ICAO ANNEXES
Annex 1 - personnel licensing
Annex 2 - Rules of the Air
Annex 3 - Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
Annex 4 - Aeronautical Charts
Annex 5 - Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground
Operations
Annex 6 - Operation of Aircraft
Annex 7 - Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks
Annex 8 - Airworthiness of Aircraft
Annex 9 - facilitation
Annex 10 - Aeronautical Telecommunications
Annex 11 - Air Traffic Services
Annex 12 - Search and Rescue
Annex 13 - Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
Annex 14 - Aerodromes
Annex 15 - Aeronautical Information Services
Annex 16 - Environmental Protection
Annex 17 - Security: Safeguarding International Civil Aviation
Against Acts of Unlawful Interference
Annex 18 - The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
Annex 19 - safety management
Civil aviation categories
Commercial air transport
scheduled and non scheduled passenger and cargo flights
Aerial work
aircraft is used for specialized services such as agriculture,
photography, surveying, search and rescue, etc.
General aviation
all other civil flights, private or commercial
Annex 1 - personnel licensing
establishes standards and recommended practices for the licensing of
various aviation personnel, including flight crew members, air traffic
controllers, maintenance technicians, and flight dispatchers. Training
manuals associated with these standards provide guidance to states on the
content and structure of training programs, ensuring safe air navigation in
accordance with the Convention's objectives.
➢ SARP - Standards and Recommended Practices
The Human Factors programme aims to enhance aviation safety by educating
states about human capabilities and limitations. It provides essential
information and materials for designing effective training programs.
Licensing is the act of authorizing defined activities which should otherwise be
prohibited due to the potentially serious results of such activities being
performed improperly.
An applicant for a license must meet certain stated requirements proportional
to the complexities of the task to be performed. The licensing examination
serves as a regular test of physical fitness and performance ensuring
independent control.
Annex 2 - rules of the air
Air travel must be safe and efficient; this requires, among other things, a set of
internationally agreed rules of the air
• which consist of general rules, visual flight rules (VFR) and instrument
flight rules (IFR)
• apply without exception over the high seas, and over national
territories to the extent that they do not conflict with the rules of the
State being overflown.
NOTE: The pilot-in-command of an aircraft is responsible for compliance with
the rules of the air.
Difference between IFR and VFR
➢ VFR is short for 'visual flight rules' , meaning the pilot primarily controls
and navigates the aircraft using outside visual references.
➢ IFR stands for 'instrument flight rules'. The aircraft is flown using only the
instruments with no visual references to the outside world.
Flight in accordance with visual flight rules is permitted if a flight crew is able
to remain clear of clouds by a distance of at least 1500 m horizontally and at
least 300 m (1 000 ft) vertically and to maintain a forward visibility of at least
8 km
• For flights in some portions of the airspace and at low altitudes, and for
helicopters, the requirements are less stringent.
• An aircraft cannot be flown under VFR at night or above 6100 m (20 000
ft) except by special permission.
• Balloons are classified as aircraft, but unmanned free balloons can be
flown only under specified conditions detailed in the Annex.
Instrument flight rules must be complied with in weather conditions other
than those mentioned for VFR
• A State may also require that they be applied in designated airspaces
regardless of weather conditions, or a pilot may choose to apply
them even if the weather is good
• MOST AIRLINERS FLY UNDER IFR AT ALL TIMES
TO FLY UNDER IFR:
• an aircraft must be equipped with suitable instruments and navigation
equipment appropriate to the route to be flown.
• When operating under air traffic control the aircraft must maintain
precisely the route and altitude that have been assigned to it and keep
air traffic control informed about its position.
RIGHT OF WAY
The aircraft that has the right-of-way shall maintain its heading and speed.
• When two aircraft are converging at approximately the same level, the
aircraft on the right has the right of way
o except that aeroplanes must give way to airships, gliders and
balloons, and to aircraft which are towing objects.
• An aircraft which is being overtaken has the right of way and the
overtaking aircraft must remain clear by altering heading to the right.
• When two aircraft are approaching each other head on they must both
alter heading to the right.
Priorities (right of way)
1. Distress
2. Balloons
3. Gliders
4. Refueling or towing
5. Airships
6. Everything else
Aircraft on converging courses: aircraft
on the right has right-of-way, aircraft of the
left must yield.
When aircraft are approaching each other
head-on, or nearly so, each pilot of each
aircraft (regardless of category), shall
alter course to the right.
An aircraft being overtaken has the right-
ofway. The overtaking aircraft shall alter
course to the right to pass well clear.
