condition remains asserted until it is cleared by a different
means, e.g. turning the radio off.
Numeric keypad/display – This allows a radio operator to set numeric values. This is most useful for
individual calls.
4.1.2 Call types
The different types of calls are defined as follows:
Routine group call – This is a transmission that is intended for a group of users in a radio system.
Typically, it is the type of call that is made most often. These calls are typically made when the PTT
switch is asserted.
Emergency group call – This is a transmission that is intended for a group of users in a radio system,
during an emergency condition. The definition of an emergency condition depends on a system’s
operators, but it typically signifies an exceptional condition with more urgency. These calls are
typically made after the emergency switch is asserted.
Individual call – This is a transmission which is addressed to a specific individual radio.
The individual radio’s address to which the call is directed is called the destination address.
These calls are typically made after the destination address is entered into the radio.
4.1.3 Procedures
The procedures for each of these calls in the transmitter are based on the procedure for the routine
group call. Consequently, that type of call is described first, and then the other types of calls are
described.
Routine group call procedure
Step 1: PTT. The radio operator asserts the PTT switch.
Step 2: Pre-transmit. The radio selects the channel parameters as determined by the channel selector
switch. The radio may check the status symbols, if present, to determine if the channel is
busy or idle. If busy, it may optionally hold off the activation of the transmitter until the
channel is idle. If the status symbols are not checked, or if the channel is idle, then the radio
simply keys the transmitter on the transmit frequency. The radio also activates the voice
encoder. The radio also activates the encipherment function, if present.
28 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

Step 3: Header data unit. The radio transmits the header data unit with the following
selected-information fields:
– network access code as determined by the channel selector switch;
– manufacturer’s ID;
– message indicator, algorithm ID, and key ID are determined by the encipherment
function;
– talk group/individual ID is determined by the channel selector switch, as appropriate.
Step 4: Format selection. The following recurrent voice message parameters are set:
– network access code as determined by the channel selector switch;
– manufacturer’s ID;
– emergency bit is set to indicate routine operation;
– talk group/individual ID is determined by the channel selector switch, as appropriate;
– source ID is set to the unit ID of the radio;
– message indicator, algorithm ID, and key ID are determined by the encipherment
function.
Step 5: Transmission. The voice link data units, LDU1 and LDU2, are sent with the message
parameters set above in Step 4. The information contents of the link control word is enciphered
if specified by the encipherment function. Link control shall only be enciphered if the voice
frames are also enciphered. Transmission is sustained until the PTT switch is released.
Step 6: End of Transmission. Transmission terminates when the PTT switch is released, or some
other event forces a dekey, and the transmission has reached the end of an LDU. The radio
terminates the voice encoder. Then the radio sends a terminator data unit. A radio always
sends the simple terminator, consisting of frame synchronization and the network ID word.
After termination, the radio notifies the encipherment function to terminate, as defined in the
encipherment protocol.
Step 7: Dekey. The radio ceases transmission.
Emergency group call procedure
Step 1: Emergency switch. The radio operator asserts the emergency switch. This sets the emergency
condition until it is cleared by some other action, e.g. turning the radio off.
Step 2: Group calls. Activation of the PTT switch now initiates calls that are very much like the
routine group call described above. The only difference in procedure is that the emergency
bit is asserted to indicate an emergency condition. Group calls can be made repeatedly, and
each group call will indicate the emergency condition.
Step 3: Emergency termination. The emergency condition is cleared by turning the radio off. When
the radio is turned on, the emergency condition is cleared and routine group calls are made
after PTT assertion. In addition to this method, other methods of termination may also be
available.
Individual call procedure
Step 1: Select called party. The unit ID of the individual radio to be called can be entered into the
radio via a keypad or by some other means. This becomes the destination ID of the call.
Step 2: Make the call. The procedure for group calls is followed, with the following exceptions:
– the talk group ID in the header data unit is cleared to the null talk group (0000);
– the link control field is formatted with the individual call format, containing the source
ID and destination ID of the call.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 29

4.2 Voice receive operation

The operation of a receiver for voice messages consists of three main cases, with variations that
depend on the transmitter’s operation. The three main cases are called squelch conditions in this
Report. They are: monitor, normal squelch and selective squelch.
As in the case of the transmitter, receiver operation will be affected by the channel selector switch.
This switch can select:
– receive frequency;
– receiver network access code;
– talk group;
– other parameters for setting the vocoder and encipherment functions. The encipherment
function is particularly significant to the receiver.
An additional radio control which can affect a receiver is the monitor switch. This switch allows the
operator of a radio to disable any selective squelch of the receiver so that an operator can hear any
sign of voice activity. This can be useful for avoiding collisions on non-trunked channels between
voice users.
The types of squelch operation described are defined as follows:
Monitor – This enables the receiver to unmute on any recognizable voice signal. Selective muting
based on the network access code, talk group ID, or unit address is not performed. This is analogous
to monitor mode in analogue receivers. This is normally activated with a monitor switch.
Normal squelch – This enables the receiver to unmute on any voice signal which has the correct
network access code. Voice messages from co-channel users which are using different network access
codes will be muted.
Selective squelch – This mutes all voice traffic except that which is explicitly addressed to the radio.
Messages which contain the talk group or unit address of the receiver, as well as the network access
code, will be received.
 30

Mobile
C
Mobile routing/ Mobile end
radio control MES system

MR MRC
Mobile data
MDP peripheral Network
Um A management
C end system

RF sub-system ES
control RF sub-system
Base Base Base En gateways Tele phone
radio audio control RFC e nd system
Et
BR BA BC RFG PSTN ES

RFS Data host end

system or
network
FIGURE 4a

RF sub-system Ed
Multi-station and/or multi-site switch
ES
Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

Consoles

RF SUB-SYSTEM B A Radio network gateway

of another RF
sub-system
Project 25 repeater (example) reference configuration

G
RFG

Vi sitor Home
locat ion VLR HLR l ocation
regist er register

R eport M.2014-0 4a
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 31

FIGURE 4b
Project 25 non-repeater reference configuration
C
Mobile Mobile Mobile
Radio routing/control MES
end system
MR MRC

Mobile
MDP
data peripheral
A C
Um

C
Mobile Mobile Mobile
Radio routing/control MES
end system
MR MRC
Mobile
MDP
data peripheral
A C

R ep ort M.2014-0 4b

FIGURE 5a
Project 25 voice structure
Superframe repeat as required

Header LDU1 LDU2 Terminator

82.5 ms 180 ms 180 ms 15 or 45 ms

Re port M.2014-0 5a

FIGURE 5b
Project 25 voice data unit structure
Frame
Header
synchronization
Header code word 82.5 ms
Network ID
LDU1 Link control

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 180 ms

Voice frames (1-18)

LDU2
Low speed data
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 180 ms

Encipherment synchronization
Terminator (simple)
15 ms

Terminator (with link control)

Link control 45 ms

Report M.2014-05b
32 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

FIGURE 6
Project 25 data and control signal structure
Data
Frame synchronization

Header Data Data Last

...
block block 1 block 2 block
Header block indicates the number of data blocks
Network ID

Control
Frame synchronization

Trunking signalling block

37.5 ms
Network ID R eport M.2014-0 6

Bibliography

APIC Document P25.ETG.04.011 Link Layer Encryption.

APIC Document P25.ETG.04.012 Security Services Architectural Overview.
TSB102-A. Project 25 System and Standard Definition.
ANSI/TIA102.BAAA-A. Common Air Interface.
TIA102.BAAB-B. CAI Conformance Testing.
ANSI/TIA102.BAAC-A. CAI Reserved Values.
TIA102.BAAD-A. CAI Operational Description for Conventional (non-trunked) Channels.
ANSI/TIA102.BABA. Vocoder Description.
ANSI/TIA102.CAAA-C. Transceiver Measurements and Methods.
ANSI/TIA102.CAAB-C. Transceiver Performance Recommendations.
IS102.AAAA-A. DES Encryption Protocol*.
IS102.BABB-A. Vocoder Mean Opinion Score Test.
IS102.BABC. Vocoder Reference Test.
TSB102.BABD. Vocoder Selection Process.
TSB102.BABE. Vocoder Mean Opinion Score (MOS) Test.
TIA102.AABA. Trunking Overview.
ANSI/TIA102.AABB-A. Trunking Control Channel Formats.
ANSI/TIA102.AABC-B. Trunking Control Channel Messages.
ANSI/TIA102.BAEA. Data Overview.
ANSI/TIA102.BAEB. Packet Data Specification.
ANSI/TIA102.BAEC. Circuit Data Specification.
TSB102.BAFA. Network Management Interface Definition.
ANSI/TIA102.AAAA. DES Encryption Protocol.
ANSI/TIA102.AAAC. DES Encryption Conformance*.

* These documents are referenced for completeness only. The selection of encipherment algorithms should
remain a national option.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 33

TIA/EIA TSB102.AACA. OTAR Protocol*.

TIA102CABB. Interoperability Test Procedures – Over the Air Rekeying (OTAR).
TSB102CABA. Interoperability Test Procedures Conventional Voice Equipment.
TSB102CABC. Interoperability Testing For Voice Operation in Trunked Systems.
ANSI/TIA102.AAAD. Block Encryption Protocol.
TIA102.AACD. Key Fill Device (KFD) Interface Protocol.
ANSI/TIA102.BAEE. Radio Control Protocol Specification.
TIA/102.AAAB. Security Services Overview*.
ANSI/TIA102.BADA. Telephone Interconnect Requirements and Definitions (voice service).
TIA102.AABF. Link Control Words.
TSB102.AABG. Conventional Control Messages.
TSB102.AABD. Trunking Procedures.
TSB102.AACB. OTAR Operational Description*.
TSB102.BACC. Inter-RF Subsystem Interface Overview.
TSB102.BACA. ISSI Messages Definition.
TIA102.AACA. OTAR Protocol.
ANSI/TIA102.AACC. OTAR Operational Conformance Test.
TIA102.AACE. Link Layer Authentication.
TSB102.BAGA. Console Interface Overview.
TIA102.BAHA. Fixed Station Interface Messages and Procedures.

Appendix 3
to Annex 1

General description of the DIMRS system

1 Introduction
The DIMRS, using new digital technology, fully integrates multiple services including,
radio-telephone, paging and dispatch communications into a single infrastructure. DIMRS caters both
to users who require an integrated system with enhanced services as well as users who cannot justify
the use of a separate pager, cellular phone, dispatch radio and data modem.

2 System services
The services provided are:

2.1 Dispatch
– Group call
– Private call
– Call alert
– Push-to-talk (PTT) ID
34 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

– Landline to individual private call

– Selective “area” calling.

2.2 Interconnect
– Interconnect with other switched networks
– Full-duplex operation
– Handover
– Custom calling features (call waiting, three party calling, dual tone multi-frequency access
to services, call forwarding, busy transfer, no answer transfer, call restrictions, access to
information services).

2.3 Roaming services

– Intra-system roaming
– Inter-system roaming
– System-to-system handover
– Inter-system calling features
– Registration/de-registration.

2.4 Message paging

– Paging
– Short message service.

2.5 Data communications

– Circuit mode (protected)
– Packet mode:
– with handshake;
– without handshake.

3 Authentication mechanism
DIMRS provides system security control with an authentication mechanism which may be invoked
prior to any chargeable service initiation.
Authentication is used to verify that a mobile station is registered in the system. It may take place
during the location updating, mobile origination, mobile termination, supplementary service,
and short message service procedures for an interconnect subscriber. For a dispatch only subscriber,
authentication will occur during power-up or when a subscriber crosses certain system boundaries
such as into another service provider’s area.
Each mobile station user is assigned an individual ID, referred to as an international mobile station
identity (IMSI), which is understood by both the dispatch and interconnect call processing
programmes. The system will validate the user IMSI each time an interconnect call processing
procedure is performed.
For interconnect call processing, a temporary ID, referred to as the temporary mobile station identifier
(TMSI), is used to identify the mobile station to the system. This minimizes broadcasting the IMSI
over the air.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 35

4 Overview of the system

The network approach showing the major architectural components of the system is shown in Fig. 7.

FIGURE 7
DIMRS network approach

Dispatch Other switched

application telephone networks
processor

Mobile
Packet
switching
switch
centre

Base site Base site

controller ...... controller ...
Enhanced Enhanced Enhanced Enhanced
base base base base
transceiver transceiver transceiver transceiver
system system system system

Mobile Mobile
station station

R ep ort M.2014-07

5 System specifications
Refer to Table 1.

5.1 Logical channels

The following logical channels are defined:
5.1.1 Slot information channel (SICH)
A broadcast channel used for transmission of slot control information.
5.1.2 Primary control channel (PCCH) comprising:
– broadcast control channel (BCCH)
– common control channel (CCCH)
– random access channel (RACH).
36 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

The PCCH is a multiple access channel used for layer 3 control signalling between the fixed network
equipment and the mobile stations. Each cell has one PCCH.
5.1.3 Temporary control channel (TCCH)
A temporarily allocated multiple access channel used to provide a means for inbound random access
on a channel which is normally reserved access.
5.1.4 Dedicated control channel
Supports more extended layer 3 control procedures which would be inefficient if conducted on the
PCCH.
5.1.5 Associated control channel (ACCH)
The ACCH provides a signalling path on the traffic channel. The main application of the ACCH is to
support whatever layer 3 control signalling is required for traffic channel supervision. Bandwidth for
the ACCH is obtained by dynamically stealing on the TCH.
5.1.6 Traffic channel (TCH)
– Circuit-switched channels
These channels are used to transport voice or circuit-switched data traffic.
– Packet-switched channel (PCH)
These channels will support packet-switched user data communications.

5.2 TDMA frame structure

The DIMRS data stream structure, shown in Fig. 8, has six slots per TDMA cycle. A frame structure is
further superimposed on this cyclical structure. Inbound and outbound frames consist of 30 240 slots,
each 15 ms long. The duration of the frame is 453.6 s.
A hyperframe structure is also defined, in addition to the frame structure. A hyperframe comprises
256 frames, thus, it contains a total of 7 741 440 slots and has a duration of 116 121.6 s (32 h, 15 min,
21.6 s). The large number of slots in the hyperframe is useful for implementing encryption.

5.3 Traffic channels

5.3.1 Speech traffic channels
The speech coding technology used is VSELP. Acceptable quality is maintained at channel BER as
high as 4-5% in Rayleigh fading, or 10% in static conditions. Error correction is realized through
a variable rate strategy whereby the uncoded and trellis-coded 16-QAM modulations are applied
selectively to speech bits in accordance with their perceptual significance.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 37

FIGURE 8
DIMRS frame structure
1TDMA cycle = 6 time-slots (= 90 ms)

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 time-slot = 960 modulating bits duration (= 15 ms)

1 2 3 4 959 960

SN
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 *

Outbound frame
* SN 30240 – 1

Inbound frame

SN
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 *

Inbound slot (15 ms)

Random access Random access Reserved access slot (15 ms)

subslot (7.5 ms) subslot (7.5 ms)

SN: slot number

Rep ort M.2014-08

5.3.2 Data traffic channels

A circuit data protocol is available for circuit data applications such as laptop or palmtop computers,
fax and image processing, and file transfer applications. The circuit-switched data protocol offers a
full-duplex packet stream with a single rate of 7.2 kbit/s (six users per RF carrier). This includes
forward error correction coding and selective re-transmission of non-correctable blocks.
Allowance has been made for packet data in DIMRS. Bandwidth will be dynamically adjusted to
accommodate demand.

