Obtains the aromatic Excess ammonia favours

amine from the salt primary amine

Nucleophilic
React with tin metal and concentrated substitution reaction
hydrochloric acid followed by an alkali Produces a mix of primary,
secondary and tertiary amines
Heat a halogenoalkane with and quaternary ammonium salts
ammonia
Reduction of a nitro Formation of
aromatic compound aliphatic amines
React with LiAlH4 in a
Formation of Reduction of non-aqueous solvent Followed by
aromatic amines a nitrile dilute acid
React with hydrogen
Preparation and a nickel catalyst

Depends on how many of

3.11 AMINES Industrially, this method is
generally chosen over LiAlH4
the H atoms are replaced Structure
by alkyl groups This is because it is
more affordable
Organic derivatives of
Amines are categorised ammonia
as being primary,
secondary or tertiary R
+
Quaternary ammonium salts are Forms a positive ion R N R
formed when the nitrogen atom
H R R forms four covalent bonds R
R N R N R N
H H R
Quaternary ammonium salts are Used in fabric cleaners
Secondary Primary Tertiary used as cationic surfactants and hair products
amine amine amine
AQA
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 Makes it less
On aromatic amines the nitrogen available to
Ammonia is a stronger base lone pair is delocalised into the
than aromatic amines accept a proton
benzene ring
Base strength depends on
the availability of the lone
Primary aliphatic amines are
pair of electrons stronger bases than ammonia

Amines have a lone pair of Alkyl groups push electrons

towards the nitrogen atom
electrons on the nitrogen atom

Lone pair can form a dative

Base Properties Positive inductive effect
covalent bond with an H+ ion

3.11 AMINES Makes the lone pair more

available to accept a proton

Nucleophilic Properties

Amines are nucleophiles due to Nucleophilic addition-elimination

the lone pair of electrons on reactions
the nitrogen atom
Primary amines and ammonia with acyl
chlorides and acid anhydrides
Nucleophilic substitution reactions
with halogenoalkanes
AQA
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