When two or more aircraft are
approaching an airport for landing, the
aircraft at the lower altitude has the right-
of-way, but it shall not take advantage of
this rule to cut in front of, or overtake
another aircraft.
UNAUTHORIZED AIRCRAFT FLYING IN, OR ABOUT TO ENTER A RESTRICTED,
PROHIBITED OR DANGER AREA.
By day and by night, a series of projectiles discharged from the ground at
intervals of 10 seconds, each showing on bursting, red and green lights or
stars will indicate to an unauthorized aircraft that it is flying in or about to enter
a restricted, prohibited or danger area, and that the aircraft is to take such
remedial action as may be necessary
Acknowledgement by an aircraft When in flight:
during hours of daylight:
by rocking of aircraft’s wings
during hours of darkness:
by flashing on and off twice the aircraft’s landing lights or by switching
on and off twice its navigation lights
Acknowledgement by an aircraft When on the ground:
during hours of daylight:
by moving the aircraft’s ailerons or rudders
during hours of darkness:
by flashing on and off twice the aircraft’s landing lights or by switching on
and off twice its navigation lights
Annex 3 - Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
The objective of the meteorological service outlined in Annex 3 is to contribute
to the safety, efficiency and regularity of air navigation.
This is achieved by providing necessary meteorological information to:
Operators, Flight crew members, Air traffic service units, Search and
rescue units, Airport management, Others concerned with aviation
Close liaison is essential between those supplying meteorological
information and those using it
AERODROME FORECAST INCLUDES:
✓ SURFACE WIND
✓ VISIBILITY
✓ WEATHER
✓ CLOUD AND TEMPERATURE
NOTE: Aerodrome FORECAST are issued every three or six hours for a
validity period of 9 to 24 hours.
Landing forecasts are prepared for some international aerodromes to meet
requirements of landing aircraft. They are appended to the aerodrome reports
and have a validity of two hours.
ICAO has implemented the World Area Forecast System (WAFS). The
purpose of this system is to provide States and aviation users with
standardized and high-quality forecasts on upper-air temperature, humidity
and winds and on significant weather. The WAFS is based on two world area
forecast centers which use the most up-to-date computers and satellite
telecommunications (ISCS and SADIS) to prepare and disseminate global
forecasts in digital form directly to States and users.
ISCS (INTERNATIONAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM) = WAFS (US-
BASED):
• PACIFIC OCEAN
• ATLANTIC OCEAN
• NORTH AMERICA
• SOUTH AMERICA
SADIS (SATELLITE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM) = WAFC (UK- BASED)
• EUROPEAN CONTINENT
• ASIAN CONTINENT
• AFRICAN CONTINENT
• INDIAN OCEAN
In order to provide for the observation and reporting of volcanic ash clouds and
the issuance of warnings to pilots and airlines, ICAO, with the assistance of
other international organizations, has established an International airways
volcano watch (IAVW)
Annex 4 - AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
THREE SERIES OF CHARTS AVAILABLE FOR PLANNING AND VISUAL
NAVIGATION:
AERONAUTICAL NAVIGATIONAL CHART - ICAO SMALL SCALE
• COVER THE LARGEST AREA FOR A GIVEN AMOUNT OF PAPER
• provide a general purpose chart series suitable for long-range flight
planning
The World Aeronautical Chart - ICAO 1 : 1 000 000 charts
• provide complete world coverage with uniform presentation of data at a
constant scale, and are used in the production of other charts
Aeronautical Chart - ICAO 1:500 000 series
• supplies more detail and provides a suitable medium for pilot and
navigation training
• most suitable for use by low-speed, short- or medium range aircraft
operating at low and intermediate altitudes.
Enroute Chart - ICAO portrays the air traffic service system, radio navigation
aids and other aeronautical information essential to en-route navigation under
instrument flight rules.
Plotting Chart - ICAO provides a means of maintaining a continuous flight
record of aircraft position and is sometimes produced to complement the
more complex enroute charts.
Area Chart - ICAO provides pilots with information to facilitate the transition
from en-route phase to final approach phase, as well as from take-off to en-
route phases of the flight.
Radar Minimum Altitude Chart - ICAO which is designed to provide the
information to enable flight crews to monitor and cross-check altitudes
assigned while under radar control.
Instrument Approach Chart - ICAO provides the pilot with a graphic
presentation of instrument approach procedures, and missed approach
procedures to be followed should the crew be unable to carry out a landing.
Visual Approach Chart - ICAO which illustrates the basic aerodrome layout
and surrounding features easily recognizable from the air.
Aerodrome/Heliport Chart - ICAO provides an illustration of the aerodrome
or heliport which allows the pilot to recognize significant features, rapidly clear
the runway or heliport touchdown area after landing and follow taxiing
instructions.