6 Operational characteristics

6.1 Location updating and roaming

6.1.1 Intra-system roaming
DIMRS tracks a unit’s location so that calls can be routed to it. Both the dispatch and interconnect
calls require the current location of a mobile station. The DIMRS system will utilize a location area.
The unique identity of a location area is conveyed via cyclic broadcast on the primary control channel.
The mobile monitors the preferred primary control channel and issues a location update request when
it finds its location area is no longer supported. The location update request is sent to the VLR that
holds the current location of mobile station units operating in that system.
38 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

6.1.2 Inter-system roaming

The ability to travel freely throughout the single service area and originate or receive calls without
regard to current location can be extended to allow mobile stations to travel from one service area to
another. A single service area can consist of multiple cells covering a large geographical area
(e.g. entire metropolitan area). Alternatively, it may be necessary or desirable to subdivide it into
multiple service areas, because of RF coverage gaps, management, or regulatory issues.
6.1.3 System-to-system handover
DIMRS supports handover between cells, between location areas, and between systems. Handover
allows for maintaining the link quality for user connections, minimizing interference, and managing
traffic distributions. The inter-system handover is facilitated in the mobile station’s switch.
6.1.4 Inter-system calling features
The mobile station’s in the DIMRS can achieve inter-operability between any system configuration.

6.2 Communication protocols

The communication protocols are layered according to the OSI reference model.

6.3 Operation
6.3.1 Dispatch call operation
Step 1: A dispatch call is requested via PTT activation.
The call request packet is routed to the dispatch application processor (DAP).
The DAP recognizes the mobile station unit’s group affiliation and tracks the group
members’ current location area.
Step 2: The DAP sends location requests to each group member’s location area to obtain current
sector/cell location.
Step 3: The mobile station units in the group respond with current sector/cell location.
Step 4: The DAP instructs the originating EBTS with packet routing information for all group
members.
Step 5: Call voice packets are received by the packet duplicator, replicated, and distributed to the
group’s end nodes.
6.3.2 Telephone interconnect operation
6.3.2.1 Call initiation – Inbound
Step 1: Random access procedure (RAP) on primary control channel.
Step 2: Get dedicated control channel assigned.
Step 3: Authentication (optional).
Step 4: Call setup transaction.
Step 5: Get assigned to a traffic channel.
Step 6: Talk.
Step 7: Call termination request on associated control channel.
Step 8: Channel released.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 39

6.3.2.2 Call initiation – Outbound

Page mobile station on primary control channel.

Appendix 4
to Annex 1

General description of the TETRAPOL system

TETRAPOL is providing a spectrum efficient, digital narrow-band FDMA, voice and data system for
dispatch traffic, which has been developed and validated, and which is operational since 1992. The
TETRAPOL land mobile radio specification was defined by the TETRAPOL Forum to provide
specifications to the most demanding PMR segment: the public safety and then extended to
professional users.
The TETRAPOL applicable band is VHF and UHF, below 1 GHz, with a channel spacing of
12.5 kHz. An evolution to 6.25 kHz spacing is forecast. The access mode is FDMA, with a fully
digital constant amplitude modulation GMSK.
The TETRAPOL specifications apply to three different modes:
– network mode where the mobile is under the coverage and the control of the infrastructure;
trunking mode and open channel mode are included;
– direct mode where the mobile directly communicates with the other terminal;
– repeater mode where the mobile communicates with the other terminal through a repeater.
Any combination of these modes can be achieved in the TETRAPOL networks.

1 TETRAPOL model and functional groups

A TETRAPOL system is the physical implementation of interconnected elements called subsystems.
Physical elements are mapped to functional groups and the interfaces are defined at the reference
points (as defined by ITU).
Figures 9, 10 and 11 represent the TETRAPOL models for network, direct and repeater mode with the
different network subsystems and the reference points. The subsystems corresponding to functional
groups in the TETRAPOL model, which are concerned by the external open interfaces are the following:
– Radio terminal (RT)
The RT is the mobile termination unit (MTU) connected to the network through a radio link.
– Line connected terminal (LCT)
The LCT is a terminal connected by a physical connection line locally or remotely to the network.
– User data terminal (UDT)
The UDT is a data terminal (terminal equipment TE) connected to the RT and used for data services.
– Switching and management infrastructure (SwMI)
This is the TETRAPOL network itself split into two subsystems the base station (BS) and the
radio switching unit (RSW).
40 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

– Dispatch center (DC)

This is the dispatch centre with a dispatch centre server function and a dispatch position
switch function.
– Network management centre (NMC)
This is the management centre of different networks for operation and maintenance.
– Message transfer agent MTA X.400
This is the X.400 message handling switch connected to a private or public X.25 network,
acting as a messaging server.
– External data terminal (EDT)
This is an EDT, connected through a private or public X.25 network, acting as a data
communication server, data base gateway, private subscriber message base.
– Radio terminal simulator
This is the BS Type approval simulator including data.
– BS simulator
This the RT type approval simulator including the UDT, RT and SIM simulators.
– Subscriber identity module (SIM)
This is the removable module carrying subscriber information and security algorithms.
– Independent digital repeater (IDR)
This is the equipment used in repeater mode for extending the coverage between two mobiles,
irrespective of the SwMI.
– Standalone dispatch position (SADP)
This is the one position terminal for dispatch.
– Gateways
Gateways allow connection to other systems like PMR systems (GSM, TETRA ...), TCP/IP,
PDN, ISDN, PSTN, private automatic branch exchange (PABX).
– Key management centre (KMC)
This is the centre managing the security keys.
The internal subsystems of the TETRAPOL network SwMI are:
– Base station (BS)
This is the infrastructure equipment with which the RT communicates through the air
interface. The BS can be split into the BTS and the BSC.
Communication through a line is done via the LABS.
– Radio switch (RSW)
The RSW subsystem is the switching part of the TETRAPOL network.
– Base network (BN)
This is the elementary network within the SwMI.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 41

2 Reference points
This paragraph defines the connection reference points (CRPs) as shown on Figs 9, 10 and 11. They
correspond to the open interfaces in TETRAPOL.
R1 is the reference point between the UDT and the RT.
R2 is the reference point between the UDT and LCT.
R3 is the reference point corresponding to the radio air interface between the RT and the BS.
R4 is the reference point between the LCT and the network SwMI.
R5 is the reference point between the NMC and the network.
R6 is the reference point between the DC and network.
R7 is the reference point corresponding to the PABX gateway.
R8 is the reference point between the MTA X.400 and the network.
R9 is the reference point corresponding to the inter system interface (ISI) between two TETRAPOL
networks.
R10 is the reference point between the EDT and the network.
R11 is the reference point corresponding to the inter working unit IWU with other PMR systems.
R12 is the reference point corresponding to the BS – RSW interface.
R13 is the reference point corresponding to the PSTN gateway.
R14 is the reference point corresponding to the ISDN gateway.
R15 is the reference point corresponding to the TCP/IP interface.
R16 is the reference point corresponding to the X.25/PDN gateway.
R17 is the reference point corresponding to the SADP interface.
R18 is the reference point corresponding to the interface between SIM and RT.
R19 is the reference point corresponding to the interface between the KMC and network.
R20 is the reference point between RT (Ud).
R30 is the reference point between the repeater and RT.
42 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

FIGURE 9
Network mode model and CRPs

Other Other
TETRAPOL PM R
system system KMC

System boundary
R9 R11 R19 R15 TCP/IP access
SIM
RSWN
R16 PDN
R18
R14 ISDN
UDT R1 RT (R)BS R12 RSW
R13 PSTN
R3
Mobile station
R7 PABX

R8 (X.25) MTA X.400

DN
UDT R2 LTC R4 LABS
X.25
R10 ( ) EDT
DN
OMC
SADP R17 R5 (X.25) NMC
DN

R6 DC
BN boundary
BN boundary
SwMI

Reference point

(X.25) When available, private data network otherwise, public data network
DN R eport M.2014- 1 09

FIGURE 10
Direct mode reference points

R1 R20

UDT RT RT UDT

R eport M.2014- 1 0
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 43

FIGURE 11
Repeater mode reference points

Repeater
R30 R30

UDT RT RT UDT

R1

R eport M.2014- 1 1

3 Air interface protocol

The radio transmission is based on a 160 bits frame, lasting 20 ms, with 8 kbit/s gross throughput
physical channels.
A radio channel is one frequency downlink channel from BS to terminal and one frequency uplink
channel from terminal to BS, the data rate is 8 kbit/s per channel.
The logical channels are organized from a superframe of 200 consecutive blocks (Fig. 12) lasting 4s.
Before transmission information is coded according to a coding scheme depending of the type of
burst, this adds redundancy in order to protect information.

FIGURE 12
The superframe

199 0 1 2 3 197 198 199

20 ms 4s

R ep ort M.2014- 12

There are four types of bursts: speech, data, access and interruption bursts.
The logical channels of the air interface are the following (Figs 13 and 14):
– control channels (CCH) which are a multiplex of different logical channels allocated to the
function performed: access grant, signalling and data, broadcast, paging. The logical channels
are mapped on physical channels depending on the burst numbers in the superframe:
• random access channel (RACH) used by the terminal for initial access;
• dynamic access channel (DACH) used by the terminal for group activation, status
transmission;
• signalling and data channel (SDCH) used by the user data terminal UDT and the network;
• broadcast control channel (BCCH);
• response channel (RCH) used for random access acknowledgement;
• paging channel (PCH);
• stealing channel for signalling (SCH) and transmitter interruption SCH_TE;
– Traffic channels (TCH) used to carry speech or data are:
• voice or data channel (TCH).
44 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

FIGURE 13
The control channels
PCH

BCCH

RCH
CCH
SDCH

RACH

DACH

R ep ort M.2014- 1 3

FIGURE 14
The traffic channels
SCH

SCH_TE
TCH
TCH

R ep ort M.2014- 1 4

4 Speech codec
Coding is done end to end and as a consequence the codec is only required in the mobile and in the
gateway and is not necessary in the infrastructure. This allows, combined with self-synchronized
end-to-end encryption, simpler coding, faster response time and no echo. Since no transcoding is
applied for mobile-to-mobile communication, speech quality is optimized.
Speech is digitized at 6 kbit/s net rate and transmitted on an 8 kbit/s traffic channel.
The speech frame duration of 20 ms corresponds to 120 bits. The coding technique used is RPCELP
type, based on analysis by synthesis code excited approach with regular pulse codes. Channel coding
is used for protection against transmission errors.
Used in half duplex mode the speech codec does not require specific acoustic processing as echo
cancellation.
Speech quality measures have been performed as well as complexity calculations, as controlled by
external laboratories. The codec meets the requirements of quality, complexity, delay, documentation
and IPR information required.
A complete documentation is available on the speech codec algorithm including test sequences
ensuring unambiguous description and bit exact validation of implementation.
In particular very good performance under specific operating conditions have been checked, like:
– noisy environment;
– double talk conditions;
– transmission of tones.
The low complexity of speech coding algorithm allows implementation on a 20 Mips DSP performing
radio signal processing of the receiver.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 45

5 Services and network procedures

5.1 Introduction
This section describes the services and the features included in the TETRAPOL system.

5.2 Services
Services mean telecom services which users can control from the terminals. They could be described
in terms of bearer services, teleservices and supplementary services.
5.2.1 Speech services
Speech services are listed and described below:
– broadcast call;
– emergency call;
– duplex call – group call;
– individual call;
– multiple call;
– open channel and emergency open channel;
– PABX call;
– talk group.
5.2.2 Data services
Data services are listed and described below:
– access to TCP/IP;
– broadcast without acknowledgement;
– circuit mode;
– connectionless packet mode;
– external application messaging;
– interpersonal messaging (X.400);
– fast messaging;
– paging;
– short data message including status;
– X.25 packet mode.
5.2.3 Security services
For each mode security services have been designed to counter threats like:
– interception of control signals;
– masquerading another TETRAPOL infrastructure;
– masquerading another user;
– jamming;
– detection of control channel;
– replay;
– reuse of user identity;
46 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

– terminal theft;
– traffic analysis;
– unauthorized access;
– unauthorized interception of voice and data signals anywhere in the system.
The security services are listed as:
– prevention and detection of intrusion;
– end to end encryption;
– identity control of terminals;
– login-logout;
– mutual authentication (network-terminal);
– secured key management (over the air);
– security fall back modes;
– temporary identity;
– terminal disabling;
– total inhibition of terminal;
– access control;
– signalling protection;
– security partitioning.
5.2.4 Supplementary services
The applicable supplementary services are described and listed below:
– access priority;
– adaptive area selection;
– ambiance listening;
– area selection;
– automatic call back;
– call completion to busy subscriber;
– call barring;
– call authorized by dispatcher;
– call forwarding;
– calling line identification;
– call me back;
– call waiting;
– call transfer;
– direct call watch;
– discreet listening;
– DTMF;
– dynamic group number assignment;
– include call;
– intrusion;
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 47

– interconnect access;
– late entry;
– listening restriction;
– list search call;
– pre-emptive priority;
– priority;
– priority scanning;
– short number addressing;
– shortened numbering;
– stroke signal;
– talking party identification.

5.3 Applications
The following applications are supported in TETRAPOL:
– access to database;
– fax;
– file transfer;
– GPS;
– still video image.

5.4 Network procedures

Network procedures are features offered by the network but which the user cannot command from
the terminals. They are automatically processed or they are controlled by network managers or by
dispatchers:
– attach-detach;
– call duration limitation;
– call re-establishment;
– call recording;
– call retention;
– dynamic regrouping;
– group merging;
– migration;
– presence check;
– power saving mode;
– push to talk priority;
– roaming;
– terminal location (registration);
– transmitter power control;
– user profile management.
48 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

6 Abbreviations
A/I Air interface
BS Base station
CCH Control channel
Codec Voice coding decoding
CRP Connection reference point
DB Database
DM Direct mode
DP Dispatch position
DC Dispatch position centre
EDT External data terminal
IDR Independent digital repeater
ISI Inter system interface
KMC Key management centre
LCT Line connected terminal
LS Line station
MTA X.400 Message transfer agent X.400
MTU Mobile termination unit
NMC Network management centre
OMC Operation and maintenance centre
PABX Private automatic branch exchange
(P)DN (Public) data network
RP Repeater
PSTN Public switched telephone network
Ri Reference point
RT Radio terminal
RSW Radio switch
SADP Standalone dispatch position
SIM Subscriber identity module
ST System terminal
SwMI Switching and management infrastructure
TE Terminal equipment
TCP/IP Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol
UDT User data terminal

7 Document references
The TETRAPOL specification is a multipart document which consists of the following parts:
PAS001-1 General network design
This part contains the reference model, the functional specifications, the protocol architecture
and the principles of the main mechanisms.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 49

PAS001-2 Radio air interface

This part describes the radio channel coding, multiplexing, modulation.
PAS001-3 Air interface protocol
This part contains the air interface protocol description including the protocol data units
PDUs.
PAS001-4 Gateway to MTA X.400
This part contains the gateway protocol to X.400 messaging.
PAS001-5 Interface to dispatch centre
This part contains the interface to the dispatch centre.
PAS001-6 Line connected terminal interface
This part describes the interface protocol between the network and the line connected
terminal.
PAS001-7 Codec
This part contains the exact bit description of the codec and the relevant tests.
PAS001-8 Radio conformance tests
This part contains the mobile and base station radio conformance tests conforming to
ETS 300-113 (22).
PAS001-9 Protocol conformance tests
This part describes the air interface protocol conformance tests.
PAS001-10 Inter system interface
This part describes the inter system interface protocol between two TETRAPOL systems.
PAS001-11 Gateway to external networks
This part describes the gateways to fixed networks X.25, RNIS, PSTN and to PABX.
PAS001-12 Network management centre interface
This part contains the protocol description of the network management centre (NMC)
interface.
PAS001-13 User data terminal and radio terminal interface
This part contains the protocol description of the user data terminal (UDT) (terminal
equipment (TE)) to the radio terminal (mobile termination unit (MTU)) interface.
PAS001-14 Mobile station and base station simulators
This part describes the simulators of radio terminal and base station (BS). These simulators
include the RT simulator for the UDT and the UDT simulator for the RT. The EDT simulator
is also included, with the RSW simulator for data.
PAS001-15 Gateway to external data terminal (EDT)
This part describes the gateway to EDT in messaging application.
PAS001-16 Security
This part describes the TETRAPOL security mechanisms and SIM interface but is available
only under controlled disclosure procedure.
TTR1 Guide to TETRAPOL features
This part is a designer guide to give information on characteristics and choices in the system.
50 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

PAS001-18 Base station (BS) to the radio switch (RSW) interface

This part describes the protocol between the BS and the switch RSW.
PAS001-19 Standalone dispatch position interface

Appendix 5
to Annex 1

General description of the EDACS system

1 Introduction
The EDACS is an advanced two-way trunked radio system operating on 25 kHz or 12.5 kHz
channelization in VHF, UHF, 800 MHz and 900 MHz frequency bands. The development of
specifications based on EDACS technology provide backward compatibility and interoperability with
the large existing base of EDACS equipment and systems, globally.
The EDACS specification provides features and functions intended on satisfying requirements for
public safety, industry, utility and commercial users.