Aerodrome Obstacle Charts - ICAO, Types A, B, and C intended to assist
aircraft operators in making the complex take-off mass, distance and
performance calculations required, including those covering emergency
situations such as engine failure during takeoff.
Electronic Aeronautical Chart Display - ICAO provides basic requirements
aimed at standardizing electronic aeronautical chart displays while not unduly
limiting the development of this new cartographic technology
Annex 5 - Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground
Operations
The international system of units developed and maintained by the general
conference of weights and measure (cpgm) shall be used as the standard units
of measurement for all aspects of international civil air and ground operations.
international System of Units, known as SI from the "Système International
d’Unités“
Cpgm stands for Conférence générale des poids et mesures
Annex 6 - operation of aircraft
The current Annex 6 Operation of Aircraft is divided into three parts/volumes:
1. Part I - International Commercial Air Transport - Aeroplanes
2. Part II - International General Aviation - Aeroplanes
3. Part III - International Operations – Helicopters
The purpose of Annex 6 is to contribute to the safety of international air
navigation by providing criteria for safe operating practices, and to contribute
to the efficiency and regularity of international air navigation by encouraging
ICAO's Contracting States to facilitate the passage over their territories of
commercial aircraft belonging to other countries that operate in conformity
with these criteria.
Doc 9626 - manual on the regulation of international air transport
The scope of the manual is limited to the economic aspects of international air transport
regulation as distinguished from the technical aspects thereof such as those involving
navigation, safety, and security
NOTE: Freedoms of the air - part 4 of doc 9626
Annex 7 - aircraft nationality and registration marks
It sets standards for the use of letters, numbers and other graphic symbols
to be used in the nationality and registration marks, and spells out where these
characters will be located on different types of airborne vehicles, such as
lighter-thanair aircraft and heavier-than-air aircraft. This Annex also calls for
the registration of the aircraft, and provides a sample of this certificate for
use by ICAO Contracting States.
Annex 9 – application
The annex provides a frame of reference for planners and managers of
international airport operations, describing maximum limits on obligations of
industry and minimum facilities to be provided by governments.
Annex9 specifies methods and procedures for carrying out clearance
operations in such a manner as to meet the twin objectives of effective
compliance with the laws of States and productivity for the operators,
airports and government inspection agencies involved.
Annex 10 - aeronautical telecommunications
The five volumes of this Annex contain Standards and Recommended
Practices (SARPs), Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) and
guidance material on aeronautical communication, navigation and
surveillance systems.
VOLUME I - RADIO NAVIGATION AIDS
a technical document which defines for international aircraft operations the
systems necessary to provide radio navigation aids used by aircraft in all
phases of flight.
• global navigation satellite system (GNSS)
• instrument landing system (ILS)
• microwave landing system (MLS)
• very high frequency (VHF)
• omnidirectional radio range (VOR)
• non-directional radio beacon (NDB)
• distance measuring equipment (DME)
Volume II - Communications Procedures including those with PANS status
Covers general, administrative and operational procedures pertaining to
aeronautical fixed and mobile communications are presented.
Volume III - Communication System
contains SARPs and guidance material for various air-ground and
groundground voice and data communication systems, including:
• aeronautical telecommunication network (ATN)
• aeronautical mobile-satellite service (AMSS)
• secondary surveillance radar (SSR)
• Mode S air-ground data link very high frequency (VHF)
• air- ground digital link (VDL)
• aeronautical fixed telecommunication network (AFTN)
• aircraft addressing system, high frequency data link (HFDL)
• aeronautical mobile service, selective calling system (SELCAL)
• aeronautical speech circuits and emergency locator transmitter (ELT)
Volume IV - Surveillance Radar and Collision Avoidance Systems
contains SARPs and guidance material for:
• secondary surveillance radar (SSR)
• airborne collision avoidance systems (ACAS)
o including SARPs for SSR Mode A, Mode C and Mode S, and the
technical characteristics of ACAS.
Volume V - Aeronautical Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization
• SARPs and guidance material on the utilization of aeronautical
frequencies are defined.
• contains information on the assignment planning of individual
aeronautical radio stations operating or planned to operate in different
frequency bands.
• The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has set up a
framework in which the demands for radio spectrum from individual
States are balanced with the interests of different radio service users to
produce a planned radio environment incorporating interference-free,
effective and efficient radio spectrum use
Volume V - Aeronautical Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization
The prime objective of air traffic services is to prevent collisions between
aircraft, whether taxiing on the maneuvering area, taking off, landing, en route
or in the holding pattern at the destination aerodrome.
Annex 11 - air traffic services
All aircraft fly in accordance with either:
➢ Instrument flight rules (ifr)
➢ Visual flight rules (vfr)
This annex contains an important requirement for States to implement
systematic and appropriate air traffic services (ATS) safety management
programs to ensure that safety is maintained in the provision of ATS within
airspaces and at aerodromes
Safety is the overriding concern of international civil aviation and air traffic
management contributes substantially to safety in aviation.
This chapter also deals with the contents of clearances, their coordination
between ATC units and the co-ordination of transfer of responsibility for
control as a flight progresses from the area of one control unit to another.
Flight information service is provided to aircraft operating in controlled
airspace and to others known to the air traffic services unit.
Significant meteorological (SIGMET) information
• information issued by a meteorological watch office concerning the occurrence or
expected occurrence of specified en-route weather phenomena which may affect
the safety of aircraft operations.
Airmen’s meteorological (airmet) information
• a message containing information issued by a meteorological watch office
concerning the occurrence or expected occurrence of specified en-route weather
phenomena which may affect the safety of low-level aircraft operations and which
was not already included in the forecast issued for low-level flights in the flight
information region concerned.
Sigmet vs airmet
• An airmet warns pilot of potentially hazardous conditions. In general,
they most affect pilots who fly light twins, sport planes, or single engine
aircraft
• When a pilot sees a sigmet posted for his or her route, he or she should
consider a red flag on the safety of the journey.
• Sigmet denote more severe weather conditions than airmet
• Sigmet are generally issued for shorter periods that airmet
o Sigmet - around 4 hours
o Airmet - around 6 hours
Chapter 5 of Annex 11
is concerned with the
alerting service, which
provides for the
alerting of rescue
coordination centers
• when an aircraft
is believed or known to
be in a state of
emergency
• when it fails to communicate or to arrive on time
• when information is received that a forced landing has been made or is
imminent
Annex 12 - search and rescue
Air-ground communications should permit direct, rapid and continuous
staticfree two-way radiotelephony communication, whenever practicable.
Communication between ATS units should permit exchange of printed
messages and, in the case of air traffic control units, direct voice
communications between controllers.
Doc 9731: Iamsar (International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and
Rescue) manual
Jointly published by the international maritime organization (imo) and
international civil aviation organization (icao), the three volume iamsar
manual provides guidelines for a common aviation and maritime approach to
organizing and providing search and rescue (sar) services
Volume 1: organization and management
• Global sar concept
• Establishment and improvement of national and regional sar systems
• Co-operation with neighboring states to provide effective and economical sar
services
Volume 2: mission coordination
• Assists personnel who plan and co-ordinate sar operations and
exercises
Volume 3: mobile facilities
• Is intended to be carried aboard rescue units, aircraft, and vessels to
help with performance of a search, rescue, and on-scene co-Ordinator
function, and with aspects of sar that pertain to their own emergencies
Three distinct phases categorize emergency situations:
• Uncertainty phase (incerfa)
• alert phase (alerfa)
• distress phase (detresfa)
Annex 13 - Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
Accident - an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft: in which
a person is fatally or seriously injured; in which an aircraft sustains damage or
structural failure requiring repairs; after which the aircraft in question is
classified as being missing.
a. A person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of:
• Being in the aircraft
• Direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have
been detached from the aircraft
• Direct exposure to jet blast
b. The aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which
• Adversely effects the structural strength, performance, or flight
characteristics of the aircraft
• Would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected
component
c. The aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible
Incident - an occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the
operation of an aircraft which affects or could affect the safety of operation.
Responsibilities per state
Responsibility for an investigation belongs to the State in which the accident or
incident occurred (state of occurrence). That State usually conducts the
investigation, but it may delegate all or part of the investigation to another State.
If the occurrence takes place outside the territory of any State, the State of
Registry has the responsibility to conduct the investigation.
States of Registry, Operator, Design and Manufacture who participate in an
investigation are entitled to appoint an accredited representative to take part
in the investigation.
ICAO operates a computerized database known as the Accident/Incident
Data Reporting (ADREP) system, which facilitates the exchange of safety
information among Contracting States.
Preliminary report
• Aircraft over 2,250 kg - all states including icao
• Aircraft 2,250 kg or less - all states only (no icao)
Accident/incident data report
• Accidents to Aircraft over 2,250 kg - send to icao
• Incidents to Aircraft over 5,700 kg - send to icao
Annex 14 – aerodromes
Volume I - aerodromes design and operations
Volume II – heliport
The heart of the airport is the vast movement area extending from the runway,
along taxiways and onto the apron.
ninoy aquino international airport (naia)
• Iata code - mnl
• Icao code - rpll
Icao document 7910: location indicators - used by atc and airline operations
for flight planning. It also have the list of airport codes
Aerodrome reference code
The intent of the reference code is to
provide a simple method for interrelating
the numerous specifications concerning
the characteristics of aerodrome so as to
provide a series of aerodrome facilities
that are suitable for the aeroplanes that
are intended to operate at the aerodrome.