2 Communication modes
The following communication modes are supported:
– digital voice: all call types, group, group emergency, individual and system all call,
are supported;
– digital data: individual calls are supported;
– encryption: encrypting the already digitized voice provides very secure communications
even against sophisticated eavesdroppers. The advantage provided by encryption is very high
security with no loss of audio quality. Encryption via the DES algorithm is optional;
– analogue: analogue FM per 16K0F3E standard signalling in accordance with TIA-603 for
mutual aid capability.

3 System interfaces
Figure 15 represents the general system model for EDACS. This figure also identifies a total of
7 system interfaces that will be defined by the EDACS Standard. These are designated Um, A, Ec,
En, Et, Ed and G.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 51

FIGURE 15

Repeaters

Portable radio

End point C
Um Um End point C
Mobile radio
A
A
Digital air
System interface
controller

Message Mobile data terminal

switch

Intersystem
interface
System gateway
Ec
Console G
End point B interface
Data
interface
En Ed
Network
management Et A
Telephone
Data Host
interconnect
interface

Host
SNA

X.25

SNA: short number addressing

Rep ort M.2014- 15

3.1 Digital air interface

The digital air interface, Um, is required for every EDACS implementation. This interface defines all
of the digital signalling that is required for communication between the base repeaters and the
terminals (portable and mobile radios). One channel bit rate and modulation technique are used for
all voice and data communications and, for single-channel operation, control, voice, and data features
can be integrated into a common channel.

3.2 Mobile data terminal interface

EDACS terminals may support a port through which laptops, terminals or other terminal unit
peripherals may be connected. This interface, A, allows communication between a terminal unit and a
peripheral.
52 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

3.3 Console interface

The interface between a system controller and a console unit is the console interface, Ec.
This interface provides for control of certain system functions and features via the console unit.

3.4 Network management interface

The interface between a system controller and a network management device is the network
management interface, En. This interface provides for control of components of the system via the
standard network management protocol (SNMP).

3.5 Telephone interconnect interface

The interface between a system controller and a telephone network is the telephone interconnect
interface, Et. Either analogue or ISDN telephone interfaces are supported.

3.6 Data interface

The interface between a system controller and a computer network is called the data interface, Ed.
This interface supports connection of the radio system to an established computer network via Internet
protocol (IP).

3.7 Intersystem interface

Individual radio systems (subsystems) can be interconnected into larger systems via the intersystem
interface, G. This interface will also permit systems of different frequency bands and technologies to
be interconnected together. This interface supports ISDN.

4 Standardized features and services

A fundamental attribute in meeting the communication needs of today as well as in the future is the
EDACS proven migration path. EDACS products and services are designed to be compatible with
past, present and future technologies. As an Extended Life TechnologyTM, EDACS continues to
evolve to accommodate new features and services that are compatible with systems sold since 1987
as well as provide a migration plan to integrate this technology with future, spectrally efficient
EDACS F-TDMA prism systems.

Mandatory features/services Optional features/services

Fast channel access Encryption Telephone interconnect
Automatic call sign Dynamic regrouping Simulselect
Transmit prompt tone Patch Advanced console features
Continuous channel updating Console pre-empt 8 Priority levels
Late entry Conventional failsoft Recent user priority
Random retries Alert tone disable Dynamic transmission/message trunking
Convert to callee Up to 16 system/groups Management reporting
Out of range SCAT Call validation
Caller ID display Power up system/group Activity logging
Group scan Failsoft display Alarm subsystem
Call queueing Radio enable/disable
ESN I-Call callback
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 53

5 System specifications

5.1 General description

The EDACS system utilizes a digital modulation technique for all communications including control
channel, digital voice and data modes. This is accomplished through binary modulation of a carrier
frequency with two states via a non-return to zero (NRZ) signal. A premodulation Gaussian filter is
used between the digital input signal and the modulator stage to reduce the carrier occupied
bandwidth. The modulation technique is a form of binary frequency shift keying (FSK) known
formally as GFSK. It is a continuous phase, binary FSK modulation with a Gaussian pulse-shaping
function. Continuous phase means that phase continuity is maintained during the bit switching times
and the FSK scheme is also known as CPFSK (continuous phase FSK).

5.2 Mobile data

All EDACS data systems are designed to be used as transparent data networks. The intent is to provide
a fast access, fully integrated digital trunked radio platform that inherently supports the transfer of
data between standard computer hardware. This open approach maximizes both the number and type
of hardware and software sourcing options available to the EDACS customer. Mobile data terminal
options range from traditional purpose built MDTs to standard MS-DOS pentop, notebook or laptop
PCs. Existing host computers and networks are easily accessed through RDI protocol interface or the
more ubiquitous IP optional packet-switching standard. Other protocols such as SNA and X.25 can
be supported using external gateways. Applications can be supplied by a range of MDT vendors, PC
application developers, IBM business partners or generated in-house with existing expertise.

5.3 Trunking control channel

A control channel receives and transmits resource allocations, status and short data messages.
The trunking control channel structure consists of two main parts, the outbound control and inbound
control.
The outbound control channel consists of frames of data, each beginning with 16 bits of dotting
(5555H), followed by a 16-bit field containing an embedded 11-bit barker (712H). This is followed
by 16 more bits of dotting, which is then followed by 2 messages. Each message is 40 bits, consisting
of a 28-bit message along with an attached 12-bit BCH code. Each message is sent 3 times with the
middle copy of each message inverted. Each outbound control channel frame constitutes a “slot” and
is 30 ms long – the amount of time required to transmit 288 bits of data at 9 600 Bd rate.

FIGURE 16
Frame

D B D M1 M1 M1 M2 M2 M2

Barker Message No. 1 Message No. 2

11 bits 28 + 12 bits 28 + 12 bits

Dotting Dotting
21 bits 16 bits
Rep ort M.2014- 16
54 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

The inbound control channel frame, or slot information, consists of 108 bits of dotting for bit
synchronization, 3 repeats of the 16-bit barker-like codeword (85B3H) for word synchronization, and
then 3 repeats of the 28 bits of data and the attached 12-bit BCH codeword. As with all cases of
repeated messages, the middle repeat is inverted.

FIGURE 17
_______
Dotting Barkers Message Message Message

108 bits 48 bits 28 + 12 bits

R ep ort M.2014-17

5.4 Working channel

A working channel is assigned on the basis of a request from the control channel. This request is
processed and a working channel is assigned. When the communication is first initiated there is high-
speed handshaking on the working channel. Following the initial handshaking, the signalling mode
changes. The working channel is then used for digital voice, encrypted voice, or data
communications. Dispatching capabilities are also provided.
5.4.1 Operations
A variety of signalling functions must be performed on the inbound and outbound working channel.
The inbound data stream consists of standard working channel information. The outbound working
channel data stream contains embedded messages from the trunking controller.
After the working channel preamble is transmitted at the beginning of a communication, working
channel frames are then transmitted. These data frames are about 224.17 ms long. The inbound
working channel frame transmitted from the calling unit is shown in Fig. 18. Each data frame is
preceded by a working channel frame header, containing information for the maintenance of
cryptographic and data sync. The remainder of the frames consists of coded speech.

FIGURE 18
Frame 224.17 ms

Header Coded speech Header Coded speech

R eport M.2014-18

The contents of the each frame are:

Coded speech: 2 040 bits
Header: 112 bits
Outbound working channel signalling consists of working channel frames as described in Fig. 19.
In addition to the working channel frames, low-speed subaudible signalling is embedded on the voice
outbound working channel. The following format is used for updates during periods of silence and
system hang-times.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 55

FIGURE 19
_____________
Sync Update message Update message Update message

16 bits

Update BCH

20 bits 12 bits R eport M.2014-19

6 References
TIA reference documents are available through Global Engineering, (Tel: +1 800 854 7179), and ECR
documents are available from Ericsson Inc., (Tel: +1 804 528 7000).

Document number Description

ECR 69 EDACS system and standards definition
ECR 69.1 EDACS system gateway specification
ECR 69.2 EDACS vocoder and encryption definition
ECR 69.3 EDACS digital signalling specification
ECR 69.3-1 EDACS call procedures
ECR 69.4 EDACS system conformance tests and procedures
TIA/EIA-603 Land mobile FM or PM communications equipment measurement and
performance standards

Appendix 6
to Annex 1

General description of an FHMA system

1 General
FHMA has been developed in Israel, where a test bed is operating for validation of system evolution.
The prime incentive for developing FHMA has been spectral efficiency. The level of spectral
efficiency achieved makes it a viable solution for PAMR/PMR services, even when the spectral
assignment is extremely small (e.g. 30 frequencies of 25 kHz for unconstrained service coverage).
FHMA systems are primarily focused on the public access mobile radio (PAMR) market, and trying
to address challenges posed by commercial users. FHMA has been specified and developed to comply
with the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations (e.g. Parts 90, 15, 68, 94).
56 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

2 FHMA technology
FHMA is primarily an advanced digital radio technique, which yields an optimal spectral-efficient
mobile radio system. The underlying communication technique is a combination of TDMA (3:1) and
of frequency hopping multiple access (a CDMA method). Powerful error protection codes, together
with deep interleaving provide excellent protection against deteriorated channel conditions, either due
to low received signal power or to interference.
Hopping parameters were selected for accomplishing the objective of high spectral efficiency for the
mobile and to operate in mobile interfered channels. The robustness of the physical layer of the
FHMA technology is utilized for capacity enhancement by implementing a cellular reuse pattern with
a low frequency reuse factor. The system enables trading reuse for capacity and vice versa i.e. reuse
of 1 with smaller capacity per topological unit or opt for a reuse of e.g. 3, with higher capacity for
same topological unit (base station, sector). The FHMA air interface defines traffic channels and
control channels (bi-directional), of which only traffic channels are hopping.
The Attachments describe the system:
Attachment 1 – FHMA services.
Attachment 2 – Procedures and interfaces.
Attachment 3 – Abbreviations and acronyms.

Attachment 1
to Appendix 6

FHMA services

The FHMA system has been developed primarily for PAMR users. The services selected are those
that are required by the commercial community. Furthermore, special applications have been
developed for specific users, especially data applications like embedded automatic vehicle location
(AVL), and data dispatch (“Manifest”).
An effort was made in defining the services and applications such as to provide the community of the
mobile fleets with all their communications and control needs by a single system.
This includes voice telephony, voice dispatch (individual and group), data bearer services, and data
specific applications (e.g. AVL, Manifest).

1 Offered services

1.1 Teleservices
All means necessary to provide basic communications and applications (practically all 7 layers of the
OSI standard) like:
– mobile to mobile telephony and dispatch (trunked) speech communications;
– mobile to group voice communications (trunked);
– selective access to services, including optional secure communications (primarily
user-furnished algorithms);
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 57

– telephony communications between a mobile unit and PSTN;

– fax capabilities;
– data applications like data dispatch (to individuals and groups), and short messaging;
– 2-way paging;
– automatic vehicle location (GPS based).

1.2 Bearer services

Packet mode data, connection and connection-less oriented, which provide:
– nominally 4.8 kbit/s protected data;
– 9.6 kbit/s unprotected data;
– 2.4 kbit/s (and 1.2 kbit/s) heavily protected data;
– multislot data, up to 28.8 kbit/s unprotected;
– multislot data, up to 14.4 kbit/s protected.

1.3 Supplementary services

Services, which are extension to those presently offered, and which may be implemented for
satisfying requirements typical to PMR.

2 Voice services

2.1 Telephony

Standard telephony Full duplex operation Comfort noise

Transcoding done only for calls involving 4.4 kbit/s vocoder, optional 2.4,
PSTN subscribers and 5.55 kbit/s

2.2 Group dispatch

Unacknowledged group call Unacknowledged point to multipoint on single 500 ms PTT response
TCH with a single call owner at a time and a time
predefined broadcast group.
Group call participants might roam between Short group number sent
service areas. on the air
A special emergency group dispatch call is
defined per fleet
Acknowledged group call Similar to unacknowledged group call yet the
call owner may get a presence list during call
initiation (and possibly later on).
Session oriented with hang timer and in-band
handshaking over the traffic channel
Broadcast voice message Unacknowledged one way point-to-multipoint
call on single TCH initiated from MS or LS
unit
58 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

2.3 One to One dispatch (121)

121 Semi-duplex two way point-to-point operation. 500 ms call-setup

Session oriented with hang timer and in-band
handshaking over the traffic channel. Switching
controller (CC) solves contentions

3 Data service

3.1 Packet mode connection-oriented data

Connection-oriented Standard TCP/IP connection-oriented service 9.6 kbit/s unprotected

4.8 kbit/s nominal protected
2.4, 1.2 kbit/s heavy protection

3.2 Packet mode connection-less data

Connection-less Standard UDP/IP protocol using shared channels 9.6 kbit/s unprotected
(statistical multiplexing) 4.8 kbit/s nominal protected
2.4, 1.2 kbit/s heavy protection
Direct Internet connectivity (packet handler
integrated in the FHMA network)

3.3 Circuit mode data services

Circuit data Extended AT command set 9.6 kbit/s unprotected

Character mode access to packet assembler/ 4.8 kbit/s nominal protected
disassembler (pad) (X.28/X.29) 2.4, 1.2 kbit/s heavy protection
Protected FAX Protected fax transmission using extended AT 4.8 to 14.4 kbit/s (3 slots)
command set

3.4 Short message service

Short messages Basic units of 96 bytes with practically

unlimited message length (random access is
paired with subsequent allocations)
Point-to-point and point-to-multipoint

3.5 High speed data

Data Group and broadcast connections Protected 14.4 kbit/s

Up to 3 TDMA slots Unprotected 28.8 kbit/s
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 59

3.6 Network application services

FHMA provides the following network application services based on the standard TCP/IP services:
– Special data messages (SDM) – A store and forward messaging service provides subscribers
with additional message handling services such as: individual (IDM) and group (GDM)
messages, registered, special delivery messages. These services are all accessed through
special communications APIs;
– Modem-like (Hayes compatible) communication services (PCCA/AT) that enable subscribers
to use standard modem communication commands (AT/PCCA);
– AVL – Fleet management based on GPS (Etak application on PC) running from subscriber
unit (SU), PSTN or leased-line access.

3.7 Supplementary services

CF Call forward – unconditioned or conditioned (busy, no reply, not reachable)
CW Call waiting – incoming call notification during connection
LE Late entry – allow late comers to join a multipoint voice call
EC Emergency fleet group call
FD Fast dialing (numbers allocated per fleet)
CLI Calling/called party identification presentation
CR Call report – leave identity to non-available called party for subsequent call back
TPI Talking party indication – inform all party about the identity of the active party in a multipoint
connection
LSC List search call – distribute a call to the first available subscriber in a list of attendants
CAD Call authorized by dispatcher – involve operator upon restricted access
SNA Short number addressing – use short abbreviations
AS Area select – establish a call to other party only if it is located inside a selected area
AP Access priority – priority level used to allocate resources in congested networks
PC Priority call – give preference in resource allocation
CH Call hold – interrupt ongoing call but keep the resources engaged
CCBS Call completion to busy subscriber – attempt to complete the call later
ToC Transfer of control – transfer ownership of a multipoint call
PPC Preemptive priority call – as PC but allows disconnecting ongoing calls in order to allocate
resources
IC Include call – involve a third party in an active call
BC Barring call – incoming or outgoing call bearing
AoC Advice of charge – charge indication to end-user
DL Discreet listening – facility, which allows tapping into calls
AL Ambiance listening – activating the terminal transmission without giving an indication to the
end user
DGNA Dynamic group number assignment – facility for group creation
60 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

Attachment 2
to Appendix 6

Procedures and interfaces

1 Procedures

Handover Mobile controlled handover

Mobility management Air interface: FHMA standard procedures
Location registers: Standard MAP based (HLR/VLR)
Call management Air interface: FHMA standard procedures
MSC interworking: SS7-ISUP/TUP based with additions necessary for
management of voice group calls

2 Interfaces

Intersystem signalling SS7-MAP (IS-41C)

Service interworking Distributed connectivity towards PSTN, ISDN and Internet
Line-station interface Standard Internet connectivity towards integrated packet handler (DC)

Attachment 3
to Appendix 6

Abbreviations and Acronyms

AIN Advanced intelligent network

AuC Authentication center
AVL Automatic vehicle location
BHCA Busy hour call attempts
BER Bit error rate
BS Base station
BSC Base station controller
BTS Base transceiver station
CCC Customer care center
CCH Control channel
CMM Channel mode modify
CUG Closed users group
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 61

CRC Cycling redundancy checking

EIR Equipment identity register
GC Group call (dispatch)
GCR Group call register (GSM-R)
GoS Grade of service
HLR Home location register
HO Handover
IN Intelligent networks
IWF Inter-working function
MM Mobility management
MO Mobile originated call (outgoing)
MS Mobile station
MSC Mobile switching center
MT Mobile terminated call (incoming)
OMC Operation and maintenance center
PDN Packet data network
PDU Packet data unit
PH Packet handler
RR Radio resource
SDL Specification and description language (UIT-T) or software download
SID Silence detection packet
SIM Subscriber identity module
SMS Short message service (GSM) or subscriber management system
SS Supplementary services
SU Subscriber unit
TBD To be defined
VAD Voice activity detection
VLR Visitors location register.

Appendix 7
to Annex 1

General description of the CDMA-PAMR system

1 Introduction
CDMA-PAMR utilizes the Voice-over-IP (VoIP) technology running over a cdma2000-1x radio
network or cdma2000 HRPD radio network (CDMA) in order to provide voice-based PAMR services
62 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

to users, in addition to data services with a range of data rates. This is implemented by means of a
PAMR application running on a server connected to the CDMA radio network, which utilizes features
and services of the underlying CDMA network. This flexible approach provides a powerful
combination of PAMR voice and data services, and enables a broad multi-vendor environment for
the supply of CDMA terminals and infrastructure, with the ability to procure the PAMR application
separately from the CDMA network and terminals.
The carrier bandwidth of a CDMA-PAMR system is 1.25 MHz and the system operates with
a frequency (cellular) reuse factor of 1, implying that the spectrum efficiency for CDMA-PAMR is
very efficient.
CDMA-PAMR technology is designed for use for PAMR networks, in particular in the following
frequency bands:
– 410-420/420-430 MHz
– 450-460/460-470 MHz
– 870-876/915-921 MHz.
In the future, CDMA-PAMR technology will be designed to operate in other frequency bands as
demand for efficient digital trunking systems grows globally.

2 Services
CDMA-PAMR provides a highly flexible environment for the creation of services and applications,
and a powerful combination of PAMR voice and data services. The system could initially be driven
by the need to provide high-speed data services for mobile workers, although other PAMR services
may also be provided. Services available using CDMA-PAMR technology include, among others:

2.1 Teleservices
– Individual voice and data calls (point-to-point)
– Push-to-talk (PTT) voice services
– Group calls (point-to-multipoint)
– Dispatch services
– Direct mode operation (DMO)
– Prioritization and queuing
– Status and short data messages
– Packet data/IP services
– Simultaneous voice and data
– Dynamic group management
– Over-the-air reprogramming of terminals
– Location services.

2.2 Bearer services

– Circuit mode protected data: 1.2, 1.35, 1.5, 2.4, 2.7, 4.8, 9.6, 19.2, 38.4, 76.8, and 153.6 kbit/s
– Packet connection oriented data.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 63

2.3 Supplementary type services

CDMA-PAMR provides a wide range of other services and features that have not generally been
provided by PAMR or PMR systems in the past, but are likely to be beneficial to PAMR users and
operators for a wide range of applications. Some examples include:
– Separation of user addressing from network numbering, allowing flexibility in setting up
numbering/addressing schemes for user organizations (and efficient use of scarce network
numbering resources).
– Integration with/use of IP-based services such as instant messaging, presence services,
intranets, voice-over-IP, end-to-end encryption for voice and data, Web-based services, etc.
– Ability to replay dispatch messages (voice and data) as required.
– Automatic storage and retry of high priority (voice and data) messages until received, with
acknowledgement and guaranteed delivery.
– Ability to rapidly set-up an ad hoc group on a temporary basis, based on a variety of possible
parameters (including location), e.g. at a particular site for a particular situation involving all
those users who happen to be in the vicinity at that time.
CDMA-PAMR also supports a wide range of data applications for users, including:
– Short data messages
– Telemetry
– Database access/interactions
– Mobile office applications, e.g. email
– Image and file transfer
– Video.

2.4 Security aspects

CDMA-PAMR provides a full range of security features for both the user and the operator. The set
of security features that are available is comprised of features implemented in both the network and
the application. The network security features include air-interface encryption and authentication.
The VoIP approach used in CDMA-PAMR provides for the convenient implementation of
end-to-end security for PAMR voice services, as well as for packet data services and applications.
The enhanced encryption facilities available in the CDMA radio access network allow 128-bit based
encryption for both signalling messages and user data (e.g. voice or packet data) between the mobile
station and the base station. There is also a unified encryption negotiation and encryption structure
for both signalling messages and user data. The features of this enhanced air-interface encryption
include:
– Signalling messages can be encrypted on both common and dedicated channels.
– Uses 64-bit key from authentication process as the cipher key.
– Uses one of a number of 128-bit based encryption algorithms.
– User data encryption on dedicated channel (or on common channel short data bursts, which
are one type of signalling message).
– Encryption algorithms are negotiated during common channel operation.
– Encryption can be turned on or off independently for each connected service.
– Recovery mechanisms when encryption is out-of-sync between the mobile station and the
base station.
– Anti-replay attack mechanism.
64 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

The basic authentication facilities available in the CDMA radio access network enable the base station
to authenticate the mobile station and set up a cipher key for encryption. The enhanced authentication
in the standards ensures the authenticity of the sender and the integrity of signalling messages
received over-the-air. Enhanced authentication uses one of two schemes to establish the integrity key
of this purpose, one of which employs mutual authentication. The base station is able to set the cipher
key size to either 64-bit or 128-bit according to the level of encryption strength required. The major
features of this enhanced authentication include:
– Signalling messages are integrity protected on both common and dedicated channel
(by attaching a 32-bit message authentication code to the message).
– Under one option to establish the integrity key, the base station authenticates the mobile
station and sets up a 64-bit integrity key.
– Under the second option, known as AKA, the base station and mobile station authenticate each
other (mutual authentication) and set up a 128-bit integrity key (and a 128-bit cipher key).
– Recovery mechanisms when integrity is out of synchronization between the mobile station
and the base station.
– Anti-replay attack mechanism.
In addition to such network-based security features, CDMA-PAMR is also well suited to provide
security features at the application level, including end-to-end encryption. As described previously,
CDMA-PAMR implements voice services (such as postal, telephone and telegraph (PTT) services)
that are transported over packet data services of the radio access network. Such VoIP services can be
structured to allow for complete end-to-end encryption of media (e.g. voice) without special support
in the infrastructure. Such systems have already been employed commercially in the US for
end-to-end secure voice services for government use.

3 Overview of the system

CDMA-PAMR is a system that uses CDMA radio technology in order to provide PAMR services to
users. The system uses VoIP technology running over a CDMA radio access network, with a PAMR
application utilizing services and features from the underlying CDMA and IP networks in order to
provide the PAMR services and functionality.
The system essentially consists of the following two parts:
– The CDMA radio access network, together with the associated IP data network and
components.
– The PAMR application, consisting of a mobile client part running on a mobile terminal, and
a network server part running on servers connected to the network.
The features and functionality provided by CDMA-PAMR address essentially the same user needs as
other PAMR technologies. CDMA-PAMR adapts the established and already deployed CDMA radio
platform to provide both voice and data services in a PAMR environment.
The CDMA-PAMR system has been developed for use in the European digital PAMR bands, and is
based upon the cdma2000 standards.
CDMA-PAMR technology supports a multitude of service features, including high-speed data and
the push-to-talk capabilities that are important for PAMR networks. The push-to-talk features utilize
end-to-end VoIP and the industry standard session initiated protocol (SIP). The push-to-talk facilities
may be integrated with related services such as instant messaging, and support the latest advances in
standard vocoders and both mobile IP and simple IP for mobile users. With the push-to-talk service,
both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections are provided. As the standards evolve, the
push-to-talk features will evolve also to take advantage of the latest developments.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 65

Figure 20 shows the architecture of a CDMA-PAMR system.

FIGURE 20
CDMA-PAMR system architecture

Mobile
client
Internet

CDMA radio
access network Firewall

PDSN IP network/ Servers

WAN
Off-the shelf
servers, e.g. DNS,
AAA, location
server, etc.

PTT server/
media controller

CDMA radio
access network Firewall

PDSN IP network/ Servers

WAN
Off-the shelf
servers, e.g. DNS,
AAA, location
server, etc.

PTT server/
media controller

CDMA radio
access network Firewall

PDSN IP network/ Servers

WAN
Off-the shelf
servers, e.g. DNS,
AAA, location
server, etc.

R ep ort M.2014- 2 0
66 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

The PTT server/media controller, a key element in the architecture, provides coordination of the
push-to-talk call based on the originating member’s requests and the associated response from the
subscriber database. The functionalities provided by the PTT server/media controller include:
subscriber registration; call processing via SIP; push-to-talk applications, including both point-to-point
and point-to-multipoint services; sending out packets with the proper destination IP addresses of each
available member for the call in progress; and dynamic activation and deactivation of group members
during an active call. The associated subscriber database provides subscriber profile provisioning,
group list administration, mobile based administration for end user updates to group lists, and
web-based administration for updates to group lists.
The interface between the CDMA radio access network and the IP packet data network/WAN is
provided by a packet data serving node (PDSN), which is a standard product for such purposes. This
node supports the use of a standards-based protocol that provides header compression to improve the
efficiency of over-the-air traffic transmission and, therefore, to provide better voice quality.
In addition to the above-mentioned network elements, push-to-talk subscriber mobiles are equipped
with appropriate client software. The software allows the mobile to interface with corresponding
software at the PTT server to effect push-to-talk features and functionality.

4 System specifications
Refer to Table 1.

4.1 Logical channels

This radio interface is a wideband spread spectrum radio interface that utilizes the CDMA spread
spectrum technology. The CDMA-1x system has a layered structure that provides voice, packet data
(up to 307 kbit/s), circuit data (e.g. asynchronous data, fax), and simultaneous voice and packet data
services (as shown in Fig. 21). This radio interface provides protocols and services that correspond
to the bottom two layers of the ISO/OSI reference model (i.e. Layer 1 – the physical layer, and layer 2
– the link layer). Layer 2 is further subdivided into the link access control (LAC) sub-layer and the
medium access control (MAC) sub-layer. Applications and upper layer protocols corresponding to
OSI Layers 3 through 7 utilize the services provided by the layer 2 and layer 1 services.
Several enhancements have been incorporated in this radio interface and a generalized multi-media
service model is supported. This allows any combination of voice, packet data, and high-speed circuit
data services to be operated concurrently. The radio interface also includes a QoS control mechanism
to balance the varying QoS requirements of multiple concurrent services (e.g. to support ISDN or
RSVP network layer QoS capabilities).
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 67

FIGURE 21
CDMA radio interface architecture

OSI Upper layer Voice

Data services
layers 3 to 7 signalling services

Signalling to physical layer interface

LAC
sub-layer

MAC
sub-layer
OSI
layer 2
SRBP RLP RLP RLP

Multiplexing and QoS delivery

OSI
layer 1 Physical layer

R eport M.2014- 2 1
68 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

Figure 22 shows the logical and physical channel relationships from the mobile station’s perspective.

FIGURE 22
CDMA radio interface architecture (mobile station)

Voice service(s)
Data

Signalling to physical layer interface Data service(s)

Upper
l ayers

Data burst

Voice
Upper layer
signalling

L3 PDU

LAC Signalling LAC

sub-layer

LAC
PDU

f-csch
RLP SDU
MAC
sub-layer
SRBP RLP

f/r-dsch f/r-dtch
f/r-csch f/r-dtch
Mux and QoS sub-layer

Common channel multiplex sub-layer Multiplex sub-layer

F-SYNC F- F-CACH F-E ACH F- F/R - R-ACH F-PCH F/R - F/R - FCH F/R - F/R -
BCCH CPCCH CCCH DCCH SCHi SCCHi

Physical
Physical layer (coding and modulation)
layer

R eport M.2014- 22
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 69

Table 3 lists the physical channels currently used in CDMA-1x.