Annex 15 - aeronautical information services
The objective of the aeronautical information service is to ensure the flow of
information necessary for the safety, regularity and efficiency of international
air navigation.
It is composed of the following elements:
Aeronautical information publication (aip)
• It contains details of regulations, procedures and other information
pertinent to the operation of aircraft in the particular country to which it
relates.
Notam (notice to airmen)
Also known as Notice to Air Mission (FAA definition), is a notice containing
information concerning the establishment, condition or change in any
aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of
which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations.
Pib (pre-flight information bulletin)
• Pib (pre-flight information bulletin) A presentation of current notam
information of operational significance prepared prior to flight
Aeronautical information circular (aic)
• contains explanatory or advisory information concerning technical,
legislative or administrative matters, as well as information on the
longterm forecast of major changes in legislation, regulations,
procedures or facilities liable to affect flight safety.
Aeronautical information regulation and control (airac)
• a system aimed at advance notification, based on common effective
dates, of circumstances that necessitate significant changes in
operating practices.
Air traffic management (ATM)
• The dynamic, integrated management of air traffic and airspace
including air traffic services, airspace management and air traffic flow
management - safely, economically and efficiently - through the
provision of facilities and seamless services in collaboration with all
parties and involving airborne and ground-based functions.
Rnav (area navigation)
• method of navigation which permits the operation of an aircraft on any
desired flight path; it allows its position to be continuously determined
wherever it is rather than only along tracks between individual ground
navigation aids.
Annex 16 - environmental protection
▪ Volume I - aircraft noise
▪ Volume ii - aircraft engine emission
▪ Volume iii - aircraft co2 emission
▪ Volume iv - Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for
International Aviation (corsia)
Annex 17 – security
This Annex sets out the basis for the ICAO civil aviation security programme
and seeks to safeguard civil aviation and its facilities against acts of unlawful
interference.
Annex 18 - The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
More than half of the cargo carried by all modes of transport in the world is
dangerous cargo - explosive, corrosive, flammable, toxic and even
radioactive.
Doc 9284 - Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods
By Air
Annex 19 - safety management
This annex contains overarching provisions applicable to safety management
functions related to, or in direct support of, the safe operation of aircraft and
highlights the importance of safety management at the State level across
multiple aviation domains. To complement the State Safety Programme (SSP)
and the Safety Management System (SMS) frameworks found in the Annex,
provisions for State Safety Oversight and for the collection, analysis, exchange
and protection of information have also been incorporated.
State Safety Programme (SSP) It is an integrated set of regulations and
activities aimed at improving safety
Safety Management System (SMS) It is a systematic approach to managing
safety, including the necessary organizational structures, accountabilities,
policies and procedures.
TERMS:
SARP - Standards and Recommended Practices
VFR - visual flight rules
IFR - instrument flight rules
WAFS - World Area Forecast System
ISCS - INTERNATIONAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
SADIS - SATELLITE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
IAVW - International airways volcano watch
Cpgm - Conférence générale des poids et mesures
SARPs - Standards and Recommended Practices
PANS - Procedures for Air Navigation Services
GNSS - global navigation satellite system
ILS - instrument landing system
MLS - microwave landing system
VHF - very high frequency
VOR - omnidirectional radio range
NDB - non-directional radio beacon
DME - distance measuring equipment
ATN - aeronautical telecommunication network
AMSS - aeronautical mobile-satellite service
SSR - secondary surveillance radar
VHF - Mode S air-ground data link very high frequency
VDL - air- ground digital link
AFTN - aeronautical fixed telecommunication network
HFDL - aircraft addressing system, high frequency data link
SELCAL - aeronautical mobile service, selective calling system
ELT - aeronautical speech circuits and emergency locator transmitter
ITU - International Telecommunication Union
ATS - air traffic services
SIGMET - Significant meteorological
Airmet - Airmen’s meteorological
Iamsar - International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue
imo - international maritime organization
sar - search and rescue
ADREP - Accident/Incident Data Reporting
aip - Aeronautical information publication
Pib - pre-flight information bulletin
aic - Aeronautical information circular
airac - Aeronautical information regulation and control
ATM - Air traffic management
Rnav - area navigation
SSP - State Safety Programme