TABLE 3
Physical channels in CDMA-1x
Channel name(1) Physical channel
F/R-FCH Forward/reverse fundamental channel
F/R-DCCH Forward/reverse dedicated control channel
F/R-SCCH Forward/reverse supplemental code channel
F/R-SCH Forward/reverse supplemental channel
F-PCH Paging channel
F-QPCH Quick paging channel
R-ACH Access channel
F/R-CCCH Forward/reverse common control channel
F/R-PICH Forward/reverse pilot channel
F-APICH Dedicated auxiliary pilot channel
F-TDPICH Transmit diversity pilot channel
F-ATDPICH Auxiliary transmit diversity pilot channel
F-SYNCH Sync channel
F-CPCCH Common power control channel
F-CACH Common assignment channel
R-EACH Enhanced access channel
F-BCCH Broadcast control channel
(1)
The notations “F/R” and “forward/reverse” represent two different physical channels (i.e. one forward
channel and one reverse channel)

To provide flexible voice services, this radio interface provides the framework and the services to
transport encoded voice data in the form of packet data or circuit data traffic.

4.2 Physical layer (L1)

4.2.1 Reverse link
Figure 23 shows the reverse CDMA channels received at the base station. The reverse pilot channel
is an unmodulated spread spectrum signal used to assist the base station in detecting the mobile station
transmission. The mobile station may also insert a reverse power control sub-channel in the reverse
pilot channel. The reverse power control sub-channel is used to transmit power control commands
for forward link traffic channels. Both the access channel and the enhanced access channel are used
by the mobile station to initiate communication with the base station and to respond to paging channel
messages.
70 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

FIGURE 23
Reverse CDMA channels received at the base station

Reverse CDMA channel

Reverse
Reverse
Reverse Enhanced common traffic
Access traffic access channel
channel control
channel channel operation
channel
(RC 1 or 2) operation operation (RC 3 and
higher )

Reverse Reverse
Reverse Reverse
fundamental pilot channel pilot channel pilot channel
channel
0 or 1 reverse dedicated
Reverse control channel
0 to 7 reverse Enhanced
common
supplemental access
control 0 or 1 reverse
codes channels channel
channel fundamental channel
0 to 2 reverse
supplemental channels
Reverse power
control subchannel

Rep ort M.2014- 23

The reverse common control channel is used for the transmission of user and signalling information
to the base station when reverse traffic channels are not in use. The reverse traffic channels with radio
configurations 1 and 2 include the reverse fundamental channel and the reverse supplemental code
channel. The reverse traffic channels with radio configurations 3 and higher include the reverse
dedicated control channel, the reverse fundamental channel, and the reverse supplemental channel.
The reverse dedicated control channel and the reverse fundamental channel are used for the
transmission of user and signalling information to the base station during a call. The reverse
supplemental channel and the reverse supplemental code channel are used for the transmission of user
information to the base station during a call.
The mobile station supports three types of forward link power control based upon: 800 Hz feedbacks;
the erasure indicator bits (EIB); and the quality indicator bits (QIB). The feedback is on the reverse
power control sub-channel. For the 800 Hz feedback mode, the outer loop estimates the set-point
value based on Eb/Nt to achieve the target frame error rate (FER) on each assigned forward traffic
channel. The inner loop compares the Eb/Nt of the received forward traffic channel with the
corresponding outer loop set-point to determine the value of the power control bit to be sent on the
reverse power control sub-channel every 1.25 ms.
Uplink soft handoff is achieved by performing selection combining at the base station.
4.2.2 Forward link
Figure 24 shows the forward CDMA channels received at the mobile station. The forward pilot
channel, the transmit diversity pilot channel, the auxiliary pilot channels, and the auxiliary transmit
diversity pilot channels are unmodulated spread spectrum signals used for synchronization by
a mobile station operating within the coverage area of the base station.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 71

The forward pilot channel is transmitted at all times by the base station on each active forward CDMA
channel. The auxiliary pilot channel is transmitted in a beam forming application. The transmit
diversity pilot channel and the auxiliary transmit diversity pilot channel are transmitted when transmit
diversity is used.

FIGURE 24
Forward CDMA channels received at the mobile station

Forward CDMA channel

Common Common Common Broadcast Quick

Pilot Sync Traffic Paging
assignment power control control control paging
channels channel channels channels
channels channels channels channels channels

Forward Transmit Auxiliary Auxiliary transmit

pilot diversity pilot diversity pilot
channel pilot channel channels channels

0- 1 0- 7 supplemental 0- 2 supplemental
0- 1 dedicated fundamental Power control code channels(radio channels (radio
control channel subchannel configurations 3 and
channel configurations 1- 2)
higher)

Rep ort M.2014- 24

The sync channel is used by mobile stations operating within the coverage area of the base station to
acquire initial time synchronization. The paging channel is used by the base station to transmit system
overhead information and mobile station specific messages. The broadcast channel is used by the
base station to transmit system overhead information. The quick paging channel is used by the base
station to inform mobile stations, operating in the slotted mode while in the idle state, whether or not
to receive the forward common control channel, the broadcast channel, or the paging channel.
The common power control channel is used by the base station for transmitting common power
control sub-channels (one bit per sub-channel) for the power control of multiple reverse common
control channels and enhanced access channels. The common power control sub-channels are time
multiplexed on the common power control channel. Each common power control sub-channel
controls a reverse common control channel or an enhanced access channel. The common assignment
channel is used by the base station to provide quick assignment of the reverse common control
channel. The forward common control channel is used by the base station to transmit mobile
station-specific messages. For radio configurations 1 and 2, the forward traffic channels include the
forward fundamental channel and forward supplemental code channel.
For radio configurations 3 and higher, the forward traffic channels include the forward dedicated
control channel, forward fundamental channel, and forward supplemental channel. Similar to the
corresponding reverse traffic channels, these channels are used for transmission of user signalling
information to a specific mobile station during a call. The forward traffic channels also include the
forward power control sub-channel. It is used to transmit reverse power control commands and is
transmitted either on the forward fundamental channel or on the forward dedicated control channel.
The reverse traffic channels utilize an 800 Hz feedback power control mechanism similar to that for
the forward traffic channel. In addition, the mobile station supports open loop power control.
72 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

Downlink soft handoff is achieved by performing diversity combining at the mobile station. Transmit
diversity is achieved by transmitting modulation symbols on separate transmit antennas.

4.3 Media access control (MAC) (layer 2)

The media access control (MAC) sub-layer provides the following important functions:
– Best effort delivery – reasonably reliable transmission over the radio link with a radio link
protocol (RLP) that provides a “best effort” level of reliability.
– Multiplexing and QoS control – enforcement of negotiated QoS levels by mediating
conflicting requests from competing services and the appropriate prioritization of access
requests.
– Sophisticated reservation access – capabilities to provide efficient high-speed low latency
common channel access.

4.4 Link access control (LAC) (layer 2)

The link access control (LAC) sub-layer performs the following important functions:
– Delivery of service data units (SDUs) to a layer 3 entity using ARQ (retransmission)
techniques, when needed, to provide reliability.
– Building and validating well-formed protocol data units (PDUs) appropriate for carrying the
SDUs.
– Segmentation of encapsulated PDUs into LAC PDU fragments of sizes suitable for transfer
by the MAC Sublayer and re-assembly of LAC PDU fragments into encapsulated PDUs.
– Access control through “global challenge” authentication. Conceptually, some messages
failing authentication on a common channel should not be delivered to the upper layers for
processing.
Address control for delivery of PDUs based on addresses that identify particular mobile stations.

4.5 Signalling (layer 3)

Layer 3 signalling provides a flexible structure designed to support a wide range of radio interface
signalling alternatives. In addition to supporting the normal mobile network features, layer 3
signalling also supports the following radio related features and capabilities:
– Radio configuration negotiation
– Quick paging operation (to improve battery life)
– Handoff capabilities (i.e. soft handoff, hard handoff, idle handoff, access probe handoff, and
access handoff)
– Power control
– High-speed data
– Enhanced access
– Broadcast control operation
– Auxiliary pilot support.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 73

Bibliography

TIA-41-E (and subsequent versions). Mobile Application Part.

TIA-2000.1-E (and subsequent versions). Introduction to cdma2000 Standards for Spread Spectrum
Systems.
TIA-2000.2-E (and subsequent versions). Physical Layer Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum
Systems.
TIA-2000.3-E (and subsequent versions). Medium Access Control (MAC) Standard for cdma2000
Spread Spectrum Systems.
TIA-2000.4-E (and subsequent versions). Signalling Link Access Control (LAC) Standard for
cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems.
TIA-2000.5-E (and subsequent versions). Upper Layer (Layer 3) Signalling Standard for cdma2000
Spread Spectrum Systems.
TIA-97-H (and subsequent versions). Recommended Minimum Performance Standard for Base
Stations Supporting Dual-Mode Spread Spectrum Cellular Mobile Stations.
TIA-98-G (and subsequent versions). Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for Dual-
Mode Spread Spectrum Mobile Stations.
TIA-127-D (and subsequent versions). Enhanced Variable Rate Codec, Speech Service Option 3 for
Wideband Spread Spectrum Digital Systems.
TIA-893 (and subsequent versions). Selectable Mode Vocoder Service Option for Wideband Spread
Spectrum Communication Systems.
TIA-707-B (and subsequent versions). Data Service Options for Spread Spectrum Systems.
TIA-835-D (and subsequent versions). cdma2000 Wireless IP Network Standard.
TIA-683-D (and subsequent versions). Over-the-Air Service Provisioning of Mobile Stations in
Spread Spectrum Systems.
TIA-801-B (and subsequent versions). Position Determination Service Standard for Dual-Mode
Spread Spectrum Systems.
TIA-856-100-C (and subsequent versions). Overview for cdma2000® High Rate Packet Data Air
Interface Specification.
TIA-856-200-C (and subsequent versions). Physical Layer for cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air
Interface Specification.
TIA-856-300-C (and subsequent versions). Medium Access Layer for cdma2000 High Rate Packet
Data Air Interface Specification.
TIA-856-400-C (and subsequent versions). Connection and Security Layers for cdma2000 High Rate
Packet Data Air Interface Specification.
TIA-856-500-C (and subsequent versions). Application, Stream and Session Layers for cdma2000
High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification.
TIA-864-C (and subsequent versions). Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for
cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Access Network.
TIA-866-C (and subsequent versions). Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for
cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Access Terminal.
74 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

Appendix 8
to Annex 1

General description of the TETRA enhanced data service system

1 Introduction
The core of the TErrestrial Trunked RAdio (TETRA) standard developed by the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) has been available since 1994. Since then,
ETSI Technical Committee TETRA (TC-TETRA) has been continuously enhancing the standard
(the IP packet data capability was added, for example, in 2000), with the aim of providing a
state-of-the-art digital mobile-radio system to professional users in both the PMR and PAMR context.
A rapid upwards trend in the data speed of mobile-radio networks and the increasing popularity of
Internet “contents” and multimedia services at the turn of the new millennium prompted TC-TETRA
to develop a Release 2 of the TETRA standard capable of supporting concurrent wideband
multimedia applications. TETRA Enhanced Data Service (TEDS) is an outcome of this activity.
TEDS is fully integrated with TETRA and is specified in the same standard [ETSI].
TEDS is designed to operate, at least initially, in the following frequency bands as used by TETRA
before the TEDS enhancement (TETRA1):
– 380-390/390-400 MHz
– 410-420/420-430 MHz
– 450-460/460-470 MHz
– 870-876/915-921 MHz.
The TETRA1 air interface was based on 25 kHz channels using л/4-DQPSK modulation and a single
carrier 4-slot TDMA access method. TEDS has introduced three new channel bandwidths, i.e. 50,
100 and 150 kHz plus the following four new modulations:
– л/8-D8PSK, for a low cost upgrade of existing TETRA1 systems to 50% higher data speed;
– 4-QAM, for efficient links at TETRA1 coverage edge;
– 16-QAM, for moderate speeds and range;
– 64-QAM, for high speeds closer to BS.
The TEDS access method for QAM modulated channels is a multi-carrier modulation (MCM) TDMA
using 8, 16, 32 and 48 sub-carriers in 25, 50, 100 and 150 kHz channels respectively. This results in
a high tolerance of the multi-path effect without a need for complex equalizers in the receiver.
The use of the above channel bandwidths, modulation types and three coding rates, i.e. 1/2, 2/3 and 1
provides a wide range of raw data rates up to 691 kbit/s (compared to 36 kbit/s in TETRA1)
and spectral efficiencies up to 4.6 bit/s/Hz.
The users could select their throughput from that available in TETRA1 to an upper limit of about
500 kbit/s in TEDS, depending on application and range requirements.
In a “Conventional Access” network, a TEDS enabled MS accesses the integrated TETRA network
via the TETRA1 control channel present in every BS and using a 25 kHz channel and л/4-DQPSK
modulation. In a “Direct Access” network, the MS accesses a QAM modulated control channel
directly.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 75

2 Services
TEDS operates as part of a TETRA Release 2 network. In this way a TEDS enabled TETRA MS may
have access to all traditional TETRA services:
– bearer services (circuit mode data, short data and packet data);
– teleservices including the TETRA voice service;
– supplementary services.
In addition, such an MS has access to the wideband TEDS IP packet data bearer service. The service
access points provided by this bearer service allows TEDS to handle concurrent multimedia
applications through a multimedia exchange (MEX) layer. Each application whether single or
multimedia could negotiate a set of QoS parameters. These depend on application (or data) class. The
following three data classes are defined in TEDS:
a) Background class (best-effort type data requiring high reliability). Examples are:
– General file transfer
– Transfer of photographs and maps
– Reliable delivery of despatch messages with attached maps, plans, photographs and
documents etc.
– Secure delivery of patient and client records
– Database enquiries e.g. police national computer.
b) Telemetry class (intermittent data requiring moderate reliability and low delay tolerance).
Examples are:
– Delivery of medical telemetry from patient to hospital
– Vehicular telemetry.
c) Real-time class (data where timely delivery is essential and retransmissions are not
permitted). Examples are:
– Voice (VoIP)
– Video.

3 Overview of system specifications

In order to add high-speed packet data services to the TETRA standard whilst allowing backward
compatibility to the existing TETRA1 systems, the following developments have taken place in the
TEDS standard:
1) A new physical layer has been defined.
2) The existing TETRA higher protocol layers (upper MAC, LLC and SNDCP) and encryption
service have been modified to enable transmission of significantly higher-speed IP traffic
over the air interface. Also a new optional protocol layer, i.e. MEX layer to handle concurrent
multimedia applications has been introduced.

3.1 Physical layer

3.1.1 Physical and logical channels
The TEDS air interface is based on a time-division multiple access (TDMA), which guarantees
backward-compatibility with the TETRA1 standard. The basic TDMA frame consists of 4 timeslots,
each having a duration of 85/6 (14.167) ms. TEDS also offers sub-slots, each of duration 85/12
76 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

(7.083) ms, which increase the efficiency of transmission in some cases. In addition, the TDMA
structure includes multiframes (18 frames each) and hyperframes (60 multiframes each) as well.
3.1.1.1 Physical channels
Each timeslot associated to a pair of RF frequencies, (for uplink and downlink using
frequency-division duplexing (FDD)), forms a physical channel. The latter conveys the traffic and
signalling messages in the form of logical channels that are packed by the MAC layer, the interface
between the higher protocols and the TEDS radio subsystem. The physical content of a timeslot
(or subslot), referred to as a TEDS burst, is arranged both in the frequency and time domain according
to the symbol patterns outlined in § 3.1.5, and could be any of the following types:
1) Control burst (CB): used by MSs to transmit control messages to the BS.
2) Normal uplink burst (NUB): used by MSs to transmit control or traffic messages to the BS.
Traffic messages here refer to voice and circuit mode data used in PM channels.
3) Random access uplink burst (RAB): used by MSs to transmit random access control messages
to the BS.
4) Normal downlink burst (NDB): The NDB shall be used by the BS to transmit control
messages to the MS.
5) Synchronization continuous downlink burst: used by BSs (with π/4-DQPSK) in continuous
transmission mode to broadcast synchronization messages and to transmit control messages
to the MSs. This burst provides the means for synchronization to both TETRA1 and TEDS
terminals.
6) Linearization uplink burst (LB): used by the MSs to linearize their transmitters.
7) Linearization downlink burst (LDB): used by the BS to linearize its transmitter.
3.1.1.2 Logical channels
The TEDS MAC layer supports both signalling messages and packet data via the following five
Control channels (CCHs), also known as logical channels:
1) the broadcast network channel (BNCH-Q) contains control network information that is sent
to all MSs;
2) the signalling channels SCH-Q/D, SCH-Q/U, SCH-Q/HU which indicate full size message
downlink, full size message uplink, and half size (sub-slot) message uplink respectively.
Q represents use of QAM modulation, D denotes downlink, representing messages sent by
the BS to a specific MS or group of MSs and U denotes uplink, indicating messages sent by
an MS to the BS.
Each of these channels is sub-divided further according to different combinations of
modulation/coding rate and channel bandwidth) The fourth type of SCH is SCH-Q/RA,
which contains random access uplink messages, and is associated with only 25 kHz
bandwidth, 4-QAM and coding rate r = 1/2;
3) the access assignment channel (AACH-Q) is present on the transmitted downlink slots and
contains the assignment of the uplink and downlink slots on each physical channel;
4) the slot information channel (SICH-Q) is used in both uplink (SICH-Q/U) and downlink
(SICH-Q/D) to indicate the modulation and coding used in the remainder of the slot or
subslot ; and is associated with only 25 kHz bandwidth, 4-QAM and coding rate r = 1/2;
5) the linearization channel (LCH-Q) is used by the BS and MSs to linearize their transmitters.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 77

3.1.1.3 Mapping of logical channels to physical channels

The mapping of the above TEDS logical channels into physical channels is summarized in Table 4.

TABLE 4
Mapping of TEDS logical channels into physical channels
Logical channel Direction Burst type
BNCH-Q Downlink NDB
AACH-Q Downlink NDB
SICH-Q/D Downlink NDB
SICH-Q/U Uplink NUB, CB
BLCH-Q Downlink LDB
CLCH-Q Uplink LB
SCH-Q/D Downlink NDB
SCH-Q/U Uplink NUB
SCH-Q/HU Uplink CB
SCH-Q/RA Uplink RAB

3.1.2 Channel reference configuration

The reference configuration for a typical TEDS transmit channel using QAM modulation is shown in
Fig. 25.

FIGURE 25
Reference configuration for QAM modulation
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Logical
Block Bit to symbol
PCCC Interleaver Scrambler channel
encoder mapper multiplexer

(7)

Burst
builder
(1) Type-1 information bits (transmit)
(2) Type-2 block encoded bits (8)
(3) Type-3 turbo encoded bits
(4) Type-4 interleaved bits
(5) Type-5 scrambled bits Modulator
(6) Modulation symbols
(7) Multiplexed symbols
(8) Modulation signal

Transmitter

Re port M.2014- 25

3.1.3 Channel coding

TEDS physical layer relies on two powerful channel encoding techniques for QAM channels;
– one based on the parallel concatenated convolutional (PCCC) turbo code for the payload field
of the transmitted burst (Fig. 25); and
78 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

– the other based on a partitioned Reed-Muller block code for the header section.
The reason for using two different coding schemes is due to the size of the header block being much
shorter than the payload block. As a result turbo codes are less efficient for header blocks. However
it is more important to have a better performance in the receiver for header blocks than for payload
blocks since the terminal has to decode the header first to find out that the payload is intended for its
user. Hence the header coding scheme was selected with the aim of a better performance than the
payload coding scheme. Three coding rates (1/2, 2/3 and 1) are used for the PCCC whilst for
robustness only ½ rate coding is used in the above partitioned Reed-Muller block codes. 8-state
decoding is used in PCCC decoding.
The D8-PSK modulation channel uses the same channel coding scheme as in TETRA1, i.e. the
convolutional coding and a 2/3 coding rate.
3.1.4 Interleaving
Two interleavers, inner and outer, are used in conjunction with PCCC encoding/decoding. The inner
encoder, associated with the two halves of the encoder, is based on a quadratic-congruence
interleaver, whose rule between the input and output indices (that depends on the burst format) can be
computed “on the fly” by means of a deterministic mapping formula. This avoids the use of look-up
tables, but still ensures performance similar to the pseudo-random interleavers. The PCCC encoder
output, i.e. the systematic (information) and parity (redundant) data bits, are then passed through the
outer channel interleaver (shown in Fig. 25). This interleaver, which is based on a linear-congruence
mapping law, exploits the inherent time-frequency diversity of the channel and de-correlates as much
as possible the channel fading at the decoder input.
3.1.5 TEDS burst symbol structure
To describe the TEDS burst symbol structure, the normal uplink burst (NUB) for a 25 kHz channel
(composed of 8 sub-carriers, SC) is shown in Fig. 26. The 248 symbols are divided into the following
categories:
– 24 pilot symbols, represented by P: These symbols are used for channel estimation.
– 8 header symbols, represented by H: These symbols provide information on the remainder of
the burst. They are arranged within the burst as sparsely as possible so as to decorrelate the
channel at their positions, but at the same time, as close as possible to the pilot symbols, to
experience smaller channel estimation errors.
– 16 synchronization symbols, represented by S: These symbols occupy the first two positions
on each sub-carrier. They are intended for frequency and clock synchronization recovery.
Note that the synchronization symbols are also used as additional pilot symbols in channel
estimation.
– 200 payload symbols, represented by X: These contain the “payload” of the burst.
– Other bursts have similar patterns to the NUB burst.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 79

FIGURE 26
Symbol structure for the normal uplink burst (NUB) in a 25 kHz channel

Symbol 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

SC 1 S S X X X X P X X X X P X X X X P X X X X P X X X X P X X X P

SC 2 S S H X X X H X X X X H X X X X H X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

SC 3 S S X X X X P X X X X P X X X X P X X X X P X X X X P X X X P

SC 4 S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

SC 5 S S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

SC 6 S S X X X X P X X X X P X X X X P X X X X P X X X X P X X X P

SC 7 S S H X X X H X X X X H X X X X H X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

SC 8 S S X X X X P X X X X P X X X X P X X X X P X X X X P X X X P

R eport M.2014- 2 6

3.1.6 Pilot channel estimation

The pilot (and synchronization) symbols have unity amplitude and zero or known phase at
transmission. Any changes in the amplitude and phase of the pilot (and synchronization) symbols
observed at the receiver are hence introduced by the fading medium. Their detection at the receiver
prior to burst decoding provides an indication of signal degradation at pilot (and synchronization)
symbol positions. These positions are arranged within the time/frequency grid so as to allow
a reasonable sampling of the channel frequency response without incurring in a considerable
efficiency loss. In fact, the pilot spacing in the above two dimensions has been chosen so that
an accurate estimation of the channel response can be achieved even in the worst-case (i.e. most
selective) time and frequency dispersive propagation scenarios.
A smoothing algorithm improves the estimation accuracy over the pilots and a polynomial
interpolation along the time and frequency axis is eventually used to estimate the fading samples over
other symbols and the sub-carriers that do not carry pilot symbols.
3.1.7 Adaptive selection of modulation and coding according to propagation conditions
Link adaptation may be used in TEDS by the BS and MS to improve usage of the channel. This is
achieved by the BS and/or MS transmitters changing the modulation type and/or coding rate.
The permissible modulation/coding pairs are given in the second column of Table 5. Link adaptation
methods may include measurements of the radio link quality and/or the use of BS-MS link adaptation
signalling and depends on the data class used.
Adaptive link control signalling from receiver to transmitter helps the transmitter choose the optimum
modulation and coding rate on a timescale of 0.5 s or longer.
The link adaptation algorithms will adjust the bit rate to adapt the packet data throughput to the distance
from the base station and the prevailing propagation conditions at different locations in the cell.
3.1.8 TEDS throughput
Not all combinations of channel bandwidth, modulation type and coding rate are permitted in TEDS
channels. The combinations have been limited to those shown in the second column of Table 5. This
table also provides an estimate of the throughput, after allowance is made for the pilot symbols,
channel coding and lower layer protocol headers and functions. These are technically the “TL-SDU”
bit rates, but are close to the true bit rates available to user IP packets in good channel conditions.
80 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

TABLE 5
Permissible modulation type/coding rate pair and expected throughput
in each channel bandwidth
Channel width Modulation type and coding rate TEDS channel throughput (kbit/s)
π/4-DQPSK r = 2/3 14.8
π/8-D8PSK r = 2/3 24.3
4-QAM r = ½ 11
25 kHz 16-QAM r = ½ 22
64-QAM r = ½ 33
64-QAM r = 2/3 44
64-QAM r = 1 66
4-QAM r = ½ 27
16-QAM r = ½ 54
50 kHz 64-QAM r = ½ 80
64-QAM r = 2/3 107
64-QAM r = 1 160
4-QAM r = ½ 58
16-QAM r = ½ 116
100 kHz 64-QAM r = ½ 175
64-QAM r = 2/3 233
64-QAM r = 1 349
4-QAM r = ½ 90
16-QAM r = ½ 179
150 kHz 64-QAM r = ½ 269
64-QAM r = 2/3 359
64-QAM r = 1 538

3.2 TEDS higher protocol layers

Figure 27 shows the TEDS air interface protocol stack and its relation to IP applications. Note that
TEDS services are IP based. TETRA voice channels and circuit mode data (at speeds up to 28.8 kbit/s)
are only available in an integrated TETRA1 part. These services share the enhanced MAC layer of
Fig. 27. For ease of compatibility TEDS uses the same control channel as the existing TETRA
standard.
The details of the TEDS standard are given in [ETSI].
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 81

FIGURE 27
TEDS enhanced air interface protocol stack
MS
Application SwMI
IP
IP routing and relaying
MEX SN-PDUs
SNDCP SNDCP
Layer 3
MLE MLE
LLC LLC
Layer 2
MAC MAC

Layer 1 Physical Physical

R eport M.2014-27

3.2.1 IP packet data in TEDS

The TETRA standard provides TETRA MSs with the means to support packet data, and the TEDS
extends this to higher bit rates, adds new QoS features as well as some performance enhancing
features. Multiple TETRA MSs may share a packet data channel (PDCH) assigned for the exchange
of packet data between the BS and MSs. MSs contend for resource on the shared channel – the BS
then allocates resource to individual MSs. TEDS extends this concept by providing guaranteed
resources for packet data at regular intervals (scheduled access) by allowing MSs to indicate differing
data priorities for their resource allocations (data priority) and by providing the BS with an efficient
method to transmit resource allocations that fit around scheduled resources. Scheduled access
provides an efficient method for the SwMI to accommodate regularly recurring intermittent data.
3.2.2 MEX layer
The multimedia exchange (MEX) layer is an optional layer located above the MS SNDCP. The chief
purpose of MEX layer is to manage the multiplexing of IP packets from multiple applications
according to a relative MEX precedence so that, where delivery is limited by lack of channel
resources, each application using MEX gets a prearranged share of the total resource (this is different
from data priority). This is useful for controlling the relative flow rate of data packets serving different
aspects of a multimedia application (e.g. audio and video).
Applications using MEX connect to the TCP/UDP layers via a port number and IP address
(i.e. a socket) for routing the application data and control signalling. The port specification eliminates
the need for using a MEX layer at the SwMI. The MEX layer provides internal data precedence
management for up to eight simultaneous applications. Each application can choose one of eight
unique precedence levels. The MEX precedence mechanism consists of an application list, eight
buffers and a precedence switch as shown in Fig. 28.
82 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

FIGURE 28
MEX precedence

MEX Precedence Precedence list

7 Application 1
6
5
4 Application 2
3
2
1
0 Application 3

Buffer 1 Buffer 3 Buffer 5 Buffer 7

Buffer 2 Buffer 4 Buffer 6 Buffer 8

Precedence
switch

Rep ort M.2014-28

Prior to PDP context activation, the application chooses the MEX precedence level.
After an application chooses its MEX precedence, its payload is routed to a particular buffer.
Each buffer output is connected to a precedence switch, which services high-precedence buffers more
frequently than lower precedence buffers. In the example of Fig. 28, three applications have populated
the precedence list.
Application 1 data will be serviced eight times more frequently than application 3 data. Similarly,
application 2 data will be read from the buffer five times more frequently than Application 3 data.
MEX precedence can be modified during data transmission.
3.2.3 SNDCP layer
Packet data in TETRA is managed by the TETRA sub network dependent convergence protocol
(SNDCP) layer (Fig. 27). SNDCP establishes the QoS requirement of individual packet data flows,
buffers incoming data packets from multiple applications, and transfers the data packets across the
air interface using the services provided by layer 2.
SNDCP is built around the concept of packet data protocol (PDP) contexts. A PDP context stores
data relating to a particular packet data flow. In TETRA, the PDP context binds the local radio air
interface address to an application-level (e.g. IP) address and maintains header and data compression
state tables for that flow. Up to fourteen separate PDP contexts may be active at the same time. TEDS
extends the PDP context to store and apply QoS information specific to the packet data flow using
that PDP context. The TETRA packet data service provides mechanisms to convey different higher
layer protocols. Currently it supports the Internet Protocol (IP) versions 4 and 6, with IPv4 static and
dynamic addressing, mobile IPv4 and IPv6 addressing. TETRA packet data extends TETRA to act
as an IP sub-net. This enables application programmers to build their applications in a
well-standardized environment.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 83

In TETRA1, the MS specifies the type of PDCH it wants; in TEDS, the MS tells the SwMI its QoS
requirements during PDP context activation and the SwMI chooses a suitable PDCH within the
declared capabilities of the MS.
An application wishing to send or receive packet data must first ask SNDCP to activate a PDP context.
PDP context activation involves the negotiation of a PDP address (e.g. an IPv4 address) and other
parameters to be used during data transfer, normally on the main control channel (MCCH). When an
MS has data to transfer but is presently using the MCCH, it requests permission to transmit its packet
data. If accepted, the SwMI normally responds with a channel allocation, directing the MS to a PDCH.
The MS SNDCP then requests layer 2 to set up an advanced link that suits the QoS requirements of
the PDP contexts. The MS SNDCP may assign each active PDP context to an acknowledged
advanced link or to the unacknowledged basic link (a PDP context carrying real-time class data should
be assigned to the unacknowledged basic link). The SwMI is responsible for deciding which of the
available links it will use and is responsible for setting up any unacknowledged advanced links it may
require for sending group-addressed packet data. The TEDS SNDCP also adds an ability to modify
the parameters of an active PDP context. SNDCP provides TCP/IP header compression and
decompression and compression and decompression of user data (performed independently for each
PDP context).
3.2.4 QoS negotiation
The new QoS parameters available to applications using the TEDS SNDCP are given below:
1) Data class:
– real-time class – QoS optimized for data which cannot tolerate delivery delay;
– telemetry class – QoS optimized for intermittent data which can tolerate moderate
delivery delay and packet loss;
– background class – QoS optimized for data that are intolerant of packet loss.
2) Data priority: Eight levels of priority may be specified for access to radio resources.
3) Delay class: low, moderate, high, and unpredictable
4) Mean throughput and minimum peak throughput.
During PDP context activation, the TEDS MS asks the SwMI to agree the QoS parameters requested
by the MSs packet data applications. If the SwMI is unable to provide the requested QoS, it may offer
an alternative QoS that the MS may accept or reject. If the MS accepts the offered QoS, SNDCP
reports the agreed QoS to the application requesting the PDP context activation. In TEDS, the
application is permitted to attempt to modify the QoS of an activated PDP context when the
applicationʼs QoS requirements change. The SwMI may inform the MS when it alters the QoS of
an activated PDP context. For example, the SwMI should inform the MS if it is no longer able to
sustain a previously agreed schedule. When this occurs, the MS SNDCP informs the applications
using the affected PDP contexts.
3.2.5 TEDS mobile link entity (MLE)
The TETRA mobile link entity (MLE) multiplexes higher-layer signalling messages into layer 2 and
initiates cell changes. The TEDS MLE and MAC have been extended to support two new types of
assigned channels with coverage areas that differ from the main carrier:
– a “concentric channel” which has the same azimuthal radiation pattern as the main carrier but
has a larger or smaller range;
– a “sectored channel” has a different azimuthal radiation pattern from the main carrier.
84 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

New methods have been included in TEDS MLE for the MS to predict the performance of such
channels by measurements of channel quality and to request removal to another assigned channel
on the same cell if necessary.
3.2.6 Data link layer
The data link layer comprises the logical link control (LLC) and medium access control (MAC)
sub-layers. The LLC performs link establishment and maintenance. The MAC performs channel
access control, radio resource control, data transfer, air interface encryption and link adaptation.
3.2.6.1 LLC communication links
The LLC provides two types of communication link. The basic link is always available.
Advanced link(s) may be set up on request, and provide numbered segmentation and windowing. The
advanced link facilities have been extended for TEDS.
3.2.6.2 Some MAC processes
3.2.6.2.1 Random access
The MSs MAC uses random access when initiating information transfer to the BS. The TETRA
random access protocol is based on slotted Aloha, with a superimposed BS-controlled framing
structure.
– On a π/4-DQPSK or D8PSK channel, an access request occupies one uplink sub-slot.
– On a QAM channel, access requests are sent within a 25 kHz bandwidth – irrespective of the
channel bandwidth. Each sub-slot available for random access is divided into 25 kHz
frequency blocks, providing two, four or six parallel “random access uplink RF channel sub-
slots” on a 50, 100 or 150 kHz channel respectively. This division enables a higher random
access throughput.
3.2.6.2.2 Reserved access and scheduled access
When the BS solicits a message, it reserves uplink slots for that MS. When the MS has further
signalling to send after an initial access, it indicates its reservation requirement; the BS then reserves
uplink slots for that MS.
The basic slot granting facility allows the BS to grant a number of slots occupying successive uplink
slots on that channel. The TEDS “multiple slot granting” facility enables the BS to grant disjoint
resources to an MS with one slot grant.
In the TEDS “scheduled access” facility, the MSs SNDCP negotiates that the BS will grant reserved
capacity with a specified repetition period, to support applications which require regular
transmissions of data. When the schedule becomes active, the BS reserves slots for that MS without
the MS needing to use random access.
3.2.6.2.3 Energy economy and “napping”
There are two methods for reduced reception by MSs. Energy economy mode may be used on a main
control channel: when idle, the MS follows a regular cycle of sleeping for N TDMA frames and then
receiving in one TDMA frame.
Also a “napping” facility is available in TEDS. When the BS allocates an assigned channel, it may
indicate that napping is permitted. When napping, the MS receives at least the downlink slot(s)
indicated by the specified napping reception pattern in the specified napping reception frames.
The napping procedure provides some opportunities for monitoring, scanning and battery economy,
even when the MS is on a multi-slot channel.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 85

3.2.7 Data priority

The TEDS data priority facility enables the MS to indicate a priority for obtaining reserved slots when
sending packet data. The BS can then grant slots to MSs with high data-priority data units to send
ahead of other MSs with lower data-priority data units on the same channel.
The MSs SNDCP negotiates an “MS default data priority” with the SwMI. The BS applies this by
default to all reservation requirements indicated by that MS. However, the MSs MAC may send
layer 2 messages to indicate short-term variations in the required data priority (temporarily modifying
the default value).

Reference

[ETSI] EN 300 392-2 or TS 100 392-2 (latest version of either document number applies) Terrestrial
Trunked Radio (TETRA); Air Interface Specification.

Appendix 9
to Annex 1

General description of GoTa system

1 Introduction
GoTa is an advanced two-way trunked radio system operating on 1 230 kHz channelization for the
800 MHz bands listed in Table 1 and 1.25 MHz channelization in the other frequencies listed in
Table 1. GoTa provides features and functions intended to satisfy requirements for public safety,
industry, utility and commercial users.

2 System services

2.1 Teleservices
Teleservices provide the user with full capability, including terminal equipment functions, to
communicate with other users.
Typical teleservices of GoTa system include:
– a trunked capability to permit mobile-to-mobile and group speech call;
– a trunked capability to permit dispatch console to mobile and group speech call;
– telephony.

2.2 Bearer services

Bearer services give the user the capacity needed to transmit appropriate signals between certain
access points.
Typical bearer services of GoTa system include:
– short data services;
86 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

– circuit data services;

– packet data services.

2.3 Supplementary services

The range of supplementary services varies depending on the system and also the particular
implementation:
– service priority, trunking call priority, group member priority;
– floor queue, floor status alert;
– late-entry and re-entry;
– dispatching service area selection, out of dispatch area indication;
– short number addressing;
– group number presentation, user number presentation/restriction;
– group management in wireless mode;
– calls authorized by dispatcher;
– dynamic group number assignment;
– location services.

2.4 Security aspects

GoTa system provides the list of key technologies for security:
Enabling/disabling user through remote command function:
– GoTa system provides a function to disable a terminal via remote command in the operational
management if necessary. The disabled terminal can be re-enabled through the remote
command.
Access authentication of GoTa network:
– GoTa network utilizes the CAVE (Cellular Authentication and Voice Encryption algorithm)
for the access authentication of terminals. The CAVE algorithm includes SSD update, global
challenge, and unique challenge. GoTa network can authenticate dispatch terminals using
CAVE anytime.
End-to-end encryption:
– The end-to-end encryption applies to the situation where the special security is required. The
encryption and decryption for voice and data are performed by the involved dispatch
terminals. The network only provides a transparent transport function for the encrypted
information. It neither operates encryption and decryption nor generates and manages the
encryption key. This function is applicable to the customer that has special security
requirements, such as the public security department of the government.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 87

3 Overview of the system

The network approach of the major architectural components of the system is shown in Fig. 29.

FIGURE 29
GoTa network approach

DC DC
MS

BTS

MS BSC DSS

BTS
MS
MSS PDSS OMC

R ep ort M.2014-29

BTS (Base Transceiver System): BTS is for modulation/demodulation of baseband signals and the
transmission/receiving of RF signals of GoTa system.
BSC (Base Station Controller): BSC is for allocating wireless resources, call handling, power control
and support of various handoffs within GoTa system.
BSS (Base Station System): BSS includes a BSC and one or more BTSs.
DSS (Dispatch Service System): DSS provides professional trunking services, such as group call,
emergency call, discreet listening, call transfer, etc. In order to efficiently utilize the backhaul
transmission and provide high-quality voice service, GoTa separates signalling from data
transmission between DSS and BSS, and makes the same data transmission link shared by a group.
DC (Dispatch Console): DC is designed for fleet dispatchers to dispatch or manage their fleets.
It includes a dispatcher’s man/machine interface, dispatching and management functions.
MS (Mobile Station): A mobile terminal, with a push-to-talk (PTT) button, supports a variety of
trunking services, telephony services, supplementary services, SMS and data services supplied by the
GoTa system.
MSS (Mobile Switching System): MSS includes MSC, HLR, MGW and SMS, to provide circuit
voice/data services.
OMC (Operation & Maintenance Centre): OMC provides network operation and maintenance
service, manages the subscriber information and carries out network planning, to enhance the overall
working efficiency and service quality of the system.
PDSS (Packet Data Service System): PDSS comprises PDSN and AAA server, to support regular
packet data service to GoTa users.
88 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

4 System specifications

4.1 Channel structure

4.1.1 Physical channel
Physical channel is a communication path between stations, described in terms of RF characteristics
such as coding, power control policies, etc.
– F-PICH (Forward Pilot Channel): for an MS to conduct synchronous coherent demodulation;
– F-SYNCH (Forward Synchronous Channel): providing the system time and frame
synchronization information to the mobile station;
– R-PICH (Reverse Pilot Channel): a reverse link pilot channel to assist the base station in
detecting the data sent by the mobile station;
– R-ACH (Reverse Access Channel): a reverse link access channel used for a mobile station to
randomly access the network;
– F-PCH (Forward Paging Channel): a forward-link page channel used for the base station to
transmit CDMA signalling to mobile stations;
– F-QPCH (Forward Quick Paging Channel): quickly instruct the mobile station in which time
slot of F-PCH or F-CCCH to receive the control messages. Since the mobile station does not
always monitor F-PCH or F-CCCH time slots, the mobile station battery life can be saved to
a large extent;
– F/R-DCCH (Forward/Reverse Dedicated Control Channel): a type of traffic channel. When
the mobile station is in the traffic channel state, it is used to carry CDMA signals, low-speed
packet data, and circuit data;
– F/R-FCH (Forward/Reverse Fundamental Channel): a type of traffic channel, to carry the
CDMA signalling, voice, low-speed packet data, circuit data or other data for secondary
services;
– F/R-SCH (Forward/Reverse Supplementary Channel): a type of traffic channel used to carry
the high-speed packet data when the mobile station is in the traffic channel state.
4.1.2 Logical channel
Logical channel is a communication path between the mobile station and the base station, described
in terms of the intended use of, and access to, the transferred data, and direction of transfer.
– F-CSCH (Forward Common Signalling Logical Channel): is used to send control information
to mobile stations that have not been assigned to a traffic channel;
– F-DSCH (Forward Dedicated Signalling Logical Channel): during traffic channel operation,
the base station sends signalling messages to the mobile station using the F-DSCH;
– F-DTCH (Forward Dedicated Traffic Channel): during traffic channel operation,
the base station sends subscriber’s data to the mobile station using the F-DTCH;
– R-CSCH (Reverse Common Signalling Logical Channel): mobile stations use R-CSCH to
send information to the base station before being assigned to a traffic channel;
– R-DSCH (Reverse Dedicated Signalling Logical Channel): during traffic channel operation,
the mobile station sends signalling messages to the base station using the R-DSCH;
– R-DTCH (Reverse Dedicated Traffic Channel): during traffic channel operation,
the mobile station sends subscriber data to the base station using the R-DTCH.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 89

4.1.3 Logical-to-physical mapping

A GoTa logical channel can be “mapped” to and from one or more physical channels. The mapping
of GoTa logical channels into physical channels is summarized in Table 6.

TABLE 6
Mapping of GoTa logical channels into physical channels
Physical channel Logical channel
F/R-DSCH
F/R-FCH
F/R-DTCH
F/R-DTCH
F/R-SCH
F-DSCH
F/R-DSCH
F/R-DCCH
F/R-DTCH
F/R-SCCH F/R-DTCH
F-SYNC F-CSCH
F-CCCH F-CSCH
F-BCCH F-CSCH
F-PCH F-CSCH
R-EACH R-CSCH
R-ACH R-CSCH
F-CACH F-CSCH
F-CPCCH F-CSCH

4.2 Protocol layer

4.2.1 Physical layer (layer 1)
GoTa system uses cdma2000 physical layer’s forward/reverse control channels and traffic channels
to support dispatch calls and other services. To take advantage of CDMA technology, GoTa creates
the traffic channel sharing mechanism for the group dispatch call so as to improve spectrum efficiency
and be able to support a large number of group subscribers over the air interface. In the group call,
all the subscribers in the group share the same forward-link traffic channels in one sector via assigning
the same Walsh code and public long code mask, but operate on individual power control to meet the
physical layer demodulation and decoding requirements.
GoTa system supports open loop power control, inner closed loop fast power control and utter closed
loop power control mechanisms.
4.2.2 Media access control (MAC) (layer 2)
MAC sublayer provides two important functions:
Best-effort delivery:
– reasonably reliable transmission over the radio link with a radio link protocol (RLP) that
provides a “best-effort” level of reliability.
90 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

Multiplexing and QoS control:

– enforcement of negotiated QoS levels by mediating conflicting requests from competing
services and by the appropriate prioritization of access requests.
4.2.3 Link access control (LAC) (layer 2)
The LAC sub-layer mainly manages the logical channels related with signalling and data bursting
and provides services to layer 3. SDUs (Service Data Unit) are passed between layer 3 and the LAC
sub-layer. The LAC sub-layer provides the proper encapsulation of the SDUs into LAC PDUs, which
are subject to segmentation and reassembly and are transferred as encapsulated PDU fragments to the
MAC sub-layer.
In addressing sub-layer of LAC, GoTa system defines a GID-based addressing type which uses
similar format of IMSI. GID is the identification of the dispatch group and used to identify a group
call. Each group subscriber could have two or more IDs: one IMSI for the individual device and one
or more GIDs of groups to which it belongs. When a dispatch mobile station receives a paging
message addressed to its group identified by GID, it enters a group call set-up procedure.
In the utility sub-layer, GoTa system defines some new messages to support dispatch services.
4.2.4 Signalling (layer 3)
Layer 3 defines the call processing layer 3 signalling between the mobile station and base station,
message structure and parameters, the interface with layer 2, etc.
In layer 3, GoTa defines procedures to support dispatch services:
– registration procedure;
– private call set-up procedure;
– group call set-up procedure;
– supplementary services.

5 Operational characteristics

5.1 Communication protocols

At the radio network side, the system employs standard cdma2000 air interface without changing the
physical layer protocol of the air interface, and adopts standard A8/A9 and A10/A11 interfaces on its
packet data domain.
For a large group with many members, GoTa improves the call access system, and provides
concurrent processing flow and access concurrent demodulation, so the call set-up time will not be
extended as the quantity of group members increases.

5.2 Registration and roaming

Registration is a process in which the terminal reports its location, status and other information to the
network side.
The terminal can explicitly initiate registration or implicitly perform registration when the call or
handoff is originated.
A GoTa terminal may use different types of registration. The supported registration types are
broadcast by BSS in the system parameters message over the forward control channel.
Roaming is allowed within a GoTa network and across GoTa networks.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 91

5.3 Dispatch call set-up

Any GoTa subscriber can initiate a group call or a private call directly by pushing the PTT button.
After receiving a dispatch call request message, BSS allocates the necessary radio and call resources
and forwards the dispatch call request to the DSS.
The DSS then authenticates the originator and dispatch call, gets location information of the
subscribers of the group identified by GID and sends to one or more BSS.
With dispatch call set-up information, the BSS adopts GoTa’s fast paging mechanism to page all the
subscribers of the group in one paging slot cycle and instantly direct them to a shared traffic channel.
In this way, a dispatch call request can receive fast response and bring all the group subscribers into
the shared traffic channel for communication.

5.4 Handoff
GoTa system supports the following mobile station’s handoff mechanisms:
– soft handoff under the same systems;
– hard handoff between different systems.
During active handoff, GoTa system sends handoff-related traffic channel set-up information to the
mobile station to assist mobile station to handoff to the target cell.
In addition, the mobile station also can autonomously perform handoff.

Bibliography
YD/T 1838.1-2008 Technical Requirements of Physical Layer for the CDMA-based Digital Trunking Mobile
Communication System.
YD/T 1838.2-2008 Technical Requirements of Medium Access Control (MAC).
Layer for the CDMA-based Digital Trunking Mobile Communication System.
YD/T 1838.3-2008 Technical Requirements of Link Access Control (LAC) for the CDMA-based Digital
Trunking Mobile Communication System.
YD/T 1838.4-2008 Technical Requirements of Upper Layer for the CDMA-based Digital Trunking Mobile
Communication System.

Appendix 10
to Annex 1

General description of NXDN system

1 Introduction
NXDN is a narrowband digital radio system operating on 12.5 kHz or 6.25 kHz channelization in
VHF, UHF, 800 MHz and 900 MHz frequency bands. The transmission rates for 12.5 kHz and
6.25 kHz are 9.6 kbit/s and 4.8 kbit/s respectively. The NXDN specification facilitates migration from
current analogue FM system to digital system due to the characteristic of FDMA access and four-level
92 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

FSK modulation which is compatible with analogue FM radio. The NXDN specification supports a
comprehensive radio system including trunked, non-trunked and direct mobile-to-mobile
communication and provides capabilities required by public safety, industry, utility and commercial
users. The NXDN technical specifications listed in Bibliography below are managed by the NXDN
Forum. http://www.nxdn-forum.com/.

2 Services
The supported services vary between trunked systems and non-trunked systems. Additionally, NXDN
includes two types of trunked systems; Type-C system with a centralized control method and Type-D
system with a decentralized control method.

2.1 Teleservices
Typical teleservices of NXDN system include:
– individual call (point-to-point);
– group call (point-to-multipoint);
– broadcast call (point-to-multipoint, one way);
– interconnect call.

2.2 Bearer services

Typical bearer services of NXDN system include:
– short data service;
– circuit mode data service;
– packet mode data service.

2.3 Supplementary services

The range of supplementary services varies depending on the system and also the particular
implementation:
– status message service;
– short data message service;
– remote stun, revival and kill;
– end-to-end encryption for voice and data;
– authentication;
– late-entry;
– talking party identification;
– call priority, priority group call;
– call queue;
– registration/de-registration;
– intra-system roaming, inter-system roaming.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 93

2.4 Security aspects

NXDN system provides high levels of security. The set of security features are listed below:
Subscriber unit remote enabling/disabling function:
– need a dedicated control channel, all TRs in TR
– NXDN system provides a function to disable a subscriber unit via remote stun command.
The disabled subscriber unit can be re-enabled through the remote revival command. This
function prevents illegal use of a stolen subscriber unit.
Authentication function:
– Each subscriber unit has unique ESN (electrical serial number) information unable to rewrite.
NXDN system authenticates a qualified subscriber unit only by utilizing the ESN. This function
prevents unauthorized access to a system using a subscriber unit with a duplicated unit ID.
End-to-end encryption:
– NXDN system provides an end-to-end encryption function for voice and data services and
includes three types of encryption algorithm. The strongest encryption level is 128-bit based
encryption algorithm that has an adequate security level for public safety users.

3 Overview of the system

The architectures of NXDN trunked system and non-trunked system are shown in Figs 30 and 31
respectively. In a Type-C trunked system, at least one TR in TRS is used as a control channel and
remaining TRs are used as a traffic channel. Since a Type-D trunked system doesn't S are used as a
traffic channel.

FIGURE 30
NXDN trunked system architecture

other NXDN
trunked system
infrastructure
SU

TRn
Other
TRS

SU TR3
TR2
TR1
RU TC PSTN

TRS

Console

Rep ort M.2014-30

94 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

FIGURE 31
NXDN non-trunked system architecture

Other
CRS
SU
CRn

PSTN
CR2
SU CR1
RU

CRS Console

R eport M.2014-31

RU (repeater unit): has the capability to modulate/demodulate baseband signals and relay RF
signals.
TC (trunking controller): has the capability of call handling, radio management and supporting of
various trunking features within trunked system.
TR (trunking repeater): TR includes a TC and TR.
TRS (trunking repeater site): TRS includes one or more TR.
CR (conventional repeater): CR includes a RU and is used for non-trunked operation.
CRS (conventional repeater site): CRS includes one or more CR.
SU (subscriber unit): A mobile station or fixed station which operates in a trunked system and/or non-
trunked system.

4 System specifications

4.1 Channel structure

4.1.1 Physical channel
The following physical channels are used in NXDN system.
– RCCH (RF control channel): is used to carry control information in Type-C trunked system;
– RTCH (RF traffic channel): is used to carry speech or data in Type-C trunked system;
– RTCH_C (RF traffic channel_Composite): is used when it handles both of a control channel
and traffic channel in Type-C trunked system;
– RTCH2 (RF traffic channel 2): is used in Type-D trunked system;
– RDCH (RF direct channel): is used in non-trunked system (conventional system);
4.1.2 Logical channel
The following logical channels are used in NXDN system.
– BCCH (broadcast control channel): is used to inform subscriber units of system information;
– CCCH (common control channel): is used to exchange various control information such as a
channel assignment and location registration between a trunking controller and a subscriber unit;
– UPCH (user packet channel): is used to transfer user packet data with a packet mode;
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 95

– UDCH (user data channel): is used to transfer user data with a circuit mode;
– UDCH2 (user data channel 2): is used to transfer user data with a circuit mode;
– SACCH (slow associated control channel): is used to transfer signaling information
associated with a voice communication at a low speed;
– SCCH (signaling control channel): is used to transfer signaling information;
– FACCH1 (fast associated control channel 1): is used to transfer signaling information
associated with a voice communication at a high speed by interrupting a speech data.
– FACCH2 (fast associated control channel 2): is used to transfer signaling information
associated with a data communication.
– FACCH3 (fast associated control channel 3): is used to transfer signaling information
associated with a data communication.
– VCH (voice channel): is used to transfer speech data.
– LICH (link information channel): is used to transfer information related to physical and
logical channels.
4.1.3 Logical-to-physical mapping
NXDN logical channels can be “mapped” to and from one or more physical channels. The mapping
of NXDN logical channels into physical channels is summarized in Table 7.

TABLE 7
Mapping of NXDN logical channels into physical channels
Physical channel Logical channel
BCCH
CCCH
RCCH
UPCH
LICH
VCH
UDCH
FACCH1
RTCH, RTCH_C and RDCH
FACCH2
SACCH
LICH
VCH
UDCH2
FACCH1
RTCH2
FACCH3
SCCH
LICH

4.2 Frame structure

The NXDN frame structure is shown in Fig. 32. The frame length is 80 ms per frame in 4.8 kbit/s or
40 ms per frame in 9.6 kbit/s. The voice frame structure uses a superframe consisting of four frames
96 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

and voice information is transferred in a sequence of superframe. In the data frame structure, data
information is transferred in up to sixteen frames.

FIGURE 32
NXDN frame structure
40 ms 160 ms 40 ms
80 ms 320 ms 80 ms
Voice Superframe Superframe
Header End
structure

1 2 3 4

Data
Header Data 1 Data 2 Data 3 Data 16 End
structure
Re port M.2014-32

4.3 Traffic channels

4.3.1 Speech traffic channels
The speech coding technology used is AMBE+2 which has the speech frame duration of 20 ms. It has
two modes of enhanced full rate (EFR) and enhanced half rate (EHR), which provide 144 bits per
speech frame with a net bit rate of 7.2 kbit/s and 72 bits per speech frame with a net bit rate of
3.6 kbit/s respectively. The bit sequence of speech codec is conveyed by a VCH. The EFR can be
only used in NXDN 9.6 kbit/s mode, and the EHR can be used in both NXDN 4.8 kbit/s mode and
NXDN 9.6 kbit/s mode. The EHR provides high speech quality even though its bit rate is very low,
and has a characteristic of little degradation of speech quality with an error robustness and forward
error correction even in high bit error circumstances.
4.3.2 Data circuit mode traffic channels
A circuit mode data service is available on traffic channels. Data packets are conveyed by UDCH,
UDCH2 or FACCH1. Data services of up to 4.4 kbit/s in NXDN 9.6 kbit/s mode and up to 2.2 kbit/s
in NXDN 4.8 kbit/s mode are supported with channel coding and interleaving schemes.
4.3.3 Data packet mode control channels
A packet mode data service is available on control channels. Data packets are conveyed by UPCH.
Data services of up to 3.2 kbit/s in NXDN 9.6 kbit/s mode and up to 1.6 kbit/s in NXDN 4.8 kbit/s
mode are supported with channel coding and interleaving schemes.

5 Operational characteristics

5.1 Location updating and roaming

A subscriber unit evaluates the received signal and initiates the location registration procedure when
necessary. A registration area is the area in which a subscriber unit can move freely without updating
the location information and is equal to a coverage area of one TRS. The NXDN trunked system
tracks an individual subscriber unit location to allow the subscriber unit to move freely throughout
the system and receive or originate calls.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 97

5.1.1 Intra-system roaming

NXDN trunked system consists of one or more TRS and each TRS has different site code. The
subscriber units can recognize the site code through the broadcast information transmitted
periodically. The subscriber unit informs the TRS of the received site code when performing location
registration so that the NXDN trunked system can track the subscriber unit location.
5.1.2 Inter-system roaming
Each NXDN trunked system has unique system code, and a multi system is constructed by connecting
plural systems which have different system codes. The subscriber unit determines that it has moved
a different location by receiving the system code through the broadcast information. The subscriber
unit informs the TRS of the received system code when performing location registration, and the
subscriber unit location information is shared between systems to allow the subscriber unit to move
freely throughout plural systems and receive or originate calls.

5.2 Communication protocols

The communication protocols of the NXDN are layered according to the OSI model. However, they
do not strictly match the standard model because press-to-talk communication that is required a faster
response is the basic operation.
– Layer 1: this layer specifies the physical structure of the channel and format;
– Layer 2: this layer specifies transmission control between two stations such as identification
of channel, random access control and time control;
– Layer 3: this layer specifies signaling transmission and is divided into the following three
sublayers; call control, mobility management and radio transmission management.

5.3 Call set-up

5.3.1 Broadcast phase
The TRS is periodically transmitting the following control and identification information:
– control channel information (e.g. physical structures of control channel for system
identification and call set-up);
– system information (e.g. types of communication services and protocols which the system
can provide);
– restriction information (e.g. types of communication services and protocols which the system
now restricts);
5.3.2 Set-up
Necessary information is exchanged between the TRS and subscriber unit. The elements of the
subscriber unit procedures are:
– wake up (if in battery saving mode);
– receive the control channel;
– exchange the necessary information for call set-up;
– move to the assigned traffic channel;
– transfer traffic information (voice or data);
5.3.3 Call clear down
The following procedures are available for call clear down:
98 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

– when the time limit for communication is reached;

– when the time limit for no communication is reached;
– when the demand of disconnection from a subscriber unit, a dispatch console or a telephone
on the PSTN occurs;

References
NXDN technical specification, Part 1-A, Common Air Interface.
NXDN technical specification, Part 1-B, Basic Operation.
NXDN technical specification, Part 1-C, Trunking Procedures (Type-C).
NXDN technical specification, Part 1-D, Security.
NXDN technical specification, Part 1-E, Common Air Interface (Type-D).
NXDN technical specification, Part 1-F, Trunking Procedures (Type-D).

Appendix 11
to Annex 1

General description of the B-TrunC system

1 Services
The system should support IP-based packet data transmission and broadband trunking services.
Table 8 lists the requirements for the B-TrunC system broadband trunking service.

TABLE 8
B-TrunC system service
Trunking Service Type Service
Fundamental trunking services Voice Group Call
Video Group Call
Private Voice Call
Private Video Call
Broadcast Call
VBS call
Real-time Short Data
VBS Short Message Service
Broadcast Short Message
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 99

TABLE 8 (end)
Trunking Service Type Service
Supplementary trunking services Late Entry
Floor Control
Release of Idle Group Call
Dynamic Regrouping
Kill/Stun/Retrieve
Break-in or Forced Release of Call or User
Emergency Call
Abbreviated Dialing Service
Limited-Duration Call
Speaker Recognition
Information Acquisition
Priority
Scan for Multiple Call Groups
Authorized Call
Dispatching Area Selection
Preemption Call
Supplementary Private Call
Environment Listening
Fallback

2 System performance
Table 9 lists the requirements for system performance.

TABLE 9
Requirements for system performance
Performance indicator Requirements
Setup duration of a voice group call ≤ 300 ms
Setup duration of a trunking private call Hundreds of milliseconds
Floor request duration ≤ 200 ms
Group call capacity 7.5 groups of voice calls per cell/MHz
Uplink: 2.5 bit/s/Hz
Frequency spectrum efficiency
Downlink: 5 bit/s/Hz
Adjustable bandwidth is supported, including
Bandwidth 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, and 20 MHz.
The bandwidths 1.4 MHz and 3 MHz are optional.
100 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3

3 System architecture
The B-TrunC system consists of the Trunking UE, Trunking eNodeB, Trunking EPC, and Dispatcher,
as shown in Fig. 33.

FIGURE 33
Structure of the B-TrunC system

Trunking Uu-T Trunking S1-T Trunking D

Dispatcher
UE eNodeB EPC

R eport M.2014-33

3.1 Trunking UE
The Trunking UE supports the following functions:
– Basic and supplementary trunking service functions;
– Logical channels and transmission channels for basic and supplementary trunking services;
– Trunking-related system messages and paging messages;
– Mobility of trunking services.

3.2 Trunking eNodeB

The Trunking eNodeB supports the following functions:
– RRC signaling for trunking services;
– Scheduling and transmission of trunking system messages over the air interface;
– Scheduling and transmission of trunking paging messages;
– Mapping control of channels for trunking services;
– Radio bearer setup and control for trunking services;
– User-plane data transfer for trunking services;
– Point-to-point transmission of air-interface radio access signaling encryption and integrity
protection as well as data encryption for trunking services.

3.3 Trunking EPC

The Trunking eNodeB supports the following functions:
– trunking services control;
– mobility management;
– bearer management;
– subscription data management and authentication;
– data routing and forwarding.
 Rep. ITU-R M.2014-3 101

3.4 Dispatcher
The dispatcher supports the following functions:
– Dispatching of private calls, group calls, break-in, kick-out, and dynamic regrouping;
– Management including information acquisition, stun, kill, and retrieval;
– Other functions including GUI display and dialing.

4 Interface

4.1 Uu-T
The Uu-T interface supports point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communication between
Trunking UE and Trunking eNodeB. The Uu-T interface supports the following functions:
– Transmission of RRC signaling for trunking services;
– Transmission of trunking system messages and paging messages;
– Transmission of user-plane data for trunking services.

4.2 S1-T
The D interface enables communication between Trunking eNodeB and Trunking EPC. This interface
supports the following functions:
– Establish, maintain and release Radio Access Bearers;
– Perform handover.

4.3 D
The D interface enables communication between Trunking EPC and Dispatcher. This interface
supports the dispatching and management functions of trunking services.

Reference
YD/T 2689-2014 Technical Requirement for B-TrunC System (Phase 1).
YD/T 2741-2014 Technical Specification for Uu-T Interface of B-Trunc System (Phase 1).